Quantitative

Ms. Eds D. Chiao

Statistics and Probability – Senior High School
Elizabeth Seton School – Las Piñas Campus
 Lesson Objectives
1. Define Research and its purpose.
2. Distinguish Qualitative and
Quantitative research.
3. Revisit the types of variables
and levels of measurement.
4.Classify researches
according to its type.
Picture Analysis
What is Research?
 What is Research?

ü  The process of obtaining information to seek

solutions to problems
ü  It is a scientific, experimental or inductive
manner of thinking
ü  Data needed for research do not
come mainly from yourself but also
from other sources of knowledge
such as people, books, artifacts,
etc.
Why use RESEARCH
to solve problems?

ü Process
ü Objectivity
ü Verification
 Facts on Research?
ü  Research is SAFE!
- Research is sometimes viewed as negative
because there have been some immoral and
unethical things done under the guise of
research in the past.
- As a participant, you have a right to know
about any consequences or side effects that
might be reasonably anticipated because
participants’ safety is of utmost importance to
researchers.
 Facts on Research?
ü  Research is ESSENTIAL!
- Research is necessary for there is a need for
advancements in any type of field. How do we
know how best to support cancer patients and
survivors so that they are living their best lives?
- Many of the medications that we take when
we are feeling ill were part of an investigational
drug program in the past and now we take them
because researchers found that they are
effective and help us feel better.
 Facts on Research?
ü  Research uses ANIMALS!
- Animals provide a useful model for diseases found
in both humans and other animals. Even mice have a
remarkably similar physiology to that of a human.
Physiological systems such as the circulatory system,
respiratory system, etc., function in much the same
way as they do in humans. In fact, about 95% of animal
research is done in rodents. The knowledge gained
from research on animals provides a crucial insight
into the developments of new treatments.
 Definition of Terms

Quantitative Research
-  Is focused on acquiring numerical data
through the use of research instruments in
the form of surveys and closed-ended
questionnaires
-  Numerical data are obtained from a large
sample of the population and are analyzed
using statistical techniques to draw a
conclusion that is valid and representative
of the population
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
 Qualitative vs. Quantitative
ELEMENTS OF Qualita5ve Quan5ta5ve
COMPARISON
Assump'ons The world is complex and The world or physical reality is
no single variable or explained by the laws of
number can adequately nature and science.
explain such phenomena.
Research To understand social To explain the causes of
goal and phenomena, seek meaning phenomena through objec=ve
purpose and interpret reality as measurement and numerical
seen from the perspec'ves analysis.
of par'cipants
Sampling Small, purposive and Randomized and controlled
context-specific for extraneous variable. Large
sample are usually needed to
represent the popula'on
 Qualitative vs. Quantitative
ELEMENTS OF Qualita5ve Quan5ta5ve
COMPARISON
Data Collec'on Include document collec'on, Include administra'on of
Techniques par'cipant observa'on, tests and ques'onnaires,
unstructured and informal experimenta'on, survey
interviews, intensive field ques'onnaires, and use of
notes, review of ar'facts and exis'ng data sets.
focus group discussions.
Hypotheses Tenta've. It evolves during the Specific, testable and stated
course of the study. at the onset of the study.
Data analysis Qualita've obtained from field Deduc've and sta's'cal.
notes, observa'ons, and other This implies that numeric
techniques are summarized for data are subjected to
codes, paHerns, and themes. sta's'cal analysis.
Role of Deliberately interacts with Is objec've, impar'al, and
Researcher par'cipants in a personal way. detached.
 Analysis on Quantitative Research
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

It uses robust instrumentation, which may
yield results that can be generalized to a
larger population and other research
settings.
It allows for greater accuracy of data
because variables are isolated, manipulated, design and structure of the questionnaire.
and rigorously controlled.
Results can be replicated, analyzed, and
compared with similar studies due to the use
of robust instrumentation.
Numerical data allows summary of huge
amount of information and comparisons
across categories and over time.
Personal bias is avoided because
quantitative data are arrived at using
established procedures.
It employs inflexible research design due to
the rigidity and robustness of the
instrumentation.
Participants have limited participation on the
Numerical data do not provide detailed
accounts of the phenomenon and do not
capture accounts of human perception.
Research is carried out in a laboratory
setting and not in a real-world setting.
Preselected options in a questionnaire do
not necessarily reflect how participants truly
feel about the question being asked.
 Variables in Quantitative Research

It is hypothesized to affect
the dependent variable. This
is what the researcher
manipulates to see if it
changes the dependent
variable.

