„ Drilling Engineering

Introduction
„ Mud Logging Introduction
Drilling Engineering Introduction
„ Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil Well
„ Rotary Drilling
„ Connection
„ Trip
„ Circulating System
 Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil Well

1. Complete or obtain seismic, log,

scouting information or other data.
2. Lease the land or obtain concession.
3. Calculate reserves or estimate from best
data available.
4. If reserve estimates show payout,
proceed with well.
5. Obtain permits from conservation/
national authority.
 Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d
6. Prepare drilling and completion program.
7. Ask for bids on footage, day work, or
combination from selected drilling
contractors based on drilling program.
8. If necessary, modify program to fit
selected contractor equipment.
 Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d
9. Construct road, location/platforms and
other marine equipment necessary for
access to site.
10. Gather all personnel concerned for
meeting prior to commencing drilling
(pre-spud meeting)
11. If necessary, further modify program.
12. Drill well.
 Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d
13. Move off contractor if workover unit
is to complete the well.
14. Complete well.
15. Install surface facilities.
16. Analysis of operations with oncerned
personnel.
Rotary Drilling
„ Drilling Team
„ Drilling Rigs

„ Rig Power System

„ Hoisting System

„ Circulating System

„ The Rotary System

„ The Well Control System

„ Well-Monitoring System

„ Special Marine Equipment

Making a mouse hole connection （小鼠洞）
Moving Kelly
to Single in
Mousehole Single
Added.
Stabbing Ready to
the Pipe Drill

Making a mouse hole connection - cont’d

 Making a trip
Why
trip?

Use
Elevators
Put Kelly in
for
Rathole
tripping
大鼠洞
 Tripping
one stand
at a time

60-90 ft

Making a trip - cont’d

 Mud Logging Introduction

¾What is Mud Logging?

¾The Procedure of Mud Logging
¾Well Information Management
¾Data Acquisition
¾Mud Logging
9Drilling Monitoring
9Drilling Engineering Application
9Hydrocarbon Chromatographic Analysis
9Geology Application
9Output
9Auxiliary Application
9Advanced Application
 What is Mud Logging?
„ Mud Logging is a real time wellsite information
service.
„ If something is taking place at wellsite while
drilling is underway, then it’s the business of
the mud logger.
„ The mud logger’s job is not simply to gather
data. The mud logger is responsible for letting
everyone at the wellsite have the information
needed when it is needed.
„ ……
The Procedure of Mud Logging

Unit Installation Parameters Setup

Sensors Installation Threshold Setup

Parameters Setup
Data Acquisition

Data Acquisition
Mudlog Monitoring

Software
Configuration Real time Output

Final Work
 Well Information Management

„ Well Information
„ Well Configuration Information
„ Mud Properties Information
„ Bit Information
„ Drillpipe Parameters
„ Monitoring Threshold
Data Acquisition

„ Engineering Data Acquisition

„ BKHT、HKLD、RPM、SPM、SPP、CSP、
TORQ、PIT、FOUT、MTO、MWO、
MRO、MTI、MWI、MRI，etc.
„ Gas Data Acquisition
„ H2S、CO2、Total Gas、C1~C5、H2
Drilling Monitoring
The Procedure of Mud Logging
Drilling Monitoring
 Hole Problems

„ Lost Circulation
„ Stuck Pipe
• Keyseat- Crooked Hole
• Differential Sticking
• Mechanical Sticking
„ Junk in Hole
„ Kicks and Blowouts
„ Crooked Hole
 Hole Problems - Lost Circulation

Indication:
„ Flow out < Flow in (e.g 400 < 500)
„ Drop in Mud Pit Volume
„ Blowout

Causes:
„ High Formation Permeability (e.g. fractures)
„ Low Formation Pore Pressure
„ Poor Drilling Fluid Characteristics
„ Induced Fracturing of Formation From Rapid
Pipe Movement
Hole Problems - Lost Circulation
Results:
„ Costly Mud Makeup
„ Loss of Production
„ Fire
„ Loss of Permit to Drill

Preventive Measures:
„ Crew Education
„ Good Mud Program
„ Study Wells in Area
…to be prepared
 Hole Problems - Lost Circulation

Remedial Measures:
„ Use Lost Circulation Material as Mud

Additive (fibrous or granular)

