RELATED REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Gastritis is swelling of the gastric mucosa caused by inflammation due to irritation and
infection. One of the pathogens that causes infection in the stomach is Helicobacter Pylori
bacteria (Sandi et al, 2021). According to Zhao Y et al., (2020) Helicobacter pylori, is a kind of
human pathogen, have infected an estimated 50% of the global population. It can lead to loss of
gastric glands and increase the risk of dysplasia, gastritis, digestive ulcer, and gastric cancer. H.
pylori infection has been suggested to be associated with other kinds of gastrointestinal cancers
and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) as one of the most common upper gastrointestinal
disorders worldwide with the typical symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation.

Aside from Helicobacter pylori, long-term use of NSAIDs can also cause irritation to the
stomach. NSAIDs reduce the production of the hormone prostaglandin. One of the things
prostaglandin does is increase the production of gastric (stomach) mucus and substances that
neutralize stomach acid. If there is too little prostaglandin, the stomach lining becomes more
susceptible to damage from stomach acid. It can then become inflamed, and eventually ulcers
may develop (NCBI, 2018). Other factor that may contribute to the development of gastritis are
smoking, diet and stress.

Gastritis is classified as "acute" or "chronic" from a clinical and pathological perspective.

These two phrases are frequently used interchangeably to mean self-limitation and non-self-
limitation (Rugge, 2020). Acute (sudden) gastritis affects about 8 out of every 1,000 people.
While chronic or long-term gastritis is less common. Affecting approximately 2 out of 10,000
people (Cleveland Clinic, 2020).

An acute gastritis is an inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining. It affects people

of all ages, though it’s more common in adulthood and old age. The typical symptoms may
include stomach pain or discomfort, as well as loss of appetite, nausea or even vomiting
(Novorol, 2021). Rose Kivi (2019) also stated that acute gastritis comes on suddenly, and can be
caused by injury, bacteria, viruses, stress, or ingesting irritants such as alcohol, NSAIDs,
steroids, or spicy food. It is often only temporary. While chronic gastritis, on the other hand,
comes on more slowly and lasts longer. Untreated gastritis can lead to ulcers, persistent pain, and
bleeding. In some cases, it can become life-threatening.

According to Debra Fulghum Bruce, PhD (2021) In stage 1 hypertension, also known as
prehypertension, the systolic (top number) reading is 120 mmHg-139 mmHg, or the diastolic
(bottom number) reading is 80 mmHg-89 mmHg. Prehypertension is a warning sign that you may
get high blood pressure in the future. High blood pressure increases your risk of heart attack, stroke,
coronary heart disease, heart failure, and kidney failure. There's no cure for high blood pressure, but
there is treatment with diet, lifestyle habits, and medications. We know that starting as low as 115/75
mmHg, the risk of heart attack and stroke doubles for every 20-point jump in systolic blood pressure
or every 10-point rise in diastolic blood pressure for adults aged 40-70. MFine (2020), also stated
the connection between high blood pressure and heartburn/gastritis has been a long researched
one. A research study from China published in the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology in 2018
confirmed that GERD and hypertension may have the link in the form of elevated BP during
reflux attacks in patients already suffering from hypertension.

Gastritis is more common among the adolescents, but it can affect anyone at any age. A
variety of mild to severe stomach symptoms may indicate gastritis. Gastrointestinal system is one
of the systems of our body which deals with Diet-its intake, absorption, metabolism and
elimination. Gastritis can be cured with appropriate antibiotic treatment. However, many
healthcare providers do not treat gastritis patient with antibiotics rather than by lifestyle
modification. As a part of global health programmed in the 21st century, it is necessary to
explore alternative approaches to provide better health services to people and the focus of
nursing intervention is education and modification of client’s behaviours to promote health and
lifestyle pattern (Padmavathi GV et al, 2018).

Treatments for gastritis vary and depend on successful treatments of its underlying cause
and regardless of the cause or severity of symptoms, making dietary and lifestyle adjustments
may help treat gastritis or prevent it from occurring. Managing stress and pain with relaxation
techniques and practices may also be helpful. Davis et al, (2021) also stated that a diet that
avoids hot, fried, and/or spicy foods, alcohol drinking, or eating items you may be allergic to is
another good way to both treat and reduce the risk of gastritis, as well as using over-the-counter
(OTC) and prescription medications for symptom relief. Some medications used to treat gastritis
are the following: H2 blockers medicine is used to reduce the amount of acid in the stomach,
including cimetidine, nizatidine, and famotidine. Proton pump inhibitors also reduce the amount
of acid in the stomach. They include omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole and
pantoprazole. Proton pump inhibitors are very safe and effective for short-term use. But long-
term use isn’t recommended for most people, especially older people. If taking proton pump
inhibitors for a long time, the patient should talk to a doctor about whether to reduce the dose or
not (HealthDirect, 2021).

References
BOOKS

Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD(2021) - What Is Gastritis? Symptoms, Treatment, and Diet

https://www.medicinenet.com/gastritis/article.htm/

Debra Fulghum Bruce, PhD (2021) - Prehypertension: Are You at Risk?

https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/prehypertension\

Dr. Claire Novorol and Ada’s Medical Knowledge Team,. (2020) Acute Gastritis
https://ada.com/conditions/acute-gastritis

Massimo Rugge MD (2020). An Gastritis update 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11938-020-00298-8

Padmavathi GV, Nagaraju B, Shampalatha SP, Nirmala M , Fareeda Begum , Susan TT , Pavani
GV - Knowledge and Factors Influencing on Gastritis among Distant Mode Learners of Various
Universities at Selected Study Centers Around Bangalore City With a View of Providing a
Pamphlet - SAS Publishers – (An International Publisher for Academic and Scientific Journals)

Yudisa Diaz Lutfi Sandi , Ade Fitriani , Lilis Lismayanti, Yanti Srinayanti , Wina Widianti
(2021),. Prevalence and Correlation of Knowledge Level, Stress, Diet Compliance and Quality of
Life in Gastritis Patients - [PDF] inspira.or.id

Zhao Y. · Li Y. · Hu J. · Wang X. · Ren M. · Lu G. · Lu X. · Zhang D. · He S., (2020) The
Effect of Helicobacter pylori Eradication in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A
Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/504086#ref8

INTERNET SOURCES

https://www.healthline.com/health/gastritis-acute#_noHeaderPrefixedContent

https://www.healthline.com/health/gastritis-diet#treatments

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/symptoms-causes/syc-20361940

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-
20373410
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10349-gastritis

https://www.quora.com/Does-blood-pressure-increase-with-a-gastritis-problem

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/gastritis-medication