{Kertas/ Paper : 02} Struktur/ Structure IMRSM17-06] Article below describe the hydrogen powered tram in China, Artikel di bawah menjelaskan mengenai trem berkuasa hidrogen di China. HYDROGEN POWERED TRAM DEVELOPED IN CHINA ‘TREM BERKUASA HIDROGEN DIBANGUNKAN DI CHINA. In an effort to reduce China's harmful and plentiful greenhouse gas emissions, Chinese company SIFANG has developed the world’s first hydrogen powered tram. The tram will be powered entirely by hydrogen fuel cells. When 1 mole of hydrogen is burnt, the energy change, AH= -282 lel. The top speed will only be 70 kilometers per hour and it will be used in urban areas only. It is designed to carry 380 passengers, Dalam tsaha untuk mengurangkan pelepasan gas rumah hijau vang berbahaya dan banyak di China, syarikat China SIFANG telah membangunkan trem berkuasa hidrogen pertama di dunia, Trem akan dikuasakan sepenunya oleh sel bahan api hidrogen. Apabila 1 mol hidrogen dibakar. perubahan tenaga, AH adalah -282 kJ. Kelajuan tertingsi hanyalah 70 kilometer sejam dan ia akan digunakan di kawasan bandar sahaja. la direka untuk membawa 380 penumpang, Source : hitp:/ /www.altemative-cnergy-news.info/hydrogen-powered-tram, Based on the article, / Berdasarkan artikel, (a) (i) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer. Adakah tindak balas tersebut endotermik atau eksotermik? Jelaskan jawapan anda (ii) Write the chemical equation for the combustion of hydrogen. Tuliskan persamaan. kimia bagi pembakaran hidrogen PM] [2M](iii) Draw the energy level diagram for the combustion of hydrogen. Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk pembakaran hidrogen [2M] (bjin an experiment, 50 g of liquid hydrogen is burnt in excess oxygen. Dalam satu eksperimen, 50 g cecair hidrogen dibakar dalam oksigen berlebihan [Relative atomic mass: H=1] [Jisim atom relatif: H=1] Calculate: / Hitung: (i) The number of mole of hydrogen used. Bilangan mol hidrogen yang digunakan [1M] (ii) The amount of energy released when 50 g of hydrogen is burnt. Jumlah tenaga dibebaskan apabila 50 g hidrogen dibakar, [2M] (0) Hydrogen is considered as a clean fuel. Justify one advantage of hydrogen over fossil fuels. Hidrogen dikenal pasti sebagai bahan api bersih. Perihalkan satu kelebihan bahan api hidrogen berbanding bahan api fosil (2M)[SPM15-05]. Rajah 5 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menemukan haba pemendakan bagi magnesium karbonat, Diagram 5 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of precipitation for magnesium carbonate. 50cm of 1-0 mol dm* \ sodium carbonate solu 50cm Jaruan nanium karbonat 1-0 mol dm 50m’ of 1-0 mol dm? ‘magnesium nitrate solution 50 em? farutan magnesium nitrat 1-0 mol dm? Polystyrene cup Cawan polistirena Rajah 5 / Diagram 5 Jadual 5 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh. Table 5 shows the results obtained. Penerangan Suhu (C} Description Temperature (°C) ‘Suhu awal larutan magnesium nitrat 27.0 Initial temperature of magnesium nitrate solution ‘Suhu awal larutan natrium karbonat Initial temperature of sodium carbonate solution oat ‘Suhu terendah campuran 25.0 Lowest temperature of the mixture i {a) Mengapa cawan polistirena digunakan dalam eksperimen ini? Why polystyrene cup is used in this experiment? uM (b) Persamaan kimia bagi pemendakan magnesium karbonat adalah seperti berikut: The chemical equation for the precipitation of magnesium carbonate is as follows: NaxCO; + — Mg(NOs)2 > = MgCOs_ + 2NaNOs Hitung, / Calculate, (i) perubahan haba dalam tindak balas itu. [Muatan haba tentu bagi larutan, ¢=4.2 J g! °C"! ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm] the heat change in the reaction. [Specific heat capacity of solution, c= 4.2 J g? °C; Density of solutio = I gem um(ii) haba pemendakan bagi magnesium karbonat. the heat of precipitation of magnesium carbonate. [3M] (c) Berdasarkan perubahan suhu dalam Jadual 5. nyatakan jenis tindak balas itu Based on the temperature change in Table 5, stale the type of the reaction. + [IM] (4) Lukis rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas itu, Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction. [2M] (c) Eksperimen itu diulangi dengan menggunakan 50 cm® larutan kalitum karbonat 1.0 mol dm’ bagi menggantikan larutan natrium karbonat. The experiment is repeated by using 50 cm? of 1.0 mol dn potassium carbonate solution to replace the sodium carbonate solution. ()) Ramalkan nilai haba pemendakan bagi eksperimen ini. Predict the value of heat of precipitation for this experiment. [1M] (ii) Terangkan jawapan anda di 5(e}(i) Explain your answer in 5(e}fi) [2M][SBP17-06] 6. Diagram 6 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to determine the heat of displacement of copper. Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba penyesaran kuprum. a ass tin jouer Serbuk zink berlebihan Thermometer ines Polystyrene cup Cawan polistirena 100 cm? of 0.1 mol dm copper(I) sulphate solution 100 cm? /arutan kuprum(Il) sulfat 0.1 mol dm? Diagram 6 / Rajah 6 ‘Table 6 shows the temperature recorded in the experiment. Jadual 6 menunjukkan suhu yang direkodkan dalam eksperimen itu. Description Temperature (°C) Penerangan ‘Suhu (°C) Initial temperature of copper{il) sulphate solution ‘Suhw awal larutan kuprum(ll) sulfat ee Highest temperature of the mixture ‘Suhu tertinggi campuran ee (a) Why polystyrene cup is used in the experiment? Mengapa cawan polistirena digunakan dalam eksperimen itu? - [IM] (b) State one observation in the experiment besides the temperature change. Nyatakan satu pemerhatian dalam eksperimen itu selain daripada perubahan suhu. - [1M] (c) Calculate the heat of displacement of copper by zinc. Hitungkan haba penyesaran kuprum oleh zink, [Specific heat capacity of the solution, cH42S g1°C, Density of solution 1 g cm; Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65] [Muatan haba tentu bagi larutan, C= 4.2 Sgt Ch; Ketumpatan larutan= 1 g env, Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65] [3M](a) Compare the total energy absorbed to break the bonds in the reactants and the total energy released during formation of bonds in the products during reaction. Bandingkan jumlah tenaga haba yang diserap untuk memutuskan ikatan dalam bahan tindak balas dan jumlah tenaga haba yang dibebaskan semasa pembentukan ikatan dalam hasil semasa tindak balas. [1M] (c) A student conducted the experiment above using two different size of polystyrene cups, P and Q. He wants to reduce the heat loss to the surroundings during the experiment, Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan eksperimen di atas dengan menggunakan dua cawan polistirena yang berlainan saiz, P dan Q. Dia hendak mengurangkan kehilangan haba ke persekitaran semasa eksperimen. () Which polystyrene cup should the student choose? ‘Cawan polistirena manakah yang pelajar tersebut patut pilih? : tM] (ii) Explain why? Terangkan mengapa? [2M] (If the student- wants to obtain the higher heat of displacement of copper, state ‘one metal that can be used to replaced zinc, Explain your answer. vika pelajar itu ingin mendapatkan haba penyesaran kuprum yang lebih tinggi, nyatakan satu logam yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan zink. Terangkan jawapan anda. (2m)[SBP111-06] A student carried out an experiment to determine the value of heat of displacement. Diagram 6 shows the setup of the apparatus used in the experiment. Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan nilai haba penyesaran. Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen itu Copper powder Sorbuk kasprum’ Polystyrene cup, Cawan polistirena Silver nitrate solution ‘Larutan argentum nitrat Diagram 6 / Rajah 6 (a) Why is a polystyrene cup used in the experiment? Mengapakah cawan polistirena digunakan dalam eksperimen itu? [1M] (b) (i) State one observation in the experiment. Nyatakan satu pemerhatian dalam eksperimen itu. (aM (ii) State one reason for the observation in (bj{i). Nyatakan satu sebab bagi pemerhatian di (b)fi [1M] (iii) State the name of the substance that is oxidised during the reaction. Explain your answer in terms of the change in oxidation number. Nyatakan nama bahan yang mengalami pengoksidaan dalam tindak balas ini. Terangkan jawapan anda berdasarkan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan. aM](c) In this experiment, excess copper is added to 100 cm* of 0.5 mol dm silver nitrate solution, The heat of displacement in this experiment is -105 kJ mol. [Specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg!°C-|; the density of the solution is 1.0 gem*] Dalam eksperimen ini, kuprum berlebihan ditambah kepada 100 em? larutan argentum nitrat 0.5 mol dmv. Haba penyesaran dalam eksperimen itu ialah -105 kJ mot". [Muatan haba tentu larutan ialah 4.2 Jg?°C1 dan ketumpatan larutan ialah 1.0 g cms] (i) Calculate the heat energy released in this experiment. Hitung tenaga haba yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen ini. [2m] (ii) Calculate the temperature change in this experiment, Hitung perubahan suhu dalam eksperimen ini. [iM] (d) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction. Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas itu. ism[MRSM13-05] A student carried out an experiment to determine the value of heat of neutralisation as shown in Diagram 5. Seorang pelajar menjalankan eksperimen untuk menentukan nilai haba peneutralan seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5. ‘Thermometer Termometer 50cm? 2.0 mol dm” hydrochloric acid 50 cm* asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm + Polystyrene cup 50cm? 2.0 mol dm” potassium Cawan polistirena hydroxide solution ‘50 cm? Jarutan kalium hidroksida 2.0 mol dm” Diagram 5/ Rajah 5 (a) Table 5 shows the results of the experiment, Jadual 5 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen. Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid Sulu awal asid hidroklorik ics Initial temperature of potassium hydroxide | 95 9 oq Suhu awal kalium hidroksida : Highest temperature of the mixture ; Suhu tertinggi campuran gene: ‘Table 5 / Jadual 5 (a) What is the meaning of heat of neutralisation? Apakah maksud haba peneutralan? (aM (b) Calculate:/ Hitung (i) heat released during the experiment. [Specific heat capacity of solution is 4.2 Jg-!°C"!, density of solution is 1.0 g cm] haba yang dibebaskan semasa eksperimen. [Muatan haba tentu larutan ialah 4.2 Jg'*C", ketumpatan larutan ialah 1.0 g ene] [2M] (ii) the number of moles of hydrochloric acid, bilangan mol asid hidroklorik. uM(ii) the heat of neutralisation. / haba peneutralan. DM] (c) Draw an energy level diagram for this reaction. Lukis rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas ini [2M] (d) The experiment is repeated using 25 cm? of 1.0 mol dm? of ammonia solution to replace potassium hydroxide. The heat of neutralisation using ammonia. solution is less than heat of neutralisation using potassium hydroxide solution Explain the difference in the heat of neutralisation. Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan 25 em? larutan ammonia 1.0 mol dm? menggantikan larutan kalium hidroksida. Haba peneutralan menggunakan larutan ammonia adalah kurang daripada menggunakan tarutan kalium hidroksida. Terangkan perbezaan bagi haba peneutralan ini. (c) Suggest another material that can replace a polystyrene cup in the experiment. Cadangkan bahan lain yang boleh menggantikan cawan polistirena dalam eksperimen ini. 1M] [SPM08.06] Persamaan termokimia bagi tindak balas peneutralan antara asid nitrik dengan larutan natrium hidroksida diberikan di bawah. The thermochemical equation for neutralisation reaction between nitric asid dan sodium hydroxide solution is given below. HNO: + NaOH > NaNO; + HO , AH=-57.3kJ(a) Nyatakan maksud haba peneutralan. State the meaning of heat of neutralisation. (1M) (b) Berdasarkan persamaan termokimia yang diberi, nyatakan satu pemerhatian apabila asid nitrik cair ditambah kepada larutan natrium hidroksida. Terangkan jawapan anda. Based on the given thermochemical equation, state one observation when dilute nitric acid is added to sodium hydroxide solution. Explain your answer. 2M] (c| Dalam suatu eksperimen, 100 cm® larutan asid nitrik 2 mol dm* ditambah. kepada 100 cm: larutan natrium hidroksida 2 mol dm. [Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 Jg1 °C"; Ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm] Inan experiment, 100 em®of 2 mol dm nitric acid solution was added to 100 cm? of 2 mol dm? sodium hydroxide solution. [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 Jg? ‘C1: Density of solution = 1 g en] Hitung / Calculate (i) tenaga haba yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen ini The heat energy released in this experiment. [2M] (ii) perubahan suhu dalam eksperimen ini. The temperature change in this experiment. [2M] (d) Lukis rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas antara asid nitrik dengan natrium hidroksida Draw the energy level Rajah for the reaction between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. (2M(e) Asid nitrik dan asid etanoik kedua-duanya bertindak balas dengan natrium hidroksida melalui tindak balas peneutralan. Nitric acid and ethanoic acid both react with sodium hydroxide by a neutralisation reaction. HNOs + NaOH > NaNOs + H20, AH = -57.3 kJ mol? CH:COOH + NaOH > CHsCOONa + H,0, AH = -55.2 kJ mol! ‘Terangkan mengapa haba peneutralan bagi setiap tindak balas adalah sedil berbeza Explain why the heat of neutralisation for each reaction is slightly different. [2M] [SBP15-06] 6. Table 6 shows the heats of combustion of some common fuels. Jadual 6 menunjukkan haba pembakaran beberapa bahan api yang biasa digunakan. Fuel Heat of combustion (kJ mol") Bahan api_| Haba pembakaran (kJ mol!) Ponane -2 230 oe -1376 Propanl -2016 Table 6 / Jadual 6 (a) The combustion of the fuels is an exothermic reaction. What is meant by exothermic reaction? Pembakaran bahan api adalah tindak balas eksotermik. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan tindak balas eksotermik? s-ee[1M](b) Diagram 6 shows the energy profile for the combustion of ethanol. Rajah 6 menunjukkan profil tenaga bagi pembakaran etanol. Energy Tenaga CaHsOH + 30 2CO; + 3#:0 Diagram 6 / Rajah 6 Mark AH for the reaction in Diagram 6, Tandakan AH bagi tindak balas itu dalam Rajah 6. pM] (cj ()Compare the heat of combustion of methane and propane. Bandingkan haba pembakaran metana dan propana. [1M] (ii) Explain your answer in (c(i. / Terangkan jawapan anda di (cjfi) [3M] (d) Calculate the fuel value of propanol. Hitungkan nilai bahan api bagi propanol. [Molar mass of propanol, CsH/OH = 60 g mol"!] isim Molar propanol, C2H7OH = 60g mot] [2 marks}[SPM16-10]. (a) Diagram 10.1 shows how stock solution of sodium hydroxide is prepared by a lab assistant. Rajah 10.1 menunjukkan bagaimana larutan stok natrium hidroksida disediakan oleh pembantu makmal. Solid sodium hydroxide 2 Pepejal natrium hidroksidr Distilled water dir suling Tee is Diagram 10.1/ Rajah 10.1 Explain why the lab assistant uses ice to aid her preparation of sodium hydroxide solution. When | mol of solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water, it produces 44.51 kJ of heat. Calculate the temperature change if 0.5 mol of solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in 800 cm? of distilled water. Terangkan mengapa pembantu makmal menggunakan ais untuk membantunya menyediakan larutan natrium hidroksida. Apabila 1 mol pepejal natrium hidroksida larut dalam air, ia menghasilkan 44.51 kJ haba. Hitung perubahan suhu jika 0.5 mol pepejal natrium hidroksida dilarutkan dalam 800 em? air suling. [4M] (b) Table 10 shows the heat of reaction for the reaction between hydrochloric acid, HCI with sodium carbonate, NaxCOs and sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCOs Vadual 10 menunjukkan haba tindak balas bagi tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik, HCI dengan natrium karbonat, NazCO3 dan natrium hidrogen karbonat, NaHCOs. Reaction Tindak balas : o S.Sodiumearbonate Sodium hydrogen / Natrium karbonat carbonate Natrium hidrogen Reactant eanaence Bahan karbonat tindak balas Hydrochloric acid ‘sid hidroklorik Hydrochloric acid Asid hidroklorik Heat of reaction ‘ ; Haba tindak 7 elma -Y kJ mol balas Table 10/ Jadual 10Based on Table 10, compare Reaction I and Reaction II in terms of: Berdasarkan Jadual 10, banding Tindak balas I dengan Tindak balas Il dari segi: © Type of reaction/ Jenis tindak balas * Temperature change/ Perubahan suhu * Change in the total energy content of reactants and the total energy content of products Perubahan jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas dan jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas * Formation and breaking of bond/ Pembentukan dan pemecahan ikatan Give another example for Reaction I and Reaction II. Berikan satu contoh lain bagi Tindak balas Idan Tindak balas I. [om] (c) Diagram 10.2 shows two different fuels that can be easily obtained in petrol station. Gasoline Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan dua bahan api Gaxolin berlainan yang boleh diperoleh dengan mudah di stesen petrol. ‘The following chemical equation shows the complete combustion of gasoline, CsHis and diesel, C1sH2s. Diagram 10.2 /Rajah 10.2 Persamaan kimia berikut menunjukkan pembakaran lengkap gasolin, Cafe dan diesel, Ci2Ho3. Gasoline/ gasolin 2 CsHis + 25 O2 > 16 CO2+ 18 H20 Diesel Diesel: 2 CiaHas + 71/2 O2 > 24 CO2+ 23 H20 ‘The heat of combustion for diesel is greater than gasoline due to the higher number of carbon atom per molecule in diesel. Describe an experiment to compare the combustion heat between gasoline and diesel. Your description should include procedure and steps of calculation. [Relative atomic mass:H=1; C=12, Specific heat capacity of solution= 4.2 Jg!°C*] Haba pembakaran bagi diesel adalah lebih besar daripada gasolin disebabkan bilangan atom karbon per motekul di dalam diesel lebih tinggi. Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membandingkan haba pembakaran antara gasolin dengan diesel. Huraian anda haruslah mengandungi prosedur dan langkah pengiraan. Kisim atom relatif: H= 1; C = 12; [Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 Jg1°C1] [om]