„ Drill Through Troublesome Interval

and Case Off

„ Decrease Mud Weight

„ Decrease Circulation Rate

Hole Problems - Stuck Pipe

Indication:
„ Cannot Pick Up Pipe
Causes:
„ Cave - ins
„ Keyseat - Crooked Hole
„ Differential Pressure Sticking
„ Filter Cake
„ Deposited AFTER Circulation Stops - While Still on Bottom
Results:
„ Fishing Operations Back off, POH, RIH w/fishing string
„ Loss of Hole or at least part of the hole
 Hole Problems - Stuck Pipe
Preventive Measures:
„ Use Minimum Mud Weight Required to Control Formation Pressures.
„ Use Special Drill Collars (spiral)
„ Use Centralizers on Casing
„ Periodically Establish Circulation while Running Casing or Drillpipe in
Deep Hole
If Circulation Can Be Established:
„ Erode Mud Filter Cake - at High Fluid Velocity (speed up pumps)
„ Spot Special Fluid; Oil, Acid
„ Reduce Mud Weight as Far as Possible
„ Rotate Pipe - Keep Moving Pipe
If Circulation Cannot Be Established:
„ Cut Pipe or Unscrew Joint - and Fish
KEY
SEAT
 P1 >> P2

P1
P2
Thick Filter Cake F = μN

N = ΔP A

Thin Filter Cake

F = μ ΔP A

How is filter cake formed?

Pipe Stuck in Wall Cake

Hole Problems - Junk in Hole
Indication:
„ Bit Parts Missing
„ Items from Surface Dropped into Hole
„ Erratic Torque
Cause:
„ Negligence of Crew
Result:
„ Fishing Operation
Hole Problems - Junk in Hole

Preventive Measure:
„ Crew Education
Remedial Measures:
„ Run Junk Basket
„ Run Basket with Collapsible Teeth
(“Poor Boy” Basket)
„ Run Magnet
 Hole Problems – Kick, Blowout
(oil, gas or water)
[surface or underground]
Indication:
„ Returns to Surface after Circulation is Stopped (KICK!)

„ Well Out of Control - Big Problem!

„ Lost Circulation . . .

Cause:
„ Loss of Hydrostatic Head due to Lost Circulation

„ Poor drilling Fluid

„ Swabbing Effect while Pulling Drillpipe

„ Insufficient Mud Weight

Result:
„ Possible Loss of Life and Property

„ Legal and Financial Problems

Hole Problems – Kick, Blowout
Preventive Measure:
„ Crew Education

„ Be Alert

„ Blowout Control Equipment on RIG including Pit

Volume Indicators
Remedial Action:
„ If on Bottom:

Use proper Mud Weight (increase)

Add Lost Circulation Materials
„ In Extreme Case of Blowout:

May Have to Directionally Drill a Relief Well

Hole Problems -
Blowout

Dynamic Kill
from a Relief
Well
Hole Problems - Crooked Hole
Indication:
„ Periodic Directional Surveys
„ Stuck Drill String
„ Casing Problems
Cause:
„ Too much Weight on Bit
„ Dipping Formation
„ Anisotropic Formation
„ Too Small Drill Collars
„ No Stabilizers
Result:
„ Uneven Spacing (on bottom)
„ Legal Problems
„ Production Problems
„ Cementing Problems
Hole Problems - Crooked Hole
Preventive Measure:
„ Avoid Buckling of Drill Pipe by using sufficient
number of drill collars
„ Use “Oversize” Drill Collars

„ Use Reamers and Stabilizers

„ Start the Hole Vertically

Remedial Action:
„ Plug Back and Sidetrack

„ Use Whipstock (wedge)

„ Use Reamers in 3 Locations

Real time Calculations

„ Status Recognition
„ Real Time Hydraulics Calculation
„ Real Time Pressure Calculation
„ Lag Parameters Calculations
„ Engineering Parameters Calculations
„ Gas Detection Parameters Calculations
Inclination Angle
θ, α, I

Direction Angle
φ, ε, A
Wellbore Surveying Methods

¾ Average Angle
¾ Balanced Tangential

¾ Minimum Curvature

¾ Radius of Curvature

¾ Tangential
 Drilling Hydraulics Applications

„ Calculation of subsurface hydrostatic pressures

that may tend to burst or collapse well tubulars or
fracture exposed formations
„ Several aspects of blowout prevention
„ Displacement of cement slurries and resulting
stresses in the casing string
„ Bit nozzle size selection for optimum hydraulics
„ Surge or swab pressures due to vertical pipe
movement
„ Carrying capacity of drilling fluids
Schematic
of Rig
Circulating
System for
liquid
drilling
fluid
Well Control ppore < pmud < pfrac

Fig. 4-2. The Well Fluid System

 Pressure Drop PPUMP
Calculations

Q = 280 gal/min
ρ = 12.5 lb/gal

PPUMP = ΔPDP + ΔPDC

+ ΔPBIT NOZZLES

+ ΔPDC/ANN + ΔPDP/ANN
+ ΔPHYD
 "Friction" Pressures

2,500
"Friction" Pressure, psi

2103 DRILLPIPE
2,000

DRILL COLLARS
1,500

1,000 BIT NOZZLES

500 ANNULUS

0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Distance from Standpipe, ft
 Hydrostatic Pressures in the Wellbore

