kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''

2' rdcOdksh - ma,dkafÜ

 Ydl mßKdu.; ù we;af;a ……………… yd …………………… wjêj, h'
 ta njg idlaIs fmdis, u.ska yd Ôjudk îc rys; ikd, Ydl u.ska fmkakï
q flf¾'

ma,dkafÜ rdcOdksh i;= úfYaI ,CIK

1. fN!ñl fukau c,c mßir j, we;'
2. iQ kHIaál ffi, ixúOdkh orhs'
3. ish,af,dau nyq ffi,slh'
4. mgl ixúOdkh orhs'
5. wkaúlaIsh idudðlhka ke;' ^laIqø ðúka wh;a ke;&
6. j¾Ol foayh l`o" uq,a" m;% f,i úfNaokh ù we;' ^Bryohyta yer&
7. m%NdiajhxfmdaIS fõ'
8. fi,shqf,daia j,ska iEÿkq ffi, ì;a;s orhs'
9. ixÑ; wdydr f,i msIg
a h orhs'
10. m%Ndixiaf,aIl j¾Kl f,i laf,dar*s,a a, b, lefrdáka" iekaf;d*s,a orhs'
11. m%ckl jHqyhka nyq ffi,sl jk w;r tajd j`o ffi, ia:rhlska jg ù msysghs'
12. úlikfha § l,, wjia:djla we;s fú'
13. ish¨u idudðlhka mrïmrd m%;Hdj¾;khla orhs'

Ydl m%ckk l%shdj,sh

Ydl Ôjk pl% yd fN!ñl Ôú;hg WÑ; mßÈ tajd olajk wkqj¾;k

fN!ñl Ydlj, ,sx.sl m%ckkh

 ish¨ fN!ñl Ydl ;u Ôjk pl%fha § mrïmrd m%;Hdj¾;kh úoyd olajhs' tkï
Ôjk pl%hla ;=< § tal.=K mrïmrdj;a" oaú.=K mrïmrdj;a udrefjka udrejg
yg .ksh's tlla úiska wfkl ksmojhs'
 fN!ñl Ydlj, Ôjk pl%fha § rEmldrfhka fjkia nyq ffi,sl foay iajrEmhka
folla jk tal.=K ckaudKq Ydlh yd oaú.=K îcdKq Ydlh udrefjka udrejg yg
.ekSu ……………… …………………… ………………………… f,i y÷kajhs'
 Tjqkfa .a m%ckl wjhj ;=< we;s ^ckaudKqOdks yd îscdKqOdkS& ud;D ffi,
úh<Sfuka wdrlaId ùu i|yd …………………… …………………… wdrlaId ù
msyg
s hs' ^ckaudKq idok ffi, yd îcdKq idok ffi,&
 ckaudKq Ydl wkQkkfhka ckaudKq ksmojhs' ish¨ fN!ñl Ydl ckaudKq úh<Su
j<lajd .ekSug wNHka;r ixfiapkh isÿ lrhs' Pdhd ckaudKqj ^äïnh&
wKavdKqOdks ;=< u r|jd .kakd w;r" mqx ckaudKq jk Y=l%dKq Y=l%KqOdksj,ska
ksoyia lrhs'

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
 ìc rys; Ydlj, ckaudKq ixfiapkhg ndysr c,h wjYH jk kuq;a îc
Ydlj, ckaudKq ixfiapkh ndysr c,h u; r|d fkdmj;shs'
 ixfiapkfhka miq oaú.=K hqla;dKqj ckaudKq Ydlh ;=< /£ mj;sñka l,,h
njg m;a fjhs' th ckaudKq Ydlfhka fmdaIKh ,nd .ksñka úlikh ù
oaõ.=K ìcdKqYdlh njg m;a fjhs'
 ixfiapkhg miqj iEfok fï oaú.=K jHqyfha W!kk úNdckh m%udo ùfuka
oaú.=K îcdKq Ydl mrïmrdj ìys fjhs'
 fï oaú.=K îcdKq Ydlfha isÿ jk W!kk úNdckfhka tal.=K îcdKq
ksmofjhs'
 îcdKq m%frdayKfhka tal.=K ckaudKq Ydlh yg .kshs'
 fN!ñl Ydlj, mßKdñl l%h s dj,sfha §" oaú.=K îcdKq Ydl mrïmrdj fN!ñl
mßirhg jvd;a WÑ; wkqj¾;k w;a lr .ksñka f.dvìu .KdjdiSlrKhg
,la fjñka Ôjk pl%fha m%uqL Ydlh njg m;a ù we;' ckaudKq Ydl mrïmrdj
l%ufhka laIK
S ù ;sfí' îc Ydlj, § ìcdKq Ydlh u; ckaudKq Ydlh
hefmhs'

1. Pogonatum Ôjk pl%h

Dr. Dinesh Muthugala ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Biology Page 30

 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
ckaudKq Ydlh

 m%uqL Ydlh ckaudKq Ydlh fõ'

 th úYd,hs'
 îcdKq Ydlhg jvd úYd, yd jeä ld,hla Ôj;a fjhs'
 m%Ndixiaf,aIS fõ'
 zl|z zm;% yd zuQ,dN ckaudKq Ydlfha olakg we;'
 oaú.DyS ^tal,sx.sl& fjhs
mqx ckaudKq Ydlh
 mßK; jQ úg mqxckaudKq Ydlfha Y=l%dKqOdks yg .kshs'
 Y=l%dKqOdks .od yeve;sh' th jDka;hlska mqx ckaudkq Ydl w.%hg iú
fõ'
 tajd ;=< Y=l%dKq úYd, .Kkla ksmofjhs'
 Y=l%dKq oaú lIsldOr fõ'

chd ckaudKq Ydlh

 mßK; Pdhd ckaudKq Ydlfha wKavdKqOdks ksmojhs' tajd ma,dial=
yeve;sh'
 wKavdKqOdksh fldgia ;=klska hqla;h' tkï jDka;h" n`o" lr hk
tajdh'
 wKavdKqOdksh ;=< ;ks äïnhla ksmofõ'
 tu äïnh ndysrg ksoyia fkdfõ'

