01| ‡f±i ‡gv: kvn& Rvgvj

(Vector) mnKvix Aa¨vcK (c`v_©weÁvb wefvM )

we G Gd kvnxb K‡jR XvKv
‡dvb: 01670 856105, 9125630,
‡f±i ivwk (Vector Quantities):
‡h mKj †fŠZ ivwk‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ gvb I w`K Df‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡`i‡K ‡f±i ivwk e‡j|
†hgb- miY, IRb, †eM, Z¡iY, ej BZ¨vw`|

‡¯‹jvi ivwk (Scalar Quantities):

‡h mKj †fŠZ ivwk‡K ïay gvb Øviv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq Zv‡`i‡K ‡¯‹jvi ivwk e‡j| †hgb- `ªæwZ, fi,
KvR, ‰`N©¨ BZ¨vw`|

‡¯‹jvi ivwk I ‡f±i ivwki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Distinction between Scalar and Vector Quantities):

om
µwgK ‡¯‹jvi ivwk ‡f±i ivwk

.c
‡h mKj †fŠZ ivwk‡K ïay gvb Øviv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ‡h mKj †fŠZ ivwk‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨

24
1| cÖKvk Kiv hvq Zv‡`i‡K ‡¯‹jvi ivwk e‡j| gvb I w`K Df‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡`i‡K ‡f±i ivwk
e‡j|

bd
`ªæwZ, fi, KvR, ‰`N©¨ BZ¨vw` †¯‹jvi ivwki miY, IRb, †eM, Z¡iY, ej BZ¨vw` ‡f±i ivwki
2|

|e
D`vniY| D`vniY|
Kgc‡ÿ GKwU ivwki gvb k~b¨ bv n‡j ¸bdj †Kvb ivwki gvb k~b¨ bv n‡jI ¸bdj k~b¨ n‡Z
3|
k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| cv‡i|al
m
4| gvb Av‡Q wKš‘ w`K bvB| gvb I w`K Av‡Q|
Ja

‡hvM, we‡qvM, ¸b, I fvM ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g Kiv ‡hvM, we‡qvM, ¸b, I fvM ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g Kiv hvq
5|
hvq| bv|
ah

`ywU Aw`K ivwki ¸bdj me©`v GKwU Aw`K ivwk `ywU w`K ivwki myweav RbK ¸bdj GKwU w`K ivwk
6|
nq| ev GKwU Aw`K ivwk nq|
Sh
d

GKK †f±i (Unit Vector):

M

‡h †f±‡ii gvb GK Zv‡K GKK †f±i e‡j| gvb k~b¨ bq Ggb †f±i‡K Gi gvb Øviv fvM Ki‡j H w`K ivwkwUi w`‡K

  
r

A
so

GKwU GKK †f±i cvIqv hvq| g‡b Kwi A GKwU †f±i ivwk; A  0  A Gi w`‡K GKK †f±i    â (awi)
A
es

mxgve× †f±i (Restricted Vector):

of

‡h †f±‡ii Avw` we›`y †Kv_vq _v‡K Zv w¯’i _v‡K Zv‡K mxgve× †f±i e‡j| O we›`y‡Z
 
Pr

P ej OB †iLv eivei wµqv K‡i eySv‡j †f±i P mxgve× †f±i hvi cv` we›`y O |

mgvb †f±i (Equal Vector):

GKB w`‡K wµqviZ `yÕwU mgRvZxq †f±‡ii gvb mgvb n‡j Zv‡`i‡K mg‡f±i
 
ev mgvb †f±i e‡j| wP‡Î P I Q mgvb †f±i|

k~b¨ ev bvj †f±i (Zero or Null Vector):

