American University of Beirut

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

EECE340 Signals and Systems

Lecture 13: General DT LTI systems

Fadi Karameh
June 2020
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
• We have so far assumed that the DT system is
causal, that is y[n] cannot depend on
x[n+1],x[n+2] etc..

• What if the system is noncausal, that is:

𝒚 𝒏 = 𝓕 𝒙 𝒏 − 𝒊 ,𝒙 𝒏 + 𝒊 𝒊≥𝟎?

𝑦 𝑛 = 0.5 𝑥 𝑛 + 2𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥[𝑛 + 1]

here the term x n + 1 introduces a noncausal dependence

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
𝑦 𝑛 = 0.5 𝑥 𝑛 + 2𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥[𝑛 + 1]

• The corresponding unit sample response is

h 𝑛 = 0.5 𝛿 𝑛 + 2𝛿 𝑛 − 1 + 𝛿[𝑛 + 1] 2

0.5
1

-1 0 1 n

Note : h −1 = 1, that is the system responds

to an impulse before the impulse arrives at n=0
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 Example: DT imaging

3D plot of blurring

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑥(𝑡)

Blurring effect of Lens

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 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2

𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
A blurring effect of the lens could be
described as 𝑎2 𝑎 1 𝑎 𝑎2
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
(a<1) 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2

In one dimension, a blurring effect is a “mask”

1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
𝑎2

-2 -1 0 1 2 n EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 𝑥[𝑛] y[𝑛]
𝑕𝑛
𝑕𝑛
1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
2
𝑎

-2 -1 0 1 2 n

𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 + 1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑛 − 2 + 𝑎2 𝑥[𝑛 + 2]

𝑦𝑛 = 𝑕 𝑘 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑘]
𝑘=−2
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 General DT LTI system representation
∞

𝑦𝑛 = 𝑕 𝑘 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑘] ≜ 𝑕 𝑛 ∗ 𝑥[𝑛]
𝑘=−∞

where 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑕 𝑛 are defined over − ∞ < 𝑛 < ∞

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 ∞

𝑦𝑛 = 𝑕 𝑘 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑘] ≜ 𝑕 𝑛 ∗ 𝑥[𝑛]
𝑘=−∞
• DT convolution properties:
1. Commutative:
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑕 𝑛 ∗ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 ∗ 𝑕[𝑛]

(either h or x is the DT sequence representing the system )

𝑥[𝑛] y[𝑛]
𝑕𝑛 h[𝑛] y[𝑛]
𝑥𝑛

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

• DT convolution properties:
2. Associative:
𝑦 𝑛 =𝑕 𝑛 ∗ 𝑔 𝑛 ∗𝑥 𝑛 = (𝑕 𝑛 ∗ 𝑔[𝑛]) ∗ 𝑥 𝑛

can find an equivalent DT system 𝑕𝑒𝑞 𝑛 = 𝑕 𝑛 ∗ 𝑔[𝑛]

𝑥[𝑛] y[𝑛]
g𝑛 h𝑛

𝑥[𝑛] y[𝑛]
𝑕𝑒𝑞 𝑛
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
• DT convolution properties:
3. Distributive:
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑕 𝑛 ∗ 𝑚 𝑛 +𝑥 𝑛 =𝑕 𝑛 ∗𝑚+𝑕 𝑛 ∗𝑥 𝑛

can apply superposition

(e.g. to find response for periodic inputs
as sums of complex exponentials)

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 General DT sequences
• Right sided sequence:

1 𝑛
𝑥𝑛 = 𝑢[𝑛 +2]
2

-2
• Left-sided sequence:

𝑥 𝑛 = 2 𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]
-1

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 General DT sequences
• Double sided sequence:
𝑛
1
𝑥𝑛 =
2
0
• Finite sequence:

𝑥 𝑛 = 0, 𝑛 >𝑀
-M M

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 General DT Linear difference equations
𝑀 𝑁

𝑎𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑚 = 𝑏𝑙 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑙
𝑚=−𝑀 𝑙=−𝑁

Solutions are generally characterized in terms of transfer

functions

Need to allow for non-causal, infinite length DT

impulse responses.

