The United 

Nations
 The United Nations (UN) was created at the end of World War II as an
international peacekeeping organization and a forum for resolving conflicts
between nations.

 The UN replaced the ineffective League of Nations, which had failed to

prevent the outbreak of the Second World War.

 The UN was established on October 24, 1945, with headquarters in

Manhattan, New York City, and reflected the rise of the United States to
global leadership in the postwar period.

The structure and function of the United

Nations
The United Nations has several main bodies that serve different purposes.
The Secretariat is the main administrative organ of the UN. It commissions
research and applies the findings of studies to making the UN a more
effective and efficient organization.

The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the UN. Every

country that is a member of the UN is represented in the General Assembly.
The UN General Assembly convenes annually to deliberate and vote on
important issues affecting world peace and security. The General Assembly
can only make recommendations to member-states; it cannot make binding
decisions, nor can it enforce those decisions – only the Security Council has
the authority to do that.

The Security Council is composed of five permanent members—the United

States, Great Britain, France, Russia, and China— which were the five main
Allied powers in the Second World War. There are also ten non-permanent
seats on the Security Council that rotate between different countries every
two years. The purpose of the Security Council is to peacefully resolve
international conflicts and prevent the outbreak of war. UN Security Council
resolutions are binding and are enforced by UN peacekeepers, which are
military forces contributed by member-states.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) was created to promote

international economic and social cooperation and development, particularly
in the developing world, or what was referred to during the Cold War as the
“Third World.”

Finally, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the judicial organ of the

UN. At its headquarters at the Hague, Netherlands, the court hears legal
disputes between states and issues opinions on legal matters submitted by
members of the General Assembly or other UN agencies.

UNESCO:
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization  is a specialised agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed
at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation
in education, the sciences, and culture. It has 193 member states and 11
associate members, as well as partners in
the nongovernmental, intergovernmental, and private
sector. Headquartered in Paris, France, UNESCO has 53 regional field
offices and 199 national commissions that facilitate its global mandate.
UNESCO was founded in 1945 as the successor to the League of
Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. Its
constitution establishes the agency's goals, governing structure, and
operating framework. UNESCO's founding mission, which was shaped
by the Second World War, is to advance peace, sustainable
development and human rights by facilitating collaboration and dialogue
among nations. It pursues this objective through five major program
areas: education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and
communication/information. UNESCO sponsors projects that
improve literacy, provide technical training and education, advance
science, protect independent media and press freedom, preserve regional
and cultural history, and promote cultural diversity.
Pakistan has the distinction of being a continuous member of
the UNESCO Executive Board since 1978. UNESCO admitted Palestine
as a member in 2011. Laws passed in the United States after Palestine
applied for UNESCO and WHO membership in April 1989 mean that
the US cannot contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts
Palestine as a full member. As a result, the US withdrew its funding,
which had accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget. Israel also
reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli
payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the Palestinian
Authority, stating that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental "to
potential peace talks". Two years after they stopped paying their dues to
UNESCO, the US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013
without losing the right to be elected; thus, the US was elected as a
member of the Executive Board for the period 2016–19. In 2019, Israel
left UNESCO after 69 years of membership, with Israel's ambassador to
the UN Danny Danon writing: "UNESCO is the body that continually
rewrites history, including by erasing the Jewish connection to
Jerusalem... it is corrupted and manipulated by Israel's enemies... we are
not going to be a member of an organisation that deliberately acts
against us".
UNICEF:
UNICEF, also known as the United Nations International Children's
Emergency Fund, is a United Nations agency responsible for providing
humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide. The agency
is among the most widespread and recognizable
social welfare organizations in the world, with a presence in 192
countries and territories. UNICEF's activities include providing
immunizations and disease prevention, administering treatment for
children and mothers with HIV, enhancing childhood and maternal
nutrition, improving sanitation, promoting education, and
providing emergency relief in response to disasters.
UNICEF is the successor of the International Children's Emergency
Fund (ICEF), created in 1946 by the U.N. Relief Rehabilitation
Administration to provide immediate relief to children and mothers
affected by World War II. The same year, the U.N. General
Assembly established the United Nations International Children's
Emergency Fund (UNICEF) to further institutionalize post-war relief
work. In 1950, UNICEF's mandate was extended to address the long-
term needs of children and women, particularly in developing countries.
In 1953, the organization became a permanent part of the United Nations
System, and its name was subsequently changed to its current form,
though it retains the original acronym.
UNICEF relies entirely on contributions from governments and private
donors. Its total income as of 2018 was $5.2 billion, of which two-thirds
came from governments; private groups and individuals contributed the
rest through national committees. It is governed by a 36-member
executive board that establishes policies, approves programs, and
oversees administrative and financial plans. The board is made up of
government representatives elected by the United Nations Economic and
Social Council, usually for three-year terms.
UNICEF's programs emphasize developing community-level services to
promote the health and well-being of children. Most of its work is in the
field, with a network that includes 150 country offices, headquarters and
other facilities and 34 "national committees" that carry out its mission
through programs developed with host governments. Seven regional
offices provide technical assistance to country offices as needed, while
its Supply Division—based in Copenhagen and New York—helps
provide over $3 billion in critical aid and services.
In 2018, UNICEF assisted in the birth of 27 million babies,
administered pentavalent vaccines to an estimated 65.5 million children,
provided education for 12 million children, treated four million children
with severe acute malnutrition, and responded to 285 humanitarian
emergencies in 90 countries. UNICEF has received recognition for its
work, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965, the Indira Gandhi
Prize in 1989 and the Princess of Asturias Award in 2006. During the
2020 COVID-19 pandemic, UNICEF, along with the World Health
Organization and other agencies, published guidance about healthy
parenting.