LESSON 7

Pre-test

Write True if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.

____ 1. Corazon Aquino was the First Lady President of the Philippines.

____ 2. US commitment to grant the Philippines its independence as soon as a

stable government was established was specified in the Spooner amendments

____ 3. Tydings-McDuffie law provided for a ten-year transition Period to

independence.

____ 4. Sergio Osmena was the first president of Commonwealth

____ 5. Manuel Quezon defeated Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay in the

1935 national election.

66

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

Lesson 7. Political Caricature of the American

Era, Filipino Grievances against Leonard Wood
and Pres. Aquino’s Speech before the US
Congress
Lesson 7
Required Learning Outcomes:
resources: 1. Examine the different American Policies that
contributed to the development of Philippine
a. PPT
b. videos independence
2. Examine the historical characteristics of a given
Caricature
A. PRE-ACTIVITY

In the box below write a three to five paragraph speech or

illustrate your idea on how we can help the country in solving
the present situation.

67

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

Lesson 7. Political Caricature of the American

Era, Filipino Grievances against Leonard Wood
and Pres. Aquino’s Speech before the US
Lesson 1 Congress
Learning Outcomes:
1. Examine the different American Policies that
contributed to the development of Philippine
independence
2. Examine the historical characteristics of a given
B. CONTENT Caricature

Topic A. Philippine Cartoons: Political caricature of the American Era (1900 –

1941)
The Spanish American War resulted in the Spanish giving control of the

Philippines to the United States in 1898. The United States planned to control us

until 1935, at which point it would become a free and independent country through

Tydings McDuffie law. From the time the Americans arrived in our country, we

persistently demanded to give us independence.

Their officials did not say no to us

Tydings-Mc duffie law – also
called commonwealth Act, because, it would surely derail their effort to
(1934), the U.S statute that
provided for Philippine pacify our country. Instead they appointed
independence, to take effect
on July 4, 1946, after a 10- Filipino Politicians to key Government position
year transitional period of
Commonwealth Government. hoping that by doing so they will forget their
The bill was signed by U.S
desire for independence. The appointment of
Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt on
March 24, 1934, and was sent Francis Burton Harrison as Governor General and
to the Philippine Senate for
approval the passage of Jones law in 1916 categorically

stipulated that the American government would

give us Filipinos independence once they have established a stable government.

68

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

Do you think the government we have today is a result of what Government we

formed before?

The four decades of American colonial rule
were a formative period in our history. We
experienced a process of Americanization and
modernization that has left a lasting legacy.
Jones law - (Approved August 29,
1916) The first formal and official
declaration of US commitment to
grant independence to the
Philippines.

Different American Policies were implemented

in education, economic, social welfare, and religion.

But the darker side to American influence resulted to Rural poverty,

worsening of Manila’s urban problem, and the dependence upon America

(economic, strategic and political) became a fixture of Philippine life and that

paved way for our nationalist to fought for

independence. And one way to express that
feeling is through Political caricature. Different
newspaper were launched such as El Renacimiento
Political cartoon, a drawing
(often including caricature)
made for the purpose of
conveying editorial commentary
on politics, politicians, and
current events.

and La Vanguardia

Let’s take a look at selected newspapers

LIPAG-KALABAW

• launched in 1906
• satiric cartoons
• published in Tagalog and Spanish
• maintained anonymity by not having a
masthead and by having the artists and
writers under pen names
• a voice for independent radicals
• affiliated with the Nacionalista Party
• set a high standard of satire and artistry
that was never really equalled

69

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

Philippine Free Press

• founded in 1906 by W.A. Kincaid but after

filing for bankruptcy it was purchased by a
Scot named McCullough Dick
• published in both Spanish and English
• distinctive mix of investigative reporting and
was an institution for the emerging Filipino
middle class
• avoids jingoism and appears more personal
than national
• was not anti-Filipino or was tied to a particular
party
• advocates integrity, democracy and Philippine national progress

The Independent

• founded in 1915 by the father of

Cebuano letters Vicente Sotto
• a forum for its publishers political
crusades
• advocate reform of the Nacionalista
party
• most militant of the nationalist papers
• questions of tenancy, urban poverty
and the internal integrity of the nationalist movement
• attacked anything that stood in the way of a free, just and prosperous
Philippines
• were Fernando Amorsolo began his career as the angriest of Manila’s political
cartoonists

Luckily, we have Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces who compiled most of the

Political caricature that existed during American occupation in their book

Philippine Cartoons: Political caricature of the American Era ( 1900 – 1941 )

70

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

Who are they?

