Directional Drilling Practice

kickoffs, sidetracks, DLS control

Drilling & Measurements | Training Centers | Drilling Operations

Objectives

On completion of this module you should:

 Be able to describe the four primary kick-off methods.
 Be able to explain where and why each method is preferred.

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 Understand the techniques for open hole sidetracking with or without a
cement plug.
 Understand the techniques for cased hole sidetracking.
 Be able to make steering decisions to follow a planned wellpath.
 Understand formation effects on BHA tendency.
Wellbore Kick off Techniques

Whipstocks
Jetting
Motors or Turbines

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Rotary Steerables
Kick-off or Sidetrack Methods


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Kick off from vertical with Whipstock
 Nowadays seldom used, better use motor or
RSS
 May be used with pure rotary assemblies or

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where conditions would be extremely difficult
with motor or RSS
 Whipstocks today almost exclusively for cased
hole sidetracks
 Jetting

Jetting is the utilization of hydraulics to wash a pocket beneath and to the

side of the bit to cause deflection.
With the advent of motors and RSS, jetting as a means of kicking off had

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become obsolete. However in areas of high collision risk jetting is
often used as a mitigating method to safely nudge away from adjacent
wells.
Jetting is only an option in very soft formation

Note: this should not be confused with deepwater surface

conductor jetting using motor
 Jetting Procedure

The steps to follow are:

1. Orient BHA prior to commencing (Scribe or survey)
2. Come on bottom using maximum flow rate for the hole size
3. Spud for +/- 6’ (2m)

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4. Rotate remainder of double at reduced flow rate but max WOB
5. Survey (if retrievable tool or use cont. D&I if MWD)
6. Adjust orientation and distance spudded as required
7. Repeat from 2.

Note: With Jetting one can expect ROP’s exceeding 500 FPH
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Jetting
 Jetting Bits
Conventional roller cone bits are
commonly used for jetting.
There are some special two cone “jetting
bits” where one of the cones has been

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replaced by a large jet.
Jetting BHA

BHAs for jetting need to be designed on the principles of conventional

“Rotary Build BHAs”
Jetting Bit (oriented)

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Near Bit Full Gauge Stabilizer
Orientation Sub (UBHO) (dependent on measurement tool)
Drill Collars or (MWD + DCs)
String Stabilizers (as needed)
Transition string, jars etc. as required
Kick off from vertical with Motor or RSS
 Align toolface in required MTF direction and go
 Start with max WOB, min flow, min RPM and
100% steering which may be reduced as

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Inclination and DLS increases
 Switch to GTF when Inc above 5 deg
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Sidetracking
Main reasons for side tracking
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Types of Sidetrack
Open Hole
1. Open hole with no cement plug or whipstock
2. Open hole with cement plug

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3. Open hole with whipstock

Cased Hole
1. Cut and Pull
2. Section mill
3. Window mill
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Open hole sidetracking
Side track in Open hole

1. An “open hole” side track implies the job is performed without a

cement plug.
2. Long ago “open hole” side tracks were performed to wipe out high
DLS.

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3. For horizontal sidetracks it soon became obvious that avoiding cement
plugs could save a lot of rig time, and today “open hole” sidetracks are
quite common at high inclinations and low side but require time and
careful procedure
 Planning for OH Sidetracks

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Sources of relevant data include:
Mud Loggers: Lithology, ROP, parameters and drilling problems
D&M data- Caliper and survey (especially continuous if
available),Formation details (strength and variability)
Choose ST depth carefully

 OH sidetracks should only be attempted in highly

deviated holes (>70 deg) and +/- 30deg of low side

 Choose location with high DLS opposite to sidetrack

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direction

 Look for homogenous formation and softer the better

 Consider proximity of oil water contact (in near horizontal

ST’s loss of TVD may cross this boundary)
Side track in Open hole

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 OH Side track with Rotary Steerables

1. Push the bit systems are not suitable for OH ST.

2. If conditions are right they can be successful but behave like rotary
pendulum assemblies

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3. Point the bit systems – no problem
 Time Drilling

To time drill we need to plan our strategy based on:

ROP when initial bore was drilled

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Type & Behavior of Formation
Well Path close to the Side-track
Logs of this well or similar offset well
Use all available sources of information
Time Drilling
Decide your game plan:

 Time drilling rate & distance for each step (1-2-3 rule)
 Inform Client Rep & Driller / Toolpusher
 Maximize Block height (avoid connection in first 60 ft)

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 Monitor continuous Inc and Az
 Only switch to WOB drilling when confident sidetrack is accomplished
Bit Selection