Need to introduce Z transform of double-sided signals,

 Bilateral Z transform
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 Bilateral Z transform
• Given a DT sequence, 𝑥 𝑛 , −∞ < 𝑛 < ∞
Define its Bilateral Z transform as
∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧 −𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ∈ 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑛=−∞
𝑧 ∈ 𝑅𝑂𝐶

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

• Examples
1 𝑛
Find the Z Transform of 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢[𝑛]
2
∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
∞ 𝑛
1 ∞
1 −1
𝑛
= 𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑧
2 2
𝑛=0 𝑛=0

1
= 1 −1 1
1 f𝑜𝑟 𝑧 <1 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 >
1 − 𝑧 −1 2 2
2

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 1 𝑛
• Find the Z transform of 𝑥 𝑛 = − 2
𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]

-4
-2
…
-2 -1
. . .
0 1 2 n

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 1 𝑛
• Find the Z transform of 𝑥 𝑛 = − 2
𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]
∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
∞ 𝑛
1
𝑋 𝑧 =− 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]𝑧 −𝑛
2
𝑛=−∞
−1 𝑛 −1 𝑛
1 1 −1
=− 𝑧 −𝑛 =− 𝑧
2 2
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
∞ ∞
𝑛 𝑛
=− 2𝑧 =1− 2𝑧
𝑛=1 𝑛=0
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 1 𝑛
• Find the Z transform of 𝑥 𝑛 = − 2
𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]

∞
𝑛
𝑋(𝑧) = 1 − 2𝑧
𝑛=0

1
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 2𝑧 < 1 or 𝑧 <
=1− 2
1 − 2𝑧

−2𝑧
=
1 − 2𝑧
1
= 1
1 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑧 <
1 − 𝑧 −1 2
2
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 1 𝑛 𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑥
𝑥 𝑛 =− 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]
2
1
𝑋(𝑧) = 1 1
1 −1 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑧 <
1− 𝑧 2 2
2

𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑦
1 𝑛
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑢[𝑛]
2
1 1
𝑌(𝑧) = 1
1 −1 ROC: 𝑧 > 2
1− 𝑧 2
2

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

• Therefore, the Bilateral Z transform is unique
only when the ROC is specified.
ROC: 𝑧 < 𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 = − 𝑎 𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]

(left-sided sequence)
𝑎

1
𝑋(𝑧) =
1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛 𝑢[𝑛]
(right-sided sequence)
ROC: 𝑧 > 𝑎 𝑎
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
• Example: Double sided sequences

𝑥 𝑛 = 3 𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] + 2 𝑛 𝑢[𝑛]

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 [𝑛] 𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑥

3
−1 2 3
𝑋1 (𝑧) = 1
1 − 3𝑧 −1 𝑋2 (𝑧) =
1 − 2𝑧 −1
ROC: 𝑧 < 3 ROC: 𝑧 > 2
Doughnut
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑋1 𝑧 + 𝑋2 (𝑧)
𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑥 2 < 𝑧 < 3 EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
• Example: Double sided sequences

𝑥 𝑛 = 2 𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] + 3 𝑛 𝑢[𝑛]
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 [𝑛]

−1 3
𝑋1 (𝑧) = 1 2 3
1 − 2𝑧 −1 𝑋2 (𝑧) =
1 − 3𝑧 −1
ROC: 𝑧 < 2 ROC: 𝑧 > 3

𝑋 𝑧 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

𝑅𝑂𝐶𝑥 = Φ
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 Properties of Bilateral Z transform
• Most follow the properties of unilateral Z
(before)

• Main exception: forward shift

𝑍 𝑍
𝑥𝑛 𝑋(𝑧) y 𝑛 =𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑌 𝑧 =?
∞ ∞

𝑌 𝑧 = 𝑥[𝑛 + 1]𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑧 𝑥[𝑛 + 1]𝑧 −(𝑛+1)

𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
= 𝑧𝑋(𝑧)
(initial conditions don’t matter) EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 Application to LDEs
• DT LTI system
𝑦 𝑛 + 1 + 2𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 1 + 3𝑥[𝑛]

Applying (Bilateral) Z transform:

𝑧𝑌 𝑧 + 2𝑌 𝑧 = 𝑧𝑋 𝑧 + 3𝑋(𝑧)
𝑌(𝑧) 𝑧 + 3 1 + 3𝑧 −1
=𝐻 𝑧 = =
𝑋(𝑧) 𝑧 + 2 1 + 2𝑧 −1
𝑧 −1
𝐻 𝑧 =1+
1 + 2𝑧 −1 EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 𝑦 𝑛 + 1 + 2𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 1 + 3𝑥[𝑛]

𝑧 −1
𝐻 𝑧 =1+
1 + 2𝑧 −1

𝛿𝑛 ??