ixfiapkh

 j¾Id iufha § Y=l%dKqOdkS j, jQ Y=l%dKq mßirh fj; msg fõ'

 wkavdKqOdks mßK; õ miq tys jQ lr k, ffi, yd n`o k, ffi, Èhù kdkq njg
m;a fõ'
 tu kdkq Y=l%dKq we§ taug ridhksl W;af;achla f,i l%h
s d lrhs'
 ridhksl wdl¾Ilj,g m%;spdrhla f,i lYsldOr p, Y=l%dKq ndysr c,fha
msyskdú;a wKavdKqOdksh ;=<g .uka lrhs'
 ixfiapkfha§ Y%l%dKqj äïnh iuÕ tla ù oaú.=K hqla;dKqj idohs' fuh
wkavdKqOdksh ;=< isÿ fõ'
 ixfiapkhg miq oaú.=K hqla;dKqj l,,hla njg úlikh fjhs' fuh wkQkk
úNdckh u.ska isÿ fõ'
 wKavdKqOdksh ;=< /£ ;sfnk fï l,,h ;jÿrg;a úlikh ùfuka oaú.=K îcdKq
Ydlh yg .kshs' th fmdaIKh ,nd .kafka ckaudKq Ydlfhks'

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
îcdKq Ydlh
 îcdKq Ydlh ckaudKq Ydlhg iïnkaOj mj;S'
 îcdKq Ydlh fldgia ;=klska iukaú;hs'
1' …………………………………………………..
2' …………………………………………………..
3' …………………………………………………..
 iafMdaáldfõ yß;,j we;s neúka th m%Ndixiaf,aIl fõ'
 mdoh uÕska ckaudKq Ydlfhka c,h yd fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh lrhs'
 fï ksid îcdKq Ydlh cdhd ckaudKq Ydlfhka c,h yd Lksc ,jK muKla
wjfYdaIKh lr .kakd neúka îcdKq Ydlh ………………………… hehs ie<fla'
 iafMdaáldj W!kkfhka rEmdldrfhka iudk îcdKq ksmojhs' tajd iu ìcdKql fõ'
^iuîcdKql;dj&'
 fufia iEfok îcdKq úisÍ iqÿiq Wmia;rhla ^f;; mi fyda Ydl fmd;a;la jeks&
u; jegqK úg îcdKq m%frdayKh ù fld< meye;s YdLkh jQ iQ;%sldjla jk
m%dla;ka;%h idohs'

m%dla ;ka;%h
 f;;ukh iys; mfia jefâ
 w;= fnÿKq iq;%sldldr jHqyhls'
 fld< meye;sh' m%Ndixiaf,aIKh lrhs'
 mia ;=<g jefvk uQ,dN orhs'
 fjk fjku mqx iy cdhd m%dla ;ka;% we;s neúka tajd oaú .Dysh'
 miqj m%dla ;ka;%j, jQ wxl=r m%frdayKh ùu ksid ckaudKq Ydl we;s fõ' fuys§
fjk fjku mqx iy cdhd m%dla ;ka;% we;s neúka tla m%dla ;ka;%hl jQ wxl=r j,s ka
we;s jkafka mqx fyda cdhd ckaudKq Ydl j¾. j,ska tla j¾.hla muKls'
 ckaudKq Ydl iajdëkj j¾Okh jk úg m%dla ;ka;% l%ufhka úh<S hhs'

2. Nephrolepis j, Ôjk pl%h

Dr. Dinesh Muthugala ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Biology Page 32

 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
îcdKq Ydlh

 m%uqL Ydlh îcdKq Ydlhhs'

 iajdëk iy m%NdixYaf,aIl fõ'
 jvd;a ixlS¾K jHQy ixúOdkhla we;'
 îcdKq Ydl foayh uq," l|" m;%j,g úfNaokh ù
we;'
 jdhj fldgia WÉp¾uhlska wdjrKh ù we;'
 jdhj fldgiaj, jdhq yqjudrej i|yd mQáld
úlikh ù we;'
 ffY,u yd maf,dahu hk ikd, mgl foj¾.h
úlikh ù ;sfí'
 Ydl l| N+.; …………………………
 rhsfidufhka mek kÕsk YdLd jk N+.; Odjlj,ska kj me<Eá yg .kshs'
 m;%h m;%sldj,ska iukaú; …………………………………………………………'
 <má m;% ……………………………………………… fmkajhs'

fidri
 mßK; m;%sldj, há me;af;a fidri f,i y÷kajk îcdKqOdks iuQy
we;s fõ'
 tajd úh<Sfuka wdrlaId lr .ekSug liqj kue;s jHQyh mj;s' fidri
liqj uÕska wdjrKh fõ'

îcdKqOdks

 îcdKqOdkshla oaú W;a;, yeve;sh'

 th jDka;hlska .%dyhg iïnkaO fõ'
 îcdKqOdks j, ì;a;s ;ekS we;af;a ;ks ffi, ia:rhlsks'
 îcdKqOdkshla ;=< W!kk úNdckh isÿ ùfuka tal.=K îcdKq yg .kshs'
tajd iuìcdkql h'
 zfidriz mßK; jQ úg liqj úh<S yels ,Sug ,la fjhs' túg mßK;
îcdKqOdks msg;g újD; fjhs'
 úh<s mßir ;;a;aj hgf;a îscdKqOdksh mqmqrd ìcdKq msg;g ksoyia
fjhs' bka miq îcdKq iq<f.ka jHdma; fjhs' WÑ; ia:dkhl îcdKq
m;s; jQ miq tu îcdKq m%frdayKfhka ckaudKq Ydlh yg .kshs'

ckaudKq Ydlh

 ………………………… f,i y÷kajhs'

 ckaudKq Ydlh laIK
S h¦ meje;au fláld,Skhs'
 ckaudKq Ydlh o iajdëk iy m%NdixYaf,aIl fõ'

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
 ckaudKq Ydlh l=vd" yDohdldr" mshú weig fmfkk fld< meye;s" m%NdixYaf,aIl
;,ils'

 mDIafGdaoÍh" me;,sh' je;sÍ jefvk jHqyhls'

