შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდი

biologiis 24-e saerTaSoriso

olimpiadisTvis saqarTvelos nakrebi
gundis wevrebis SesarCevi

II turi

xangrZlivoba: 120 wuTi

testis raodenoba - 40
 pasuxebi CawereT pasuxebis furcelSi!

 pasuxi, romelic SekiTxvebis furcelSi iqneba Setanili, ar

Sefasdeba!

 pasuxebi dawereT garkveviT!

 kiTxvis Sesabamisi swori pasuxebi aRniSneT “+” niSniT, araswori “_”

niSniT!

magaliTad

A B C D E

+ - + - -

 SesaZlebelia kiTxvas hqondes erTze meti swori/araswori pasuxi,

amitom, aucilebelia cxrilis yvela grafa Seivsos! cxrilis
carieli grafa ar Sefasdeba!

 qulaTa maqsimaluri raodenoba II turSi – 84 qula.

 SewyviteT pasuxebis gacema da dadeT Tqveni kalami drois

gasvlisas.

 pasuxebis furceli Segrovdeba weris dasrulebisas.

gisurvebT warmatebebs!
1. gakeTda ori baqteriuli ujredis ganivi Wrili. baqteria A-Si nanaxi iqna
erTi membrana, maSin roca baqteria B-s gaaCnia ori membrana, romelic
gancalkeevebulia viwro sivrciT. sivrce Seicavs peptidoglikanur nivTierebas.
pasuxebis furcelSi aRniSneT romeli baqteriaa gramdadebiTi da romeli gram
uaryofiTi?

2. mkvlevarma gamoikvlia eukariotuli genis transkripciis sastarto

wertilidan zemoT arsebuli regulatoruli elementi. winaswar kompiuteruli
modelirebiT moaxdina 900 genis -37 dan -26-mde arsebuli nukleotiduri
Tanamimdevrobis ganlageba sworxazovnad (erT xazze). Sedegebi homologiis
Sesaxeb procentebSi mocemulia cxrilSi.

-37 -26
(5’) (3’)
A 21 16 4 91 0 0 67 97 0 41 16 24
nukleotidis C 23 39 83 0 0 0 0 0 52 9 35 37
sixSire
G 28 35 3 0 0 95 0 3 12 40 38 30
T 28 10 10 9 100 5 33 0 36 10 11 9

cxrilis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, ivaraudeT yvelaze SesaZlo nukleotiduri

Tanamimdevroba -35-dan -29-mde konservatuli regionis farglebSi. pasuxebis
furcelSi CawereT A, C, T, da G Sesabamis adgilas.

3. daalageT TanamimdevrobiT dnm-s molekulebi maTi lRobis temperaturis

mixedviT yvelaze dabalidan yvelaze maRlisaken.
A. 5’-AAGTTCTCTGAA-3’
3’-TTCAAGAGACTT-5’
B. 5’-AGTCGTCAATGCGG-3’
3’-TCAGCAGTTACGCC-5’
C. 5’-GGACCTCTCAGG-3’
3’-CCTGGAGAGTCC-5’

4. ramdeni qromatinis Zafia adamianis somatur ujredebSi G2 fazis dros?

5. zogierTi paTogenuri organzmebi warmoqmnian egzotoqsinebs, romlebic
adamianSi iwvevs daavadebebs. erTi tipis egzotoqsini Seicavs or polpeptids - A
da B suberTeuls. B suberTeuls SeuZlia daukavSirdes samizne ujredis
zedapiris receptors da moaxdinos A suberTeulis an B-sTan asocirebuli
molekulebis plazmuri membranis gavliT ujredSi Setana. Tu A suberTeuli
Seva ujredSi, igi Trgunavs cilis sinTezs da arRvevs ujreds.
Semdegi mtkicebulebebidan, romlebic egzotoqsinebs exeba, romeli aris/arian
swori?
(A) A suberTeuls SeuZlia martom gamoiwvios daavadeba;
(B) B suberTeuls SeuZlia marto daukavSirdes samizne ujreds;
(C) samizne ujredebSi Sesasvlelad da maT gasanadgureblad A
suberTeuli Seicavs sxva molekulebs;
(D) B suberTeuli SesaZloa Seicavs sxva molekulebs da exmareba am
molekulebs samizne ujredSi SesvlaSi;
(E) mkerdis kibos sawinaaRmdego antisxeulebTan koniugirebul A
suberTeuls SeuZliaT gaanadguros mkerdis kibos ujredebi.

