CHAPTER 1

(ACIDS AND BASES) C. IONIZATION OF WEAR (MONOPROTIC ACIDS

B. DISSOCIATION AND IONIZATION CONSTANTS

WORKING FORMULA
pH = -log [H+] [H+] = antilog – pH
pOH = -log [OH-] [OH-] = antilog – pOH;
14 = pH + pOH WORKING FORMULA
[H+] [ A−] [H3O+] [ A−]
Ka = [HA] Ka =
ACIDS [HA]

Monoprotic Diprotic strong Polyprotic [B+] [ OH−] [BH+] [ OH−]

Strong Acids acids strong acids Kb = [BOH]
Ka = [B]
 HCl  H2SO  H2SO4
 HBr  H3PO4 WORKING FORMULA
 HI Weak Acids pKa = -log Ka Ka = antilog - pKa
 HNO3  HC2H3O2  HCN
 HClO3  HF  H2CO3 pKb = -log Kb Kb = antilog – pKb
 HClO4  NH4  CH3COOH
 CH3COOH PERCENT IONIZATION (DISSOCIATION)
STRONG BASES
Common Strong Bases Common Weak Bases % IonizaitionAcid: % IonizaitionBase:
 NaOH  NH3
( H+ HA )
X 100 100 - % IonizationAcid
[HA]
 KOH  F
 Sr(OH)2  HCO3 PH CALCULATION FOR A SALT SOLUTION
 CaOH

IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER (KW) AND PKW  Cations reactive > Anions reactive
 Cation + Water = H+ ions
 H2O – both an acid and a base
 Acidic
 Water autoprotolysis/autoionization dissociation
constant
 Conc. of water does not change as a result of
 Anions reactive > Cations reactive
ionization
- no effect on equilibrium (can be omitted from  Anion + Water = OH- ions
eq.)  Basic
o Kw (1x10-14 at 25C)
o Kw = [H+] [OH-]
o Kw = Ka x Kb  Salt hydrolysis
 Reverse of neutralization
o

 Neutralization
o
o Kw = [H3O+] [OH-}
o Kw = [1 x 10-7] [1 x 10-7] = 1x10-14 Salt of a Salt of a Salt of a Salt of a
 Kw and pKw = Kb and pKb strong acid strong acid weak acid weak acid
and a strong and a weak and a strong and a weak
WORKING FORMULA base base. base. base.
pKa + pKb = 14 pKa Ka NaCl FeCl3 CH3COONa CH3COONH4
= -logKb
pKb K2SO4 CuCl2 NaHCO3 (NH4)2CO3
NaNO3 AlCl3, Na2CO3 NH4HCO3
pKa + pKb = pkw (14) NaBr NH4Cl
CuSO4
pKw = -logKw Neutral Acidic Basic pKa = pKb
pKw = -log [1x10-14] pH = 7
Neutral
pKw = 14
14 = pH + pOH pKa > pKb
pH > 7
pKw = pH + pOH Basic
pKa < pKb
WATER (AS ACID) pH < 7
pH = -log[H+] or [H3O+ Acidic
pH = -log[1x10-7]
pH = 7 Salt of a strong acid and a strong base

WATER (AS BASE) Salt of a strong acid and a weak base

pH = -log[OH-] pOH = pKb + log base ;
salt 1
pH = 2 (pkw- pKblogC)
pH = -log[1x10-7]
pH = 7 pH = 14 - pOH
PURE WATER
Salt of a weak acid and a strong base
[H+] = [OH-] = 1x10-7 1 1 1
pH = 7 - 2pka - 2 log � pH = 2 (pkw + pKa + logC)
PH OF WATER
-log [H+] = -log [1x10-7] = 7 Salt of a weak acid and a weak base

CAMACHO, ARRIANE CYREL A. | BSMLS 1 1

 1 1 1
pH = 7 + 2pka - 2 log � pH = 2 (pkw + pKa - logC)

CHAPTER 2
(BUFFERS)

WORKING FORMULA (FOR WA AND ITS SALT)

pH = pka + log [salt]

H+ �−
Ka = HA
H+ �−
-log10Ka = -log10 HA
�−
-log10Ka = -log10[H+] – log10 HA
�−
pKa = pH - log10 HA
�−
pH = pKa + log10 HA

WORKING FORMULA (FOR WB AND ITS SALT)

pH = pkw – pkb + log [base]

OH− ��+
Kb = B
OH− ��+
-log10Kb = -log10 B
��+
-log10Kb = -log10[OH-] – log10 B
��+
pKb = pOH - log10 B
��+
pOH = pKb + log10 B
`