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 The bit need not be inherently stable
 Shallow Cone
 Negligible Taper
 Minimal Gauge Protection
 Short Shank
 High cutter density on the edge
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Bit Selection
Bit Selection

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Which RC bit will be most effective in side-tracking?
An insert bit
A milled tooth bit
It depends on the formation
Bit Selection

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Insert bits are fitted with gauge inserts
Bit Selection

Insert bits usually have a Low Skew

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Bit Selection

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Open hole side track with cement plug

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Open hole side track with cement plug

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 Open hole side track with cement plug
Define DLS limits with client
Do not hesitate in resurveying the hole
Do not hesitate in taking check shots
Drilling cement at 60 fph is OK on the average ST

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What matters is to look at trends over a 5 ft interval
In oil base mud, the first 200 ft of cement may be soft
Do not hesitate to place a 500 ft cement plug
If cement softer than formation treat like open hole (time drill) or set new plug
Open hole side track with cement plug

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Cased hole sidetracking
Whipstocks
Whipstocks are highly effective tools designed to provide lateral
displacement from the well-bore.
They do not give very large changes in inclinations but generate high
DLS considering the small change in MD.

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Though whipstocks are a niche market tool their range and diversity is on
the increase.
Trackmaster Plus Flow By Whipstock System

Components
 Consist of combination of following components

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Trackmaster Plus Flow By Whipstock

FasTrack Tri-Mill

Carbide Tri-Mill
Mid-Ramp Technology

15°

Actual Trackmaster Slide

Profile

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15°

Equivalent Trackmaster
Slide Profile
Mid-Ramp Technology
Trackmaster
Conventional

0º taper extends
the gage section
of the window
3º ramp section
moves the mill

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3º whipstock ramp into the formation
produces less
full gage window 15º mid-ramp
moves the mill
over center line

3º section moves
the mill into
the formation

Trackmaster Whip Ramp

Delivers Maximum
Useable Window
Whip Specifications

Full
Total Gauge Equiv.
Casing Window Window Slide
Size Length Length Angle DLS
(in) (in) (in) (deg) (deg/100’)
4-1/2 83 49 2.0 27.3

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5 99 50 2.2 26.9
5-1/2 121 70 2.0 20.0
7 165 88 1.8 12.6
7-5/8 181 104 2.0 12.6
8-5/8 196 114 2.1 12.8
9-5/8 212 124 2.1 11.4

10-3/4 254 143 2.1 10.2

11-3/4 322 170 2.0 8.6

13-3/8 380 190 1.8 6.0

16 405 200 2.2 7.2

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Window Milling
Section milling

A 35/40 ft window was the minimum with conventional tools. (ideally 100ft
or more). The knives of a section mill tools would die out soon after milling
a casing collar especially with hard steel (P110).

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A cut initiated 5/10 ft below a casing collar would produce a 35 ft section.
Section milling is dependable but time consuming compared with
whipstocks.
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Section Milling
Section milling tools

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Good stabilization
here is essential
Cutting a section by other means

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Deviation Control
Steering DLS control

Know where you are in relation to plan

Know or at least estimate your BHA tendencies in 100% neutral
and 100% orienting (use continuous Inc)

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Project ahead 300 ft +/-
Think 3-D
Use formula on next slide for % steering to control DLS
 At Inclinations > 30° BHA will drop (as well as turn) at GTF
90° right or left
Consider formation effects
Steering (with motor or RSS)

(DLSR – DLSN) X 100

% steering =
(DLSO – DLSN)

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DLSR = dogleg severity required
DLSN = dogleg severity neutral (100% rotating)
DLSO = dogleg severity orienting (100% sliding)
Formation Effects

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When formation dip relative to When formation dip relative to
wellbore trajectory > 45deg wellbore trajectory < 45deg
tendency is down dip tendency is up dip
 

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Exercise 1 – Mechanical Properties of Steel

a. A steel bar 1” x 1” x 10,000’ long is suspended from a hook. The position of

the bottom end is noted. A weight of 50,000 lbs is then hung on the bottom. What is
the stress in the steel bar due to the added weight?

b. A drill string 6,000’ long has a load applied to it and it stretches by 3’. What is the strain?

c. A string of 5” DP becomes stuck at 8,000’ below the rotary table. The cross sectional area
2
of the DP is 5.2746 in . If 100,000 lbs over pull is applied to the pipe. How much additional
stretch would you expect to see?

2
d. A string of 5” DP becomes stuck. The cross sectional area of the DP is 5.2746 in . An over
pull of 135,000 lbs gives a stretch of 6.5 ft. Calculate the approximate depth
of the stuck point.

