Contemporary Management:

Module Three: Making Decisions

Remember&Module&2&was&Reading:&History&of&Management

Dr&Khaled&Hafez
MD,&M.Sc.,&MFA
3

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

The Process:
Decision–making is a choice from two or more alternatives.

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

The decision–making
process

Choice from two or

more alternatives

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

POLCA roles imply decision-taking

Henri*Fayol,*1908
Planning
Organizing
Leading
Controlling

Managing*Achievement*

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

The Decision-Making Process

Remember: Managers POLCA Roles imply decision-taking

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

The Decision-Making Process

Remember: Managers POLCA Roles imply decision-taking

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Types*and*Biases*of*Decisions
Rational Decision-Making:
describes choices that are logical and consistent while maximizing value.

Assumptions of Rationality
! Decision maker would be fully objective and logical.
! Problem faced would be clear and unambiguous.
! Decision maker would have a clear and specific goal.
! Decision maker would know all possible alternatives and consequences.
! Decision maker consistently select the alternative that maximizes achievements

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Types*and*Biases*of*Decisions

Bounded Rationality:
Decision-making that is rational, but limited (bounded) by an individual’s
ability to process information.

Satisfice:
Accepting solutions that are “good enough.”

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Types*and*Biases*of*Decisions

Escalation of commitment:
An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence it may
have been wrong.

Sunk Costs Errors:

Forgetting that current actions cannot influence past events and relate only to
future consequences. Biased decision towards money spent so far

2"18

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 Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Types*and*Biases*of*Decisions

Intuitive decision- making:

Making decisions on basis of experience, feelings, accumulated judgment,
etc..

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Paramount Decision-Making Concepts

Evidence-Based Management (EB-Mgt):

The systematic use of the best available evidence to

improve management practice.

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Paramount Decision-Making Concepts

Structured Problems:
straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems.

Programmed decision:
a repetitive decision that can be handled by a routine
approach.

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Paramount Decision-Making Concepts

Unstructured Problems:
Problems that are new or unusual, for which information is
ambiguous or incomplete.

Non-programmed decisions:
Unique and non-recurring and involve custom-made solutions.

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Decision+Making+Thinking Styles

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Decision+Making+Thinking+Styles

Linear Thinking Style:

a person’s tendency to use external data / facts; the habit of processing
information through rational, logical thinking (EB-Mgt).

Nonlinear Thinking Style:

a person’s preference for internal sources of information; a method of
processing this information with internal insights, feelings / hunches.

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Decision-Making Biases & Errors

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Decision-Making Biases & Errors

Heuristics:
Using “rules of thumb” to simplify decision-making.

Overconfidence Bias:
Holding unrealistically positive views of oneself and one’s performance.

Immediate Gratification Bias:

choosing alternatives that offer immediate rewards and avoid
immediate costs.

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Decision-Making Biases & Errors

Anchoring Effect:
Fixating on initial information and ignoring subsequent information.

Selective Perception Bias:

Selecting, organizing and interpreting events based on the decision
maker’s biased perceptions.

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Decision-Making Biases & Errors

Confirmation Bias:
Seeking out information that reaffirms past choices while discounting
contradictory information.

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Decision-Making Biases & Errors

Framing Bias:
Selecting / highlighting certain aspects of a situation while ignoring
other aspects.

Availability Bias:
Losing decision-making objectivity by focusing on most recent events.

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Decision-Making Biases & Errors

Representation Bias:
Drawing analogies and seeing identical situations when none exist.

Randomness Bias:
Creating unfounded meaning out of random events.

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Decision-Making Biases & Errors

Self-Serving Bias:
Taking credit for successes and blaming outside factors for failures.

Hindsight Bias:
Mistakenly believing that an event could have been predicted once the
actual outcome is known (after-the-fact).

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Summary
COMMON DECISION-MAKING BIASES

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Contemporary Management:
Module Three: Making Decisions

Summary
OVERVIEW OF MANAGERIAL DECISION-MAKING

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 End of Module Three

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