Ministry of Higher Education and ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

Scientific Research
Middle Technical University ‫الجامعة التقنية الوسطى‬
College of Electrical Engineering
Technical ‫الكلية التقنية الهندسية الكهربائية‬
Department of Computer
Techniques Engineering ‫قسم هندسة تقنيات الحاسوب‬

Electronic Attendance Registration

A Graduation project submitted to the Technical College of Engineering,

Department of Computing as part of the requirements for obtaining a
Bachelor's degree

Prepared By:
Maryam Yaseen lsmail
Douha Ayed Kawam
Katar Alnada Rahem Hashem

Supervised By:
Dr. Mohammed Jawda
Lecturer Omer Ibrahim
2020 A.D 1441 A.H
 ‫أهدي هذا العمل المتواضع إلى أبي الذي لم يبخل علي يوما ً بشيء‬
‫وإلى أمي التي ذودتني بالحنان والمحبة‬
‫أقول لهم‪ :‬أنتم وهبتموني الحياة واألمل والنشأة على شغف االطالع‬
‫والمعرفة‬
‫وإلى إخوتي وأسرتي جميعا ً‬
‫ثم إلى كل من علمني حرفا ً أصبح سنا برقه يضيء الطريق أمامي‬
‫الى اساتذتي ممن كان لهم الدور االكبر في مساندتي ومدي بالمعلومات‬
‫القيمة‬
‫اهدي لكم بحث تخرجي‬
‫داعيا ُ المولى (عز وج َل) ان يطيل اعماركم‪.‬‬
Abstract
In this project, the online attendance registration is designed to
record student attendance at universities and schools, as this project relies
on a database used to record student names, the time limit and time of
attendance for each student.

Beneficiaries:
The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, the
Ministry of Education, professors at universities and schools who need to
constantly monitor student attendance.
 List of Contents

The subject Pages

Chapter One: Introduction

Introduction

Chapter Two: Barcode

Bar code

History
Read linear code

Uses of Barcode
Bar code work

Chapter Three: QR code

QR code

QR feature
Bar code scanner

Types of bar code reader

Chapter four: Types of Barcode Scanner

Results
References
List of Figures
Figure Pages

Figure -1: Types of Codes

Figure-2: The difference between Barcode and QR code.

Figure-3: Barcodes pattern

Figure -4: Barcode scanner

Figure-5: QR code pattern.

Figure-6: Pen-type readers

Figure-7: Laser scanner

Figure-8: Camera-based reader

Figure-9: Handheld scanner

Figure-10: PDA scanner

Figure-11: Cordless scanner

Figure-12: Cell phone cameras

Figure-13: Omni-directional barcode scanners

Figure-14: CCD readers

Figure-15: Large field-of-view readers

Chapter one
Introduction
Chapter One Introduction

1. Introduction
1.1 Barcode
It is usually a poster or print that consists of lines and is found behind
each product and through which the price is recognized (Figure-1). This
requires that the reader device is linked to a database that contains
information to be extracted by the automatic reader to know the price.
Sometimes in the store, the barcode reader cannot distinguish the product
so the seller has to enter the product number manually because the
database did not enter the seller information of this product and its price.
1.2 QR code
It is a small and large boxes inside a large box that contains data
contained within these boxes (Figure-1) so that any QR code reader can
read them, perhaps special readers or applications within smart phones.
The name means quick response code and it has been abbreviated to the
Quick Response Code.

Figure -1: Types of Codes

1
Chapter One Introduction

The idea of the QR Code began in 1994, and Japanese companies such
as Toyota used it to identify the parts. In 2002, its use increased in Japan,
and the phone manufacturers were keen to include applications so that
users could rely on it for reading the QR code.
1.3 Differences between QR and barcode
The basic QR and barcode differences can be summarized as follow:
1. QR code is a type of barcode. QR codes contain information in a 2D
way, whereas barcodes utilize 1D track. QR codes are faster and
more reliable than barcodes as you can scan them in two
dimensions.
2. QR codes also take up less space than barcodes. QR also offers 360-
degree readability for added convenience. You can scan QR codes
from any angle, which is not possible in the case of barcodes
(Figure-2).
3. You can also effectively scan a QR code even if it has been damaged
or covered by dirt. The technology offers an error margin of 7% to
30%, which is not applicable for barcodes.

Figure-2: The difference between Barcode and QR code.

