Phonons

13715
 Phonons

.
Atoms form crystal but aren't fully fixed in place .

collective vibrations = Phonons .

A lot of the at here

.

physics play can Ce understood in

(d using classical
physics .

IO Classical phonons in Id

@ M @ no atomic chain

ongoing . .

c-
m

Un
a =
Xn -
na
Small
equilibrium
,

atom ×n(t) location

un+
:
,
: X
,n9= n a

#
"

VK (a)
Potential :

nti
-

xn ) → V -41 ,
= Cstt
2
luntiytt ...

,
✓
lxq=° ×=V" constant
, lqspung
⇒
Y=EzpIm+EElun+ ,
-
at

Equations of motion :
muj = -
Mun -

on .

,
) -
Nun -

on
,
1

K→Kt2± jiukttikna
Look for solutions :
una ) , = A

,
we an
kke KEBZ tha )
:[ tha ,
 . As in the
previous chapters :

Un+,=Y
IKNA
=L
=s e =)
K=2nzF m
;
m
integer .

( as before :
K
quantized since N is finite ,
and EBZ

because of a
.
Kmax ~
I :
cf. 1st chapter
)

.
Plug in e .
o .m : - mwh = - ×(2 - Zcoska )

⇒ mw2=d4sii( KE )

⇒ wr=2fE|sin( KEH

:
iitfoiiii
"

"

:*

@ Diatomic
^
chain has
A B A B A

www.mnavih.ae
•
- .
-
. .

MA MB
unit cell
 Maina dkna ? ) )

up
on
- -
.
= -

= -

A ( 20nA -

on !? -
unB )

mpg ijB = .
dkunb -
una -
unat , )
iwtt Zikna
Ansatz C e-
:
una =
a
'
'

at t Zikna
UNB =
C e-
.

Month
a '=2a .
K → ktata →
Kefztz ,zIa]
( system invasion # under translation by a
'=2a ! )

we
get :

ltetika )
CB ( ltetaka
'
d ( ZCA ( )
macaw
mpscpsw
-
=

XGCB )ca
"
=
-
)

"
date Kal
'
2X
'

maw

(d
-

) ( ¥g )=°
⇒

( ltettika ) mpswz -
za
-

it Detii = o

wItm¥thn'
'
±
In .
MAZ tmpjh +
- 2mA MBGSZAK .
 Wt
^
optical branch

#n
I gap
.

w vanishes

#\
,
g
.

acoustic branch
form ,a=mB
Ig

|
r 1
>
K
-

Ty Fy

ftp.Y )
ra 2a

nlkl
t

.
Eigenvectors in limit K → ° : W .
.=° :
If (f) =o

=) CA= CB
( in phase )

YIAHB
zYnaa
)
tie
wi±2×ham÷nm ⇒
(
.
.

eigenvector
|[ )
:

Bma out .°8 phase .

optical B have
Name :
typically A and opposite charges .

← → ← →
to
TO -
Ormond couples light

Those conclusions over

to d> 1
any
. .

linear acoustic branches w K (

"

sound
"
)
: ~ wires
,

Optical branches constant

was
:

.
 @ Peienls transition
÷
• • • •

.
Spontaneous Dimerization :
#P←Ts×
• • • • •

← → ← ←
→

this costs extensive amount of elastic

.
Clearly ,
an

"

( Sx ) not
energy
:
% ~
{ K :
favorable .

BUI : contribution from e- :

knifelike .
.
.
.
•
A
•
•

\ Fermi sea has

lower
* , energy

•A←→B← ?
.A

qA+
New BZ :
tha
,
.

Hite ) HI e)-

EQNA =
Hl -
e) BY ¢nB
# HI; e)
|(¥ntt)=£fnIfg9)
-

EHQB =
-
HH e) §A -
th .
e)
,
 .ae#It'
to
f)f
"
"
.at#fy
" " " "

tag
'

. "

Ek±=±|H
kal
"
⇒ He ) + th .
e) e-

Ztcosk
(

=±2t
Tty
t > 01

( 2 bands as expected .
if E=o : E = -

, " "

folded fzIa ,zIa])

in

Fermi
sea : fill ET :
energy

E= -

2tI↳zFlTwika
-2k¥
=

.la#IeiaEoInaSetqa=Iz ( edge of BZ )
-
Ka :

SEE
"

EK ) -
Ele=ol= -

4tLf" aol.gg#ke4siiTa
- sin
qa )
sin
qa
a
qa
for qk A cutoff

ignore QZN
 ;)

SEE
q
-
-

not
+
fk¥( Fta .

a
.
)]
÷
lysmeayyaad
:

4tL(oKlt{no¥÷
)
out
= .

4tLµdga(FI
=t{÷=a¥Iok4
=
.

city
L=Na ⇒
,E÷l°gE )
SEE
N
=(# E2+
Eiloge )

E
~
Eloge ( negative)
small

to ( elastic
energy , positive )
'

. compare
nk ~
E

⇒ Spontaneous dimuizakion at T=o ( for half billed )

bond
( )
"
"

→ insulator of e- wins
energy
.