†h †f±‡ii gvb k~b¨ Zv‡K k~b¨ ev bvj †f±i e‡j| bvj †f±‡ii Avw` I †kl we›`y GKB we›`y‡Z Aew¯’Z|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 01| ‡f±i (Vector) 2
m`„k †f±i ev mgvšÍÍivj †f±i (Like Vector):
mgRvZxq `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †f±i hw` GKB w`‡K wµqv K‡i Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K m`„k †f±i ev mgvšÍÍivj
 
†f±i e‡j| wP‡Î A I B m`„k †f±i ev mgvšÍÍivj †f±i|

wem`„k †f±i (Unlike Vector):

mgRvZxq `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †f±i hw` wecixZ w`‡K wµqv K‡i Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K wem`„k †f±i e‡j|
 
wP‡Î A I B wem`„k †f±i|

mg‡iL †f±i (Co-linear Vector):

`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †f±i hw` GKB mij‡iLv eivei ev ci¯úi mgvšÍÍiv‡j wµqv
  

om
K‡i Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K mg‡iL †f±i e‡j| wP‡Î A , B , C mg‡iL †f±i|

.c
Ae¯’vb †f±i (Position Vector):

24
cÖm½ KvVv‡gvi g~j we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ Ab¨ †Kvb we›`yi Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †h †f±i e¨envi
Kiv nq Zv‡K Ae¯’vb †f±i e‡j|

bd
e¨vL¨v t wP‡Î O n‡”Q cÖmsM KvVv‡gvi g~j we›`y Ges †h P †Kvb GKwU we›`y|

|e
 
OP †f±iwU O we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ P we›`yi Ae¯’vb wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| ZvB OP GKwU Ae¯’vb †f±i|

al 

Ae¯’vb †f±i‡K A‡bK mgq e¨vmva© †f±i r Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|  OP  r
m
Ja

AvqZGKK †f±i (Rectangular Unit Vector):

wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv¼ e¨e¯’vq ci¯úi j¤^ wZbwU Aÿ _v‡K| h_v t X,Y Ges Z Aÿ| X A‡ÿi w`‡K
ah

wewfbœ †f±i‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ GKwU GKK †f±i î e¨envi Kiv nq| †Zgwb ˆj I k̂ h_vµ‡g
Sh

Y I Z A‡ÿi w`‡K GKK †f±i (Wvb cv‡k¦©i wPÎ)| î , ˆj Ges k̂ †K AvqZGKK †f±i e‡j|
d

e¨vmva© †f±i (Radius Vector): A‡bK mgq †Kvb we›`yi Ae¯’vb‡K †h †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk
M


Kiv nq Zv‡K e¨vmva© †f±i r e‡j| myZivs †Kvb we›`y P-Gi ¯’vbvsK (x,y,z) n‡j, e¨vmva©
r

     
so

†f±i r  OP  x i  y j  zk Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Ges Gi gvb nq r  r  x 2  y 2  z 2

es

‡f±i ivwki mvgvšÍÍwiK m~Î (Law of Parallelogram) eY©bv I e¨vL¨v :

of

eY©bv: †Kvb KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q wµqvkxj `yÕwU †f±i ivwk‡K hw` †Kvb GK we›`y †_‡K AswKZ mvgvšÍÍwi‡Ki `yÕwU
Pr

mwbœwnZ evû Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv hvq Z‡e H we›`y ‡_‡K AswKZ mvgvšÍÍwi‡Ki KY©B †f±i `yÕwUi jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
g‡bKwi GKwU KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q `yÕwU w`Kivwk P I Q,  †Kv‡Y wµqv Ki‡Q| OA Ges OC †iLv `yÕwU
h_vµ‡g P I Q gvb Ges Zxi wPý G‡`i w`K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| GLv‡b AOC   | GB `yÕwU w`K ivwki jwäi gvb I w`K
wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
AsKb : mvgvšÍÍwiK OABC AsKb K‡i Kb© OB hy³ Kwi| Zvn‡j OB Kb©B w`Kivwk `yÕwUi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k
Ki‡e| g‡b Kwi jwäi gvb R Ges †KvY GKwU myÿ‡KvY| GLb B we›`y †_‡K OA Gi ewa©Z As‡ki Dci BN j¤^ Uvwb|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 01| ‡f±i (Vector) 3
jwäi gvb wbY©qt AB I OC mgvšÍÍivj|  AOC   | OBN wÎfy‡Ri ONB  GK mg‡Kvb|
 OB2 = ON2+ BN2
 OB 2 =(OA+AN)2 +BN2
 OB 2 = OA2 +2OA .AN +AN2 +BN2
 OB 2 = OA2 +(AN2 +BN2) +2OA .AN
AN
 OB 2 = OA2 +AB2 +2OA. AB.
AB
 OB 2 = OA2 +OC2 +2OA.OC Cos
 R2 = P2 +Q2 +2PQ Cos
 R  P 2  Q 2  2PQCos ... ... ... (1)