It is the variable that changes as a result of an

intervention or experiment.
 UNDERSTANDING
Variables in Quantitative Research

Example 1:
You’re interested in how rising sea temperatures impact algae
life, so you design an experiment that measures the number
of algae in a sample of water taken from a specific ocean site
under varying temperatures.
Independent Variable:
Ocean temperature
Dependent Variable:
The number of algae in the sample
 UNDERSTANDING
Variables in Quantitative Research

Example 2:
You're interested to know the effect of fertilizer on plant
growth. A study is then conducted measuring the influence of
different quantities of fertilizer on plant growth.
Independent Variable:
Amount of fertilizer used
Dependent Variable:
The growth
in height or mass
of the plant.
 EXERCISES:
Variables in Quantitative Research

P roblem 1:
To determine whether a diet of blueberries have an effect
on aging, an experiment involving 19-month old rats
was undertaken.
In this study, one group of rats
were fed with their standard
diet while the other three
groups were fed with diet
supplemented with blueberry,
strawberry, or spinach powder,
respectively.
 EXERCISES:
Variables in Quantitative Research

P roblem 2:
Ascorbic acid, if given in
megadoses, is known to
reduce occurrence of
cancer cells. To test this
hypothesis, patients with
known cancers were given
megadoses of vitamin C
for a period of twelve
weeks.
 EXERCISES:
Variables in Quantitative Research

P roblem 3:
Lucy is an owner of a fashion accessories store. She
surveyed her customers on their preferences for
accessories on a headband. She found out that her
customers prefer ribbons in their headbands.

Thus, Lucy would stock up

on ribbons because this
will determine the number
of headbands with
ribbons that she can sell.
 Level of Measurement
Type Defini5on Example

Nominal Provides a label, categorization, or Gender

classification

Ordinal Provides an order or rank of the Degree of Satisfaction

value (satisfied, not satisfied,
very satisfied)
Interval The difference between two points Temperature (Celsius)
on a scale; zero does not mean
absence of a quantity
Ratio Has the property of a nominal, Length
ordinal and interval scales;
possesses a true zero point
 Types of Quantitative Research
1. Experimental Research
ü  The researcher manipulates the independent variable
and measures the dependent variable in order to
establish cause-and effect relationship between them.
ü  the objects or subjects involved in these type of
research are chosen randomly or selected by chance,
rather than by the decision of the researcher
ü  uses experimental and control group
ü  Answers the question “What if?”
Types of Quantitative Research

Visual Representation of Experimental Research

 Types of Experimental Research
a. TRUE Experimental Research
– also known as laboratory research; absolutely uses
random selection in determining who among the
participants should compose the experimental or the
control group that usually takes place in hard sciences
such as Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy, etc.

Example: The Effectiveness of

Dengvaxia in curing Dengue
Diseases in NCR
 Types of Experimental Research
b. QUASI-Experimental Research
– the experimental group on which the treatment is applied
is not chosen randomly but matched or compared with
another group whom the researcher believes as having
the same characteristics as the experimental group that
usually takes place in soft sciences such as Psychology,
Sociology, Humanities, Literature, education, etc.

Example: The Effect of Support

Group in Smoking
 Types of Quantitative Research
2. Descriptive Survey Research
ü  attempts to collect quantifiable information to be used
for statistical analysis of the population sample.
ü  allows to collect and describe the nature of the
demographic segment such as age, gender, family
size, income, etc.
Example: If a market researcher intends to understand his/her brand
shareability, they can ask a Net Promoter Score question: “Considering
your complete experience with our company, how likely would you be
to recommend us to a friend or colleague? ” with a scale from 0-10. 0
indicates highly unlikely and 10 indicates highly likely. Respondents will
be divided into three categories: Promoters (9-10), Passives (7-8) and
Detractors.
 Types of Experimental Research
3. Correlational Research
ü  provides an indication of the strengths of the
relationship between two variables that embody
characteristics of or performances by that group.
ü  If there is high correlation between variables, it is
possible to do predictive analysis.

Example: The Relationship

between high grades and number
of studying hours
 Types of Quantitative Research
4. Causal-Comparative Research
ü  it endeavors to provide the causes of existing phenomena.
ü  proving the cause-effect relationships which descriptive
and correlational studies do not ascertain.
ü  demonstrating a relationship between 2 variables (even a
very strong relationship) does not “prove” that one variable
actually causes the other to change.

Example: The relationship of

years of experience and job
satisfaction.
References
1. Pulmones, R. (2016). Quan'ta've Research. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City
2. Baraceros, E. L. (2016). Prac'cal Research 2. Rex Prin'ng
Company Inc. Quezon City
3. Melegrito, M.L et. Al (2016). Applied Research: An
Introduc'on to Quan'ta've Research Methods and Report
Wri'ng. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City