Name: Jedro Vienne Deo Pagayonan

Course & Year: BSSE - 2

Schedule:
Group Number: 5

Date of Experimentation:
Instructor’s Signature:

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 2

OHM’S LAW
Objectives:

1. To familiarize with the DC Power Supply or Source Voltage device or trainer kit and
learn how to set the output or terminal voltage of the power supply/source.
2. To learn how to connect circuits on the breadboard.
3. To learn how to measure Voltages across, Currents through, and Resistances of
resistors in a circuit on the breadboard.
4. To verify Ohm’s Law.
5. To continue learning how to properly use and operate the Multi-Meters (VOM).

Equipments:

1. Two (2) pieces of VOM (Analog or Digital) including probes

2. Five (5) pieces of Carbon Composition Resistors of different values
3. Connecting Wires of size # 22 or # 20, solid conductor
4. Trainer Kit or DC Voltage Source / Power Supply with variable voltage output

Diagrams:

Illustration on where to place the VOM probes

when taking voltage measurements (across resistor)
and when taking current measurements (part of the
circuit, in series with both the supply and resistor).

Procedure for Experimentation with the Data, Results of Computations, and

Graphs:

1. Choose five (5) resistors of different color combinations. Assign resistor numbers from
1 to 5. On Table 1, interpret the color-coding and write the equivalent Ohmic values
and the tolerances of each resistor.
 2. Using either an Analog or Digital Ohmmeter, measure the resistances and write the
readings in the spaces provided on Table 1.
3. Compute for the percentage differences using the formula:
Ohmic  Ohmmeter
%Diff   100% .
Ohmic

Table 1 - The Ohmic Value and Ohmmeter Readings

Ohmic
Ohmmeter % Difference
Resistor (Numerical) Tolerance
Reading (Ohmic & VOM)
Value

R1 12 x 10 2
±5% 1182 Ω 1.5 %

R2 33 x 10 2
±5% 3201 Ω 3%

R3 47 x 10 2
±5% 4650 Ω 1.06 %

R4 50 x 10 2
±5% 4920 Ω 1.6 %

R5 68 x 10 2
±5% 6700 Ω 1.47 %

Solvings:

R1:

Percent Difference:

(Resistance Numerical - Ohmmeter) X 100%

Resistance Numerical

1200  1182
 100%  1.5%
1200
R2:

Percent Difference:

(Resistance Numerical - Ohmmeter) X 100%

Resistance Numerical

3300  3201
 100%  3%
3300
R3:

Percent Difference:

(Resistance Numerical - Ohmmeter) X 100%

Resistance Numerical

4700  4650
 100%  1.06%
4700
 R4:

Percent Difference:

(Resistance Numerical - Ohmmeter) X 100%

Resistance Numerical

5000  4920
 100%  1.6%
5000
R5:

Percent Difference:

(Resistance Numerical - Ohmmeter) X 100%

Resistance Numerical

6800  6700
 100%  1.47%
6800
4. Connect the circuit shown on the diagram on the breadboard using Resistor R1. It is
imperative to connect the Voltmeter across the resistor and the Ammeter in series with
both the power supply and resistor. Make sure the wires and resistors are inserted
properly. After connecting, have your work checked by the instructor.
5. Power up or switch on the power supply using the Source Voltage specified by the
instructor, as indicated on the Voltmeter. Place the reading in the spaces for Specified
Voltage (in all five trials/attempts) on Table 2.
6. From the Ammeter, obtain the Current through the resistor. Place the reading in the
space for Measured Current for this particular resistor on Table 2.
7. Switch off the power supply.
8. Replace the resistor in the circuit with the next resistor. Repeat Procedures # 5 to # 7
for the remaining four (4) resistors, placing only one resistor at a time, one after the
other. Make sure you maintain the Specified Voltage used in Procedure #5 for the
remaining trials/attempts.

Table 2 – Voltage, Resistance, and Current Based on the VOM Measurements

wherein the Voltage is relatively kept constant.
Resistance Specified Voltage Measured Current
Resistor
(Ohmmeter) (Voltmeter) (Ammeter)
Example 975 ohms 10 V 10.2564 mA

R1 1182 ohms 13.23 V 11.2 mA

R2 3201 ohms 13.23 V 4.13 mA

R3 4650 ohms 13.23 V 2.87 mA

R4 4920 ohms 13.23 V 2.69 mA

R5 6700 ohms 13.23 V 1.97 mA

 9. Using the data on Table 2, plot the results (in scale) on the graph/grid provided.
Indicate the magnitudes and units used on the graph. Remember to plot using
increasing magnitude of the Resistances and then plot the corresponding Currents.