 WoÍh me;af;a uQ,dN úlikh fjhs'
 fï ckaudKq Ydlh tal.Dys$ oaú,sx.sl Ydlhls' WoÍh me;af;a Y=l%dKqOdks yd
wKavdKqOdks yg .kshs'

Y=l%dKqOdks
 Y+l%dKqOdks ;=< yg .kakd l.YsldOr Y=l%dKq ndysr mßirhg ksoyia
lrhs'

wKavdkqOdksh
 fuh lr yd n`o hk fldgia follska hqla;h' th jDka;hla rys;hs' n`o
m%foaYh m%dla ;,i mglfha .s,S mj;S'
 jl% jq lr m%foaYhla we;'
 n`o ;=, tla wKav ffi,hla msysghs' tfuka u n| ;=< no k,
ffi,hla msysgk w;r" lr ;=, oaú kHIaál lr k, ffi,hla msysghs'
 wKavdKqOdksh ;=< yg .kakd äïnh ffi,h tys /£ mj;shs'

ixfiapkh

 wkavdKqOdks j, no k, ffi,h yd lr k, ffi,h Èh ù kdkq njg m;a ù msg
fõ'
 Y=l%dKq ndysr c,fha msyskk w;r" wKavdKqOdksfhka ksl=;a jk ridhk øjH fj;
wdl¾IKfhka th ;=< we;s äïnh ffi,h lrd .uka lrhs' wKavdKqOdksh ;=< §
 äïnh yd Y=l%dKqj tlsfkl iïnkaO ù oaú.=K hqla;dKqj ksmojhs' ckaudKq Ydlh
;=< /£mj;sk w;r § u hqla;dKqj l,,hla njg úlikh jk w;r l,,fhka
ìcdKq Ydlh úlikh fjhs' <má îcdKq Ydlh ckaudKq Ydlh u; /£ mj;S'
 ish¨ úlik wjia:d i|yd fmdaIKh imhkfka ckaudKq Ydlhhs'
 m%NdixYaf,aIl mgl úlikh isÿ jQ miq <má îcdKq Ydlh iajdëk Ydlhla njg
m;a fjhs'

Dr. Dinesh Muthugala ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Biology Page 34

 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
3. Selaginella Ôjk pl%h

îcdKq Ydlh

 îcdKqYdlh m%uqLh'
 m%Ndixiaf,aIl fõ'
 îcdKq Ydlh uq,a" l|" m;% f,i úfNaokh ù we;'
 ikd, mgl orhs' wldIaÀh Ydl fõ'
 úIum;%S m;% hq.,a f,i ilia ù we;'
 Ydl l| mDIafGdaOÍhj me;,sh'
 îscdKqOdks yg .kafka úfYaIKh jQ m;% j¾.hla
jk îcdKq m;%j,hs'

ixfla;=
 îcdKq m;% iqixys;j ieliSfuka yg .;a ixfla;=j kue;s jHqyh l|
w.%ia:fha msysgd ;sfí'
 fïjdfha uOHfha jQ ixfla;= wlaIhg i¾ms,dldr f,i îcdKq m;%
iïnkaO fõ'
 ixfla;=j ;=< îcdKqm;% wdldr folls'
1' ………………………….. 2' …………………………..

 fuu îcdKq m;% foj¾.h u tla ixfla;=jl ieliS we;'

 fndfyduhla úfYaI j, ixfla;=fõ by<ska laIqø ìcdKq m;% we;s w;r"
tajdfha mDIaÁh me;a;g laIqø îcdKqOdks iïnkaO fõ'
 tla îcdKq m;%hlg iïnkaOj we;af;a tla îcdKqOdkshla muKs'
 uyd îcdKq m;%fha ;ks uyd îscdKqOdkshla o" laIøq îcdKq m;%fha ;ks
laIqøìcdKqOdkshla yg .kshs' laIqø îcdKqOdksh ;=< W!kkfhka
m%udKfhka l=vd CIqø îcdKq úYd, ixLHdjla yg .kshs'
 ixfla;=fõ my<ska jQ uyd îcdKq m;% j, mDIaÁh me;af;a uyd
îcdKqOdks olakg ,efí' uyd îcdKq Odksh ;=< W!kkfhka m%udKfhka
úYd, uyd îcdKq y;rla yg .kshs'
 fuf,i rEmSh jYfhka fjkia îcdKq wdldr folla yg .ekSu isÿ fõ'
fï iajNdjh úIuìcdKql;dj f,i ye¢kafõ'
 fï îcdKq j¾. fol u >klï ì;a;shlska wdjrKh ù mj;shs'laIqø
îcdKq yd uyd îcdKq jHdma; ùug fmr îcdKqOdks ;=,§u ckaudKq Ydl
njg m%frdaykh ùu wdrïN lrhs'

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
ckaudKq Ydlh

 ckaudKq Ydlh" jHqyfhka laIK

S hs¦ meje;au fláld,Sk h'
 th îcdKq Ydlh u; w¾Oj hefmhs'

mqx ckaudKq Ydlfha úlikh

 laIqø îcdKq laIqø ìcdKqOdksh ;=< § u úlikh isÿ ù" mqx ckaudKq
Ydl njg m;a fjhs'
 îcdKq idfmalaIj l=vdh' th ;=, tal .=K kHIaáhla we;s w;r we;=,;
;=kS ì;a;shlska yd msg; >k ì;a;shlska jg ù we;'
 fuu laIqø îcdKqOdksh tla jrla wkqkkfhka fn§fuka l=vd m%dla ;,i
ffi,hla yd úYd, Y=l%dKq ffi, Odks ffi,hla we;s fõ'
 miqj Y=l%dKqOdks ffi, fn§fuka lxpql ffi, 8 la yd Y=l%dKq ud;D
ffi, 4 la we;s fõ' m%dla ;,i ffi,h o we;=`Mj fuu ffi, 13
wjia:dj we;s fõ'
 miqj laIqø îcdKqfõ Y=l%dKq ud;D ffi, j,ska lIsldOr Y=l%dKqo we;s
ùfuka mqx ckaudKq Ydlfha úlikh iïmQ¾K fõ'
 laIqø îscdKqfõ ì;a;sfhka mqx ckaudKq Ydlh jg ù mj;shs" th laIqø
îcdKqOdksfhka ksoyia fõ'
 tajd ndysr mßirfha § mßK; mqx ckaudKq Ydlh njg m;a fõ'
Selaginella ys mqx ckaudKq Ydlh
(i). …………………………………………………………………………
(ii). …………………………………………………………………………
(iii). …………………………………………………………………………
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………
(v). …………………………………………………………………………