2
Chapter Two
Barcode
 2. Barcode
A barcode or bar code is a method of representing data in a visual,
machine-readable form. Initially, barcodes represented data by varying
the widths and spacing of parallel lines. These barcodes, now commonly
referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D), can be scanned by special
optical scanners, called barcode readers. Later, two-dimensional (2D)
variants were developed, using rectangles, dots, hexagons and other
geometric patterns, called matrix codes or 2D barcodes, although they do
not use bars as such. 2D barcodes can be read or deconstructed using
application software on mobile devices with inbuilt cameras, such as
smartphones.
The barcode was invented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard
Silver and patented in the US in 1951.The invention was based on Morse
code that was extended to thin and thick bars. The barcode design
developed by George Laurer. Laurer's barcode, with vertical bars, printed
better than the circular barcode developed by Woodland and Silver. Their
use has spread to many other tasks.

Figure-3: Barcodes pattern

 2.1 Reading Barcode
A barcode reader is a scanner or optical reader that beams a laser
beam onto it and then bounces back from the white bars only as the black
columns absorb the light and do not reflect the beam again. The light
detector in the reader analyzes the reflected rays and then sends this data
to a computer that works to match this code with the codes stored in it so
it extracts all the information related to this code such as price, quantity,
product etc. (Figure-4). We can simply find the name of the country of
origin by examining the first three numbers on the "barcode" from the left.
Each country has different and distinct numbers, for example, if the first
three numbers were 471, then the origin of the commodity is Taiwanese,
even if it is within the field (450 to 459) it is of Japanese origin, and if it
is 622 it is of Egyptian origin

Figure -4: Barcode scanner

 2.2 Uses of barcode
Bit by bit the thread has become an essential part of modern
civilization and part of the global export system. Their use has been
widespread, and the technology used in the barcode has been constantly
improved. Modern applications of the barcode included the following:
Almost every product that can be bought on the market, grocery, or
supermarket has a Universal Product Code. This helps a lot in tracing a
large number of items in the store and reduces shoplifting, even though
thieves are also printing counterfeit code. Since the introduction of the
barcode, both consumers and retailers have benefited from the resulting
savings.
Membership cards or loyalty cards (in English: Carte de fidélité)
where most grocery stores and large stores sell retail goods such as sports
equipment, office supplies, or pet stores, to determine the identity of the
consumer. Retailers benefit by understanding individual shopping
consumption patterns. Shoppers usually get special offers from point of
sale (vouchers, discounts) or special marketing offers via their address or
email provided when registering on loyalty cards.
File management tools allow file encryption to facilitate the
separation and indexing of scanned documents with the scanner. Track
material movement, including rental cars, airline luggage, nuclear waste,
post and parcels.
Types of Barcode
Shape Symbology Continuous Bar Uses
or discrete widths
Australia Discrete 4 bar An Australia Post
Post heights barcode as used on a
barcode business reply paid
envelope and applied
by automated sorting
machines to other
mail when initially
processed in
fluorescent ink .
Codabar Discrete Two Old format used in
libraries and blood
banks and on airbills
(out of date, but still
widely used in
libraries)
Code 25 – Continuous Two Wholesale, libraries
Interleaved International
2 of 5 standard ISO/IEC
16390
Code 11 Discrete Two Telephones (out of
date)

Farmacode Discrete Two Italian pharmacode –

or Code 32 use Code 39 (no
international
standard available)
Code 39 Discrete Two Various –
international
standard ISO/IEC
16388
Code 49 Continuous Many Various
Code 93 Continuous Many Various

Code 128 Continuous Many Various –

International
Standard ISO/IEC
15417
DX film Neither Tall/short Color print film
edge
barcode

EAN 2 Continuous Many Addon code

(magazines), GS1-
approved – not an
own symbology – to
be used only with an
EAN/UPC according
to ISO/IEC 15420
EAN 5 Continuous Many Addon code (books),
GS1-approved – not
an own symbology –
to be used only with
an EAN/UPC
according to
ISO/IEC 15420
EAN-8, Continuous Many Worldwide retail,
EAN-13 GS1-approved –
International
Standard ISO/IEC
15420