om
jwäi w`K wbY©q: g‡bKwi jwä R, P Gi mv‡_  †Kvb Drcbœ K‡i| A_©vr AOB    OBN mg‡KvYx wÎfy‡R
BN

.c
tan  
ON

24
BN
 tan  

bd
OA  AN
BN
AB

|e
 tan   AB
AN
OA  AB
AB
al
m
QSin 
 tan  
P  QCos
Ja

QSin 
   tan 1 ... ... ... (2) (1) bs mgxKiY jwäi gvb I (2) bs mgxKiY jwäi w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
ah

P  QCos 
Sh

GKB mg‡q GKB we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `ywU w`Kivwki jwäi m‡e©v”P I me©wb¤§ gvb ivwk `yÕwUi †hvMdj I we‡qvM d‡ji mgvb t
P I Q, †Kv‡Y wµqv Ki‡j mvgvšÍÍwi‡Ki m~Îvbyhvqx Avgiv cvB,
d
M

 R  P 2  Q 2  2PQCos ... ... ... (1)

 R2 = P2 +Q2 +2PQ Cos
r
so

 R2  P2 Q2 = 2PQ Cos

R 2  P2  Q2
es

 Cos  Avevi Avgiv Rvwb, CosGi gvb

2PQ
of

1 †_‡K +1 Gi g‡a¨ mxgve×| A_©vr, 1  Cos  1

Pr

R 2  P 2  Q2
1  1 [CosGi gvb ewm‡q]
2PQ
 2PQ  R 2  P 2  Q 2  2PQ
 P 2  Q 2  2PQ  R 2  P 2  Q 2  2PQ [Dfq c‡ÿ P2+Q2 †hvM K‡i]
 ( P  Q) 2  R 2  ( P ~ Q) 2
 (P  Q)  R  (P ~ Q) Kv‡RB GKB mg‡q GKB we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `yÕwU w`K ivwki jwäi m‡e©v”P I me©wb¤§ gvb
ivwk `ywUi †hvMdj I we‡qvM d‡ji mgvb| Ab¨ fv‡eI ejv hvq, GKB mg‡q GKB we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `yÕwU w`K ivwki jwäi
m‡e©v”P gvb ivwk `ywUi †hvMdj n‡Z eo n‡Z cv‡i bv I me©wb¤§ gvb ivwk `ywUi we‡qvM dj †_‡K †QvU n‡Z cv‡i bv|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 01| ‡f±i (Vector) 4
`yÕwU †f±i ivwk P I Q ci¯úi †Kv‡Y  AvY&Z| G‡`i †¯‹jvi ¸Yb I †f±i ¸Yb t
†¯‹jvi ¸Yb ev WU ¸Yb t `yÕwU w`K ivwki †¯‹jvi ¸Yb GKwU Aw`K ivwk Ges Gi gvb w`Kivwk `ywUi gv‡bi
¸Ydj Ges G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †Kv‡Yi Cosine Gi ¸Y d‡ji mgvb n‡e|
 
e¨vL¨vt g‡b Kwi, P I Q `yÕwU w`K ivwk ci¯úi  †Kv‡Y AvbZ& A_©vr P I Q Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY | G‡`i WU
 