cdhd ckaudKq Ydlfha úlikh

 ixfla;=j ;=< we;s uydìcdKqj Pdhd ckaudKq Ydlh njg úlikh fõ'
ndysr mßirhg ksoyia lrhs'
 úYd, uyd îcdKqj ;=, tal .=K kHIaáhla we;s w;r" th we;=,a ;=kS
ì;a;shlska yd msg; >k ì;a;shlska jg ù we;'
 uyd îcdKqfõ tal .=K kHIaá lsym s jrla wkqkfhka fn§fuka kHIaá
rdYshla we;s lrhs' fuh ksoyia kHIaá úNdckh f,i yeÈkafõ'
 tla me;a;l ffi,Sh l,dmhla we;s fõ' fuh m%dla ;,i mglh f,i
ye`Èkafõ' my, m%foaYh ffi, ma,diaufha kHIaá yd ixÑ; wdydr
olakg ,efí' fuu úlik wjia:dfõ§ uyd îcdKq ì;a;s msmsÍ uyd
îcdKq iq<`. u.ska jHdma; fõ'
 miqj uyd îcdKq ì;a;sh ;%s wrSh me,a,ula f,i me,Sfuka m%dla ;,i
mglh msg;g újD; fõ' miqj m%dla ;,i mglfha"

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
 laf,dar*S,a we;s fõ' fï ksid m%Ndixiaf,aIKh wdrïN fõ'
 uq,dN we;s fõ'
 u;=msg ffi, j,ska wKqvdKqOdks we;s fõ'

 Pdhd ckaudKq Ydlfha by< u;=msg m%foaYfha wKavdKqOdks yg .kshs'

tajd ckaudKq mglfha iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mj;S' wKavdKqOdks ;=< ;ks
äïn ffi,hla ksmojhs'
 wKavdKqOdkshla lr yd n`o hk fldgia follska iE§ we;' lr ffi, 4
lska hq;a ia:r follska ^ffi, 8 lska& iE§ we;' n`o m%dla ;,i mglh
;=, .s,S we;' lr ;=, lr k, ffi,hla we;s w;r n`o ;=, n`o k,
ffi,hla yd wKav ffi,hla msysghs'
Selaginella ys cdhd ckaudKq Ydlh
(i). …………………………………………………………………………
(ii). …………………………………………………………………………
(iii). …………………………………………………………………………
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………
(v). …………………………………………………………………………
(vi). …………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

ixfiapkh

 mqxckaudKq Ydlfha ksmofjk lysl s dOr Y=l%dKq ygf.k ndysr mßirhg ksoyia
fjhs'
 wKavdKqOdks mßK; jQ miq tys jQ lr k, ffi,h yd n`o k, ffi,h Èh ù kdkq
njg m;a fõ'
 wdlsf.dakshfï by< fl<jßka msgjk fuu kdkq Y=l%dKq we`§ taug W;af;achla f,i
l%h
s d lrhs'
 Bg m%;spdr jYfhka Y+l%dKq" lYSld wdOdrfhka ndysr c,fha msyskd wKavdKqOdkshg
we;=¿ ù äïnh ^n& ixfiapkh lr" tla ù oaú.=K hqla;dKqj ^2n& idohs'
 hqla;dKqj nyq ffi,sl l,,hla njg m;a fõ'
 miqj l<,h cdhd ckaudKq Ydlfhka fmdaIKh ,nñka <má îcdKq Ydlh njg
úlikh fõ'
 îcdKq Ydl mrïmrdj mrïmrd m%;Hdj¾;kh ;=< we;s úYd, yd jvd ixlS¾K
wdldrh fõ'

Dr. Dinesh Muthugala ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Biology Page 37

 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
4. Cycas Ôjk pl%h

îcdKq Ydlh

 îcdKq Ydlh m%uqL fõ'

 th m%Ndixiaf,aIl fõ'
 fï m%uqL îcdKq Ydlh uq,a" l|" m;%j,g úfNaÈ; nyqjd¾Isl Ydlhls'
 l| w;= fkdfnÿK ia;ïN wdldr ldIaÀh jHQyhls'
 îcdKq Ydlhg uqÿka uq,a moaO;shla we;'
 uqÿka uq, iy thska we;s jq md¾Yúl uq,a we;' we;eï md¾Yúl uq,a mi u;§ fofnÿï
yeve;s YdLkhla fmkajk fldr,a yeve;s uq,a njg m;afõ'
 îcdKq Ydl oaú;Shl s j¾Okhla fmkajhs'
 m;% lsre<la f,i ieliS we;'
 ixhqla;m;% Y=Ial rEmS wkqjr;k fmkakqï lrk w;r" <má m;% l=Kav,dldr
m%dlam;%kh olajhs'
 úIu îcdKql fõ'
 oaú.DyS ^tal,sx.sl& fõ'
 laIqø îcdKq ksmojk îcdKq Ydlh mqx îcdKq Ydlh f,i o uyd îcdKq ksmojk îcdKq
Ydlh cdhd îcdKq Ydlh f,i o ye¢kafõ'

mqx îcdKq Ydlh

 mßK; mqx Ydlh mqx fla;=jla ksmojk w;r" tajd laIqø îcdKq m;%j,ska
iukaú;h' th mqx îcdKq Ydlj, l`o w.%fha fla;=jla f,i yg .ksh's
 mqx fla;=fõ uOH wlaIhg laIqø îcdKq m;% iú ù we;'
 laIqø îcdKq m;%hla mgq mdohla yd m<,a uOH fldgila iys; lS,dldr
yevhla .kS'
 fï laIqø îcdKq m;%j, há me;af;a laIqø îcdKqOdks wvx.= h'