kiTxvebis jgufi: 6, 7, 8
mecnieri arkvevs signalis transduqciis gzas (asaxulia suraTze), rasac
mivyavarT onkogenezamde kibos ujredebSi. is imedovnebs, rom ipovnis
damTrgunvels, romelic dablokavs sasignalo gzas da gamoiyenebs mas rogorc
qimioTerapiul agents kibos samkurnalod.
gaeciT pasuxi kiTxvebs:
6. signalis transduqciis komponentebi, maT Soris A, B da C, Ceulebriv
aqtiurdeba fosforilirebis an defosforilirebis reaqciiT. ra aris meqanizmi,
romlis meSveobiTac A, B da C cilebi fosforilirdeba an defosforilirdeba?
(A) SesaZloa receptori Seicavs fermentis domenebs, romelic akatalizirebs
fosforilireba - defosforilirebis reaqcias;
(B) fermentebi, romlebic monawileoben fosforilireba -
defosforilirebis reaqciaSi SeiZleba moTavsebulia citoplazmaSi.
(C) A, B da C cilebi SesaZloa Seicavs fermentis domenebs, romlebic
akatalizirebs fosforilireba/defosforilirebis reaqcias;
(D) fosforilireba an defosforilireba SesaZloa ar iyos ganpirobebuli
fermentuli reaqciiT.
(E) fosfaturi jgufi SeiZleba miRebuli iyos mxolod H3PO4–s meSveobiT.

7. Semdegi eqsperimentebidan, romels SeuZlia daamtkicos, rom signalis

transduqciis gza aris B→C da ara C→B?
(A) A antagonistis damateba gaaaqtiurebs B-s;
(B) A agonistis damateba gaaaqtiurebs C-s;
(C) B agonistis damateba gaaaqtiurebs C-s;
(D) B antagonistis damateba gaaaqtiurebs C-s;
(E) B-s eqspresiis donis gazrda gamoiwvevs ufro aqtiuri C molekulebis
warmoqmnas;
(F) ujredis pasuxi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, roca B agonisti da
aqtivirebuli C molekulebi emateba ujredSi.

8. Tu es aris Zlier aqtivirebuli signalis transduqciis gza kibos ujredebSi,

CamoTvlili procesebidan romelSi aris CarTuli es sasignalo gza?
(A) Trgunavs ujredis gayofas;
(B) Trgunavs ujredis diferencirebas;
(C) zogierTi simsivnis damTrgunveli genis hipomeTilireba;
(D) onkogenebis transkripciis gaaqtiureba;
(E) S fazaSi ujredebis gaCereba;
(F) dnm-s reparaciaSi monawile zogierTi genebis eqspresiis daTrgunva.
9. damtvervis dros mtvris marcvali umetesad Seicavs mxolod vegetatiur
ujreds da generaciul ujreds. ganayofierebisas mtvris marcvalidan
warmoiqmneba samtvre mili, generaciuli ujredis birTvi iyofa da warmoqmneba
ori spermia. sinergidebiT sinTezirdeba qimiuri mimzidveli nivTierebebi
(rogoricaa atraqti GABA), romliskenac miemarTeba zrdadi samtvre milis
wvero da Sedis mtversavalidan (mikropile) TeslkvirtSi. Semdeg Canasaxovan
parkSi mimdinareobs ormagi ganayofiereba ori spermiiT. damtvervisa da ormagi
ganayofierebis Sesaxeb qvemoT CamoTvlili debulebebidan romeli maTgania
marTebuli?
(A) vegetatiuri ujredi, spermiebi da sinergidi arian haploidurebi, maSin
roca generaciuli ujredi da zigota diploiduria
(B) damtvervis dros warmoiqmneba GABA Semcvelobis gradienti dingsa
(dabali Semcveloba) da Teslkvirts (maRali Semcveloba) Soris.
(C) ori spermia anayofierebs or kvercxujreds, magram mxolod erTi maTgani
warmoqmnis zigotas
(D) ganayofierebis Semdeg warmoiqmneba erTi zigota da endospermis erTi
Canasaxi
(E) momwifebadi mtvris marcvali _ es aris mamrobiTi gametofiti, xolo
Canasaxis parki _ es aris mdedrobiTi gametofiti

10. farulTeslovnebis umetesoba imtvereba cxovelebis meSveobiT.