¸Yb A_©vr †¯‹jvi ¸Yb P.Q  PQCos
   
wPÎvbyhvqx, P  OA; Q  OB; BM, OA Gi Dci j¤^ I AN, OB
Gi Dci j¤^ | myZivs OM =OB Cos 
ev, OM =Q Cos 
  
 P.Q  P(QCos) = ( P Gi gvb) (OM)
  
= ( P Gi gvb) ( P Gi Dci Q Gi j¤^ Awf‡ÿ‡ci gvb)

om
    
Abyiƒcfv‡e,  Q.P  QPCos  Q ( PCos ) = ( Q Gi gvb) ( Q Gi Dci P Gi j¤^ Awf‡ÿ‡ci gvb) A_©vr `ywU †f±i
ivwki †¯‹jvi A_©vr WU ¸Ydj ej‡Z G‡`i †h †Kvb GKwU †f±i ivwk Øviv Dnviw`‡K Aci †f±i ivwkwUi Awf‡ÿ‡ci

.c
¸Ydj †evSvq|

24
 
(K) hw` ‡f±i ivwkØq ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡b AvbZ& _v‡K Z‡e P.Q  PQ Cos 90  0 AZGe `yÕwU †f±iivwk mg‡Kv‡Y AvbZ&

bd
_vK‡j G‡`i †¯‹jvi ¸bdj k~b¨ n‡e wecixZµ‡g `ywU †f±i ivwki †¯‹jvi ¸bdj k~b¨ n‡j ivwk `ywU ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^
n‡e|

|e
awi wZbwU AvqZKvi †f±i ivwk î, ˆj I k̂ cÖ‡Z¨‡K ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^|
al
myZivs G‡`i †h †Kvb `yÕwUi †¯‹jvi ¸bdj k~b¨ n‡e| A_©vr iˆ. ˆj  ˆj.kˆ  kˆ.iˆ  0
m
(L) hw` `ywU †f±i ivwk GKB w`‡K wµqv K‡i Z‡e G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †KvY  = 0º;
      
Ja

†m †ÿ‡Î P.Q  PQ Cos 0  PQ n‡e| GKK w`K ivwki †ÿ‡Î cvB, i .i  j . j  k .k  1

 
(M) hw` P I Q `ywU †f±i ivwk ci¯úi wecixZgyLx nq Z‡e G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †KvY  = 180º
ah

 
nq Z‡e †m †ÿ‡Î P.Q  PQ Cos 180   PQ n‡e|
Sh

†f±i ¸Yb ev µm ¸Yb t `yÕwU w`K ivwki †f±i (µm) ¸Yb GKwU †f±i ivwk hvi gvb w`Kivwk `ywUi gv‡bi ¸Ydj Ges
d

G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †Kv‡Yi Sine -Gi ¸Y d‡ji mgvb Ges GB ¸bdj ivwk `yÕwUi Z‡j j¤^fv‡e ¯’vwcZ GKwU Wvb cv‡Ki KK©
M

¯Œz‡K 1g †f±i ivwk ‡_‡K 2q †f±i ivwki w`‡K ÿz`ªZi †Kv‡Y Nyiv‡j GUv †h w`‡K AMÖmi nq †mB w`‡K wµqv K‡i|
 
r

e¨vL¨vt g‡b Kwi, P I Q `yÕwU w`K ivwk ci¯úi  †Kv‡Y AvbZ& A_©vr P I Q Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY | G‡`i µm
so

     
¸Yb A_©vr ‡f±i ¸Yb P  Q   PQSin GLv‡b  GKwU GKK w`K ivwk hv ( P  Q ) Gi jwäi w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
es

    
hw` P  Q  R aiv nq Z‡e R Gi AwfgyL P I Q Gi mgZ‡ji mv‡_ Awfj¤^ eivei n‡e|
of
Pr

   
 R  P  Q  PQSin 

  ( P Gi gvb) ( P Gi j¤^ eivei Q Gi gvb )
  