GS1-128 Continuous Many Various, GS1-

(formerly approved – just an
named application of the
UCC/EAN- Code 128 (ISO/IEC
128), 15417) using the
incorrectly ANS MH10.8.2 AI
referenced Datastructures. It is
as EAN 128 not a separate
and UCC symbology.
128
GS1 Continuous Many Various, GS1-
DataBar, approved
formerly
Reduced
Space
Symbology
(RSS)
Intelligent Discrete 4 bar United States Postal
Mail heights Service, replaces
barcode both POSTNET and
PLANET symbols
(formerly named
OneCode)
ITF-14 Continuous Two Non-retail packaging
levels, GS1-
approved – is just an
Interleaved 2/5 Code
(ISO/IEC 16390)
with a few additional
specifications,
according to the GS1
General
Specifications
ITF-6 Continuous Two Interleaved 2 of 5
barcode to encode a
addon to ITF-14 and
ITF-16 barcodes.
The code is used to
encode additional
data such as items
quantity or container
weight
JAN Continuous Many Used in Japan,
similar and
compatible with
 EAN-13 (ISO/IEC
15420)
Japan Post Discrete 4 bar Japan Post
barcode heights
KarTrak Discrete Coloured Used in North
ACI bars America on railroad
rolling equipment

MSI Continuous Two Used for warehouse

shelves and
inventory
Pharmacode Discrete Two Pharmaceutical
packaging (no
international
standard available)

PLANET Continuous Tall/short United States Postal

Service (no
international
standard available)
Plessey Continuous Two Catalogs, store
shelves, inventory
(no international
standard available)
PostBar Discrete 4 bar Canadian Post office
heights
POSTNET Discrete Tall/short United States Postal
Service (no
international
standard available)
RM4SCC / Discrete 4 bar Royal Mail / PostNL
KIX heights

RM Discrete 4 bar Royal Mail

Mailmark C heights
RM Discrete 4 bar Royal Mail
Mailmark L heights
Telepen Continuous Two Libraries (UK)
Universal Continuous Many Worldwide retail,
Product GS1-approved –
Code International
(UPC-A Standard ISO/IEC
and UPC-E) 15420
Chapter Three
QR code
Chapter Three QR code

3. QR code
QR code (abbreviated from -Quick Response code-) is the
trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode) first
designed in 1994 for the automotive industry in Japan. A barcode is a
machine-readable optical label that contains information about the item to
which it is attached. In practice, QR codes often contain data for a locator,
identifier, or tracker that points to a website or application. A QR code
uses four standardized encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric,
byte/binary, and kanji) to store data efficiently; extensions may also be
used.
The Quick Response system became popular outside the automotive
industry due to its fast readability and greater storage capacity compared
to standard UPC barcodes. Applications include product tracking, item
identification, time tracking, document management, and general
marketing.
A QR code consists of black squares arranged in a square grid on a white
background, which can be read by an imaging device such as a camera,
and processed using Reed–Solomon error correction until the image can
be appropriately interpreted. The required data is then extracted from
patterns that are present in both horizontal and vertical components of the
image and vertical components of the image.
Chapter Three QR code

Figure-5: QR code pattern.

3.1 QR code features
1- Version 40 of the QR code can store 7089 numbers or 4296 between
numbers and letters, which means in practice the ability to contain
relatively large data in a small space that does not exceed a few
square centimeters
2- Feature that enables the economy in paper and ink, which makes QR
technology Environment friendly.
3- On the other hand, the QR code technology provides instant access
to links, this promising technology can also be used to encrypt
personal information, and convert it into symbols on cards that can
be read using a mobile camera code, and they are widely used today,
which promises a bright future for this.
4- QR code is not necessary to link it to a database, i.e. the reader does
not need to include data or information about the product because
the QR Code includes all the information inside it. These squares
Chapter Three QR code

are many, many and different shapes under which a lot of

information is hidden.
5- The QR code can contain many languages, including Arabic, and it
can be read from any side and in any form, and without budget,
while the barcode has to be balanced on the reader.

3.2 Some applications of QR code

1- You can get a lot of information easily by photographing one
square and this is one of the important features of the QR Code.
2- You can design your personal card and put your information
through the RQ Code, so the person does not have to carry the card
all the time. All he has to do is cast the mobile camera on the card
in order to keep all your data on his device.
3- Some magazines started to put the RQ code on some of its pages
and if you read it on your device it will give you a website for an
article or a video site or any media you want the magazine to give
it to you
4- Employing the rapid response code to teach foreign languages:
The QR code can be used to teach the way difficult words are
pronounced in foreign languages.
5- Learning the lessons of the absent students: In order to enable
absent students to redeem the classes that they were unable to
attend, the teacher can raise the lessons for these classes in the form
Chapter Three QR code

of a Google Drive document or web pages or any other electronic

carrier, and who has converted his web address into a quick
response code and installed it on a blackboard classroom offer.
6- Use the QR Code to activate the instant connection to the school's
Wi-Fi network: Access to the encrypted Wi-Fi network is
cumbersome, the QR code can be useful, as to facilitate the process
of connecting to the network for students and teachers, access
information can be converted into a quick response code that
enables instant connection to the network once it is scanned by the
mobile device cam.