CamoTvlili yvavilebis aRwera (I-V) SeusabameT yvelaze metad savaraudo
dammtveravs (A-E) cxrilSi.
I. TeTri yvavili, gaSlilia Ramis ganmavlobaSi, Zlieri sunis mqone,
neqtari damalulia grZel, viwro milSi;
II. yvavili umetesad ultraiisferi tipisaa, gaSlilia dRis ganmavlobaSi,
sasiamovno surneliT;
III. yvavili didi da uxeSi, gaSlilia dRis ganmavlobaSi, usuno, magram
didi raodenobiT neqtariT.
IV. yvavili didi da uxeSia, gaSlilia Ramis ganmavlobaSi, Zlieri sunis
mqone, didi raodenobiT neqtariT.
V. yvavili mowiTalo yavisferia, neqtaris gareSe, ayrolebuli xorcis
suniT.
 A. Ramurebi;
B. Citebi;
C. futkrebi;
D. buzebi;
E. CrCili

11. ganalageT mocemuli mcenareebi A - C evoluciis safexurebis mixedviT ufro

primitiulidan metad Tanamedrovesken/maRlisken.

A B C

Vascular
gamtari Tissues
qsovilebi

12. grafiki gviCvenebs filtvis sxvadsxva moculobas da tevadobas:

daakavSireT orive svetis CamonaTvali erTmaneTTan da grafikTan:

1. sasunTqi moculoba
2. narCeni haeris moculoba
3. sasicocxlo tevadoba
4. CasunTqvis tevadoba
5. amosunTqvis sarezervo
tevadoba
6. filtvis mTliani tevadoba
7. CasunTqvis sarezervo
tevadoba
8. funqciuri narCeni tevadoba
13. suraTi warmogvidgens kuWis lorwovani garsis Wrils. sxvadasxva struqtura
aRniSnulia nomrebiT:
a. haeris maqsimaluri moculoba Rrmad
CasunTqvisas. igi moicavs sasunTq da
CasunTqvis sarezervo tevadoba.
b. spontanuri CasunTqvisas narCen haerze metad
SesunTquli haeris maqsimaluri moculoba.
c. Zlier Rrma amosunTqvis Semdeg filtvSi
darCenili haeris moculoba.
d. maqsimaluri CasunTqvis Semdeg filtvSi
haeris moculoba.
e. maqsimalur CasunTqvas da maqsimalur
amosunTqvas Soris arsebuli haeris saerTo
raodenoba. moicavs, sasunTq moculobas,
CasunTqvis sarezervo moculobas da
spontanuri CasunTqvis moculobas.
f. sasunTq moculobaze damatebuli haeris
moculoba, romelic maqsimaluri
amosunTqvisas SeiZleba amovides filtvebidan.
g. filtvebSi arsebuli haeris moculoba
pasiuri amosunTqvis Semdeg. es aris narCeni
moculobis da amosunTqvis sarezervo
moculobis jami;
h. filtvis moculoba, romelic warmodgens
haeris normaluri moculobas gadanacvlebuls
damatebiTi ZalisxmeviT an mis gareSe
normalur CasunTqva-amosunTqvas Soris.
CamonaTvali aRwers TiToeuli struqturis funqcias.
A. axdens marilmJavas sinTezs;
B. axdens lorwos sinTezs da icavs kuWis ujredebs;
C. Seicavs uamrav CaRmavebebs, romelSic ixsneba jirkvlebi
D. sekretirebs pepsinogens;
E. Seicavs sami sxvadasxva tipis ujredis sekrets, romelic Sedis kuWis
wvenis SedgenilobaSi.
pasuxebis furcelSi SeusabameT struqturebi funqciebs.

14. sisxlSi glukozis donis SenarCuneba mniSvnelovania. fiziologiurad igi

regulirdeba orive nervuli da endokrinuli sistemiT. diagrama gviCvenebs or
gansxvavebul situacias, romelTagan erTi gamowveulia stresiT da meore
sisxlSi glukozis dabali SemcvelobiT. SeavseT cxrili pasuxebis furcelSi
grafikze mocemuli asoebis gamoyenebiT.

struqtura, hormoni pasuxebi

pankreasis kunZulebis α CawereT
ujredebi pasuxebis
insulini furcelSi,
RviZli aq ara!
Tirkmelzeda jirkvali
kortizoli

15 da 16 aris kiTxvebis jgufi

15. normaluri spermatogenezi da androgenebis sekrecia mkacrad regulirdeba

mamakacebSi. uSviloba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos hormonuli regulaciis
disbalansiT. qvemoT mocemuli suraTi nawilobriv aRwers kavSirebs
hipoTalamuss, hipofizs da sasqeso jirkvlebs Soris. simbolo “(_)” aRniSnavs
uaryofiT ukukavSirs. pasuxebis furcelSi CasviT Sesabamisi simbolo cxrilSi.