laIqø îcdKq Odks"

 laIqø îcdKq Odks fuh nyq ffi,Sh jDka;hlska laIqø îcdKq m;%j, WoÍh
me;a;g iú fõ'
 f.da,dldr yeve;sh'
 laIqø îcdKqOdks ;=< we;s laIqø îcdKq ud;D ffi,j,ska ^2n& laIqø îcdKq
^n& /ila W!kkh uÕska ksmojhs'
 tajd ìcdKqOdks ;+< § mrd. lksldj,g úlikh ù ksoyia lrhs'
 tal .=K laIqø îcdKqjla th we;=,a ;=kS ì;a;shlska yd msg; >k
ì;a;shlska jg fõ'
 fuu laIqø îcdKqj tla jrla wkqkj fn§fuka l=vd m%dla ;,i ffi,hla yd
úYd, Y=l%dKq Odks ffi,hla we;s fõ'
 miqj Y=l%dKq Odks ffi,h kej; fn§ ckl ffi,hla yd kd, ffi,hla
we;s fõ' fuu ffi, 03 wjêfha § laIqø îcdKqOdks ì;a;sh msmsÍ laIqø
îcdKq fyj;a mrd. lKsld iq<`. u`.ska jHdma; fõ'

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cdhdx.S Ydlh
 mßK; Pdhd Ydlfha w.%i: a fha lsre<la mßoafoka uyd îcdKq m;% yg
.kshs'
 uyd ìcdKq m;%j, mdßYaúl odrfha uyd îcdKqOdks ke;fyd;a äïn yg
.kshs'
 uyd îcdKqOdksh" wdrlaI;
s ia;rhla jk äïndjrKfhka jg ù äïnh
idohs'
 äïnhla hkq wdjrKh ù we;s uyd îcdKqOdkshhs'

wmßK; äïnh
 äïnhl udOHfha 2n ffi, ialkaOh uyd îcdKq Odksh fyj;a l=laIh S
f,i ye`Èkafõ' th äïndjrKhlska jg fõ'
 äïnfha úÿr wka;fha äïndjrKfha l=vd isÿrla we;' th wkqoajdrh
f,i ye¢kafõ'
 wkqoajdrh wi,§ l=laIsh" l=laIs ;=v f,i msg;g fkrd we;'
 s ha^îcdKqOdks mglfha& ´kEu tla ffi,hla 2n uyd îcdKq ud;D
l=laIf
ffi,hla f,i l%shd lrhs'

mßK; äïnh
 mßK; äïnh ;=< Pdhd ckaudKq Ydlh ^n& wvx.= fõ' mßK; äïnh
;=< Pdhd ckaudKq Ydlh ^n& wvx.= fõ'
 uyd îcdKq mglfha we;s tla ffi,hla úfNaokh ù" ;ks uyd îcdKq
ud;D ffi,h njg m;a fõ'
 2n uyd îcdKq ud;D ffi,h W!kkj fn§fuka n .=K uyd îcdKq 4 la
fõ' bka wkqoajdrh me;af;a uyd îcdKq ;=k úkdY jk w;r md§h
îcdKqj uyd îcdKqj f,i l%h s dldÍj b;sß fõ'
 uyd îcdKqOdks mglfha b;sßh l=laIh s f,iu b;sß ù fmdaIKh imhhs'
 uyd îcdKqj ndysr mßirhg ksoyia fkdfõ'
 th äïnh ;=< /foñka Pdhd ckaudKq Ydlh njg ^n& úlikh fõ'
 uyd îcdKqfõ tal .=K kHIaáh lsym s jrla wkqkj fn§fuka tal .=K
kHIaá /ila we;s fõ'
 ffi, ì;a;s we;s ùfuka cdhd ckaudKq Ydlh we;s fõ'
 cdhd ckaudKq Ydlh l=laIsfhka fmdaIKh ,nhs'
 äïndjrKfha ia:r 3 la njg m;a ù ;sfí' tajd kï"
(i). ……………………………………………………………
(ii). ……………………………………………………………
(iii). ……………………………………………………………

 cdhd ckaudKq Ydlfha by< fl<jf¾ wKavdKqOdks lsym s hla we;s fõ'
tla tla wKvdKqOdks ;=< ;ks äïn ffi,hla ne.ska ksmojhs'
 miqj Bg by<ska wKavdKqOdks l=àrhla we;s fõ'

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''

 wkqoajdrhg my<ska l=laIs mglh ì`o jeà mrd. l=àrh we;s fõ'
 ckaudKq Ydlh laIKS ù" tys Ôú; ld,h mqrd îcdKq Ydlh u; hefmk
;;a;ajhg m;a ù we;'

mrd.kfha isg ixfiapkh olajd úm¾hdi

 mrd. l‚ld iq<x uÕska jHdma; ù mßK; äïnfha wkqoajdrh u; ;ekam;a ùu

mrd.kh f,i ye¢ka fõ'
 mßk; äïnhl wkqoajdrfhka msg;g kdkquh øjH i%djh fõ' iq<f`.a wdOdrfhka
jHdma; jk laIqø îcdKq fyj;a mrd. lKsld fuu kdkquh øjHfha wef,a'
 äïnfha mrd. l=àrhg mrd. l‚ld we;=¿ jkafka wkqoajdrh ;=<sks'
 mrd. l=àrh ;=< § mrd. l‚ld mqx ckaudKq Ydlh njg úlikh fõ'
 fuys§ m%:ufhkau kd, ffi,h mrd. kd,hla fia j¾Okh fõ' tu mrd. kd,h
YdLkh fjñka l=laIsh ;=<ska j¾Okh fõ'
 tf,i" mqx ckaudKq Ydlfha fnÿKq mrd. kd,hla wvx.= jk w;r" tuÕska l=laIsfhka
fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh lr .kS'
 mqx ckaudKq Ydlhg flá Ôjk ld,hla we;'
 mqx ckaudKq Ydlh úYd, Y=l%dKq folla ksmojhs' ckl ffi,fhka jDka; ffi,hla iy
Y=l%dKq ffi, 02 la we;s fõ'
 fuu Y=l%dKq ffi, Unr yeve;sh' fuys i¾ms,dldr má wdldr f,i ieliqk mlaIu
/ila we;'
 ish¨u Ydl w;ßka úYd,u Y=l%dKqj we;af;a Cycas j,h'
 th l=laIf s hka fmdaIKh ,nñka csj;a fõ'