9,000
BHP
H ydrostatic Pre ssure , psi

8,000
7,000
6,000
DRILLSTRING ANNULUS
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Distance from Standpipe, ft
 Pressures in the Wellbore

10,000
9,000
8,000
CIRCULATING
Pressures, psi

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2103
2,000
1,000 STATIC

0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Distance from Standpipe, ft
 Wellbore Pressure Profile

2103
0

2,000
DRILLSTRING
4,000
Depth, ft

6,000
ANNULUS
8,000

10,000

(Static)
12,000
BIT
14,000
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Pressure, psi
 Jet Bit Nozzle Size Selection

„ Proper bottom-hole cleaning

• will eliminate excessive regrinding of drilled
solids, and
• will result in improved penetration rates

¾ Bottom-hole cleaning efficiency

• is achieved through proper selection of bit
nozzle sizes
 Jet Bit Nozzle Size Selection
- Optimization -

Through nozzle size selection, Optimization

may be based on maximizing one of the
following:
¾ Bit Nozzle Velocity
¾ Bit Hydraulic Horsepower
¾ Jet impact force

• There is no general agreement on which of

these three parameters should be maximized.
 Lifting Capacity of Drilling Fluids
- Slip Velocity -

„ Fluid Velocity in Annulus

„ Particle Slip Velocity
„ Hole Structure and Hole Size
„ Mud Density and Rheology
„ Cutting Properties
Swab & Surge
Prediction of Abnormal Pore Pressure

„ Resistivity of Shale
„ Temperature in the Return Mud
„ Drilling Rate Increase
„ dc - Exponent
„ Sonic Travel Time
„ Conductivity of Shale
 Procedure for Determining Pore Pressure
From dc - Exponent

„ Calculate dc over 10-30 ft intervals

„ Plot dc vs depth (use only date from
Clean shale sections)
„ Determine the normal line for the
dc vs. depth plot.
„ Establish where dc deviates from the
normal line to determine abnormal
pressure zone
Procedure for Determining Pore Pressure From
dc - Exponent

No
rm
al
Normal
Depth

Tre
d n
Abnormal

dc - Exponent
 Cementing

Steel
Casing

Borehole Liner
Top
Casing
Cement Seat

Steel Liner

Full String Cementing Liner Cementing

 Drilling Cost Analysis
The Drilling Engineer:

„ Recommends drilling procedures that will safely

drill and complete the well at the lowest cost
possible
„ Makes recommendations concerning routine rig
operations:
9 drilling fluid treatment

9 pump operation

9 bit selection

9 handling problems during the drilling process

 The Drilling Cost Equation:
C b + C r( tb + tc + tt ) $
Cf = Eq. 1.16
ΔD ft

Cf = drilling cost, $/ft Δ D = footage drilled

Cb= cost of bit, $/bit with bit, ft/bit

Cr = fixed operating cost of rig, $/hr

tb = total rotating time, hrs
tc = total non-rotating time, hrs
tt = total trip time (round trip), hrs
Cost per ft for one entire bit run
80

70

60
Minimum Cost

50

40
 Hydrocarbon Chromatographic
Analysis

„ Pixler Method

The red lines mark

empirically determined
approximate boundaries
for gas and oil production.
 Hydrocarbon Chromatographic
Analysis

„ Triangular Method
upward =>a gas bearing zone
large=>Very light gas
small=>dense and wet gas
downward =>an oil bearing zone
larger with decreasing oil gravity
The ovoid was empirically derived from
analysis of known reservoirs.
 Hydrocarbon Chromatographic
Analysis
„ Standard Mud Log Method (3H)
Remote Logging Monitoring
„ Two-way data communications
„ Monitoring of all rig systems and activities
„ On-line access to a drilling and geological database
and simulation software
„ High quality voice communication
„ High resolution color graphics transmission of reports
and graphs, still images of bits, cores, micrographs of
cutting, and so on
„ Lower resolution video transmission for surveillance
of rig activities, inspection of larger exhibits or rig
structure, and for face to face conferencing
Geology Application
¾Cuttings Description Data Management
Output
¾Plotting System
¾Real-time text data display based time and
depth
¾Real-time curve display based time and
depth
¾Daily, Month report generator
Auxiliary Application
¾Database Management Application
¾Data Edit Application
¾Data Remote Transfer
Advanced Application
Drilling String Vibration Analysis
Cutting Image Recognition
The End