struqtura, hormoni pasuxebi

sertolis ujredi CawereT
hipofizis wina wili pasuxebis
gonadotropin rilizing furcelSi,
hormoni
folikulmastimulirebeli
hormoni aq ara!
inhibini

16. sasqeso jirkvlebis ukmarisobis mqone mamakacebSi misaRebi da saWiro

hormonuli Terapiis SemuSaveba metad mniSvnelovania. ganixileT SemTxveva,
SeiZleba Tu ara igi gamoswordes hormonuli TerapiiT? pacienti itanjeboda
saTesles kiboTi da amoaWres orive saTesle. gamoiyeneT me-15 kiTxvis suraTi
da gaarkvieT romeli simbolos mdgomareoba Seesabameba pacients. pasuxi
CawereT pasuxebis furcelSi. “+”- Seesabameba, “-” ar Seesabameba.
17. cxovelebis Termuli adaptaciis Sesaxeb mtkicebulebebidan romelia swori?
(A) lurj Tinuss SeuZlia gazardos sakuTari Sida temperatura, amitom igi
endoTermuli cxovelia.
(B) TeTrsisxla Tevzebi atareben TavianT sicocxles gayinul wyalSi da
inarCuneben sxeulis stabilur temperaturas, amitom igi homeoTermuli
cxovelia.
(C) kankali exmareba ZuZumwovrebs gamoimuSavon siTbo da igi regulirdeba
hipoTalamusiT ZuZumwovrebSi.
(D) ruxi cximovani qsovili exmareba ZuZumwovrebs gamoimuSavos siTbo
ConCxis kunTebisaTvis energiis miwodebiT.
(E) ruxi cximovani qsovili mdidaria mitoqondriebiT siTbos
warmosaqmnelad.

18. diagramaze naCvenebia sinafsuri gadacemis 5 ZiriTadi safexuri A- E.

A. neiromediatoris gamoTavisufleba.
B. presinapsuri kalciumis arxis
aqtivacia.
C. postsinapsuri natriumis arxis
aqtivacia
D. neiromediatoris ukuSewova
E. neiromediatoris daSla

mecnieri swavlobs sinafsur gadacemaze wamlebis moqmedebas

eleqtrofiziologiuri CanawerebiT. postsinapturi deni Caiwereba da
gamoiyeneba wamlebis moqmedebis SesaZlo meqanizmis asaxsnelad.
suraTze 1 naCvenebia postsinapsuri denis Canaweris tipiuri forma wamlis
moqmedebamde.
SeusabameT suraTebis nomrebi (I, II, III, IV, V), romlebic mocemulia qvemoT,
wamlebis efeqtebs sworad. suraTebis nomrebi gamoiyeneT mxolod erTxel,
mravaljer an saerTod ar gamoiyenoT.

meqanizmi pasuxi
CawereT
safexuri A-s dablokva
pasuxebis
safexuri B-s gaZliereba furcelSi
safexuri C-s dablokva aq ara!
safexuri D-s gaZliereba
safexuri E-s dablokva
19. epilefsia aris gavrcelebuli nevrologiuri mdgomareoba. avadmyofebi
itanjebian krunCxvebisagan, romelsac iwvevs Tavis tvinis qerqis zogierTi
ubnis hiperaqtiuroba. simptomebi SeiZleba Semcirdes antiepilepsiuri wamlebis
gamoyenebiT. Tu suraTze naWCvenebi gaaqtiurebuli receptori aris qloris arxi
natriumis arxis nacvlad, CamoTvlilTagan romeli meqanizmi(ebi) SeiZleba
daedos safuZvlad antiepileptikur wamlebs?

A. neiromediatoris gamoTavisufleba.
B. presinapsuri kalciumis arxis
aqtivacia.
C. postsinapsuri natriumis arxis
aqtivacia
D. neiromediatoris ukuSewova
E. neiromediatoris daSla

meqanizmi pasuxi CawereT

pasuxebis
safexuri A-s dablokva furcelSi
safexuri B-s gaZliereba
safexuri C-s dablokva aq ara!
safexuri D-s gaZliereba
safexuri E-s dablokva

20. mocemulia sarkomeris struqtura

moniSneT mtkicebuleba sworia Tu ara (sworia “+”, arasworia “-”).
mtkicebulebebi exeba kunTebs, romlebic izotonurad ikumSebian.