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
ixfiapkh

 fuys§ m%:ufhkau mrd. l=àrh yd wkavdKqOdks l=àrh w;r l=laIs mglh ì`o
jefÜ' fï ksid mqx ckaudkq Ydl wKavdKqOdks l=àrfha wKavdKqOdks fj; fhduq fõ'
 miqj m%dla ;,i ffi,h yd jDka; ffi,h Èhù iSku s h ødjKhla njg m;a fõ'
 mrd. kd,fha fl<jr msmsÍfuka äïnfha wKavdKqOdks l=àrhg Y=l%dKq ksoyia lrhs'
 Y=l%dKq tu iSksuh ødjKh iu`. wKavdKqOdks l=àrhg tla fõ'
 miqj wKavdKqOdksfha n`o k, kHIaáh ke;s ù hhs'
 iSku
s h ødjKfha wêl wdi%e;s mSvkh ksid lr ffi, j,ska c,h bj;a ù tajd
yelsf,a'
 Y=l%dKq c,Sh udOH ;=<ska msyskd f.dia wKavh ixfiapkh lrhs'
 tuÕska oaú.=K (2n) hqla;dkqjla iEfoa'

mYapd;a ixfiapk úm¾hdi

 2n hqla;dkqj l,,h njg úlikh fõ'

 tla äïnhl wKavdKqOdks lsysmhla ixfiapkh ùu ksid úIu hqla;dKq lsym
s hla
yg .;a úg tajd ish,a, l,, njg m;a fõ' fuh nyq l,,;dj kï fõ'
 kuq;a Cycas j, ñka tlla yer wka ish,a, úkdY fõ'
 ta wkqj mßK; îchl we;af;a l,,hla muKs'
 b;sßjk Pdhd ckaudKq Ydlh N%EK fmdaIh njg m;aù th îc m%frdayKfha §
úlikh jk l,,hg fmdaIKh imhhs' äïndjrKh îcdjrKh njg m;a fõ'

îch
 ixfiapkfhka miqj äïnh îch njg m;a fõ'
 tu îch ;=< l,,hla wka;¾.; fõ'
 îch jHdma;s tallh jk w;r" tys l,,h yd ixÑ; wdydr wvx.= fõ' fïjd
îcdjrKhlska jgù we;'
 fuys§ äïndjrKh îcdjrKh njg m;afõ' tys we;af;a ia:r folls' wNHka;r
udxi, ia:r ke;'
 îch hkq ta ;=< l<,h yd ixÑ; wdydr wvx.=" îcdjrKfhka wdjrKh jqK"q
Ydlfha jHdma;s tallhhs'

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
 Cycas îchl mrïmrd 3la ksfhdackh fõ'
(i). ……………………………………………………………………………….
(ii). ……………………………………………………………………………….
(iii). ……………………………………………………………………………….

îc m%frdayKh
 îc mßK; jq miq uyd îcdKq m;% yels,Sfuka îc fmd<jg m;s; fõ'
tla îchla u`.ska mQudx.s fyda cdhdx.s Ydlhla we;s fõ'
 îc jHdma;ù ys;rl mßir ;;a;aj ,enqKq úg tajd m%frdayKhù îc
me< ^m<á îcdjq Ydlh& ksmojhs'

5. Anthophyta Ôjk pl%h

îcdKq Ydlh

 m%uqLYdlh îcdKq Ydlh fõ'

 îcdKq Ydlfhka mqIm a h kue;s m%ckl jHQyh ksmojhs'
 mqIma hla hkq úfYaIs; m%frdayhls'
 th úlrKh jQ m;% j, 4lska iukaú; fõ' tajd kï"
1' …………………………
2' …………………………
3' …………………………
4' …………………………

1' uksm;%
 uksm;% idudkHfhka fld< meye;s h' mqIm
a h újD; ùug fmr o< m;%
wdjrKh lr wdrlaId lrhs'

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
2' o<m;%
 fndfyda mqIm
a j, o< m;% j¾Kj;a h' tajd mrd.Kfha § mrd.kldrl
wdl¾IKh lrhs' ^iq<Õ uÕska mrd.kh jkafka kï" j¾Kj;a o< m;%
ke;&'
 uks m;% yd o< m;% j| m;hs' tajd m%ckk ld¾hhg iDcqj odhl
fkdfõ'

3' f¾Kq
 f¾Kq hkq …………………………… fjhs'
 f¾Kqjl w.%ia: LKaäld follska hq;a mrd.Odkshlska yd iQ;%sldj kï
jDka;hlska iukaú; h'
 mrd.Odkshla CIqø îcdKqOdks ke; fyd;a mrd.fldaIj,ska iukaÑ; h'
 ta ;=< laIqø îcdKq ud;D ffi, wvx.= fõ' tu laIqø îcdKq ud;D ffi,
W!kkh uÕska tal.=K laIqø îcdKq idohs'
 CIqø îcdKq mrd. l‚ld njg úlikh isÿ jkafka mrd.Odksh ;=< §
h'
 mrd. l‚ldjl kHIaá folla we;' tajd kï ckl kHIaáh iy kd,
kHIaáh fjhs'
 mrd. lKsldjla we;=,a ;=kS ì;a;shlska yd msg; >k ì;a;shlska jg fõ'
msg; >k ì;a;sfha LKaGl iy csø msysgd we;'