CAMACHO, ARRIANE CYREL A. | BSMLS 1 2

 PDF
UNIT 4- IONIZATION
INTRODUCTION
Bracken Cave, near San Antonio, Texas, is home to twenty to
forty million bats. Visitors to the cave must protect themselves
from the dangerous levels of ammonia in the cave. Ammonia
is a byproduct of the bats’ urine
ACIDS AND BASES HAVE DISCTINT PROPERTIES
 Acids give foods a tart or sour taste.
 Aqueous solutions of acids are strong or weak
electrolytes.
 Acids cause certain dyes, called indicators, to
change color.
 Many metals, such as zinc and magnesium, react
with aqueous solutions of acids to produce
hydrogen gas.
PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES
 Citrus fruits contain citric acid.
 Tea contains tannic acid.
 Soap is a familiar material that has the properties of a
base.
– The bitter taste is a general property of bases.
– The slippery feel of soap is another property of
bases.
 Bases will cause an indicator to change color.
 Bases also form aqueous solutions that are strong or
weak electrolytes.
 Antacids use bases to neutralize excess stomach
acid. The base calcium hydroxide is a component of
mortar.
SOME COMMON ACIDS AND BASES AND THEIR
HOUSEHOLD USES
ARRHENIUS ACIDS AND BASES
In 1887, the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius proposed a
new way of defining and thinking about acids and bases based
on their behavior in water or in an aqueous solution
ARRHENIUS ACID-BASE DEFINITION
 This is the earliest acid-base definition, which
classifies these substances in terms of their behavior
in water.
 An acid is a substance with H in its formula that
dissociates to yield H3O+.
 A base is a substance with OH in its formula that
dissociates to yield OH-.
 When an acid reacts with a base, they undergo
neutralization:
ARRHENIUS ACIDS
- Acids vary in the number of hydrogens they contain
that can form hydrogen ions.
- A hydrogen atom that can form a hydrogen ion is
described as ionizable.
o Nitric acid (HNO3) has one ionizable
hydrogen. Nitric acid is classified as a
monoprotic acid.
 The prefix mono- means “one,” and
the stem protic reflects the fact that
a hydrogen ion is a proton.
o Acids that contain two ionizable hydrogens,
such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), are called
diprotic acids.
o Acids that contain three ionizable hydrogens,
such as phosphoric acid (H3PO4), are
called triprotic acids.
o A polyprotic acid is an acid with more than
one ionizable proton. In solution, each
dissociation step has a different value for Ka:

 We usually neglect [H3O+]

produced after the first dissociation.
- Not all compounds that contain hydrogen are acids.
o Only a hydrogen that is bonded to a very
electronegative element can be released
ACID-BASE THEORIES
as an ion. Such bonds are highly polar.
Acid Base o When a compound that contains such bonds
Arrhenius  HCl  NaOH dissolves in water, it releases hydrogen
 HNO3  CH4 ions.
 H2SO4  KOH
 H3PO4  Ca(OH)2
 CH3COOH  Mg(OH)2
 H2CO3
 H  OH Examples:
 If  IF  Methane (CH4) is an example of a hydrogen-
combined combine containing compound that is not an acid.
to water, with  The four hydrogen atoms in methane are
it will water, it attached to the central carbon atom by
yield will yield weakly polar C—H bonds.
H3O+ OH-  Methane has no ionizable hydrogens and
Lewis  BF3 is not an acid.
 AlCl3  Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), which is commonly
called acetic acid, is an example of a molecule that
 SO2
contains both hydrogens that do not ionize and a
 CO2 hydrogen that does ionize.
 M(H2O)42+  Although its molecules contain four
Bronsted-Lowry  HCl  NH3 hydrogens, ethanoic acid is a monoprotic
 NH4  Na2CO3 acid.
 H  Lone
pair of e-
to bond
with H+

CAMACHO, ARRIANE CYREL A. | BSMLS 1 3

  The three hydrogens attached to a carbon
atom are in weakly polar bonds.
– They do not ionize.
 Only the hydrogen bonded to the highly
electronegative oxygen can be ionized.
 Weak Acid – [H+] = Conjugate Base
ARRHENIUS BASES  Weak Base + [H+] = Conjugate Acid
BROSNTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES Conjugate acids are always paired with a base, and
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and ammonia (NH3) act as conjugate bases are always paired with an acid.
bases when they form aqueous solutions.
 A conjugate acid-base pair consists of two ions or
 Neither of these compounds is a hydroxide containing molecules related by the loss or gain of one hydrogen
compound, so neither would be classified as a base ion.
by the Arrhenius definition.
 A Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction occurs when
In 1923, the Danish chemist Johannes Brønsted and the
an acid and a base react to form their conjugate base
English chemist Thomas Lowry were working independently.
and conjugate acid, respectively.
 Each chemist proposed the same definition of acids
and bases based on their ability to donate or accept
a hydrogen ion (proton).
 This theory includes all the acids and bases that  H2S and HS– are a conjugate acid-base pair:
Arrhenius defined. o HS– is the conjugate base of the acid H2S.
 It also includes some compounds that Arrhenius did  NH3 and NH4 + are a conjugate acid-base pair:
not classify as bases. o NH4 + is the conjugate acid of the base NH3.

An acid is a proton donor, any species that donates an H+ ion.

 An acid must contain H in its formula.
A base is a proton acceptor, any species that accepts an H+
ion.
 A base must contain a lone pair of electrons to
bond to H+.
An acid-base reaction is a proton-transfer process.

DISSOLVING OF AN ACID OR BASE IN WATER AS A

BRONSTED-LOWRY ACID-BASE REACTION

You can use the Brønsted-Lowry theory to understand why

ammonia is a base.
 When ammonia dissolves in water, hydrogen ions
are transferred from water to ammonia to form
ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

o Ammonia is a Brønsted-Lowry base

because it accepts hydrogen ions.
o Water is a Brønsted-Lowry acid because it
donates hydrogen ions.

CONJUGATE ACIDS AND BASES

 From the Latin word conjugare, meaning “to join
together.”
 Reactions between acids and bases always yield their
conjugate bases and acids

CAMACHO, ARRIANE CYREL A. | BSMLS 1 4