pasuxebi CawereT
a. D xazi rCeba igive distanciaze pasuxebis
b. A gadainacvlebs B-s boloebisaken axlos furcelSi.
c. C damokldeba
d. B gafarTovdeba aq ara!
e. D xazi gadainacvlebs B-s boloebisaken axlos

21. biologma aRmoaCina, rom CrCilebis saxeobebs aqvT unari ifrinon swor
xazze RamiT, imitom rom SenarCunebuli aqvT mudmivi kuTxe (800) tanis sigrZiv
RerZsa da mTavaris Suqis mimarTulebas Soris, risTvisac iyenebs
fotoreceptorebs. Tu CrCilis pepela waawydeba Zlier sinaTles, ra saxis
traeqtorias moxazavs igi sinaTlis wyarodan gamomdinare?

A D

B
E

22. zRvis goWebs aqvs laqebiani Seferiloba. simartivisTvis CavTvaloT, rom

laqianoba ganisazRvreba ori aleliT G da g. Tu G arsebobs zRvis goWi
laqebiania. gamokvleuli goWebis 84% laqiania. warmovidginoT rom es
populacia eqvemdebareba hardi vainbergis wess da gamoiTvaleT G genis sixSire.
pasuxi daamrgvaleT meaTedebamde.
23. erT dRes yvela ulaqo zRvis goWi gaqra. ra iqneba momaval TaobaSi ulaqo
zRvis goWebis gamoCenis albaToba? Tqveni pasuxi CawereT %-Si meaTedebis
gareSe

24. miRebulia, rom “xmeleTis mcenareebma” evolucia ganicades mwvane

wyalmcenareebisagan. am mtkicebulebebidan romeli amyarebs am hiopoTezas?
(A) orives aqvs sicocxlis ciklSi TaobaTa morigeoba;
(B) orive Seicavs qlorofil a da b-s;
(C) orive Seicavs peroqsisomebs, romelic Seicavs fotosunTqvasTan
dakavSirebul fermentebs;
(D) orive Seicavs fragmoplasts, romelic miReba citokinezis dros.

kiTxvebi 25, 26, da 27 aris kiTxvaTa jgufi

mecnierma gamoikvlia geni X-is funqcia brinjSi mutantis gamoyenebiT, romelSic
transgenuli dnm (T-dnm) iyo CarTuli ekzon 2-Si, es naCvenebia suraTze. T-dnm -s
zoma aris 5 aTasi nukleotiduri wyvili (5knw).
man gamoiyena PCR da gel-eleqtroforezi 5 mcenaris genotipirebisaTvis (A, B, C,
D, E) praimerebis nareviT (I, II, da III) rogorc es aris naCvenebi suraTze. gelis
suraTi aCvenebs PCR-is Sedegs, sadac dnm-s molekuluri wonis markerebi
mocemulia M zolSi. A-E zolebi aris PCR-is ptroduqtebi A-E mcenareebis
foTlebidan Sesabamisad. cnobilia rom polimerazas ar SeuZlia efeqturad
moaxdinos 5 knw-ze meti fragmentis amplificireba.

am informaciis mixedviT upasuxeT 25, 26 da 27-e kiTxvebs:

25. praimerebis romeli wyvili (I+II, I+III, Tu II+III) amplificirebs dnm-s B nimuSSi?
pasuxebis furcelSi dawereT pasuxebis swori wyvili.

26. romeli mcenareebi (A, B, C, D, Tu E) aris /arian homozigoturi mutantebi?

pasuxebis furcelSi dawereT swori simbolo (ebi).

27. romeli mcenareebi (A, B, C, D, Tu E) aris /arian homozigoti mutantebis da

veluri tipis Sejvarebis Sedegad miRebuli F1 Taoba? dawereT pasuxebis
furcelSi swori simbolo (ebi).