Avevi, Q  P  QPSin ()
  
 Q  P  QPSin 
  
 Q  P   ( Q Gi gvb) ( Q Gi j¤^ eivei P Gi gvb )
   
 P  Q  Q  P A_©vr †f±i ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv|
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com
 01| ‡f±i (Vector) 5

Avgiv Rvwb, Wvb cv‡Ki KK© ¯Œz‡K evgw`‡K Nyiv‡j GwU Dc‡ii w`‡K Ly‡j Av‡m Avi Wvb w`‡K Nyiv‡j wb‡Pi w`‡K AMÖmi
    
nq, Z`ªæc P I Q Gi †f±i ¸Yb evgveZ©x n‡j G‡`i jwä R Gi AwfgyL DaŸ© w`‡K nq Ges P I Q Gi †f±i ¸Yb

`wÿbveZ©x n‡j G‡`i jwä R Gi AwfgyL wb¤§gyLx n‡e hv c~‡e©i Awfgy‡Li Dëv w`‡K n‡e|
Dc‡iv³ eY©bv Abymv‡i,
 

om
1) = 0 n‡j P  Q  0 n‡e KviY Sin 0º = 0
   
2) P|| Q n‡j P  Q  0 n‡e KviY Sin 0º = 0
   

.c
3) P  Q n‡j P  Q  PQ n‡e KviY Sin 90º = 1

24
4) î, ˆj I k̂ mgKv‡Y wµqv Ki‡j î  ˆj  k̂, ˆj  k̂  î , k̂  î  ĵ

bd
I î, ˆj I k̂ mgvšÍiv‡j wµqv Ki‡j î  î  ĵ  ĵ  k̂  k̂  0

|e
‡¯‹jvi ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j wKš‘ †f±i ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv:
   
g‡b Kwi `ywU †f±i P I Q ,  †Kv‡Y AvbZ&  P.Q  PQCos ... ... ... (1)
  al
m
Avevi, Q. P  QPCos
 
Ja

 Q.P  PQCos ... ... ... (2)

       
(1) I (2) n‡Z cvB, P. Q  Q. P A_©vr †¯‹jvi ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j| Acic‡ÿ, (P  Q) I (Q  P) Gi gvb GKB
ah

  
n‡jI G‡`i w`K wecixZ A_©vr P  Q   PQ Sin  ... ... ... (3)
Sh

  
Avevi, Q  P  Q P Sin ( )
  
 Q  P   PQ Sin  ... ... ... (4)
d

   
M

(3) I (4) n‡Z cvB, (P  Q)  (Q  P)

  
 P  Q  Q  P A_©vr †f±i ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv|
r
so

‡f±i †hv‡Mi wÎfyR m~Î (Triangle Law) t

es

`ywU †f±i‡K GKwU wÎfy‡Ri `ywU mwbœwnZ evû Øviv GKB µ‡g w`‡K I gv‡b wb‡`©k
of

Ki‡j wÎfyRwUi Z…Zxq evû wecixZ µ‡g w`‡K I gv‡b Dnv‡`i jwä wb‡`©k K‡i|
 
Pr

e¨vL¨v t awi P I Q GKB RvZxq `ywU †f±i| ABC wÎfy‡Ri AB Ges BC

    
evû h_vµ‡g †f±i P I Q wb‡`©k K‡i| m~Îvbymv‡i, AC  AB BC
    
R  P  Q [ GLv‡ b, AC  R ]

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 01| ‡f±i (Vector) 6
   
‡f±‡ii †hv‡Mi wewbgq m~Î (Commutative Law) t A  B  B  A
   
cÖgvb t aiv hvK OP  A Ges OR  B `ywU †f±i O we›`y‡Z wµqv K‡i OPQR
mvgvšÍwiK c~Y© K‡i wÎfyR m~Îvbymv‡i cvB,
  