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Exercise 2 – Manufacturing Tolerances

Based on the API Tolerances and considering a single joint of 5”OD, 19.5lb/ft
nominal weight, please calculate:

a. How big or small (OD) can the 5” tube be?

b. How heavy or light can the 5” tube be? (plain end)
c. What is the range of tolerated ID? (plain end)
d. What is the range of tolerated wall thickness? (plain end)
e. What would be the range of internal capacities of 10,000’ of that tube?

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Exercise 3 – DP Make-Up Torque

Using tables and figures from API RP7G what should be the respective makeup torque of 5", NEW and
PREMIUM, 19.5 lb/ft, NC-50, G-105 and S-135 grade DP?

a. How do these values compare to the ones reported on Table-10?

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Exercise 4 – Drillpipe Ratings

For a 5”OD, 19.5 lb/ft nominal weight, X-95, both NEW and PREMIUM,

Calculate:

a. Torsion Rating (Torsion Yield Strength)

b. Tensile Rating: (Min Tensile Yield Strength)
c. Burst Rating: (Min Internal Yield Pressure)
d. Compare with Table 2, 3, 4, 5 of API RP7G

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Exercise 5 – Pressure Area Force

We are running open ended DCs: 9” x 3” – 192 lb/ft.

The fluid in the well is 14 ppg.
The well is vertical with MD of 10,000’.

a. What is the hook load with Buoyancy Factor?

b. What is the hook load with the Archimedes’ principle?
c. What is the hook load with Pressure Area Force?

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Exercise 6A – Axial Loads

Fa We are running:

540’ of open ended DCs: 8” x 3” – 147 lb/ft

5”OD, 19.5 lb/ft to surface, G-105, NC-50.
Mud weight is 14.8 ppg.

a. Determine the axial load (Fa) at bottom of the DC, at the

top of the DC, at the bottom of the DP, at the
Surface, for the following scenarios:
• String is hanging freely in the mud, no WOB is applied.
• At 13,500’ with WOB=30,000 lbs.
• At 15,500’ with WOB=30,000 lbs.

b. Plot Fa against depth.

c. What happens to the neutral point of Tension &

Compression as the depth increases?
 

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Exercise 6B – Effective Tension

Fa From the same string as in exercise 6A:

a. Calculate the Neutral Point of Buckling depth (or distance

from the bit).

b. What happens to the neutral point of Bending distance from

the bit as the depth increase?

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Exercise 7 – DC Weight

Determine the number of 9 in x 3 in DCs required providing a WOB of 55,000 lbs assuming:

a. Mud weight = 12 ppg in vertical hole.

b. What if the hole inclination is 30 degrees?

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Exercise 8 – DC Stiffness Coefficient

Determine the stiffness coefficient for the following DCs:

a. 8 ¼ in OD x 2 13/16 in ID
b. 7 in OD x 2 13/16 in ID
c. Any thoughts?

Stiffness Coefficient = Moment of Inertia x Young’s Modulus of Elasticity

π
4 4
SC = --- (OD – ID ) x 30.000.000
64

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Exercise 9 – Bending Strength Ratio & Stiffness Ratio

On the LC land rig, we find the following DCs:

9”OD x 3”ID: 6 5/8” FH connection

8”OD x 3”ID: 6 5/8” REG connection
6 -¼”OD x 2- ¼”ID: NC-46 connection

Given that we will drill a vertical 12- ¼ “ hole, with 9.5 ppg mud and Max. WOB of 65,000 lbs
in a normal drilling environment:

a. Which API drill collar would you recommend?

b. What would your recommendation on BSR be for the connection chosen?
Check your recommended DCs with your recommended BSR.
c. What would be the SR between the DC and 5” DP (19.5 lb/ft) be? Is it acceptable? If
not what would you do?
d. What would be your final BHA? Length? Buoyed Weight?
e. Where is the neutral point of buckling (distance from the bit)?

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Exercise 10 – DP selection based on MOP

Drill Collars length: 600’ and weight in air is 150 lb/ft.

MOP = 100,000 lbs.
5” DP, 19.5 lb/ft, Premium G-105 with NC-50 connection.
Assume BF= 0.85
Use API RP7G Tables

a. Calculate the maximum hole depth that can be drilled without taking into account the MOP.
b. Carry out calculations with MOP of 100,000 lbs

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Exercise 11 – Tension Design with MOP & Slip Crushing Force

A drill string consists of 600’ of 8-¼” x 2-13/16” drill collars and 5” DP, 19.5 lb/ft, grade X-95 with NC-
50 connection.