4' wKavm
 imqIma Ydlj, ………………………… wKavmh f,i y÷kajhs'
 wKavmfha w.%i: a fha wef,k iq¿ l,xlh we;' th mrd. l‚ld
m%;s.%yKh lrhs' wKavmfha mdoia:j we;s m%idß; m%foaYh
äïnfldaIhhs' th ;=< äïn tlla fyda lsym
s hla mj;shs'
 l,xlh yd äïnfldaIh iïnkaO lrkafka lS,hhs' th isyska È.á
f.,la jeks jHqyhls'

äïnhl jHqyh

 äïnh uOHfha jq 2n ffi, ialkaOh l=laIh S ^uyd îcdKqOdksh& f,i ye`Èkafõ'

 th äïndjrK follska jg fõ' äïndjrKfha jQ isÿr wkqoajdrhhs'
 äïnh äïn jDka;hla orhs' tu.ska äïnh äïn fldaIhg iú fõ'
 äïnh" äïn jDka;hg iú jk ia:dkh îc ,mh kï fõ'
 l=laIfs ha jQ 2n uyd îcdKq ud;D ffi,hla W!kk úNdckfhka fnfoa' fï ksid tal
.=K uyd îcdKq 4 la we;s fõ' fuhska tla uyd îcdKqjla muKla b;sß fõ' th
l%h
s dldÍ uyd îcdKqj f,i y÷kajhs' wks;a ;=k úkdY fõ'
 l%h
s dldß uyd îcdKqj úlikfhka Pdhd ckaudKq Ydlh fyj;a l,,fldaIh
yg.kshs' th b;d laIK S jQ wkaúlaIh
S jHqyhls'

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
ckaudKq Ydlh

 ckaudKq Ydlh îcdKq Ydlh u; iïmQ¾Kfhka u hefma¦ wkaùlaIh

S hs¦ flá
ld,hla Ôj;a jk jHqyhls'

cdhd ckaudKq Ydlh fyj;a l,, fldaIh we;s ùu'

 l%h
s d;aul uyd îcdKqj m%:ufhkau úYd, jk w;r miqj tys tal .=K
kHIaáh ;=ka jrla wkqkk úNdckfhka fn§ tla mfil kHIaá y;r
ne.ska kHIaá wgla we;s fõ'
 miqj O%ej foflkau tla kHIaáh ne.ska uOHhg meñK O%eùh kHIaá
folla f,i msysghs'
 wkqoajdrh me;af;a kHIaá jgd ffi, ma,diau /iaù wdOdrl ffi, 2 la
yd wKavhla fyj;a äïn ffi,hla ^cdhd ckaudKqjla& we;s fõ'
wkqoajdrhg m%;súreoaO l,dmh me;af;a kHIaá u`.ska m%;s O%ej ffi, 3
la we;s fõ'
 mßK; l,, fldaIh ffi, 7la ;=< kHIaá 8lska hqla;h' tajd kï
m%;sO%ej ffi, - 03 la O%eùh kHIaá folla iys; uOH ffi,h"
wdOdrl ffi, folla yd äïn ffi,hls'
 fuys wKavdKqOdks fkdmsysghs' th l=laIf
s hka fmdaIKh ,nñka jefâ'

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

mrd.kfha isg ixfiapkh f;la úm¾hdi

 mrd.kfha § mrd. lKsld l,xlh u;g m;s; fõ' mßK; l,xlh fj;g mrd.
l‚ld iïfmaI% Kh ùu mrd.kh f,i ye¢ka fõ'
 mrd.kfha § l,xlh u; m;s; jQ oaú kHIaál mrd. lKsld ;jÿrg;a mqx ckaudKq
Ydlhla njg m%frdayKh fõ'
 fuys§ m%:ufhkau mrd. lKsldfõ ì;a;sfha jQ csø ;=,ska mrd. kd,hla úysfok
w;r" th wKavmfha lS,h Tiafia my<g j¾Okh fõ'
 miqj kd, kHIaáh mrd. kd,fha w.%i:
a fldgig ixl%uKh fõ'

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
 bka miq ckl kHIaáh wkQkkfhka fn§fuka Y+l%dKq kHIaá folla iEfoa' fuu mqx
ckaudKq mrd. kd,fha my<g ixl%uKh jk w;r tajd iEu úgu kd, kHIaáhg
msgq miska msysghs'
 mqx ckaudkq we;s jQ miq fuu iïmQ¾K jHqyh wdjD; îclj, mqx ckaudkq Ydlh
f,i ye`Èkafõ' fuh Y=l%dKqOdks rys; jHqyhls'

ixfiapkh $ oaú;aj ixfiapkh

 äïn fldaIh fj; meñfKk mrd. k<h wkqoajdrfhka we;=¿ ù Y=l%dKq kHIaá fol
l,, fldaIhg uqod yßhs'
 tla Y=l%dKq kHIaáhla äïnh iuÕ tla ù oaú.=K hqla;dKqj idohs'
 wfkla Y=l%dKq kHIaáh l,, fldaIfha we;s O%eùh kHIaá fol iuÕ tla fõ' tu
tla ùu ksid 3n m%d:ñl N%EK fmdaI kHIaáh we;s fõ'
 fuh oaú;aj ixfiapkhhs' th wdjD; îsc Ydlj,g u wkkH jQ ,laIKhls'

mYapd;a ixfiapk úm¾hdi

 oaú;aj ixfiapk l%shdj,shg miq hqla;dKqj l,,hla njg úlikh fõ' äïnh
ìch njg mßK; fõ'

l,,h iEoSu
 oaú;aj ixfiapkfhka we;s jQ 2n hqla;dkqqj wkqkkj fnoSfuka l,,h
we;s fõ'

N%EK fmdaIfha úlikh

 oaú;aj ixfiapkfhka we;s jqkq 3n kHIaáh wkqkkfhka fn§fuka kHIaá
rdYshla we;s fõ'
 tu kHIaá jgd ffi, ma,diauh tl;= õ ffi, rdYshla iEfoa'
 fuf,i wdydr ixÑ; lrk ………………………………………… we;s
fõ' fuys lD;H l,, j¾Okhg wjYH wdydr ixÑ; lsÍuhs'