ALFRED MCCOY ALFREDO ROCES

• A painter, biographer and essayist and

• He is currently the Harrington a versatile artist. He won a grand
Professor of History at the prize for his painting ”Kundiman” at
Department of History of the the 25th AAP annual exhibition in
University of Wisconsin in Madison.
1972. He also wrote many articles
• He received his education from:
about art for various international
PhD, Southeast Asian Studies - Yale
University magazines and for a daily column.
• MA, Asian Studies - University of • He also wrote and served as editor-in-
California at Berkeley chief of the 10-volume Encyclopedia
• BA European History - Columbia called Filipino Heritage. He even
University, NY branched out into pottery in Sydney,
• He has been recognized as one of
Australia.
the world’s leading historians of
Southeast Asia and an expert on
Philippine political history, opium
trafficking in the golden triangle,
underworld crime syndicates, and
international political surveillance.

71

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

So, let’s take a glimpse at some of the features of the book:

1. Manila : corruption of a city

2. The Colonial condition

3. Uncle Sam and Little Juan

72

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

4. The distant provinces

5. The aliens in our Midst

73

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

Topic B: Grievances against Governor Leonard Wood

Another document that proved the

dissatisfaction of most Filipinos to the Americans

was their Grievances against Governor Leonard

Wood.

When Leonard Wood returned to the Philippines to

replaced Governor General Francis Burton Harrison

as Governor General of the Philippines, He

immediately annoyed the Philippine Legislature by

Gen. Leonard Wood
disapproving 16 bills it passed. A decision they never Retrieved from
https://military.wikia.org/
experienced during the Tenure of Governor General

Harrison. This led to the dissatisfaction on Wood’s administration which

prompted the Council of state to resign en masse. This came to be known as

Cabinet Crisis of 1923 but Wood continued to administer the Government.

What did the Filipinos expect when they learned that Leonard Wood will

return to the Philippines to replace General Harrison?

Expectations Reality

• His conduct of the government has

• Filipinos expected that spirit of
cooperation would be maintained.
• Political emancipation would be
complete.
been characterized by train of
usurpations and arbitrary acts,
resulting in the curtailment of our
autonomy and destruction of our
constitutional system
• Reversal of America’s Philippine
Policy.

74

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

General Wood’s Series of Usurpations

1. He has refused his assent to laws which were the most wholesome &

necessary heads of department.

2. He has set at naught both the legal authority and responsibility for the

Philippine heads of departments.

3. He has substituted his constitutional advisers for a group of military

attaches without legal standing in the government and not responsible to

the people.

4. He has reversed the policy of Filipinizing the service of the government by

appointing Americans even when Filipinos of proven capacity were available.

5. He has obstructed the carrying out of national economic policies duty

adopted by the Legislature, merely because they are in conflict with his

views.

6. He has rendered merely perfunctory the power of the Legislature to pass

the annual appropriation law by reviving items in the law of the previous

year, after vetoing the corresponding items of the current act, in the

flagrant violation for Organic Law.

7. He has made appointments to positions and authorized the payment of

salaries therefore after having vetoed the appropriations of such salaries.

8. He has used certain public funds to grant additional compensation to public

officials in clear violation law.

9. He has arrogated unto himself the right of exercising the powers granted

by law to the Emergency Board after abolishing said board on the ground

that its powers involved an unlawful delegation of legislative authority.

10. He has unduly interfered in the administration of justice.

11. He has refused to obtain the advice of the Senate in making appointments

where such advice is required by the Organic Act.

75

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

12. He has refused to submit the Senate appointment for vacancies occurring

during the recess of the Legislature in contravention of the Organic Act.

13. He has continued in office nominees whose appointments had been rejected

by the Senate.

14. He has usurped legislative powers by imposing conditions on legislative

measures approved by him.

15. . He has, in the administration of affairs in Mindanao, brought about a

condition which has given rise to discord and dissension between certain

groups of Christian and Mohammedan Filipinos.

16. He has by his policies created strained relations between resident

Americans and Filipinos.

17. He has endeavored, on the pretext of getting the government out of

business, to dispose of all the companies capitalized by the government

worth many millions of the people's money to powerful America interests.

18. He has sanctioned the campaign of insidious propaganda in the United

States against Filipino people and their aspirations.

19. He has attempted to close the Philippine National Bank so necessary to the

economic development of the country.

20. He has adopted the practice of intervening in, and controlling directly, to

its minute details, the affairs of the Philippine Government both insular

and local, in violation of self-government.

21. He has insistently sought the amendment of our laws approved by the

Congress of the United Stated, which amendment would open up the

resources of our country to exploitation by predatory interests.

