JEFFREY BIN RAMLI

KEU070028

PROFILE

Name: JEFFREY BIN RAMLI

Matric No. : KEU070028
Subject Title: Mechanics of Machine
Subject Code: KUEU 3245
Assignment : Mechanisms in mechanic of Machine
Lecturer Name: Ir. Dr. Wan abu Bakar Bin Wan Abas

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ABSTRACT

Mechanisms in engineering define as physical process that act or transmit forces to other
process. It is divided into several type of mechanism which is Inclined plane, Screw jack, Gears, Belts
and Pulleys, Lever, Wheel and axel and Wedge. Lever is a mechanism process that exerts a large
force by a small distance at one end of the lever by applying force over a greater distance at the
other end of the lever. It is divided into three class of lever which is first class lever,second class lever
and third class lever.

INTRODUCTION

Mechanism is defined as a physical or chemical process that involved in producing act or

forces to other process. In kinematics the mechanism is define as transmitting, controlling, or
constraining relative moment. Any movement that involved electric, magnetic, pneumatic process is
not define as mechanisms. Similarity between machine and mechanism is both of systems are
combination of rigids body and the relative motion among the rigid bodies is definite. Difference
between machine and mechanism it that machines transform energy to do work. Machinery
commonly define as combination of machines and mechanism as shown in figure below Figure 1 is a
picture of piston while Figure 2 shows the slider-crank mechanism

Figure 1: Cross section of piston in diesel engine

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Figure 2: Skeleton outline

In mechanism there are numbers of mechanism types which are Inclined plane, Screw jack,
Gears, Belts and Pulleys, Lever, Wheel and axel and Wedge. I will focus on the lever mechanism.
Lever is a mechanism that exerts a large force by a small distance at one end of the lever by applying
force over a greater distance at the other end of the lever.

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of lever

Force in lever can be expressed as below:

Fe =FIdI / de

Where

Fe= effort force

FI = Load force

dI= Distance from load force to fulcrum

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de = distance from effort force to fulcrum

Lever has three types of class which is first, second and third class. First class lever is
consisting of pivot or fulcrum located between the effort and load. The effort is smaller than the
load. Effort can be moves further to load. Example of first class mechanism on tolss is see-saw,
hammer, scissors and pliers.

Figure 4: First class Lever

Second class lever the effort and the load are positioned on the same size of the fulcrum but
applied in opposite directions. Load locates between the effort and the fulcrum. The effort is smaller
than the load and its moves further than the load. Example of tools use the second class mechanism
are staple, bottle opener, wheel barrow, nail clippers and nut cracker.

Figure 5: second class lever

Third class lever is where the effort lies between the load and the fulcrum and the effort is
greater then the load, load moves further than the effort. Example of third class mechanism tools
are fishing rod, tweezers and tong.

Figure 6: Third class lever

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Example question

For a first class lever a force or weight of i pound is exerted at the end of a lever at distance
1 ft fro the fulcrum as in Figure 7.

Figure 7: First class lever

Solution:

Use the formula, the effort force at the distance of 2 ft from the fulcrum can be calculated as

Fe = (1 lb)(1 ft) / (2 ft) = 0.5 lb

References

1. Zhang, Y., S. finger, et al. "Introduction to Mechanisms." Retrieved 12 Nov,

2010, from http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rapidproto/mechanisms/chpt2.html.
2. . "Lever." Retrieved 12 Nov, 2010, from
http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/l/e/lever/source.html.