If the required MOP is 100,000 lbs and mud weight is 10 ppg, calculate:

a. The maximum depth of hole that can be drilled when using (i) NEW and (ii)
PREMIUM Drill Pipe. (MOP only)
b. What is the maximum depth that can be drilled taking into consideration SCF
(slip crushing force) for (i) and (ii) above? Use 16” slips and 12” slips respectively.
c. What is the limiting factor (SCF or MOP)?
d. To what hookload does this correspond when SCF is the limiting factor
and what is the MOP in this case?

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Exercise 12 – Mixed Drill String

An exploration rig has the following grades of drillpipe to be run in a 15,000’ deep well:
Grade E: Premium 5” OD –19.5 lb/ft, NC-50
Grade G: Premium 5” OD – 19.5 lb/ft, NC-50

It is desired to have an MOP of 50,000 lbs on the grade E pipe. The total length and weight of DCs plus
HWDP are 984’ and 101,000 lbs respectively.
The mud weight at 15,000’ is 13.4 ppg. Slips being used on the rig are 16” slips.

Calculate:
a. Maximum length of E pipe that can be used and MOP for E pipe.
b. Length of G pipe to use.
c. MOP for the G pipe.
d. Final Drillstring Assembly and MOP.

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Exercise 13 – Mixed Drill String with 3 ½ in DP

LC Oil Co wants to drill the following well:

TD = 17,500’ with 6-1/8” bit.

8-½” hole section from 9,200 to 14,000’ cased with 7” Liner. TOL at 9,000’.
12-¼” section from 3,000 to 9,200’ cased with 9-5/8” casing.
17-½” section from surface to 3,000’ cased with 13-3/8” casing

It is planned to use the following assembly:

650’ of 4-¾” DCs at 57.58 lb/ft
1,200’ of 3-1/2" HWDP at 25.34 lb/ft
3-½” DP, 15.5 lb/ft, E-75, NC-38 Premium
5” DP, 19.5 lb/ft, S-135, NC-50 Premium to surface

MW is 9 ppg, and BF is 0.863

a. Calculate the maximum over pull if the pipes get stuck at TD.

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Exercise 14 – Collapse

We will run a BHA in on 5”, 19.5 lb/ft, Grade E, Premium drill pipe.
Average Yp= 85,000 psi.
There is a float valve in the BHA and the annulus will have 12.0 ppg mud.

a. What is the collapse rating?

b. How much 5” DP can we run not to exceed a DF of 1.15?

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Exercise 15 – Biaxial Collapse

We are going to dry test a liner lap at 9,000’. We will run in with a packer set in tension with 50,000
lbs. We will run the packer in on 5”, 19.5 lb/ft, grade E Premium drill pipe. Avg Yp= 85,000 psi. At the
time of the test there will be nothing inside the drill pipe. The annulus will have 12.0 ppg mud.

a. What is the collapse load on the bottom joint of DP?

b. What is the design factor?

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Exercise 16 – Burst Loads

The worst load case happens during the DST operations in a gas well.
The pressure at surface is: BHP – Gas gradient with no backup.

In the last exercise assume we are performing a DST test in the well at 9,000’
with BHP 200 psi less than the mud weight.

a. What is the burst DF on the top of the Premium Grade E?

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Exercise 17 – Combined Torsion and Tension

A new string of 5” DP, 19.5 lb/ft, G-105, NC-50, with a hookload of 250klbs, is stuck.

a. What is DP Torsion Yield Strength?

b. What is Tool Joint Torsion Yield Strength?
c. What is drill pipe Make-Up Torque?
d. What is the maximum torque that can be applied to the pipe if 100klbs over
pull is applied to work the string free?

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Exercise 1 – Newtonian Fluid

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Exercise 2 – Bingham Plastic Fluid

2
Area of upper plate = 20 cm
Distance between plates = 1 cm

 The minimum force to cause the plate to move is 200 dynes.

 The required force to move the plate at 10 cm/s is 400 dynes.

a. Calculate the Plastic Viscosity (cP) and the Yield Point (lbf/100ft2).

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Exercise 3 – Rheology Parameters

Given the following VG Fann viscometer readings:

RPM Reading
600 65
300 45
200 34
100 25
6 8
3 7

Calculate:
a. Plastic Viscosity (cP).
b. Yield Point (lbf/100ft2).
c. LSRYP (lbf/100ft2).
d. Apparent Viscosity (cP).