.
At finite T : Order
destroyed by entropy .

No dimaization
@ Quantization ( focus on mono
atomic chain
generalization
,

straightforward )
H= For +
¥ flu ,
.

on .
,
,

Modes
expansion : .
=

wy
2¥
KIE (
I sin
) 1
,
Kj=2n"Ia y
'

't
( Classical so far )

g.
]
'
unltt .

x. ( H +
I. [ xjeiilwjttkina + .

T
mode C. 0.17 motion make E R
j=o : .
4

denote :
djt=xj*
Elt
pn(H=minlH= N

( R=MXo=nmx
;)
ftp.iwjg.eikit-kjndtiws.g.tetiltf
until
Quantization in ]=
[ .fm : it Snm

Pn PI
g. xtj also
+
and are

means .

Hintzen +
¥ E. Cui .

way

÷
N I

If
-

We have :
.

etikjna.hn?ei2tEn=Sg;
I Ij -

iznsi
 =) I =
's Ioi and Pi =
FPI
→ [ E. fo ] =

t.EC
N
vi.a)
-
= it

ihsnm

£y
£
EE

;D
Is
Ij
Similarly f- +
.jt
: .

by
Its
.

,
- -

)
[

xnjt
and
.j=wj
w

xnjrt
¥ .I[

£j==
→
'
)

[ etikjnafnwjun )
^ ~ n

× 1- ipn

ujeiiksna
-
=

imwjlxnj
J
Zmwjn

ntnhpjeikjna
eiikimcmwjuitipn
get
.
Now with some effort ,
we can :

[ ) :[ ]= °

, ,

[ ]
It she
.

#
^

Suggests resealing 9g
.

Fi
[ ajt ]=Sjj
^ ^
⇒ ( b. )
aj
son .
,
,

( remember jkbdss :

kjineasi )
 tt decoupled harmonic oscillators
Plugging in
,
we
get :

y
aitgittl
C.IM : set B^=o
( no macroscopic motion of kttie )

.
Note :
Despite the
nasty algebra ,
this calculation is
entirely

k=tIi+s¥tw↳(
Two ( l ) Diagonalizing the potential
straightforward .
steps :

⇒ Normal modes ,
SAME as classical case ! (2) Quantize
,

( Same as
single harmonic Oscillators since normal mode ,

decouple by definition ! )

Spectrum Groudstate ( ) s .t 167=0

aj
: o .

EoFgh=wj
to 2

ajtlo > : phonon mode :

energy E
,
-

Eothwj
(
Crystal )
momentum :
htkj
(
EWKFI
N )
Gapless spectrum since
;
→ a
 € Field Theory

Focus on sound waves and take continuum limit :

( nal
Un U X=
=

Un+ ,
= Ulxta ) = Uk )ta2×ut ...

min = m5+u = -
Xkun -

on .
,
-
until
÷
shut ...

⇒ aiu -

d÷22Iu=o
^\cs=aFg ( consistent with

group velocity
K
as → o
)
'

Lagrangian :
L =

§ tzmuih -

Iz ( un+ ,
-
%)

=fI± @
'

a
EiaxulTEtEeiosdjY@Phon.us
.

in 3d

Displacement fields :
4 ( II i.
4%2=1,2 ,
}

Isotropic crystal : Action depends on strain tensor

 tzfdiujt

0¥
(E)
qj 3
'

Shai tens

-A§
. .

fix [ Eetdtu 't 5)

'

yoEeg
?
L .
'
-

.
#d

Fdr
}fPy§g
k
A motion
Equation ;) 3¥ .(¥IIu;)
°
+
: '

ftp.nfetnumtsmuntf
e2iui=f2k[
E.sn#tIuEunB
⇒

* ui ÷
+ 2
;
Uk )

,
[ ski ? on ] =

XF 924

e2iu ( ) 7. 3. uy
⇒ =
ptx +
pTg2ju
.

; ;

' '
-
iwttik .E
Plane -
wave soluhbm :
U
; =
up e

( ptx tiuio
ew2ui° )
F.
kjujok
= ; + µ

FE
 f- it
longitudinal
4¥ K
' "

y
non
III
( )
w
waves : =

ktnui gapless .

\ transverse w2=
's

E. J'°= o
waves :

tgki limit

f- 2)

General Solution :

ECx.tkEpoEYIInn.kEY32etw.IiyuotCaolEYeiaiixiu.caihtaotCEyeit.y@QuantumFieldTheoyCQFT1F-fotE.eii.fiilEhEjKFf-iE8ij8lxixYthen.faocril.ano.CEiD.soo.sCri.kilfa.a

H^=Eo
it ] = [ ,
]=o

+
ftp.gnfhw.lrilaotkiadnl
⇒ Similar to our lattice treatment .
. .