Types of QR Code
Shape Name Notes
AR Code A type of marker used for placing content
inside augmented reality applications. Some
AR Codes can contain QR codes inside, so
that content AR content can be linked to. See
also ARTag.

Aztec Code Designed by Andrew Longacre at Welch

Allyn (now Honeywell Scanning and
Mobility). Public domain. – International
Standard: ISO/IEC 24778

bCode A barcode designed for the study of insect

behavior.[38] Encodes an 11 bit identifier and
16 bits of read error detection and error
correction information. Predominately used
for marking honey bees, but can also be
applied to other animals.
Chapter Three QR code

Code 16K The Code 16K (1988) is a multi-row bar

code developed by Ted Williams at
Laserlight Systems (USA) in 1992. In the US
and France, the code is used in the
electronics industry to identify chips and
printed circuit boards. Medical applications
in the USA are well known. Williams also
developed Code 128, and the structure of
16K is based on Code 128. Not
coincidentally, 128 squared happened to
equal 16,000 or 16K for short. Code 16K
resolved an inherent problem with Code 49.
Code 49's structure requires a large amount
of memory for encoding and decoding tables
and algorithms. 16K is a stacked symbology.
Cronto Visual The Cronto Visual Cryptogram (also called
Cryptogram photoTAN) is a specialized color barcode,
spun out from research at the University of
Cambridge by Igor Drokov, Steven
Murdoch, and Elena Punskaya. It is used for
transaction signing in e-banking; the barcode
contains encrypted transaction data which is
then used as a challenge to compute a
transaction authentication number using a
security token.
Data Matrix From Microscan Systems, formerly RVSI
Acuity CiMatrix/Siemens. Public domain.
Increasingly used throughout the United
States. Single segment Data Matrix is also
termed Semacode. – International Standard:
ISO/IEC 16022.
DotCode Standardized as AIM Dotcode Rev 3.0.
Public domain. Used to track individual
cigarette and pharmaceutical packages.
Chapter Three QR code

EZcode Designed for decoding by cameraphones;

from ScanLife.

Han Xin Barcode designed to encode Chinese

Barcode characters introduced by Association for
Automatic Identification and Mobility in
2011.

High Capacity HCCB was developed by Microsoft;

Color Barcode licensed by ISAN-IA.

JAB-Code Just Another Bar Code is a colored 2D

barcode.

MaxiCode Used by United Parcel Service. Now public

domain.

NexCode NexCode is developed and patented by S5

Systems.

PDF417 Originated by Symbol Technologies. Public

domain. – International standard: ISO/IEC
15438
Chapter Three QR code

Qode American proprietary and patented 2D

barcode from NeoMedia Technologies,
Inc.[60]

QR code Initially developed, patented and owned by

Denso Wave for automotive components
management; they have chosen not to
exercise their patent rights. Can encode Latin
and Japanese Kanji and Kana characters,
music, images, URLs, emails. De facto
standard for Japanese cell phones. Used with
BlackBerry Messenger to pick up contacts
rather than using a PIN code. The most
frequently used type of code to scan with
smartphones. Public Domain. – International
Standard: ISO/IEC 18004
ShotCode Circular barcodes for camera phones.
Originally from High Energy Magic Ltd in
name Spotcode. Before that most likely
termed TRIPCode.

SPARQCode QR code encoding standard from

MSKYNET, Inc.
Chapter Four
Types of
Barcode
Scanner
Chapter four Barcode Scanner

4. Barcode scanner
A barcode it is designed to be read and decoded by machines and
computers, Therefore, there is a barcode reader that consists of a light
source, lens, and optical sensor that translates optical pulses into electrical
signals.
In addition, all barcode readers have a built-in decoder circuit that
analyzes the barcode image data being supplied from the optical sensor,
and then sends the contents of the data to an output for viewing.
4.1 Types of barcode reader
1- Pen-type readers
Pen-type readers consist of a light source and photodiode that are
placed next to each other in the tip of a pen. To read a barcode, the person
holding the pen must move the tip of it across the bars at a relatively
uniform speed. The photodiode measures the intensity of the light
reflected back from the light source as the tip crosses each bar and space
in the printed code. The photodiode generates a waveform that is used to
measure the widths of the bars and spaces in the barcode. Dark bars in the
barcode absorb light and white spaces reflect light so that the voltage
waveform generated by the photodiode is a representation of the bar and
space pattern in the barcode. This waveform is decoded by the scanner in
a manner similar to the way Morse code dots and dashes are decoded.
Chapter four Barcode Scanner