The Protest of the Filipino politicians

“In the face of this critical situation, we, the constitutional

representatives of the Filipino people, met to deliberate upon the present

difficulties existing in the Government of the Philippine Islands and to determine

how best to preserve the supremacy and majesty of the laws and to safeguard
76

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

the right and liberties of our people, having faith in the sense of justice of the

people of the United States and inspired by her patriotic example in the early

days of her history, do hereby, in our behalf and in the name of the Filipino people,

solemnly and publicly make known our most vigorous protest against the arbitrary

acts and usurpations of the present Governor-General of the Philippine Islands,

particularly against Executive Order No. 37."

77

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

Topic C. President Corazon Aquino’s speech before the U.S Congress

This document that we will discuss is differing from the first two

documents that expressed our dissatisfaction with U.S. The President

Corazon Aquino’s speech before the U.S Congress shows that we have a

harmonious relationship with the American Government.

The Speech is…

 Composed of 32 paragraphs

 120 sentences

 2,312 words

 Tackles about Ninoy and his heroism , the triumph of People Power, Marcos

as a dictator, & the significant role of US

But who is Pres. Cory Aquino?

Speech of President Corazon Aquino during the Joint Session of the U.S.

Congress, September 18, 1986 [Delivered at Washington, D.C., on September

18, 1986]

A. In the video,count how many times Pres. Aquino have been applauded by the

Us congress. Mention at least 5 lines she said for which she

received an applause

VIDEO:[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZnnvbKyNCQ[/youtube]

B. Go over the Transcript of the speech of Pres. Cory Aquino. What is your

analysis on her speech?

TRANSCRIPT:

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1986/09/18/speech-of-

president-corazon-aquino-during-the-joint-session-of-the-u-s-

congress-september-18-1986
78

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

Era : Eleventh President of the Philippines

Second and Last President of the Fourth Republic
First President of the Fifth Republic
Constitution : Amended 1973 Constitution
1986 Freedom Constitution
1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
Predecessor : Ferdinand E. Marcos
Successor : Fidel V. Ramos
Date Elected : February 7, 1986; NAMFREL tally: 7,909,320 votes (51.74% of
the
electorate); COMELEC tally: 9,921,719 votes (46.09% of the
electorate)
Inauguration : February 25, 1986, Club Filipino, San Juan (aged 53)
Born : January 25, 1933 - Paniqui, Tarlac
Died : August 1, 2009 - Makati City
Resting Place : Manila Memorial Park
Political Parties: United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO)
Spouse : Benigno “Ninoy” S. Aquino Jr.
Education : Notre Dame Convent School (presently, Notre Dame School)
(1949)
Bachelor of Arts, Major in French and Mathematics, College of Mount Saint Vincent
(1953)
Profession : Housewife

Source: retrieved from http://malacanang.gov.ph/corazon-aquino/

79

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

Treaty of Paris of 1898 was a treaty signed by Spain and the United
States on December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish-American
War and ceded Philippines to U.S.

Cartoons are used today primarily for conveying political

commentary and editorial opinion in newspapers and for social
comedy and visual wit in magazines.

_____________________________________________________________________

Online Resources/Activities:

Xiao Time: Ang Unang Putok ng Philippine-American War

https://www.youtu=xadeOJge73Ibe.com/watch?v
Xiao Time: Seditious na teatro noong panahon ng Amerikano
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZnjWBbNmro
[XiaoTime] ANG INAGURASYON NI PANGULONG MANUEL LUIS QUEZON NOONG 1935
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oqcnmrie1tA

References:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-cartoon

Victoria Ligan et. Al. Readings in Philippine history. Malabon. Mutya Publishing.

John Candelaria and Veronica Alporha. Readings in Philippine History. Manila. Rex Bookstore

80

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

Name:
Year & Section:
Assessment Professor:
Date:
t

Interpretation of the caricature.

Caricature Objects/ People What does Depiction of

that you see the object
caricature
/ People
signifies

81

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

82

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

Name:
Year & Section:
POST-TEST Professor:
Date:

Encircle the letter the corresponds to your answer.

1. According to Corazon Aquino's Speech she said, "The dictator had called him a__________.
Yet, two million people threw aside their passivity and fear and escorted him to his grave".
Select one:
a. Traitor
b. Spy
c. Nobody

2. According to Corazon Aquino's Speech she said, "The __________ already knew that Ninoy
was not a body merely to be imprisoned but a spirit he must break". Select one:
a. Dictator
b. President
c. Government

3. Francis Burton Harrison became popular among Filipinos during his tenure of office because
of his policy known as
a. Filipino First
b. Liberalism and Democracy
c. Philippines for the Filipinos

4. Young Filipinos who were sent to US as scholars of the government to pursue higher
education were called
a. aficionados
b. comisionados
c. pensionados

5. Jones Law of 1916 became popularly known in the Philippines as

a. Philippine Independence Law
b. Organic Act for the Philippines
c. Philippine Autonomy Act

83

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 LESSON 7

84

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY