Section 8.1: Exploration 1

SELECTED ANSWERS 983
SECTION 8.1
Exploration 1
1. The axis of the parabola with focus (0, 1) and directrix y 1 is the y-axis because it is perpendicular to y 1 and passes through (0, 1).
The vertex lies on this axis midway between the directrix and the focus, so the vertex is the point (0, 0).
3. {(26
, 6), (25
, 5), (4, 4), (23
, 3), (22
, 2), (2, 1), (0, 0), (2, 1), (22
, 2), (23
, 3), (4, 4), (25
, 5),
(26, 6)}
Exploration 2
1. y 3. y 5. y 7. downward
10 10 10
y=4 y=4 y=4
V(2, 1) V(2, 1)
x x x
10 10 10
F(2, –2) F(2, –2) A(–4, –2) F(2, –2)
B(8, –2)
x=2 x=2
Quick Review 8.1

1. 1

3 3. y 2x
5. y 6 (x 1)2
7. Vertex: (1, 5); f (x) can be obtained from g(x) by stretching 9. f(x) 2(x 1)2 3
x2 by 3, shifting up 5 units, and shifting right 1 unit.
[–3, 4] by [–2, 20]
Exercises 8.1
3 3
1. Vertex: (0, 0); Focus: 0, ; Directrix: y ; Focal width: 6 3. Vertex: (3, 2); Focus: (2, 2); Directrix: x 4; Focal width: 4
2
1 1 4
5. Vertex: (0, 0); Focus: 0, ; Directrix: y ; Focal width: 7. (c) 9. (a) 11. y2 12x 13. x2 16y 15. x2 20y
3 3
17. y2 8x 19. x2 6y 21. (y 4)2 8(x 4) 23. (x 3)2 6(y 5/2) 25. (y 3)2 8(x 4)
27. (x 2)2 16(y 1) 29. (y 4)2 10(x 1) 31. y 33. y
5 5
x
5 x
5
984 SELECTED ANSWERS
35. y 37. 39. 41.

10
x
6
[–4, 4] by [–2, 18] [–8, 2] by [–2, 2] [–10, 15] by [–3, 7]
43. 45. 47.
[–2, 6] by [–40, 5] [–22, 26] by [–19, 13] [–13, 11] by [–10, 6]
49. Completing the square, the equation becomes (x 1)2 y 2, a parabola with vertex (1, 2), focus (1, 94), and directrix y 74.
51. Completing the square, the equation becomes (y 2)2 8(x 2), a parabola with vertex (2, 2), focus (4, 2), and directrix x 0.
53. (y 2)2 6x 55. (x 2)2 4(y 1) 57. The derivation only requires that p is a fixed real number. 59. The filament
should be placed 1.125 cm from the vertex along the axis of the mirror. 61. The electronic receiver is located 2.5 units from the vertex along
the axis of the parabolic microphone. 63. Starting at the leftmost tower, the lengths of the cables are: {79.44, 54.44, 35, 21.11, 12.78, 10,
12.78, 21.11, 35, 54.44, 79.44}. 65. False. Every point on a parabola is the same distance from its focus and its directrix. 67. D
69. B
71. (a)–(c) y (d) parabola
F
P
A
l
x
73. (a) Axis Generator (b) (c) Axis
Generator
Circle Single line

Cylinder Plane
(d)
Plane Line
Two parallel lines
SECTION 8.2
Exploration 1
x2 y5
1. x 2 3 cos t and y 5 7 sin t; cos t and sin t ; cos2 t sin2 t 1 yields the equation
(x 2)2 (y 5)2 3 7
1.
9 49
3. Example 1: x 3 cos t and y 2 sin t
Example 2: x 2 cos t and y 13 sin t
Example 3: x 3 5 cos t and y 1 4 sin t
x y x2 y2
5. Example 1: x 3 cos t, y 2 sin t; cos t , sin t ; cos2 t sin2 t 1 yields 1, or 4x2 9y2 36.
3 2 9 4
x y y2 x2
Example 2: x 2 cos t, y 13 sin t; cos t , sin t ; sin2 t cos2 t 1 yields 1.
2 13
13 4
x3 y1 (x 3)2 (y 1)2
Example 3: x 3 5 cos t, y 1 4 sin t; cos t , sin t ; cos t sin t 1 yields 1.
2 2
5 4 25 16
Exploration 2
3. a 8 cm, b 7.75 cm, c 2 cm, e 0.25, ba 0.97; a 7 cm, b 6.32 cm, c 3 cm, e 0.43, ba 0.90; a 6 cm,
b 4.47 cm, c 4 cm, e 0.67, ba 0.75
5.
[–0.3, 1.5] by [0, 1.2]
ba 1
e2
Quick Review 8.2

3 3 15

1. 61
3. y
4 x2 5. x 8 7. x 2, x 2 9. x
2 2
Exercises 8.2
1. Vertices: (4, 0), (4, 0); Foci: (3, 0), (3, 0) 3. Vertices: (0, 6), (0, 6); Foci: (0, 3), (0, 3) 5. Vertices: (2, 0), (2, 0); Foci: (1, 0),
(1, 0) 7. (d) 9. (a) 11. y 13. y 15. y
10 5 8
x x
10 5 x
4
17. 19.
[–9.4, 9.4] by [–6.2, 6.2] [–17, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]

y2 x2 y2 x2 y2 x2 x2 y2
21. 1 23. x2/25 y2/21 1 25. 1 27. 1 29. 1
9 4 25 16 36 16 25 16
(y 2)2 (x 1)2
31. 1 33. (x 3)2/9 (y 4)2/5 1 35. (y 2)2/25 (x 3)2/9 1
36 16
37. Center: (1, 2); Vertices: (6, 2), (4, 2); Foci: (4, 2), (2, 2) 39. Center: (7, 3); Vertices: (7, 6), (7, 12); Foci: (7, 3 17
)
5

41. 43. 45. Vertices: (1, 4), (1, 2); Foci: (1, 1 5
); Eccentricity:
3
[–8, 2] by [0, 10]

[–8, 8] by [–6, 6]
x 2 cos t, y 5 sin t x 23 cos t 3,
y 5 sin t 6

7
3 (x 2)2 (y 3)2
47. Vertices: (7, 1), (1, 1); Foci: (3 7
, 1); Eccentricity: Foci: (4, 8 3
); Eccentricity: 49. 1
4 2 16 9
53. a 237,086.5, b 236,571, c 15,623.5, e 0.066 55. 1347 Gm, 1507 Gm 57. a c 1.5(1.392) 2.088
, 0) (7.19, 0)
59. (51.75 61. (2, 0), (2, 0)
63. (a) Approximate solutions: (1.04, 0.86), (1.37, 0.73)

94
2
161
1
94 2
161
1 161

,
, ,
161
(b)
8 16 8 16
65. False. The distance is a(1 e). 67. C 69. B
71. (a) When a b r, A ab rr r2 and P (2r) (3 (4r)(4r

)/(2r)) (2r) (3 2) 2r. (b) Answers will vary.
73. (a) (b) y2/4 (x 3)2 1
[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]
SECTION 8.3
Exploration 1
x1 y1
1. x 1 3cos t 1 3 sec t and y 1 2 tan t; sec t and tan t ; sec2 t tan2 t 1 yields the equation
3 2
(x 1)2 (y 1)2
1.
9 4
3. Example 1: x 3cos t, y 2 tan t; Example 2: x 2 tan t, y 5
cos t; Example 3: x 3 5cos t, y 1 4 tan t; Example 4: x
2 3cos t, y 5 7 tan t
5. Example 1: x 3cos t 3 sec t, y 2 tan t; sec t x3, tan t y2; sec2 t tan2 t 1 yields x29 y24 1,
or 4x2 9y2 36. Example 2: x 2 tan t, y 5cos t 5
sec t; tan t x2, sec t y5
; sec2 t tan2 t 1
yields y25 x24 1. Example 3: x 3 5cos t 3 5 sec t, y 1 4 tan t; sec t (x 3)5, tan t (y 1)4;
sec2 t tan2 t 1 yields (x 3)225 (y 1)216 1. Example 4: x 2 3cos t 2 3 sec t, y 5 7 tan t;
sec t (x 2)3, tan t (y 5)7; sec2 t tan2 t 1 yields (x 2)29 (y 5)249 1.
Quick Review 8.3

4
1. 1
4
6 3. y
9 x2 5. no solution 7. x 2, x 2 9. a 3, c 5
3
Exercises 8.3
1. Vertices: (4, 0); Foci: (23
, 0) 3. Vertices: (0, 6); Foci: (0, 7) 5. Vertices: (2, 0); Foci: (7
, 0) 7. (c) 9. (a)
11. y 13. y 15. y 17.
15 15 4
x x x
20 20 3
[–9.4, 9.4] by [–6.2, 6.2]
x2 y2
19. 21. 23. x2/4 y2/5 1 25. y2/16 x2/209 1 27. 1
25 75
y2 x2 (y 1)2 (x 2)2
29. 1 31. 1
144 25 4 9
(x 2)2 (y 3)2 (x 1)2 (y 2)2
33. 1 35. 1
9 16 4 5
[–9.4, 9.4] by [–6.2, 6.2] [–9.4, 9.4] by [–3.2, 9.2]
(y 6)2 (x 3)2
37. 1 39. Center: (1, 2); Vertices: (11, 2), (13, 2); Foci: (12, 2), (14, 2) 41. Center: (2, 3); Vertices: (2, 5),
25 75
(2, 11); Foci: (2, 3 145
) 43. 45. 47.
[–14.1, 14.1] by [–9.3, 9.3] [–12.4, 6.4] by [–0.2, 12.2] [–9.4, 9.4] by [–5.2, 7.2]
Vertices: (3, 2), (3, 4);

13

Foci: (3, 1 13
); e
3
x2 5y2
49. 51. 1
4 16
55. a 1440, b 600, c 1560, e 1312;
The Sun is centered at (1560, 0).
57. A bearing and distance of about 40.29° and
1371.11 miles, respectively
[–9.4, 9.4] by [–6.2, 6.2]
13

Vertices: (0, 1), (4, 1); Foci: (2 13
, 1); e
2
10 , 10

641
59. (2, 0), (4, 33

) 61. (a)
29 21
Four solutions: (b)
(2.13, 1.81) 641
[–9.4, 9.4] by [–6.2, 6.2]

[–9.4, 9.4] by [–4.2, 8.2]
63. True, because c – a ae a. 65. B 67. B
69. (a–d) y (e) x2/9 y2/16 1
5 x
SECTION 8.4
Quick Review 8.4
1. cos 2 5/13 3. cos 2 1/2 5. /4 7. cos 2/5
9. sin 1/12

Exercises 8.4
1. y 5 x
2
6x 7 3. y 4 22x
2
[–6.4, 12.4] by [–11.2, 1.2] [–19.8, 17.8] by [–8.4, 16.4]

1
5. y 4x 7. y 8(x 1) 9. y (x 4
23x2
28x
88)
6
[–9.4, 9.4] by [–6.2, 6.2] [–10, 12] by [–12, 12] [– 4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]
1 x2 y2
11. y (x 1 3(x
2
6x
9)) 13. x2 4y 15. 1 17. (x, y) (4, 1) 19. (x, y) (5, 3 5
)
4 9 16
[–2, 8] by [–3, 3]
(y 1)2 (x 1)2 (y)2 (x)2
21. Hyperbola: 1; 1 23. Parabola: (x 1)2 y 2; (x)2 y
9 4 9 4
y
y
8 25
(y 2)2 (x 1)2 (y)2 (x)2
25. Ellipse: 1; 1 27. Parabola: (y 2)2 8(x 2); (y)2 8x
9 4 9 4
y
y
4 8
x
x
12 8
y2 (x 1)2 (y)2 (x)2
29. Hyperbola: 1; 1
4 2 4 2
y
31. The horizontal distance from O to P is x h x x h, and the vertical distance is y k y y k.
/2, 72
33. (32 /2) 35. (5.94, 2.38)
[–9.4, 9.4] by [–6.2, 6.2] [–9.4, 9.4] by [–6.2, 6.2] [–9.4, 9.4] by [–6.2, 6.2]
0.954 54.65
43. 24 0; ellipse 45. 0; parabola 47. 48 0; ellipse 49. 12 0; hyperbola 51. 12 0; ellipse
3
2 3 3 3
2 , 2
and 2 , 2
,
2 2 2
53. In the “old” coordinate system, the center is (0, 0), the vertices are
and the foci are (3, 3) and (3, 3). 57. True, because there is no xy term. 59. B 61. A
63. (a) y x (b) y 2x 3/2, y (1/2)x 21/2
69. Intersecting lines: Parallel lines:
[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1] [– 4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]
A plane containing the axis of a cone intersects the cone. A degenerate cone is created by a generator that is parallel to the
axis, producing a cylinder. A plane parallel to a generator of the
cylinder intersects the cylinder and its interior.
One line: No graph:
[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1] [– 4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]
A plane containing a generator of a cone intersects the cone. A plane parallel to a generator of a cylinder fails to intersect the
cylinder. Also, a degenerate cone is created by a generator that is
perpendicular to the axis, producing a plane. A second plane
perpendicular to the axis of this degenerate cone fails to intersect it.
Circle: Point:
[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1] [– 4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]
A plane perpendicular to the axis of a cone intersects A plane perpendicular to the axis of a cone intersects the vertex
the cone but not its vertex. of the cone.
SECTION 8.5
Exploration 1
e 0.7, e 0.8: an ellipse; e 1: a parabola; e 1.5, e 3: a hyperbola
The graphs have a common focus, (0, 0), and a common directrix, the line x 3. As e increases, the
graphs move away from the focus and toward the directrix.
[–12, 24] by [–12, 12]
Quick Review 8.5

7 5
1. r 3 3. , 5. The focus is (0, 4), and the directrix is y 4. , 0); Vertices: (3, 0)
7. Foci: (5
6 6
9. Foci: (5, 0); Vertices: (4, 0)
Exercises 8.5
2 12 7
1. r ; Parabola 3. r ; Ellipse 5. r ; Hyperbola
1 cos 5 3 sin 3 7 sin
[–10, 20] by [–10, 10] [–7.5, 7.5] by [–7, 3] [–5, 5] by [– 4, 2]
5
7. e 1, Parabola; Directrix: x 2 9. e 1, Parabola; Directrix: y 2.5
2
5 2
11. e , Ellipse; Directrix: y 4 13. e 0.4, Ellipse; Directrix: x 3
6 5
15. (b); [15, 5] by [10, 10] 17. (f); [5, 5] by [3, 3] 19. (c); [10, 10] by [5, 10]
12 3 15
21. r 23. r 25. r
5 3 cos 2 sin 2 3 cos
12 6
27. r 29. r
2 3 sin 5 3 cos
31. 33. 35.
[–6, 14] by [–7, 6] [–13, 14] by [–13, 5] [–3, 12] by [–5, 5]

1 5
e 0.4, a 5, b 21
, c 2 e , a 8, b 43, c 4 e , a 3, b 4, c 5
2 3
9(y 4/3)2 3x2
37. 1 39. y2 4(x 1)
64 16
41. Perihelion distance 0.54 AU; Aphelion distance 35.64 AU 43. (a) v 1551 msec 1.551 kmsec (b) about 2 hr 14 min
45. True. For a circle, e 0, so the equation is r 0, which graphs as a point. 47. D 49. B
51. (c) Planet Perihelion distance (AU) Aphelion distance (AU)

Mercury 0.307 0.467
Venus 0.718 0.728
Earth 0.983 1.017
Mars 1.382 1.665
Jupiter 4.953 5.452
Saturn 9.020 10.090
(d) The difference is greatest for Saturn.
55. 5r 3r cos 16 ⇒ 5r 3x 16. So, 25r2 25(x2 y2) (3x 16)2. 25x2 25y2 9x2 96x 256 ⇒ 16x2 96x 25y2 256.
(x 3)2 y2
Completing the square yields 1, the desired result.
25 16
SECTION 8.6
Quick Review 8.6
1.
(x 2)
2 (y
3)2 3. P lies on the circle of radius 5 centered at (2, 3).

5. ,
4
41
41
5
7. Circle of radius 5 centered at (1, 5)
9. Center: (1, 3); Radius: 2
Exercises 8.6
1. z 3. z 5. 5
3
8 7. (a
)
12b(
)
32c
()
22
9. (1, 1, 11/2)
11. (x 1, y 4, z 3)
13. (x 5)2 (y 1)2 (z 2)2 64
15. (x 1)2 (y 3)2 (z 2)2 a
y
(3, 4, 2) 8
x (1, –2, –4)
8
x
17. z
5
(0, 0, 3)
(0, 9, 0)
y
10
10 (9, 0, 0)
x
19. z 21. 23. 2, 4, 8

6 z 25. 84
5 27. 20
(0, 0, 3)
y
5
(3, 0, 0) (0, –2, 0) 5
6
x (6, 0, 0)
10
x
143 3 12
29. , ,
13 13

31. 3, 4, 5 33. v 195.01i 7.07j 68.40k 35. r 2, 1, 5 t3, 2, 7; x 2 3t, y 1
2t, z 5 7t 37. r 6, 9, 0 t1, 0, 4; x 6 t, y 9, z 4t 39. 3 0 41. r 1, 2, 4 t1, 4, 7
1 11
43. x 1 3t, y 2 6t, z 4 3t 45. x t, y 6 7t, z 3 t 47. scalene
2 2
49. (a) z (b) the z-axis; a line through the origin in the direction k
5
y
5
5
x
51. (a) (b) the intersection of the xz plane (y 0) and the plane x 3; a line parallel to the
z
z-axis through (3, 0, 0)
5
y
5
5
x
53. r x1 (x2 x1)t, y1 (y2 y1)t, z1 (z2 z1)t

57. True. The equation can be viewed as an equation in three variables, where the coefficient of z is zero.
59. 61. C 65. 1, 5, 3
67. i
j 1, 0, 0
0, 1, 0 0 0, 0 0, 1 0 0, 0, 1 k
CHAPTER 8 REVIEW EXERCISES

1. y 3. y 5. y
10 2 7
x
8
x x
9 7
Vertex: (0, 0); Focus: (3, 0); Vertex: (2, 1); Focus: (2, 0); Ellipse; Center: (0, 0);
Directrix: x 3; Focal width: 12 Directrix: y 2; Focal width: 4 Vertices: (0, 22); Foci: (0, 3)
7. y 9. y 11. y
10 20 4
6
x x
10
x
10
Hyperbola; Center: (0, 0); Hyperbola; Center: (3, 5); Vertices: Ellipse; Center: (2, 1); Vertices:
Vertices: (5, 0); Foci: (61
, 0) (3 32, 5); Foci: (3 46 , 5) (6, 1), (2, 1); Foci: (5, 1), (1, 1)
13. (b) 15. (h) 17. (f) 19. (c)
21. y 23. y 25. y
40 7 11
x
x 10
x 6
10
(x 1)2 (y 2)2

17
Parabola; (x 3)2 y 12 Hyperbola; 1 Parabola; (y 2)2 6 x
3 3 6
27. y 29. See proof on page 635.

10
x
–10 15
–15
(y 4)2 (x 3)2
Hyperbola; 1
30 45
31. 33.
[0, 25] by [0, 17] [–8, 12] by [–5, 15]

1 3x2 5x 10
Ellipse; y [8x 5
8x2
200x
455] Hyperbola; y
12 2x 6
35.
[–24, 20] by [–20, 15]

1
Hyperbola; y [7x 20 25x2 272x 280]
4
x2 y2
37. y2 8x 39. (x 3)2 12(y 3) 41. 1 43. x2/9 (y 2)2/5 1
169 25
y2 x2 (x 2)2 (y 1)2
45. 1 47. 1 49. x2/25 y2/4 1 51. (x 2)2 (y 4)2 1 53. x2/9 y2/25 1
25 11 9 16
55. 57. 59.
[–8, 3] by [–10, 10] [–8, 8] by [–11, 0]

[–3, 3] by [–2, 2]
Parabola; y2 8(x 2) 81 y 49/9
2 9x2
4(x 1/2) y2 Hyperbola; 1
Ellipse; 1 196 245
9 2
61. 63. 6

9
65. 0, 3, 2
67. 13
69. 3/5, 4/5, 0
71. (x 1)2 y2 (z 3)2 16
[–20, 4] by [–8, 8]
73. r 1, 0, 3 t3, 1, 2
Parabola; y2 4(x 1) 75. (0, 4.5) 79. At apogee, v 2633 m/sec; At perigee, v 9800 m/sec
Chapter 8 Project
Answers are based on the sample data provided.
1. 3. With respect to the graph of the ellipse, the point (h, k) represents the center of the ellipse.
The value a is the semimajor axis, and b is the semiminor axis.
[0.4, 0.75] by [–0.7, 0.7]

5. The parametric equations for the sample data set are x1T 0.131 sin(4.80T 2.10) 0.569 and y1T 0.639 sin (4.80T 2.65)
[–0.1, 1.4] by [–1, 1] [0.4, 0.75] by [–0.7, 0.7]
SECTION 9.1
Exploration 1
1. 6 3. No
Quick Review 9.1

1. 52 3. 6 5. 10 7. 11 9. 64
Exercises 9.1
1. 6 3. 120 5. 12 7. 362,880 (ALGORITHM) 9. 34,650 11. 1716 13. 24 15. 30 17. 120 19. combinations
21. combinations 23. 19,656,000 25. 36 27. 2300 29. 17,296 31. 37,353,738,800 33. 41 35. 7776
37. 511 39. 12 41. 1024
n!
43. True. Both equal . 45. D 47. B
a! b!
51. (a) 12 (b) There are 12 factors of 5 in 50!, one in each of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40, and 45 and two in each of 25 and 50.
Each factor of 5, when paired with one of the 47 factors of 2, yields a factor of 10 and consequently a 0 at the end of 50!
55. 3 57. 20,123 years
SECTION 9.2
Exploration 1
1. 1, 3, 3, 1; These are (in order) the coefficients in the expansion of (a b)3.
3. {1 5 10 10 5 1}; These are (in order) the coefficients in the expansion of (a b)5.
Quick Review 9.2

1. x2 2xy y2 3. 25x2 10xy y2
5. 9s 12st 4t
2 2 7. u3 3u2v 3uv2 v3
9. 8x3 36x2y 54xy2 27y3
Exercises 9.2
1. a4 4a3b 6a2b2 4ab3 b4 3. x7 7x6y 21x5y2 35x4y3 35x3y4 21x2y5 7xy6 y7 5. x3 3x2y 3xy2 y3
7. p8 8p7q 28p6q2 56p5q3 70p4q4 56p3q5 28p2q6 8pq7 q8 9. 36 11. 1 13. 364 15. 126,720
17. f(x) x5 10x4 40x3 80x2 80x 32 19. h(x) 128x7 448x6 672x5 560x4 280x3 84x2 14x 1
21. 16x4 32x3y 24x2y2 8xy3 y4 23. x3 6x5/2y1/2 15x2y 20x3/2y3/2 15xy2 6x1/2y5/2 y3
25. x10
15x8
90x6
270x4
405x2 243
35. True. The signs of the coefficients are determined by the powers of the (y).
37. C 39. A
41. (a) 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55 (b) They appear diagonally down the triangle, starting with either of the 1’s in row 2. (c) (d)
n n 0 n n1 1 n n2 2 ... n 0 n n n n n

43. 2n (1 1)n 11 1 1 1 1 11 ...
0 1 2 n 0 1 2 n
SECTION 9.3
Exploration 1
1. 3. + p = 0.00598 5. 0.286
Antibodies p = 0.997
present
Antibodies
p = 0.006 present
p = 0.006 p = 0.003 – p = 0.00002

p = 0.994
Antibodies p = 0.015 + p = 0.01491
absent p = 0.994
Antibodies
absent
p = 0.985 – p = 0.97909
Quick Review 9.3

1
1. 2 3. 8 5. 2,598,960 7. 120 9.
12
Exercises 9.3
1. 1/9 3. 5/12 5. 1/4 7. 5/12 9. (a) No; the numbers do not add up to 1.
(b) Yes; assuming the gerbil cannot be in more than
one compartment at a time, the proportions cannot sum to more than 1.
11. 0.4 13. 0.2 15. 0.7 17. 0.09 19. 0.08 21. 0.64 23. 1/134,596 25. 5/3542
27. (a) (b) 0.3 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.2 (e) yes 29. 0.64 31. 3/5 33. 19/30 35. (a) 0.67 (b) 0.33
39. (a) 86/127 (b) 91/127 (c) 62/127 41. 1/36 43. 1/1024 45. 1/1024
0.3
0.3
0.2 47. 45/1024 49. 1023/1024 51. False. A sample space consists of outcomes, which are not
A
necessarily equally likely.
B
53. D 55. A 57. (a) (b) 0.051
0.2 Type of Bagel Probability
Plain 0.37
Onion 0.12
59. (a) 2 (b) yes (c) 1.913% Rye 0.11
61. (a) $1.50 (b) 1/3 Cinnamon Raisin 0.25
Sourdough 0.15
SECTION 9.4
Quick Review 9.4
1. 19 3. 80 5. 10/11 7. 2560 9. 15
Exercises 9.4
3 4 5 6 7 101
1. 2, , , , , ;
3. 0, 6, 24, 60, 120, 210; 999,900 5. 8, 4, 0, 4; 20 7. 2, 6, 18, 54; 4374 9. 2, 1, 1, 0; 3
2 3 4 5 6 100
11. Diverges 13. Converges to 0 15. Converges to 1 17. Converges to 0 19. Diverges
21. (a) 4 (b) 42 (c) a1 6 and an an 1 4 for n 2 (d) an 6 4(n 1)
23. (a) 3 (b) 22 (c) a1 5 and an an 1 3 for n 2 (d) an 5 3(n 1)
25. (a) 3 (b) 4374 (c) a1 2 and an 3an 1 for n 2 (d) an 2 3n 1
27. (a) 2 (b) 128 (c) a1 1 and an 2an 1 for n 2 (d) an (2)n 1
3
29. a1 20; an an1 4 for n 2 31. a1 , r 2, and an 3(2)n 2
2
33. 35. 37. 700, 702.3, 704.6, 706.9, . . . , 815, 817.3 39. 775 41. 9
43. True. The common ratio r must be positive, so the sign of the first term
determines the sign of every number in the sequence.
45. A 47. E 49. (b) 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233
51. (a) y y (b) an q 2

[0, 5] by [–2, 5] [0, 10] by [–10, 100] as n q
x x
1 1
(a) (b)
y y
55. a1 [1 1], a2 [1 2], a3 [2 3], a4 [3 5], a5 [5 8],

a6 [8 13], a7 [13 21]. The entries in the terms of this sequence 1
x
1
x
are successive pairs of terms from the Fibonacci sequence.
(c) (d)
SECTION 9.5
Exploration 1
1
1. 45 3. 1 5.
3
Exploration 2
1. 1 2 3 . . . 99 100 3. 101
5. The sum in 4 involves two copies of the same progression, so it doubles the sum of the progression. The answer is 5050.
Quick Review 9.5

1. 22 3. 27 5. 512 7. 40 9. 55
Exercises 9.5
11 n 1
1. (6k 13)
k 1
3. k2
k 1
5. 6(2)k
k 0
7. 18 9. 3240 11. 975 13. 24,573 15. 50.4(1 69) 50.4 17. 155
8
19. (1 212) 2.666 21. 196,495,641 23. (a) 0.3, 0.33, 0.333, 0.3333, 0.33333, 0.333333; convergent (b) 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3;
3
divergent
17,251
25. Yes; 12 27. no 29. yes; 1 31. 707/99 33. 35. (a) 1.1 (b) 20,000(1.1)n (c) $370,623.34
999
37. (a) 120; 1 0.07/12 (b) $20,770.18 39. 36 m
41. False. The series might well diverge.
8
diverge, but (n (n) is constant and converges to 0.
n 1
43. A 45 C 47. (a) Heartland: 19,237,759 people; Southeast: 42,614,977 people (b) Heartland: 517,825 mi2; Southeast: 348,999 mi2
(c) Heartland: 37.15 people/mi2; Southeast: 122.11 people/mi2
49.
n Fn Sn Fn2 1
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2
3 2 4 4
4 3 7 7
5 5 12 12
6 8 20 20
7 13 33 33
8 21 54 54
9 34 88 88
Conjecture: Sn Fn2 1
SECTION 9.6
Exploration 1
Start with the rightmost peg if n is odd and the middle peg if n is even.
Exploration 2
1. Yes 3. Still all prime
Quick Review 9.6

1 2k 2k 2
1. n2 5n 3. k3 3k2 2k 5. (k 1)3 7. 5; t 4; t 5 9. ; ;
2 3k 1 3k 4
Exercises 9.6
1. Pn: 2 4 6 … 2n n2 n. P1 is true: 2(1) 12 1. Now assume Pk is true: 2 4 6 … 2k k2 k.
Add 2(k 1) to both sides: 2 4 6 … 2k 2(k 1) k2 k 2(k 1) k2 3k 2 k2 2k 1 k 1
(k 1)2 (k 1), so Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.
3. Pn: 6 10 14 … (4n 2) n(2n 4). P1 is true: 4(1) 2 1(2(1) 4).
Now assume Pk is true: 6 10 14 … (4k 2) k(2k 4). Add 4(k 1) 2 4k 6 to both sides:
6 10 14 … (4k 2) [4(k 1) 2] k(2k 4) 4k 6 2k2 8k 6 (k 1)(2k 6) (k 1)[2(k 1) 4],
so Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.
5. Pn: an 5n 2. P1 is true: a1 5 1 2 3. Now assume Pk is true: ak 5k 2. To get ak 1, add 5 to ak;
that is, ak 1 (5k 2) 5 5(k 1) 2. This shows that Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.
7. Pn: an 2 3n 1. P1 is true: a1 2 31 1 2 30 2. Now assume Pk is true: ak 2 3k 1. To get ak 1, multiply ak by 3;
that is, ak 1 3 2 3k 1 2 3k 2 3(k 1) 1. This shows that Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.
1(1 1) k(k 1) (k 1)(k 2)
9. P1: 1 . Pk: 1 2 … k . Pk 1: 1 2 … k (k 1) .
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 k
11. P1: . Pk: … .
12 11 12 23 k(k 1) k1
1 1 1 1 k1
Pk 1: … .
12 23 k(k 1) (k 1)(k 2) k2
13. Pn: 1 5 9 … (4n 3) n(2n 1). P1 is true: 4(1) 3 1 (2 1 1).
Now assume Pk is true: 1 5 9 … (4k 3) k(2k 1). Add 4(k 1) 3 4k 1 to both sides: 1 5 9 …
(4k 3) [4(k 1) 3] k(2k 1) 4k 1 2k2 3k 1 (k 1)(2k 1) (k 1)[2(k 1) 1],
so Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.
1 1 1 n 1 1
15. Pn: … . P1 is true: .
12 23 n(n 1) n1 12 11
1 1 1 k
Now assume Pk is true: … .
12 23 k(k 1) k1
1 1 1 1 1 k 1
Add to both sides: …
(k 1)(k 2) 12 23 k(k 1) (k 1)(k 2) k1 (k 1)(k 2)
k(k 2) 1 (k 1)(k 1) k1 k1
, so Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.
(k 1)(k 2) (k 1)(k 2) k2 (k 1) 1
17. Pn: 2n 2n. P1 is true: 21 2 1 (in fact, they are equal). Now assume Pk is true: 2k 2k.
Then 2k 1 2 2k 2 2k 2 (k k) 2(k 1), so Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.
19. Pn: 3 is a factor of n3 2n. P1 is true: 3 is a factor of 13 2 1 3. Now assume Pk is true: 3 is a factor of k3 2k.
Then (k 1)3 2(k 1) (k3 3k2 3k 1) (2k 2) (k3 2k) 3(k2 k 1). Since 3 is a factor of both terms,
it is a factor of the sum, so Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.
a1(1 rn)
21. Pn: The sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence with first term a1 and common ratio r 1 is .
1r
a1(1 r1) a ( 1 rk)
P1 is true: a1 . Now assume Pk is true so that a1 a1r … a1rk 1 1
.
1 r (1 r)
a1(l rk) a1(l rk) a1rk(l r)
Add a1rk to both sides: a1 a1r … a1rk 1 a1rk a1rk
(l r) 1r
a1 a1r a1r a1r
k k k 1
a1 a1rk 1
, so Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all positive integers n.
1r 1r
n
n(n 1) 1
12 k
k(k 1)
23. Pn: k 2 . P1 is true: k
k 1 1
k 1 . Now assume Pk is true: i .
2 i 1 2
k 1
k(k 1) k(k 1) 2(k 1) (k 1)(k 2)
Add (k 1) to both sides, and we have i 2 (k 1) 2 2 2
i 1
(k 1)((k 1) 1)
, so Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.
2
(n 3)(n 4) n(n2 3n 8) n(n 1)(n2 3n 4)
25. 125,250 27. 29. 3.44
1010 31. 33.
2 3 4
35. The inductive step does not work for 2 people. Sending them alternately out of the room leaves 1 person (and one blood type) each time, but
we cannot conclude that their blood types will match each other.
37. False. Mathematical induction is used to show that a statement Pn is true for all positive integers. 39. E 41. B
43. Pn: 2 is a factor of (n 1)(n 2). P1 is true because 2 is a factor of (2)(3). Now assume Pk is true so that 2 is a factor of
(k 1)(k 2). Then [(k 1) 1][(k 1) 2] (k 2)(k 3) k2 5k 6 k2 3k 2 2k 4
(k 1)(k 2) 2(k 2). Since 2 is a factor of both terms of this sum, it is a factor of the sum, and so Pk 1 is true.
Therefore, Pn is true for all positive integers n.
45. Given any two consecutive integers, one of them must be even. Therefore, their product is even. Since n 1 and n 2 are
consecutive integers, their product is even. Therefore, 2 is a factor of (n 1)(n 2).
n 1
47. Pn: Fn 2 1 Fk. P1 is true since F1 2 1 F3 1 2 1 1, which equals k
k 1 1
Fk 1.
k
Now assume that Pk is true: Fk 2 1 Fi. Then F(k 1) 2 1 Fk 3 1 Fk 1 Fk 2 1
i 1
k k 1
(Fk 2 1) Fk 1 i 1 Fi
Fk 1 i 1 Fi, so Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.
49. Pn: a 1 is a factor of an 1. P1 is true because a 1 is a factor of a 1. Now assume Pk is true so that a 1 is a factor of ak 1. Then
ak 1 1 a ak 1 a(ak 1) (a 1). Since a 1 is a factor of both terms in the sum, it is a factor of the sum, and so Pk 1 is
true. Therefore, Pn is true for all positive integers n.
51. Pn: 3n 4 n for n 2. P2 is true since 3 2 4 2. Now assume that Pk is true: 3k 4 k.
Then 3(k 1) 4 3k 3 4 (3k 4) 3 k 3 k 1, so Pk 1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 2.
53. Use P3 as the anchor and obtain the inductive step by representing any n-gon as the union of a triangle and an (n 1)-gon.
SECTION 9.7
Exploration 1
1. The average is about 12.8. 3. Alaska, Colorado, Georgia, Texas, and Utah
Quick Review 9.7

1. 15.48% 3. 14.44% 5. 1723 7. $235 thousand 9. 1 million
Exercises 9.7
1. 0 5 8 9 3. Males 5. Males Females
1 3 4 6 6 3 0 3 0 6
2 3 6 8 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 8
3 3 9 7 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 7 1 2
4 7 7 5 6 7 7 9 9
5 8 0 0
6 1
61 is an outlier.
7. 9. 11.
Life expectancy Frequency
(years)
60.0–64.9 2
65.0–69.9 4
70.0–74.9 6 [50, 80] by [–1, 9] [0, 60] by [–1, 5]
13. 15. 17. The top male’s earnings appear to be grow-

ing exponentially, with unusually high earn-
ings in 1999 and 2000. Since the graph only
shows the earnings of the top player (as
opposed to a mean or median for all players),
[–1.5, 17] by [–2, 80] [1965, 2008] by [–1000, 11000] it can behave strangely if the top player has a
[–1, 25] by [–5, 60]
very good year—as Tiger Woods did in 1999
and 2000.
19. After approaching parity 21. The two home run hitters enjoyed similar success.
in 1985, the top PGA
player’s earnings have
grown much faster than
the top LPGA player’s
earnings, even if the
[1965, 2008] by [–1000, 11000] unusually good years for [–1, 25] by [–5, 60]
Tiger Woods (1999 and
2000) are not considered
part of the trend.
23. (a) 28 2 (b) Interval Frequency (c) (d) Time is not a variable in the data.
29 3 7 25.0–29.9 3
30 30.0–34.9 11
31 6 7 35.0–39.9 6
32 7 8
33 5 5 5 8
34 2 8 8 [20, 45] by [–1, 13]
35 3 3 4
36 3 7
37
38 5
25. 27. False. The empty branches 29. C 31. A 35.

are important for visualizing
the distribution of the data.
[1890, 2010] by [–4, 40] [0, 13] by [–15, 40]
CA; NY, ■ TX
SECTION 9.8
Exploration 1
1. Figure (b)
Quick Review 9.8

1 1
1. x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 3. (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7) 5. [(x1 x )2 (x2 x )2 … (x5 x )2]
7 5
8
1 50
7.
i 1
xi fi 9. (xi x )2
50 i 1
Exercises 9.8
1. (a) statistic (b) parameter (c) statistic 3. 26.8 5. 60.12 7. 3.9 million 9. 15.2 satellites 11. 2
13. 30 runs/yr; 29.8 runs/yr; Mays 15. What-Next Fashion
17. median: 87.85; mode: None 19. 3.61 21. (a) 6.42°C (b) 6.49°C (c) The weighted average is the better indicator.
23. Willie Mays: Five-number summary: {4, 20, 31.5, 40, 52}; Range: 48; IQR: 20; No outliers;
Mickey Mantle: Five-number summary: {13, 21, 28.5, 37, 54}; Range: 41; IQR: 16; No outliers
25. {28.2, 31.7, 33.5, 35.3, 38.5}; 10.3; 3.6; No outliers
27. (a) (b)
[–3, 80] by [–1, 2] [–3, 80] by [–1, 2]
29. 3/11 31. (a) Mays (b) Mays 33. 9.08; 2 82.5 35. 186.62; 2 34828.12 37. 1.53; 2 2.34
39. no 41. (a) 68% (b) 2.5% (c) A parameter 43. False. The median is a resistant measure. 45. A 47. B
49. There are many possible answers; examples are given. (a) {2, 2, 2, 3, 6, 8, 20} (b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 48, 48} (c) {20, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
51. No 55. 75.9 years 57. 5%

1. 792 3. 18,564 5. 3,991,680 7. 43,670,016 9. 14,508,000 11. 8,217,822,536 13. 26 15. 325
17. (a) 5040; Meg Ryan (b) 778,377,600; Britney Spears 19. 32x5 80x4y 80x3y2 40x2y3 10xy4 y5
21. 243x10 405x8y3 270x6y6 90x4y9 15x2y12 y15
23. 512a27 2304a24b2 4608a21b4 5376a18b6 4032a15b8 2016a12b10 672a9b12 144a6b14 18a3b16 b18
25. 1320 27. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 29. {13, 16, 31, 36, 61, 63} 31. {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
33. {HHH, TTT} 35. 1/64 37. 1/4 39. 0.25 41. 0.24 43. 0.64 45. (a) 0.5 (b) 0.15 (c) 0.35 (d) 0.43
47. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; 39 49. 1, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14; 32 51. 5, 3.5, 2, 0.5, 1, 2.5; 11.5 53. 3, 1, 2, 1, 3, 4; 76
55. Arithmetic with d 2.5; an 14.5 2.5n 57. Geometric with r 1.2; an 10 (1.2)n1
59. Arithmetic with d 4.5; an 4.5n 15.5 61. an 3(4)n1; r 4 63. 4 65. 985.5 67. 21/8 69. 59,048

71. 3280.4 73. 75. $27,441.91 77. converges; 6 79. diverges 81. converges; 3
[0, 15] by [0, 2]

21
n(3n 5)
83. (5k 13)
k 1
85. (2k 1)2 or k
k 0 1
(2k 1)2
2
87.
89. 4650
n(n 1) n(n 1)(n 2) 1(1 1) 1(1 1)(1 2)

91. Pn:1 3 6 … . P1 is true: .
2 6 2 6
k(k 1) k(k 1)(k 2)
Now assume Pk is true: 1 3 6 … .
2 6
(k 1)(k 2) k(k 1) (k 1)(k 2) k(k 1)(k 2) (k 1)(k 2)
Add to both sides: 1 3 6 …
2 2 2 6 2
k3 (k 1)((k 1) 1)((k 1) 2)

k 1
(k 1)(k 2) (k 1)(k 2) 6 , so Pk1 is true.
6 2 6
Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.

93. Pn: 2n1 n!. P1 is true: 211 1! (they are equal). Now assume Pk is true: 2k1 k!.
Then 2(k1)1 2 2k1 2 k! (k 1)k! (k 1)!, so Pk1 is true. Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.
95. (a) (b) Price Frequency (c)
19 1 2
10 6 7 190,000–199,999 2
11 4 5 5 7 7 100,000–109,999 2
12 0 2 4 6 7 7 110,000–119,999 5
13 5 6 120,000–129,999 6
14 1 6 7 7 8 130,000–139,999 2 [8, 24] by [–1, 7]
15 4 8 140,000–149,999 5
16 1 4 150,000–159,999 2
17 0 6 160,000–169,999 2
18 170,000–179,999 2
19 210,000–219,999 1
20 230,000–239,999 1
21 9
22
23 4
97. (a) 12 0 0 4 4 (b) Length (in seconds) Frequency (c)

13 1 1 2 6 7 9 120–129 4
14 0 3 4 8 130–139 6
15 6 140–149 4
16 3 150–159 1
17 7 9 160–169 1
18 0 170–179 2 [120, 240] by [0, 7]
19 0 1 7 180–189 1
20 2 190–199 3
21 200–209 1
22 210–219 0
23 0 220–229 0
230–239 1
99. Five-number summary: {9.1, 11.7, 13.1, 15.4, 23.4}; Range: 14.3; IQR: 3.7; 3.19, 2 10.14; Outliers: 21.9 and 23.4
101. Five-number summary: {120, 131.5, 143.5, 179.5, 230}; Range: 110; IQR: 48; 29.9, 2 891.4; No outliers
103. (a) (b) 105. (a) (b)
[8, 24] by [–1, 1] [8, 4] by [–1, 1] [100, 250] by [–1, 1] [100, 250] by [–1, 1]
107. Earlier Later The songs released 109. Again, the data 111. 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
0 4 0 0 12 4 in the earlier years demonstrates 113. (a) 0.922 (b) 0.075
0 9 2 1 13 1 6 7 tended to be shorter. that songs
8 4 3 0 14 appearing later
15 6 tended to be
0 0 0 3 16 longer.
0 0 0 7 17 9 [–1, 25] by [100, 250]
18 0
19 0 1 7
20 2
21
22
23 0
Chapter 9 Project
Answers are based on the sample data shown in the table.
1. 5 3. 5. The data set is well distributed and probably does not have outliers.
5 9 7.
6 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
6 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9
7 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3
7 5
66 or 67 inches [59, 78] by [–1, 7]
[56, 78] by [–1, 7]
SECTION 10.1
Exploration 1
1. 3 3. They are the same.
Quick Review 10.1

3 1
1. 4/7 3. y (3/2)x 6 5. y 4 (x 1) 7. h 4 9.
4 2(h 2)
Exercises 10.1
1. 12 mi per hour 3. 3 5. 4a
7. 1 9. no tangent 11. 4 13. 12
[–7, 9] by [–1, 9] [–10, 11] by [–12, 2]
15. (a) 48 (b) 48 ft/sec
17. (a) 4 19. (a) 1
(b) y 2 4(x 1) (b) y x 5
(c) y (c) y
19 5
x
4
x
4
21. 1; 1; none 23. 4 25. 12 27. does not exist 29. 3
31. 6x 2 33. (a) 9 ft/sec; 15 ft/sec (b) f(x) 8.94x 2 0.05x 0.01, x time in seconds (c) 35.9 ft
[–0.1, 1] by [–0.1, 8]
35. (a) y (b) Since the graph of the function does not have a definable slope at x 2, the derivative of f does not
9 exist at x 2.
(c) Derivatives do not exist at points where functions have discontinuities.
x
5
37. (a) y (b) Since the graph of the function does not have a definable slope at x 2, the derivative of f does not
3 exist at x 2.
(c) Derivatives do not exist at points where functions have discontinuities.
x
5
39. Possible answer:

y
10
x
–1 5
–10
41. Possible answer: 43. The slope of the line is a; f(x) a

y 45. False; the instantaneous velocity is a limit of average velocities. It is nonzero when the ball is moving.
5 47. D 49. C
x
–1 5
–5
51. 53.
(a) No, there is no derivative (a) No, there is no derivative

because the graph has a because the graph has a
corner at x 0. vertical tangent (no slope)
(b) No at x 0.
[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1] (b) Yes, x 0
[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]
55. (a) 48 ft/sec (b) 96 ft/sec

57. y
1
x
10
SECTION 10.2
Exploration 1
1. 0.1 gal; 1 gal 3. 0.000000001 gal; 1 gal
Quick Review 10.2

1 1 9 25 9 49 81 25 65 505
1. , , , 2, , , , 8, , 3. 5. 7. 228 miles 9. 4,320,000 ft3
8 2 8 8 2 8 8 2 2 2
Exercises 10.2
1. 195 mi 3. 540,000 ft3 5. 2176 km 7. 13; Answers will vary. 9. 13; Answers will vary. 11. 32.5
0, 2 , 2 , 1, 1, 2 , 2 , 2

1 1 3 3
13.
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 5 5 7 7
15. 1, , , 2 , 2, , , 3 , 3, , , 4
17. (a) y (b) y (c) y (d) Average: 22

18 18 18
x x x
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
RRAM: 30 LRAM: 14
19. (a) y (b) y (c) y (d) Average: 10

5 5 5
x x x
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
RRAM: 10 LRAM: 10
21. 20 23. 37.5 25. 16.5 27. 2 29. 2 31. 2 33. 1 35. 4 37. 4 39. 8k 12 41. 24 4k 45. 64 ft
47. (a) 49. (a)
[0, 3] by [0, 50] [0, 2] by [–50, 0]
(b) t 1.5 sec (c) 36 ft (b) 33.86 ft

1
1
51. True; the exact area is given by the limit as n → . 53. A 55. C 57. (x 1) dx 59. true 61. false 63. false
0 2
SECTION 10.3
Exploration 2
1. 50; 0
Quick Review 10.3

3 1
1. (a) (b) (c) undefined 3. (a) x 2 and x 2 (b) y 2 5. (b) 7. (a) [2, ) (b) None
64 16
9. y
5
x
4
Exercises 10.3
1
1. 4 3. 7 5. 7
7. 0 9. a2 2 11. (a) Division by zero (b)
13. (a) Division by zero (b) 3
6
15. (a) Division by zero (b) 4 17. (a) The square root of negative numbers is not defined in the real plane. (b) The limit does not exist.
19. 1 21. 0 23. 2 25. ln
27. (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) none 29. (a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 4 31. (a) true (b) true (c) false (d) False (e) false (f) false (g) false
(h) true (i) false ( j) true 33. (a) 2.72 (b) 2.72 (c) 2.72 35. (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 16 (d) 2
37. (a) y 39. (a) y
9 8
x
x 4
4
(b) 0; 0 (b) 0; 3
(c) 0 (c) Does not exist; lim f (x) lim f (x)
x→0 x→0
41. 2 43. 0 45. 1 47. 0; 0 49. ∞; 1 51. (a) (b) 53. (a) Undefined (b) 0 55. ∞; x 3 57. ∞; x 2
1
59. ∞; x 5 61. 3 63. 1 65. ∞ 67. 0 69. undefined 71. 73. False; lim f(x) 5 75. B 77. C
2 x→3
79. (a) y 81. (a) y

1 2
x
π
x
1
(b) (, 0) (0, ) (b) (1, 0) (0, 1)

(c) x (c) x 1
(d) x (d) x 1
57.71
83. (a) (b) f(x) ,
0.19x where x the number
1 6.39e
of months; lim f(x) 57.71
x→
(c) It’s about 58,000.
[–2, 25] by [0, 60]
85. y 87. y
5 x= 4 5 x= 2
y= 2
x
15
x
8
x= 1
89. (d) (e) (f) One possible answer:

n A

n A 180
lim A lim nh 2 tan
1111< 4 4 1111< 4 36 n→ n→ n
1111,18 29.823
n
1111,18 3.3137 180

1111,16 3.1826 1111,16 28.643 h 2 lim n tan
n→
111,100 3.1426 111,100 28.284 h 2 h 2
111,500 3.1416 111,500 28.275 As the number of sides of the polygon increases, the dis-
111,000 3.1416 111,000 28.274 tance between h and the edge of the circle becomes pro-
115,000 3.1416 115,000 28.274 gressively smaller. As n → , h→ radius of the circle.
110,000 3.1416 110,000 28.274
100,000 3.1416 100,000 28.274
(e) Yes, A → as n → . As n → , A → 9.

2x 4 2(x 2)
91. (a) y (b) y 2
x2 x2
5 (c) y 2
x
5
x3 1 (x 1)(x x 1)
2
93. (a) y (b) y
x1 x1
8
x2 x 1
(c) y x 2 x 1
x
5
SECTION 10.4
Exploration 1
sin x dx; sum(seq(sin(0 K*/50)*/50, K, 1, 50)) 1.999341983; fnInt(sin(X), X, 0, ) 2

1. 1.364075504 3.
0
Quick Review 10.4

1. 5 3. 2/3 5. 3 7. 0.5403 9. 1.000
Exercises 10.4
1. 4 3. 12 5. 0 7. 1.0000 9. 3.0000 11. 64/3 13. 2 15. 0 17. 1 19. 3.1416 21. 106.61 mi
23. (a) 50 ft/sec (b) (c) s(t) 16.08t 2

0.36t 499.77
(d) 47.88 ft/sec
(e) 179.28 ft/sec
[–1, 6] by [0, 550]
25. (a) Midpoint s/t (b) (c) Approx. 47.95 ft/sec; this is close to the
0.25 10 results in Exercise 23.
0.75 20
1.25 40
1.75 60
2.25 70
2.75 90 [0, 6] by [–180, 20]
3.25 100
3.75 120
4.25 140
4.75 150
5.25 170
27. 100 ft
31. (b) N LRAM RRAM Average 33. (b) N LRAM RRAM Average
110 15.04 19.84 17.44 110 7.84 11.04 9.44
120 16.16 18.56 17.36 120 8.56 10.16 9.36
150 16.86 17.82 17.34 150 9.02 9.66 9.34
100 17.09 17.57 17.33 100 9.17 9.49 9.33
(c) fnInt gives 17.33; at N100, the average is 17.3344. (c) fnInt gives 9.33; at N100, the average is 9.3344.
110 98.24 112.64 105.44 110 7.70 8.12 7.91
120 101.76 108.96 105.36 120 7.81 8.02 7.91
150 103.90 106.78 105.34 150 7.87 7.95 7.91
100 104.61 106.05 105.33 100 7.89 7.93 7.91
(c) fnInt gives 105.33; at N100, the average is 105.3344. (c) fnInt gives 7.91, the same result as N100
110 1.08 0.92 1.00 110 0.56 0.62 0.59
120 1.04 0.96 1.00 120 0.58 0.61 0.59
150 1.02 0.98 1.00 150 0.59 0.60 0.59
100 1.01 0.99 1.00 100 0.59 0.60 0.59
(c) fnInt gives 1, the same result as N100. (c) fnInt 0.59, the same result as N100
43. True; the notation NDER refers to a symmetric difference quotient using h 0.001. 45. B 47. C
49. (a) 4x 3 (b) 3x2 (c) 11.002, 11 (d) The symmetric method provides a closer approximation to f(2) 11.
(e) 12.006001; 12.000001; symmetric
51. The values of f (0 h) and f (0 h) are the same. 53. (a) 4 (b) 19.67
57. (b) x A(x) (c) y x3 (d) The exact value of A(x) for any x greater
0.25 0.0156 than zero appears to be x3.
0.5 0.125 (e) A(x) 3x2
1 1
1.5 3.375
2 8
2.5 15.625 [0, 5] by [–5, 30] [–2, 5] by [–5, 30]
3 27

1. (a) 2 (b) Does not exist 3. (a) 2 (b) 2
5. 1 7. 7 9. 0 11. 0 13. ∞ 15. ∞

1 1
17. 19. f has vertical asymptotes at x 1 and x 5; f has a horizontal asymptote at y 0 21. 8 23. 25. 1
4 9

1 x3
if x 1
27. y x 1
3 if x 1
29. 9 31. (a) 8.01 (b) 8
33. 1; y x 1 35. 10x 7

37. LRAM: 42.2976; RRAM: 40.3776; 41.3376
39. (a) (b) 1990 to 1991: 2.4 cents per year; 1997 to 1998: 17.5 cents per year (c) 1999 to 2000
(d) 1997 to 1998 (e) y 3.0270x 104.6700 (f) y 0.0048x3 0.3659x2 2.4795x
116.2006
[–5, 15] by [0, 200]
[–5, 15] by [0, 200] [–5, 15] by [0, 200]
(g) 1997:3.3; 1998:4.3; 1999:5.3; 2000:6.3 (h) 203.4 cents per gallon. Could be higher.
Chapter 10 Project
1.
3. y 271661.8371 (1.0557797t)
5. Regression model predictions: 2,382,109; 4,099,161; 7,053,883. The web site predictions are probably more
reasonable, since the scatter plot in Question 1 of this project suggests that growth in recent years has been
fairly linear.
[–5, 35] by [0, 2000000]
APPENDIX A
Appendix A.1
4 4 4
1. 9 or 9 3. 4 5. or 7. 12 9. 6 11. 13. 4 15. 2.5 17. 729 19. 0.25 21. 2 23. 1.3
3 3 3
x3
5
x
2y
32
29. 52
31. xy 2
2 33. x 2y
3y2 35. 2x 2 37. 24
39. 41.
3 4 5 3
25. 2.1
27. 122 x 3
x y
a x
5 1/x5 2 x 57. a17/30
4 3 3 4 8 15
43. (a 2b)2/3 45. 2x5/3y1/3 47. 3b 49. 51. x 53. y 55. a
x 2x
3
x
65. 3y 2/ x3 67. x
4
59. 3a2b2 (b 0) 61. 4x 4y 2 63. 6x2y 2 /2 69. 71. 0 73. (x 2 y )x

x y y
n
75. 77. 79. 81. 83. 3.48 sec 85. If n is even, then there are two real nth roots of a (when a 0):
a
n
and a.
Appendix A.2
1. 3x2 2x 1; degree 2 3. x7 1; degree 7 5. no 7. yes 9. 4x2 2x 4 11. 3x3 x2 9x 3 13. 2x3 2x2 6x
15. 12u2 3u 17. 15x3 5x2 10x 19. x2 3x 10 21. 3x2 x 10 23. 9x 2 y 2 25. 9x2 24xy 16y2
27. 8u3 12u2v 6uv2 v3 29. 4x6 9y2 31. x3 2x2 5x 12 33. x4 2x3 x2 2x 3 35. x2 2
37. u v, u 0 and v 0 39. x3 8 41. 5(x 3) 43. yz(z2 3z 2) 45. (z 7)(z 7) 47. (8 5y)(8 5y)
49. (y 4)2 51. (2z 1)2 53. (y 2)(y2 2y 4) 55. (3y 2)(9y2 6y 4) 57. (1 x)(1 x x2) 59. (x 2)(x 7) 61.
(z 8)(z 3) 63. (2u 5)(7u 1) 65. (3x 5)(4x 3) 67. (2x 5y)(3x 2y) 69. (x 4)(x2 5) 71. (x2 3)(x4 1)
73. (c 3d )(2a b) 75. x(x2 1) 77. 2y(3y 4)2 79. y(4 y)(4 y) 81. y(1 y)(5 2y) 83. 2(5x 4)(5x 2)
85. 2(2x 5)(3x 2) 87. (2a b)(c 2d) 89. (x 3)(x 2)(x 2) 91. (2ac bc) (2ad bd) c(2a b) d(2a b)
(2a b)(c d); Neither of the groupings (2ac bd) and (2ad bc) have a common factor to remove.
Appendix A.3
5 30 5 1
1. 3. 5. 7. 9. All real numbers 11. x 4 or [4, ∞) 13. x 0 and x 3 15. x 2 and x 1
3 77 6 10
17. x 0 19. 8x 2 21. x 2 23. x2 7x 12 25. x 3 2x2 27. (x 2)(x 7) cancels out during simplification; the restriction
indicates that the values 2 and 7 were not valid in the original expression. 29. No factors were removed from the expression. 31. (x
3) ends up in the numerator of the simplified expression; the restriction reminds us that it began in the denominator so that 3 is not allowed.
6x2 x2 z y 5 4z2 2z 1 1 x2 3
33. , x 0 35. , x 0 37. , z 3 39. , y 6 41. , z 43. , x 2
5 x 2 z 3 y 3 z3 2 x2
x 1
45. , x 1
3
1 2(x 1) 1 1 2 3(x 3)
47. , x 1 and x 3 49. 51. , y 5, y 5, and y 53. 55. , x 0 and y 0
x3 x y 2 x 28
x 2x 2 1 x2 xy y2
57. , x 0 and y 0 59. 61. , x 0 and x 3 63. , x y, x 0, and y 0
4(x 3) x5 3x xy
x3 1 2x h 1 xy
65. , x 4 and x 67. , h 0 69. a b, a 0, b 0, and a b 71. , x y 73.
x3 2 x2(x h)2 xy xy
APPENDIX C
Appendix C.1
1. (a) False statement (b) Not a statement (c) False statement (d) Not a statement (e) Not a statement (f) Not a statement (g) True
statement (h) Not a statement (i) Not a statement ( j) Not a statement 3. (a) There is no natural number x such that x 8 11.
(b) There exists a natural number x such that x 0 x. (c) There is no natural x such that x2 4. (d) There exists a natural number x such
that x 1 x 2. 5. (a) The book does not have 500 pages. (b) Six is not less than eight. (c) 3 • 5 15 (d) No people have blond hair.
(e) Some dogs do not have four legs. (f) All cats have nine lives. (g) Some squares are not rectangles. (h) All rectangles are squares.
(i) There exists a natural number x such that x 3 3 x. (j) For all natural numbers x, 3 • (x 2) 12. (k) Not every counting number is
divisible by itself and 1. (l) All natural numbers are divisible by 2. (m) For some natural number x, 5x 4x 9x. 7. (a) F (b) T (c) T
(d) F (e) F (f) T (g) F (h) F (i) F (j) F 9. (a) R S (b) Q Q (c)
R Q (d) P R S 11. (a) The statements (p q) and p
q are equivalent, and the statements ( p q) and p q are equivalent. (b) The corresponding DeMorgan Laws for sets are P
Q

P Q and P
Q P Q. The analogy comes from letting p mean “x is a member of P” and letting q mean “x is a member of Q.” Then, for
the first law, ( p q) means “x is a member of P Q,” which is equivalent to “x is a member of P Q,” which translates into p q.
13 (a) Today is not Wednesday or the month is not June. (b) I did not eat breakfast yesterday, or I did not watch television yesterday. (c) It is not
true that both it is raining and it is July.
Appendix C.2
1. (a) p → q (b) p → q (c) p → q (d) p → q (e) q → p (f) q ↔ p 3. (a) Converse: If you’re good in sports, then you eat
Meaties; Inverse: If you don’t eat Meaties, then you’re not good in sports; Contrapositive: If you’re not good in sports, then you don’t eat Meaties.
(b) Converse: If you don’t like mathematics, then you don’t like this book; Inverse: If you like this book, then you like mathematics;
Contrapositive: If you like mathematics, then you like this book. (c) Converse: If you have cavities, then you don’t use Ultra Brush toothpaste;
Inverse: If you use Ultra Brush toothpaste, then you don’t have cavities; Contrapositive: If you don’t have cavities, then you use Ultra Brush
toothpaste. (d) Converse: If your grades are high, then you’re good at logic; Inverse: If you’re not good at logic, then your grades aren’t high;
Contrapositive: If your grades aren’t high, then you’re not good at logic. 5. (a) T (b) T (c) F (d) F (e) T (f) F 7. No
9. If a number is not a multiple of 4, then it is not a multiple of 8. 11. (a) p is false. (b) p is false. (c) q can be true, and in fact q true and p
false makes p → q true and is the only way for q → p to be false. 13. (a) Helen is poor. (b) Some freshmen are intelligent. (c) If I study
for the final, then I will look for a teaching job. (d) There exist triangles that are isosceles. 15. (a) If a figure is a square, then it is a rectan-
gle. (b) If a number is an integer, then it is a rational number. (c) If a figure has exactly three sides, then it may be a triangle. (d) If it rains,
then it is cloudy.

Section 8.1: Exploration 1

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SELECTED ANSWERS 983

y=4 y=4 y=4

Quick Review 8.1

[–3, 4] by [–2, 20]

35. y 37. 39. 41.

43. 45. 47.

[–2, 6] by [–40, 5] [–22, 26] by [–19, 13] [–13, 11] by [–10, 6]

73. (a) Axis Generator (b) (c) Axis

Circle Single line

[–0.3, 1.5] by [0, 1.2]

Quick Review 8.2

[–9.4, 9.4] by [–6.2, 6.2] [–17, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]

[–8, 2] by [0, 10]

63. (a) Approximate solutions: (1.04, 0.86), (1.37, 0.73)

71. (a) When a  b  r, A  ab  rr  r2 and P  (2r)  (3 (4r)(4r

[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]

Quick Review 8.3

Vertices: (3, 2), (3, 4);

59. (2, 0), (4, 33

[–9.4, 9.4] by [–6.2, 6.2]

63. True, because c – a  ae a. 65. B 67. B

69. (a–d) y (e) x2/9 y2/16  1

[–6.4, 12.4] by [–11.2, 1.2] [–19.8, 17.8] by [–8.4, 16.4]

31. The horizontal distance from O to P is x  h  x  x  h, and the vertical distance is y  k  y  y  k.

[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1] [– 4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]

[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1] [– 4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]

[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1] [– 4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]

[–12, 24] by [–12, 12]

Quick Review 8.5

[–10, 20] by [–10, 10] [–7.5, 7.5] by [–7, 3] [–5, 5] by [– 4, 2]

[–6, 14] by [–7, 6] [–13, 14] by [–13, 5] [–3, 12] by [–5, 5]

51. (c) Planet Perihelion distance (AU) Aphelion distance (AU)

9. Center: (1, 3); Radius: 2

19. z 21. 23. 2, 4, 8

53. r  x1  (x2 x1)t, y1  (y2 y1)t, z1  (z2 z1)t

CHAPTER 8 REVIEW EXERCISES

27. y 29. See proof on page 635.

[0, 25] by [0, 17] [–8, 12] by [–5, 15]

[–24, 20] by [–20, 15]

[–8, 3] by [–10, 10] [–8, 8] by [–11, 0]

The value a is the semimajor axis, and b is the semiminor axis.

[0.4, 0.75] by [–0.7, 0.7]

[–0.1, 1.4] by [–1, 1] [0.4, 0.75] by [–0.7, 0.7]

Quick Review 9.1

Quick Review 9.2

n n 0 n n1 1 n n2 2 ... n 0 n n n n n

p = 0.006 p = 0.003 – p = 0.00002

Quick Review 9.3

51. (a) y y (b) an q 2

55. a1  [1 1], a2  [1 2], a3  [2 3], a4  [3 5], a5  [5 8],

Quick Review 9.5

Quick Review 9.6

Quick Review 9.7

13. 15. 17. The top male’s earnings appear to be grow-

25. 27. False. The empty branches 29. C 31. A 35.

[1890, 2010] by [–4, 40] [0, 13] by [–15, 40]

Quick Review 9.8

[–3, 80] by [–1, 2] [–3, 80] by [–1, 2]

CHAPTER 9 REVIEW EXERCISES

[0, 15] by [0, 2]

n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2) 1(1  1) 1(1  1)(1  2)

Therefore, Pn is true for all n  1.

97. (a) 12 0 0 4 4 (b) Length (in seconds) Frequency (c)

63. (a) Approximate solutions: (1.04, 0.86), (1.37, 0.73)

71. (a) When a b r, A ab rr r2 and P (2r) (3 (4r)(4r

59. (2, 0), (4, 33

63. True, because c – a ae a. 65. B 67. B

69. (a–d) y (e) x2/9 y2/16 1

31. The horizontal distance from O to P is x h x x h, and the vertical distance is y k y y k.

19. z 21. 23. 2, 4, 8

53. r x1 (x2 x1)t, y1 (y2 y1)t, z1 (z2 z1)t

55. a1 [1 1], a2 [1 2], a3 [2 3], a4 [3 5], a5 [5 8],

n(n 1) n(n 1)(n 2) 1(1 1) 1(1 1)(1 2)

Therefore, Pn is true for all n 1.

(b) y 2 4(x 1) (b) y x 5

41. Possible answer: 43. The slope of the line is a; f(x) a

0, 2 , 2 , 1, 1, 2 , 2 , 2

(b) t 1.5 sec (c) 36 ft (b) 33.86 ft

19. 1 21. 0 23. 2 25. ln

1111,18 3.3137 180

(e) Yes, A → as n → . As n → , A → 9.

23. (a) 50 ft/sec (b) (c) s(t) 16.08t 2

33. 1; y x 1 35. 10x 7