kiTxvebi 28 da 29 aris kiTxvaTa jgufi

hipoTeturi ZuZumwovari Sicavs gens A da B, romelic monawileobs embrionul
ganviTarebaSi. isini moTavsebulia 6 da 12 qromosomaSi. A da B alelebi aris
funqciuri, imis miuxedavad, rom a da b ar aris funqciuri. Sewyvilebuli
organizmebs sicocxlisunariani STamomavlobis warmoqmnis unari ara aqvT,
xdeba mravali uSedego mcdeloba da mkvdradSobadoba.
Catarda rogorc Sewyvilebuli individebis, aseve dabadebisas mkvdari
individebis kariotipuli analizi. analizma gviCvena qromosomaTa
balansirebuli translokaciebi dedis genomSi, romelic pasuxismgebelia
Sedegze. qvemoT mocemul diagramaze naCvenebia 6 da 12 qromosoma yoveli am
individisaTvis.
A da B genebis lokalizacia naCvenebia mamis qromosomazec. mama aris
heteroigoti orive genis lokusiT, roca deda aris homozigoti. cnobilia, rom
rogorc, A ise B genis produqtebis dozaze meti raodenoba an ararseboba,
embrionaluri ganviTarebis dros aris sasikvdilo.
savaraudod sxva genebs ara aqvT unari gavlena moaxdinon 6 da 12 qromosomis im
ubanze, romelic pasuxismgebelia ganviTarebaze, aqedan gamomdinare, gaeciT
pasuxi Semdeg kiTxvebs.
28. romelia savaraudo genotipi/genotipebi suraTze naCvenebi STamomavlisaTvis?
(A) AAa, b
(B) AAA,Bb
(C) AAA, B
(D) a, BBb
(E) A, BBB
(F) A, BBb

29. ra aris albaToba imisa (rogorc fraqcia), rom ganayofierebuli zigota

warmoiqmnili mocemuli mSoblebisagan, flobs B alelis 3 funqcionalur asls?

30. gamokvlevebiT gairkva, rom mocemuli populaciis 13.3% mamrebi arian

axlomxedvelebi, rac ganpirobebulia genetikuri mizeziT (calkeuli genis
mutacia). maTgan 55% -s hyavs axlomxedveli mama.
hardi vainbegis kanonze dayrdnobiT ra aris axlomxedvelobis alelis sixSire?
dawereT pasuxi pasuxebis furcelSi.

31. drozofilaSi nanaxi iqna autosomuri transformeri aleli. Tu igi

arseboebs, individi ori X sasqeso qromosomiT gamoiyureba rogorc mamri,
magram aseTi cxovelebi sterilurebia, radgan maTi saTesleebi
ganuviTarebelia. drozofilaSi wiTeli da TeTri Seferilobis Tvalebi
ganisazRvreba X qromosomaSi arsebuli geniT. Seajvares wiTelTvala mdedri
orive lokusiT heterozigoti da TeTrTvala mamri heterozigoti transformeri
geniT. miiRes didi raodenobiT STamomavloba. maTi STamomavlobis ra
raodenoba iqneba TeTerTvala mamri?

32. ori fermenti X da Y qmnis bioqimiur gzas, romelic A substrats gardaqmnis C

substratSi Sualeduri B substratis warmoqmniT. rom gamovikvlioT, adamianSi
Xh da Yh genebis qromosomuli lokalizacia, mkvlevarma gaamravla
Tagvisa/adamianis hibriduli ujredebis xazi. es ujredebi Sicavdnen Tagvis
yvela qromosomas da adamianis ramdenime qromosomas, rogorc naCvenebia #1
cxrilSi. wina eqsperimentebiT, non-sense mutacia iqna inducirebuli Tagvis Ym
genis dasawyisSi. mkvlevarma gamoiyena specifikuri antisxeulebi, rom gaego
adamianis Xh fermenti warmoiqmneboda Tu ara TiToeul ujredul xazSi (cxrili
2). man daamata A nivTiereba ujredul kulturebs. cota xnis Semdeg
kolorimetruli meTdodiT gansazRvra romeli - A, B Tu C nivTiereba aris
ujredul xazebSi (cxrili 2).
cxrili 1
ujreduli adamianis qromosoma
xazi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
a + - + - + + - -
b + + - - - - - +
c + + - + + - + +
d - + + + - + - +

cxrili 2
ujreduli Xh –s substratis
xazi sinTezi arseboba
a + C
b - B
c - C
d + B
adamianis romel qromosomaSi aris lokalizebuli Yh geni? dawereT Sesabamisi
qromosomis nomeri pasuxebis furcelSi.
33. ernest maierma gansazRvra biologiuri saxeoba rogorc “aqtiurad an
potenciurad erTmaneTaT Sejvarebadi bunebrivi populaciebi, romlebic
izolirebulni arian analogiuri jgufebisagan reproduqciuli izolaciis
erTi an mravali meqanizmiT”. romeli organizmebis wyvilisaTvisaa marTebuli,
termini – “calkeuli biologiuri saxeoba”?

(A) ori populacia ucvlelia konkurirebadi alelebisTvis bunebaSi, magram

heterozigoturi individebi SeiZleba miviRoT laboratoriaSi.
(B) dalmatinelsa da Cixuaxuas Soris aranairi Sejvareba ar moxdeba,
radgan maTi zomebi Zlier gansxvavebulia.
(C) cicinaTelebis ori saxeobis mdedrebi reagireben mxolod im sinaTleze
romelsac gamoimuSavebs misive saxeobis mamri.
(D) rqianasebrTa xoWoebis ori individi qveda ybis morfologiis
gamokveTili gansxvavebebiT iyenebs erTida igive sasqeso fermomonebs.

34. biologebma daadgines, rom zRvruli temperatura garkveuli tipis koRos

ganviTarebisTvis Seadgens +150C. maT agreTve daadgines, rom mudmivia (1)
ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli dReebis raodenoba da (2) ganviTarebis periodSi
arsebul temperaturasa da zRvrul temperaturas Soris gansxvaveba. es niSnavs,
rom (1)-is (2)-ze namravli aris mudmivi. cnobilia, rom am saxeobis koRos
esaWiroeba sruli ganviTarebisTvis 15 dRe, maSin roca temperaturaa +300C.
mocemulia, rom wels indoeTSi maisi iyo Cveulebrivad cxeli, saSualo
temperaturiT +400C. gamoTvaleT, ramdeni dRe dasWirdeboda koRos sruli
ganviTarebisTvis wels indoeTSi? miRebuli pasuxi CawereT pasuxis furcelze.

35. davuSvaT, rom adamianis, Cveulebrivi Citis, Cveulebrivi Tevzis saxeobebs

SeesabamebaT sicocxlisunarianobis mrudi I, II da III Sesabamisad. (vertikaluri
RerZi warmoadgens sicocxlisunarianobis dones, horizontaluri ki dros).
mocemuli grafikebidan romeli maTgani asaxavs yvelaze meti sizustiT
sikvdilianobis mrudebs (mrudebi miRebulia ise, rom sicocxliunarionobis
done Secvlilia sikvdilianobis doniT) am sami jgufis organizmebisaTvis?
36. rodesac adareben, (an Tu SevadarebT) axlo monaTesave frinvelebis
saxeobebs, gamravlebadi individebis sikvdilianoba ufro maRalia zomier
sartyelSi mobinadre frinvelebSi, vidre tropikebis binadrebSi. amitom
ganadgurebis riski mSoblebisTvis, bartyebisTvis da kvercxebisTvis
gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva regionebSi. Tu CavatarebT eqsperiments 3 sxvadasxva
mtaceblis gamoyenebiT (mtacebeli A, mtacebeli B, mtacebeli C), romlebic
dasves budesTan axlos dRis manZilze bartyebis gamoCekvis periodSi,
mSoblebis romeli reaqciis molodini SeiZleba gvqondes?
miiReT mxedvelobaSi is faqti, rom mtacebeli A ikvebeba bartyebiT da
kvercxebiT, mtacebeli B aris RamiT monadire mtacebeli, mtacebeli C dRe
monadire mtacebelia, Tavs esxmis zrdasrul frinvelebs.

(A) mSoblebi cdiloben ufro metad ganeridon mtacebel B-s vidre mtacebel
C –s.
(B) A mtaceblis SemTxvevaSi tropikuli saxeobebis mSoblebi ufro naklebad
amcireben budesTan dabrunebis sixSires da STamomavlebis gamokvebas, vidre
zomieri sartylis saxeobis mSoblebi.
 (C) C mtaceblis SemTxvevaSi tropikuli saxeobebis mSoblebi ufro naklebad
amcireben budesTan dabrunebis sixSires da STamomavlebis gamokvebas, vidre
zomieri sartylis saxeobis mSoblebi.
(D) C mtaceblis SemTxvevaSi tropikuli saxeobebis mSoblebi ufro metad
amcireben budesTan dabrunebis sixSires da STamomavlebis gamokvebas, vidre
zomieri sartylis saxeobis mSoblebi.
(E) done, romelamdec mSoblebi amcireben budesTan dabrunebis sixSires da
STamomavlebis gamokvebas ar aris damokidebuli mtaceblis tipze da
geografiul arealze.

37. qvemoT mocemul suraTze naCvenebia asimilaciis efeqturobis sqema (A/I) da

produqciis efeqturobis (P/A) sqema mdelos ekosistemis ZuZumwovrebis ori
jgufisTvis.