Figure-6: Pen-type readers

2- Laser scanner
Laser scanners work the same way as pen-type readers except that
they use a laser beam as the light source and typically employ either a
reciprocating mirror or a rotating prism to scan the laser beam back and
forth across the barcode. As with the pen-type reader, a photo-diode is
used to measure the intensity of the light reflected back from the barcode.
In both pen readers and laser scanners, the light emitted by the reader is
rapidly varied in brightness with a data pattern and the photo-diode
receive circuitry is designed to detect only signals with the
same modulated pattern.
Chapter four Barcode Scanner

Figure-7: Laser scanner

3- Camera-based reader
Two-dimensional imaging scanners are a newer type of barcode
reader. They use a camera and image processing techniques to decode the
barcode.

Figure-8: Camera-based reader

Chapter four Barcode Scanner
4- Handheld scanner
It comes with a handle and typically a trigger button for switching
on the light like this are used in factory and farm automation for quality
management and shipping management and shipping.

Figure-9: Handheld scanner

5- PDA scanner (or Auto-ID PDA)

A PDA with a built-in barcode reader or attached barcode scanner.
Automatic reader a back office equipment to read barcoded documents at
high speed (50,000/hour).

Figure-10: PDA scanner

Chapter four Barcode Scanner

6- Cordless scanner (or Wireless scanner)

A cordless barcode scanner is operated by a battery fit inside it and
is not connected to the electricity mains and transfer data to the connected
device like PC.

Figure-11: Cordless scanner

7-Cell phone cameras

While cell phone cameras without auto-focus are not ideal for
reading some common barcode formats, there are 2D barcodes, which are
optimized for cell phones, as well as QR Codes (Quick Response) codes
and Data Matrix codes, which can be read quickly and accurately with or
without auto-focus. Cell phone cameras open up a number of applications
for consumers.
Chapter four Barcode Scanner

Figure-12: Cell phone cameras

8-Omni-directional barcode scanners
Omnidirectional scanning uses "series of straight or curved scanning
lines of varying directions in the form of a starburst, a Lissajous curve, or
other multiangle arrangement are projected at the symbol and one or more
of them will be able to cross all of the symbol's bars and spaces, no matter
what the orientation. Almost all of them use a laser. Unlike the simpler
single-line laser scanners, they produce a pattern of beams in varying
orientations allowing them to read barcodes presented to it at different
angles. Most of them use a single rotating polygonal mirror and an
arrangement of several fixed mirrors to generate their complex scan
patterns.
Omnidirectional scanners are most familiar through the horizontal
scanners in supermarkets, where packages are slid over
a glass or sapphire window. There are a range of different
omnidirectional units available which can be used for differing scanning
applications, ranging from retail type applications with the barcodes read
Chapter four Barcode Scanner
only a few centimeters away from the scanner to industrial conveyor
scanning where the unit can be a couple of meters away or more from the
code. Omnidirectional scanners are also better at reading poorly printed,
wrinkled, or even torn barcodes.

Figure-13: Omni-directional barcode scanners

9- CCD readers (also known as LED scanners)

CCD readers use an array of hundreds of tiny light sensors lined up
in a row in the head of the reader. Each sensor measures the intensity of
the light immediately in front of it. Each individual light sensor in
the CCD reader is extremely small and because there are hundreds of
sensors lined up in a row, a voltage pattern identical to the pattern in a
barcode is generated in the reader by sequentially measuring the voltages
across each sensor in the row. The important difference between
a CCD reader and a pen or laser scanner is that the CCD reader is
measuring emitted ambient light from the barcode whereas pen or laser
scanners are measuring reflected light of a specific frequency originating
Chapter four Barcode Scanner
from the scanner itself. LED scanners can also be made using CMOS
sensors, and are replacing earlier Laser-based readers.

Figure-14: CCD readers

10- Large field-of-view readers
It uses high-resolution industrial cameras to capture multiple bar
codes simultaneously. All the bar codes appearing in the photo are
decoded instantly (Image ID patents and code creation tools) or by use
of plugins (e.g. the Barcode pedia used a flash application and some web
cam for querying a database), have been realized options for resolving
the given tasks.

Figure-15: Large field-of-view readers

Chapter four Barcode Scanner

Chapter Five
Results
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_reader
https://www.quora.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_light_interference