îch ;ekSu
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

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 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
 wdjD; îclj, mqIm a h keue;s m%ckl m%frdaykhla ;snq w;r id¾:l mrd.kfhka
yd ixfiapkfhka miqj äïn fldaIh M,hla njg úlikh ù we;s w;r th ;=< jQ
äïn îc njg m;a ù we;' mqIm a fldgia úh<S f.dia we;'
 oaú;aj ixfiapkfha jeo.;alu jkqfha ………………………………………………'
…………………………………………………………………………………………
 …………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

îch $ îc ú,dih

 îchla hkq l,,hla ork ixfiaÑ; äïnhls'

 îchla ;=<" l,,h" ixÑ; wdydr wvx.= N%eK fmdaIh yd îcdjrKh wvx.= fõ'
îch M,h ;=< wvx.= fõ'
 îc hkq îc Ydlj, jHdma;s tallh fú'
 îc hkq fN!ñl Ôú;h ch .ekSug ieliqKq Wmdh ud¾.hls
îcdjrKh (………………………………………………………………………
ixÑ; wdydr (……………………………………………………………………

 M,hla hkq" ixfiapkh uÕska miq äïnfldaIh W;af;ackhg ,la ùfuka úYd, ù yd
úlikh ù iEfok jHqyh hs' ixfiapkh fya;=fjka fydaො fudakuh fjkiùï
fma%rKh jk w;r" äïnfldaIh M,hla njg m;a ùug th fya;= fõ'
 mqIma h mrd.Khg ,la fkdjqK fyd;a M,hla yg fkd.kakd w;r" iïmQ¾K
mqIma hu .e,ù jefÜ'
 M, úlikfha § äïnfldaI ì;a;sh M,djrKh njg m;a fõ'
 újD; îcl Ydl j, fuu îch M,hlska wdjrKh ù ke;s w;r" wdjD; îcl j,
M,hlska wdjrKh ù mj;S'
 îchlg wys;lr mßir ;;a;aj hgf;a fkdkeiS mej;Sug iqma; ld,hla we;'
 jHdma;sh i|yd yev .eiqKq wkqj¾;k uÕska j¾Okh" úlikh yd meje;au i|yd
jeä wjia:djla ,nd foa'
 îchl ld¾hh fufiah"
(i). ……………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). ……………………………………………………………………………………
(iii). ……………………………………………………………………' ^iq<`." i;=ka"
c,h" iajdNdúl hdka;%K u.ska c,h jHdma; fõ'&

îc yd M, úlikh ùfï jeo.;alu

 wdjrKh jQ îch wdrlaId lrhs'

 mßK; jQ úg iq<Õ" c,h yd i;=ka uÕska jHdma; ùu myiq lrhs' jHdma; jQ miq
m%Yia; mßir ;;a;aj we;s kï îch îc me<h njg m%frdayKh fõ'

Dr. Dinesh Muthugala ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Biology Page 46

 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
 mßK;sfha tla wjêhl § îch ;=< we;s l,,h ksfIaOkh fõ' fuh iajdNdúlj u
M,h ;=< îch m%frdayKh je<elafõ' fuh ………………………… f,i ye¢kafõ'
 fndfyda îc ;=< m%frdayKh ksfIaOkh yd îc iqma;j meje;Sug hka;%K we;'
 îc iqma;;djg iq,n;u fya;= jkafka ksfIaOl mej;Su" >klï Yla;su;a îcdjrK
mej;Su c,hg wmdr.uH îcdjrK mej;Suhs'
 îc iqma;;djh ì| jeàfuka miq îchg c,h" Tlaiscka yd iqÿiq WIaK;ajh
iemhSfuka îc m%frdayKh wdrïNfõ'
 îc Ydlj, jHdma;s tallh jkafka îch hs' th îcdjrKhlska jg ù we;s w;r"
th ;=< l,,h yd ixÑ; wdydr wvx.= fõ' fN!ñl Ôú;hla i|yd îc ú,dYhg
Wmdh ud¾. we;'
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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 iqma; wjê"
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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 c,h wjfYdaIKh ùu" tkaihsu il%sh ùu" wdydr ixÑ; ip, ùu ^fmdaIl& yd
l,,fha YS>% j¾Okhla isÿ fõ' ta iuÕ u îc uQ,h îcdjrKfhka msg;g we§ tau
isÿ fjhs' th îc m%frdayKh f,i ye¢kafõ' îc uQ,h Ok .=re;ajdj¾;sj;a"
ìcdxl+rh iDK .=/;ajdjr;sj;a j¾Okh fjhs'

mrd.kh
 …………………………………………………………………… mrd.Khhs'
 we;eï Ydl úfYaIj, mqIm a j,a mrd.Odksjj, l‚ld tl u mqIma fha u l,xlh
u; m;s; ùu fyda tu Ydlfhau fjk;a mqIamhl l,xlh u; m;s; ùu fyda tu
a hl l,xlh u; m;s; ùu isÿ fjhs' fuh ………………hs'
Ydlfha u fjk;a mqIm
 mrd. l‚ld tu úfYaIfha u fjk;a Ydlhl mqIm a hl l,xlh u; m;s; jQj
fyd;a th ………………………… kï fõ'
 fndfyda wdjD;îcl Ydl mr mrd.kh i|yd wkqj¾;k fmkajhs'
Wod - ………………………………………………………… hkdÈh
 óg wu;rj we;eï Ydlj, mrmrd.Kh i|yd úfYaI wkqj¾;k o mj;shs'
Wod (……………………………………………………………………………………

mrmrd.kfha jeo.;alu -
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Dr. Dinesh Muthugala ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Biology Page 47

 kskao fkdhk Bio mka;sh'''
md;fkdM,kh
 …………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
 md;fkdaM,s; M, îc fkdksmojhs' iajdNdúlj iuyr úfYaIj, md;fkdaM,kh isÿ
fõ'
Wod(………………………………

 md;fkdaM,kh Ydl j¾Ol øjH uÕska fma%rKh lsÍfuka" îc rys; M, ,nd .;

yels h'
Wod(………………………………


mdf;fkdaNjkh

 …………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Wod(……………………………………………………………………………………

 …………………………………………………………………………………………
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Dr. Dinesh Muthugala ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Biology Page 48