A =energiis Sesvla sisxlSi sakvebis monelebis Semdeg;

F = energiis dakargva eqskreciis da siTbos gziT;
I = energia, romelic moTavesebulia Caylapul organul komponentebSi;
P = produqcia;
R = energiis kargva sunTqvis da sicxis gamo.
davuSvaT, rom I = 100jouli
CamoTvlilTagan romeli Seesabameba simarTles? (aRniSneT simarTle “+”,
sicrue - “-”)
(A) mcenareuli sakvebis moneleba moiTxovs SedarebiT nakleb energias,
vidre cxoveluri sakvebis moneleba.
(B) reabsorbirebuli mcenareuli masala Seicavs nakleb organul
nivTierebebs, vidre reabsorbirebuli cxoveluri masala
 (C) R meryeobs 40- dan 60 joulamde xorcismWamelebSi
(D) R meryeobs 40 dan 60 joulamde balaxismWamelebSi
(E) R ufro dabalia amfibiebSi, vidre ZuZumwovrebSi

38. mecnierma Seiswavla Dictyoptera-s filogenetikuri xe, rogorc qvemoT aris

naCvenebi. mocemuli filogenetikuri xis mixedviT gansazRvreT, aris Tu ara
Semdegi mtkicebulebebi marTebuli (+) Tu mcdari (-).

(A) Coqelebi (mantids) warmoadgenen taraknebis axlonaTesaur jgufs;

(B) taraknebi (cockroaches) qmnian parafiletikur jgufs;
(C) termitebi unda ganixilebodnen rogorc Zlier Secvlili taraknebi;
(D) Coqelebi unda ganixilebodnen rogorc Zlier Secvlili taraknebi;
(E) termitebi warmoiSvnen Coqelebisgan.

39. zogierTi peplis sistematikuri mdgomareoba, rogorebicaa satiridebi

(ringlets, etc), nimfalidebi (frush foots, etc) da danaidebi (milkweed butterflies, etc.) sadao
iyo. zogierTi mkvlevari maT ganixilavda rogorc calkeul ojaxebs, rodesac
sxvebi am azrs ar iziarebdnen. bolodroindeli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze isini
erT ojaxs Nymphalidae-s miakuTvnes. qvemoT mocemulia am peplebis
filogenetikuri xe, romelic Seadgines fraitasma da braunma (2004). qvemoT
moyvanili filogenetikuri xis mixedviT gansazRvreT aris Tu ara mocemuli
mtkicebulebebi marTebuli Tu mcdari (aRniSneT simarTle “+”, sicrue - “-”).

(A) Danaoid SeiZleba ganxilul iqnan calke ojaxad fraitasisa da braunis

filogenetikuri analizis mixedviT, Tu Nymphalidae-s SeeZleba kidev daiyos
ojaxebad.
(B) Calinaginae peplebi emsgavseba Danaoid peplebs garegnulad, amitom isini
unda klasificirdnen rogorc Danaoid peplebi.
(C) Tu gvinda gansazRvra ojaxi Nymphalidae Seicavs Apaturinae, maSin igi aseve
unda Seicavdes Satyrinae da Brassolinae.
(D) Danaoid SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos rogorc Nymphaloid + Satyroid_is
winaprebi.

40. SeusabameT mocemuli maxasiaTeblebi organizmebs.

maxasiaTeblebi:
I. filtvis tomsikebi, brWyali adre 3 nawilisgan Semdgari, amJamad is ori
nawilisgan Sedgeba saylapavi.
II. reducirebuli neknebi, ontogenezis dros ganicdis metamorfozs.
III. ukana kidurebi dafarulia qercliT, sasunTq organod iyenebs
ventilirebad sasunTq parkebs. moZravi zeda da qveda yba
IV. Txeli, milis msgavsi eqskreciuli organoebi, romelic mTavrdeba Sua da
bolo kidurebs Soris, sxeuli Sedgeba 3 nawilisgan, Tavze wyvili
saceci.
V. specializebuli epiTelurismsgavsi kunTovani qsovili, sxeulis
radialuri simetria.
VI. eleqtruli velebis da temperaturis aRsaqmelad iyenebs lorencinis
ampulebs, xrtilovani ConCxi, layuCis xvreli.
orgnizmebi:
A. TeTri zvigeni (carcharodon carcharias)
B. oTaxis buzi (musca domestica)
C. bolocecxla (phoenicurus phoenicurus)
D. marjnebi brain corals (faviidae)
E. jvriani oboba (araneus diadematus)
F. Cveulebrivi bayayi (Rana temporaria)