OP PQ  OQ ... ... ... ... (1)
  
Ges OR  RQ  OQ ... ... ... ... (2)
   
(1) I (2) †_‡K cvB, OP PQ  OR  RQ
   
A_©vr, A  B  B  A myZvivs ‡f±i †hvM wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j|
     
‡f±‡ii †hv‡Mi ms‡hvM m~Î (Associative Law) : (A  B)  C  A  (B  C)

om
     
cÖgvb t aiv hvK OP  A , PQ  B Ges QR  C | GLb OQ, PR Ges OR a‡i

.c
    

24
wÎf~R m~Îvbymv‡i cvB, OP PQ  OQ  (A  B)
    

bd
Ges PQ QR  PR  (B C)
      
GLb OQ QR  OR A_©vr (A  B)  C  D

|e
      
Avevi, OP PR  OR A_©vr A  (B  C)  D
     
 (A  B)  C  A  (B  C) myZvivs ‡f±i †hvM ms‡hvM m~Î †g‡b P‡j| al
m
Ja

      
ah

e›Ub m~Î: A .(B C)  A . B A .C Gi cÖgvY:

  
Sh

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, A, B I C †f±i wZbwU h_vµ‡g OP,OQI QR Øviv m~wPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb wPÎ †_‡K Avgiv
     
cvB, A .(B C)  A . (OQ  QR )
d

    
M

 A .(B C)  A . OR
r

    
so

 A .(B C)  A  OP Gi Dci OR Gi j¤ ^ Awf‡ ¶ c

  
es

 A .(B C)  A  ON
  
of

 A .(B C)  A  (OM  MN )
Pr

Figure 1
  
 A .(B C)  A  OM  A  MN
      
 A .(B C)  A  OP Gi Dci OQ Gi j¤ ^ Awf‡ ¶ c  A  OP Gi Dci QR Gi j¤ ^ Awf‡ ¶ c
      
 A .(B C)  A . OQ A . QR
      
 A .(B C)  A . B A . C (cÖgvwYZ)

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 01| ‡f±i (Vector) 7
wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv¼ e¨e¯’vvq GKwU Ae¯’vb †f±‡ii gvb wbY©q:
A_©vr r  x 2  y 2  z 2 Gi cÖgvY :

wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv¼ e¨e¯’vq ci¯úi wZbwU †iLv OX, OY I OZ h_vµ‡g X, Y I

     
Z, Aÿ wb‡`©k K‡i Ges i , j I k Aÿ wZbwU eivei GKK †f±i| r GKwU Ae¯’vb †f±i| awi, r  OP Ges P we›`yi
¯’vbv¼ (x,y,z)| XZ Z‡ji Dci PN Ges N we›`y n‡Z X I Z A‡ÿi Dci h_vµ‡g NA I NB j¤^ AvuwK|
wPÎ n‡Z, BN =OA= x, AN=OB = z Ges NP = y
  
wÎfyR m~Î Abymv‡i, OP  ON  NP
   
 OP  OB BN  NP

om
   
 OP  BN  NP  OB

.c

 r  x î  yĵ  zk̂

24
Avevi, OPN wÎfyR n‡Z, OP2=ON2+NP2
 OP2 = OB2+BN2+NP2

bd
 OP2 = BN2 + NP2 +OB2

|e
 r2  x 2  y2  z2
 r  x2  y2  z2 (cÖgvwYZ )
  al
m
A.B  A x B x  A y B y  A z B z Gi cÖgvY:
Ja

 
awi, A  A x î  A y ĵ  A z k̂ I B  B x î  B y ĵ  B z k̂
 
ah

d‡j, A . B  (A x î  A y ˆj  A z k̂) . ( Bx î  B y ĵ  B z k̂)

 
Sh

A . B  A x B x ( î .î )  A x B y ( î .ĵ)  A x B z ( î .k̂ )

 A y B x (ĵ. î )  A y B y (ˆj.ĵ)  A y B z (ĵ.k̂)
d
M

 A z B x (k̂ .î )  A z B y (k̂ .ˆj)  A z B z (k̂ .k̂ )

 
r

A . B  Ax Bx (1)  Ax By (0)  Ax Bz (0)  Ay Bx (0)  A y By(1)  A y Bz (0)  Az Bx (0)  Az By (0)  Az Bz (1)

so

 
A . B  Ax Bx  0  0  0  Ay By  0  0  0  Az Bz
es

 
A . B  Ax Bx  A y By  A z Bz ( Pr oved)

of


A  A x î  A y ĵ  A z k̂ I B  B x î  B y ĵ  B z k̂ n‡j
Pr

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 01| ‡f±i (Vector) 8
 
A  B wbY©q :
 
A  B  (A x î  A y ĵ  A z k̂)  (B x î  B y ĵ  B z k̂ )
 
 A  B  A x B x (î  î )  A x B y (î  ĵ)  A x B z (î  k̂)
 A y B x (ĵ  î)  A y B y (ĵ  ˆj)  A y B z (ˆj  k̂)
 A z B x (k̂  î )  A z B y (k̂  ˆj)  A z B z (k̂  k̂)
 
 A  B  0  A x B y (k̂)  A x B z (  ĵ)  A y B x (  k̂)  0  A y B z (î)  A z B x (ˆj)  A z B y (  î )  0
 
 A  B  A y B z (î)  A z B y (î)  A z B x (ĵ)  A x B z (ˆj)  A x B y (k̂)  A y B x (k̂)
 
 A  B  (A y B z  A z B y )î  (A z B x  A x B z )ĵ  (A x B y  A y B x )k̂

om
î ĵ k̂
 
A  B  Ax Ay A z (Ans.)

.c
Bx By Bz

24
bd
‡f±i wefvRb ev †f±i we‡køølb (Resolution Of Vectors) t
GKwU †f±i ivwk‡K `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †f±i ivwk‡Z wef³ Kivi c×wZ‡K †f±‡ii wefvRb ev †f±‡ii we‡køølb e‡j|

|e
 
g‡bKwi, wP‡Î OC †iLv R †f±iwUi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| GLb R †f±iwU‡K Ggb `yÕwU As‡k wef³ Ki‡Z n‡e †h, G
al
¸‡jv OC Gi mv‡_ h_vµ‡g I †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| GLb O we›`y †_‡K OC †iLvi mv‡_ Gi `yB cv‡k I 
†KvY K‡i OB I OA †iLv Uvbv nj| OACB mvgvšÍwiKwU c~Y© Kiv n‡j mvgvšÍÍwi‡Ki
m

m~Îvbymv‡i OA Ges OB evû `ywU R †f±‡ii `ywU Dcvsk wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
Ja

   
g‡bKwi, wefvwRZ Dcvsk OA  X Ges OB  Y |
ah

(K) wP‡Î,  BOC  OCA  

Sh

Ges OAC  180º -    GLb OAC wÎfyR we‡ePbv K‡i Avgiv cvB,
OA AC OC
 
d

Sin  Sin  Sin[180  (  )]

M

X Y R
   ( AC  OB  Y)
r

Sin  Sin  Sin (  )

so

RSin  RSin 
X  Ges Y  R †f±i‡K hw` mg‡Kv‡Y wefvwRZ Kiv hvq [wPÎ (L)] A_©vr
es

Sin (  ) Sin (  )
Dcvsk `ywU hw` ci¯úi j¤^ nq Z‡e Zvn‡j,+90º Sin+Sin 90º = 1
of

X = R SinGesY = R Sin †h‡nZz +90º 90º

Pr

Sin Sin () = Cos d‡j, X = R Cos GesY = R Sin

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com