I:
1 box = 1 mA

11 mA

4 mA
R:
2 mA 1 box = 500 ohms

1 kΩ 3 kΩ 6.5 kΩ

Graph 1 – Current and Resistance Relationship, Voltage is Constant.

10. Choose just one (1) resistor from among the five (5) previously used, take note of its
(Ohmmeter) value and place this in all the spaces for Resistance (in all five
trials/attempts) on Table 3. Connect the same circuit shown on the diagram.
11. Power up or switch on the power supply. Slowly adjust the dial for the Voltage to an
output of approximately 2 Volts, as indicated on the Voltmeter. Obtain also the value of
the Current, as displayed on the Ammeter. Write the results in the spaces for Voltage
and Current on Table 3.
12. Readjust the dial for the Voltage and obtain the Current from the Ammeter for
increasing values of the Output Voltage (such as approximately 4 V, 6 V, 8 V, 10 V), as
indicated on the Voltmeter, using the same resistor chosen in Procedure #10. Write the
results in the spaces for Increasing Voltage and Measured Current on Table 3.
13. Switch off the power supply.

Table 3 – Voltage, Resistance, and Current Based on the VOM Measurements

Resistance is relatively kept constant.
Increasing Voltage Resistance Measured Current
Readings
(Voltmeter) (Ohmmeter) (Ammeter)
Example 2.1 V 975 ohms 2.1538 mA

V1 4.97 V 4650 ohms 1.05 mA

V2 8.14 V 4650 ohms 1.77 mA

V3 10.17 V 4650 ohms 2.21 mA

V4 13.23 V 4650 ohms 2.87 mA

V5 15.12 V 4650 ohms 3.25 mA

 14. Using the data on Table 3, plot the results (in scale) on the graph/grid provided.
Indicate the magnitudes and units used on the graph. Remember to plot using
increasing magnitude of the Currents and then plot the corresponding Voltages.

V:
1 box = 1 V
15 V

I:
1 box = 0.5 mA

1 mA
Graph 2 – Voltage and Current Relationship, Resistance is Constant.

Analysis and Observations:

1. State Ohm’s Law.

Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points
is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.

2. What is the primary reason why the instructor cautioned you when using the ammeter
function of the VOM?
The reason for caution is because the ammeter can easily be damaged
if incorrectly used, such as using the opposite polarity in dc circuits,
connecting the ammeter in parallel, and for using a lower range compared
to the current of circuit which could lead to a blown fuse.
3. Based on graph of the Current and Resistance Relationship (Graph 1); explain the
behaviour of the curve.
The current and resistance relationship in graph 1 shows that the higher
the resistance, the lower the current. Likewise, the higher the current,
the lesser the resistance. This means that they are inversely proportional.

4. Based on graph of the Voltage and Current Relationship (Graph 2); explain the
behaviour of the curve.
The voltage and current relationship in graph 1 shows that the higher the
voltage, the higher the current. Likewise, the higher the current, the
higher the voltage. This means that they are directly proportional.
5. If you were to draw a graph of the Voltage and Resistance Relationship, how do you
suppose the curve will behave or look like if the Current is relatively kept constant?
The higher the voltage, the higher the resistance will be in order to
maintain the constant current. This also makes sense based on the
Ohm’s law formula of V = IR, therefore I = V/R and R = V/I which shows
that Voltage is directly proportional to both current and resistance if the
other is constant.
6. What are the problems you encountered while conducting this experiment?
Only the blurry camera and our slow internet were the problems during
this experiment.

Conclusion:
Through this experiment, we were able to prove the validity of Ohm’s law
and to see it in action by plotting our results in the graphs. In summary,
Voltage is directly proportional to both current and resistance if the other
is constant, current is inversely proportional to resistance and vice versa.
Care must be taken when using the ammeter, especially when setting its
range before measuring. It is a good practice to set it to the highest range
first and gradually adjust it accordingly if the current being measured is too
low for the set range.