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Exercise 4 – Power Law Fluid

2
Area of upper plate = 20 cm
Distance between plates = 1 cm
Force on upper plate = 50 dynes if velocity is v=4 cm/s
Force on upper plate = 100 dynes if velocity is v=10 cm/s

a. Calculate the Consistency Index (k) and the Flow Behavior Index (n)

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Exercise 5 – Breaking Gels

What pressure is required to break the gels in the following two annuli?

Case 1: 8,000’ of 17- ½” hole with 5” drill pipe

Case 2: 8,000’ of 8- ½” hole with 5” drill pipe

2
In both cases, the annulus is filled with mud that has average gel strength of 50 lbf/100ft .

Compare results using values in equivalent weight.

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Exercise 6 – Rheology Models

For the two fluids given, plot shear stress and shear rate and determine, based on
the different Rheology Models studied, which is the best model for each fluid.

Fann Meter Dial Readings

RPM Fluid 1 Fluid 2
600 60 76
300 44 65
200 38 58
100 30 48
6 16 25
3 14 22

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Exercise 7 –Pressure Losses and ECD

The surface pressure losses can be calculated based on the following equation:

0.8 1.8 0.2

Psurf = E x ρ x Q x PV (psi)

Where:
Psurf: pressure loss, psi
ρ: density, ppg
The values of E depend on type of surface connections, as follow:
Q: flow rate, gpm
PV: plastic viscosity, cP
E: constant depends on type of surface connections

Surface Equip. Type E

-4
1 2.5 x 10
-5
2 9.6 x 10
-5
3 5.3 x 10
-5
4 4.2 x 10
 
For the following data, calculate the equivalent circulation density (ECD) and Dynamic BHP?

Rig Data:
 Surface equipment: type 2.
 Pump pressure = 3,000 psi.

Well Data:
 Drilling at 8,000’
 Pressure losses inside the DP=1,100 psi
 Bit pressure losses = 1,200 psi
2
 Mud Properties: mud weight = 12.8 ppg; PV = 20 cP; YP=16 lbf/100ft
 Flow rate = 900 gpm

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Exercise 8 – Pressure Losses in Hydraulics

Hole: 12-¼” at 10,000’

Casing: 13-3/8” at 7,980’. 72 lb/ft, P-110 (ID=12.34”)

Drill Pipe: OD=5”, ID= 4.276”.

Tool Joint: OD=6-5/8”, ID = 3-¾”, TJ Length = 1.40’
Drill Collar: 8”OD x 3”ID, 500’.

Flow Rate: 500 gpm

Mud data: MW = 17.5 ppg.

RPM Reading
600 108
300 68
200 55
100 42
6 29
3 28

Maximum Pump Pressure = 3,500 psi

Surface Equipment = Case 3

Using the Hydraulics spread sheet and the rheology models: Bingham Plastic and Power Law,

Calculate:

a. Total Pressure Losses

b. Pressure Loss in the bit (please calculate also manually)
c. Nozzles Size
d. ECD

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Exercise 9 –Parasitic Losses

While drilling with 10ppg mud with a bit that had 3x14”nozzles, pressures and
flow rates were measured at the corresponding depths in the table.
Pump Pressure
Depth (ft) Flow Rate (gpm)
(psi)
4,000 569 2,550
4,000 455 1,650
5,500 550 2,720
5,500 498 2,244
7,000 575 3,200
7,000 485 2,302

a. What is the value of “m”?

b. Plot and equate the parasitic losses (Pc) as a function of flow rate, for each of
the three depth intervals.

c. Equate the parasitic pressure losses as a function of depth and flow.

Hint:
m
P = CXQ
c

lnP = lnC + (m X lnQ)

c

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Exercise 10 – HHP & JIF

For a maximum pump pressure of 3,500 psi and by adjusting the TFA:

a. Calculate total pressure losses and bit losses.

b. What is the TFA for given flow rates when the maximum total loss is 3500psi?
c. Plot the Hydraulic Horse Power (HHP) and the Jet Impact Force (JIF) as a
function of the Flow Rate.
d. What is the flow rate maximizing HHP? And JIF?
e. What is the percentage of pressure loss at the bit in these two cases?

Note: use the hydraulic excel spread sheet with the following data from Exercise 8.

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Exercise 11 – Hydraulics Optimization

For the following well data:

Hole size = 12.25”

Mud Weight = 13 ppg
Maximum pump pressure = 3,500 psi
m=1.86
C=0.01

Calculate:

a. Pressure losses on the bit (Pbit)

b. Parasitic losses (Pc)
c. Optimum Flow Rate (Q)
d. TFA
e. Nozzle Sizes (use three nozzles)
f. HHP
g. JIF

Note: Use both Max Bit HHP and Max JIF Methods

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