Introduction

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization

whose purpose is to maintain international peace and security,
develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international
cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of
nations. It is the world's largest and most familiar international
organization. The UN is headquartered on international territory
in New York City, and has other main offices in Geneva,
Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague (home to the International
Court of Justice).

The UN was established after World War II with the aim of

preventing future wars, succeeding the rather ineffective
League of Nations. On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in
San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN
Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect
on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. Pursuant
to the Charter, the organization's objectives include maintaining
international peace and security, protecting human rights,
delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable
development, and upholding international law. At its founding,
the UN had 51 member states; with the addition of South
Sudan in 2011, membership is now 193, representing almost all
of the world's sovereign states.

Logo and Emblem (optional)

The flag of the United Nations, and the emblem of the United
Nations (which is part of the UN flag design) have become
symbols of the Organization as it carries out its work. With a
pair of olive tree branches and a map of the world, the emblem
and the flag on which it rests are also aspirational symbols for
people all over the world, for they speak to their hopes and
dreams of peace and unity. The emblem and flag of the United
Nations have the practical effect of identifying the Organization
in areas of trouble and conflict, to any and all parties
concerned.

Sustainable Objectives
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Sustainable
goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to
be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future
for all". The SDGs were set up in 2015 by the United Nations
General Assembly (UN-GA) and are intended to be achieved
by 2030. They are included in a UN-GA Resolution called the
2030 Agenda or what is colloquially known as Agenda 2030.
The SDGs were developed in the Post-2015 Development
Agenda as the future global development framework to
succeed the Millennium Development Goals which ended in
2015.

The 17 SDGs are: (1) No Poverty, (2) Zero Hunger, (3) Good
Health and Well-being, (4) Quality Education, (5) Gender
Equality, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (7) Affordable and
Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and Economic Growth, (9)
Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, (10) Reduced
Inequality, (11) Sustainable Cities and Communities, (12)
Responsible Consumption and Production, (13) Climate Action,
(14) Life Below Water, (15) Life On Land, (16) Peace, Justice,
and Strong Institutions, (17) Partnerships for the Goals.

Though the goals are broad and interdependent, two years

later (6 July 2017) the SDGs were made more "actionable" by a
UN Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. The
resolution identifies specific targets for each goal, along with
indicators that are being used to measure progress toward
each target. The year by which the target is meant to be
achieved is usually between 2020 and 2030. For some of the
targets, no end date is given.

(optional) To facilitate monitoring, a variety of tools exist to

track and visualize progress towards the goals. All intention is
to make data more available and easily understood. For
example, the online publication SDG Tracker, launched in June
2018, presents available data across all indicators. The SDGs
pay attention to multiple cross-cutting issues, like gender
equity, education, and culture cut across all of the SDGs. There
were serious impacts and implications of the COVID-19
pandemic on all 17 SDGs in the year 2020 (optional)

Organs of UNO
The United Nations (UN) has six main organs. Five of them —
the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and
Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat —
are based at UN Headquarters in New York. The sixth, the
International Court of Justice, is located at The Hague in the
Netherlands.

General Assembly: -
The United Nations General Assembly (GA) consists of all
United Nations Member States and meets in regular session
once a year under a president elected from among the
representatives. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the
United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the
Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United
Nations and make recommendations in the form of General
Assembly Resolutions. It has also established a wide number
of subsidiary organs.
Security Council: -
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is charged with
the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers
include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the
establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization
of military action. Its powers are exercised through United
Nations Security Council resolutions.
The Security Council held its first ever session on 17 January
1946 at Church House, Westminster, London. Since its first
meeting, the council, which exists in continuous session, has
travelled widely, holding meetings in many cities, such as Paris
and Addis Ababa, as well as at its current permanent home at
the United Nations Headquarters in New York City.
There are 15 members of the Security Council, consisting of
five veto-wielding permanent members (China, France, Russia,
the United Kingdom, and the United States) and 10 elected
non-permanent members with two-year terms. This basic
structure is set out in Chapter V of the UN Charter. Security
Council members must always be present at UN headquarters
in New York so that the Security Council can meet at any time.

Economic and Social Council: -

The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is
responsible for co-ordinating the economic, social, and related
work of 15 UN specialized agencies, their functional
commissions and five regional commissions. ECOSOC has 54
members; it holds a four-week session each year in July. Since
1998, it has also held a meeting each April with finance
ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund (IMF). The ECOSOC serves as
the central forum for discussing international economic and
social issues, and for formulating policy recommendations
addressed to member states and the United Nations System.
Secretariat: -
The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the United Nations
Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil
servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and
facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It
also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council,
the UN General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social
Council, and other U.N. bodies. The United Nations Charter
provides that the staff is to be chosen by application of the
"highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity,"
with due regard for the importance of recruiting on a wide
geographical basis. The secretary-general alone is responsible
for staff selection.

International Court of Justice: -

The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ
of the United Nations. It is based in the Peace Palace in The
Hague, Netherlands. Its main functions are to settle legal
disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory
opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized
international organs, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.

Trusteeship Council: -
The United Nations Trusteeship Council, one of the principal
organs of the United Nations, was established to ensure that
trust territories were administered in the best interests of their
inhabitants and of international peace and security. The trust
territories—most of them are former mandates of the League of
Nations or territories taken from nations defeated at the end of
World War II—have all now attained self-government or
independence, either as separate nations or by joining
neighbouring independent countries. The last was Palau,
formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which
became a member state of the United Nations in December
1994.

Special Agencies: -

Food and Agricultural Organisation: -

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

(FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads
international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and
food security. Its Latin motto, fiat pains, translates to "let there
be bread". It was founded on 16th October 1945. The FAO is
composed of 195 members. It is headquartered in Rome, Italy,
and maintains regional and field offices around the world,
operating in over 130 countries. It helps governments and
development agencies coordinate their activities to improve and
develop agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and land and water
resources. It also conducts research, provides technical
assistance to projects.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization: -

UNIDO is the specialized agency of the United Nations that

promotes industrial development for poverty reduction,
inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability. As of
now 170 states are members of the UNIDO. The mission of the
United Nations Industrial Development Organization is to
promote and accelerate inclusive and sustainable industrial
development (ISID) in Member States.
International Civil Aviation Organization: -