1
𝐻1 𝑧 =
1 + 2𝑧 −1 noncausal

If ROC: 𝑧 < 2 𝑕1 𝑛 = − −2 𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]

if ROC: 𝑧 > 2 𝑕1 𝑛 = −2 𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] causal

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
• Therefore need more information on the LDE
𝑦 𝑛 + 1 + 2𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 1 + 3𝑥[𝑛]

– if system is causal then

0

𝑕 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 + 𝑕1 𝑛 − 1 = 𝛿 𝑛 + −2 𝑛−1 𝑢[𝑛 − 1]

– Otherwise, if non causal

𝑕 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 + 𝑕1 𝑛 − 1 = 𝛿 𝑛 − −2 𝑛−1 𝑢[−𝑛]

0
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
• If we know that the system is BIBO stable
∞

𝑕[𝑘] < ∞
𝑘=−∞

For causal, 𝑕 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 + −2 𝑛−1 𝑢 𝑛−1

𝑕[𝑛] → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞ (right sided sequence)

For noncausal , 𝑕 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 − −2 𝑛−1 𝑢 −𝑛

𝑕[𝑛] → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → −∞ (left sided sequence)

Therefore, this system is BIBO stable only if

it is noncausal EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 Stability of General DT LTI systems
Assume that a DT LTI system is describe by

𝑧 1 1
𝐻 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶 ∶ < 𝑧 <
1 1 6 3
𝑧+ 𝑧−
3 6
1. Find the corresponding LDE and unit sample
response.
2. Is the system causal?
3. Is the system stable?

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 𝑧 𝑌(𝑧)
𝐻 𝑧 = =
1 1 𝑋(𝑧)
𝑧+ 𝑧−
3 6

1 1
(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − ) 𝑌(𝑧) = 𝑧𝑋(𝑧)
6 18

Corresponding LDE is :
1 1
𝑦 𝑛 + 2 + 𝑦 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥[𝑛 + 1]
6 18

To find h[n]:
𝑧 −1 −2 2
𝐻 𝑧 = = +
1 1 1 −1 1
1 + 𝑧 −1 1 − 𝑧 −1 1+ 𝑧 1 − 𝑧 −1
3 6 3 6

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 𝑧 −1 −2 2
𝐻 𝑧 = = +
1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
1+ 𝑧 𝑧− 𝑧 1+ 𝑧 1− 𝑧
3 6 3 6
1 1
𝑅𝑂𝐶 ∶ < 𝑧 < = 𝐻1 𝑧 + 𝐻2 (𝑧)
6 3

−2 1
𝐻1 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶1 ∶ 𝑧 <
1 3
1 + 𝑧 −1
3

2 1
𝐻2 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶2 : 𝑧 >
1 −1 6
1− 𝑧
6

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 −2 1
𝐻1 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶1 ∶ 𝑧 <  left sided sequence
1 −1 3
1+ 𝑧
3
𝑛
1
𝑕1 𝑛 = 2 −
3
𝑢 −𝑛 − 1  Noncausal (𝑕 𝑛 ≠ 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0)

2 1
𝐻2 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶2 : 𝑧 >  right- sided sequence
1 6
1 − 𝑧 −1
6
𝑛
1 (𝑕 𝑛 = 0 ∀ 𝑛 < 0)
𝑕2 𝑛 = 2 𝑢𝑛  causal
6
𝑛 𝑛
1 1
𝑕 𝑛 = 𝑕1 𝑛 + 𝑕2 𝑛 = 2 − 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 + 2 𝑢𝑛
3 6
h[n] is non causal EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 2 1 𝑅𝑂𝐶2
𝐻2 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶2 : 𝑧 >
1 −1 6
1− 𝑧
6
𝟏
𝑛 𝟔
1
𝑕2 𝑛 = 2 𝑢𝑛
6

decaying
𝑕2 [𝑛] 2
2 1
𝑛
2 2 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞
6 6
36
BIBO stable
𝑛
1 2
3 𝑕2 [𝑛] < ∞
-1 0

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 −2 1
𝐻1 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶1 ∶ 𝑧 <
1 −1 3
1+ 𝑧 𝑅𝑂𝐶1
3

𝑛
1 𝟏
𝑕1 𝑛 = 2 − 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 𝟑
3

𝑕1 [𝑛] 2*72
2*9 growing
𝑛
1
2 − → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → −∞
3
-3 -2 -1 0
𝑛 NOT BIBO stable
-2*3 𝑕1 [𝑛] → ∞
-2*27
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
• Therefore

𝑧 −1 1 1
𝐻 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶 ∶ < 𝑧 <
1 −1 1 −1 6 3
1+ 𝑧 𝑧− 𝑧
3 6

 is not causal since the pole at z=-1/3 resulted from

a left sided sequence
 is not stable since the pole at z=-1/3 leads to instability

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

• How could we have chosen the poles to make
it stable?

𝑧 −1
𝐻 𝑧 = 1 1
1 1
1 + 𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 𝑅𝑂𝐶 ∶ < 𝑧 <
3 6 6 3
3
+3

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 −2
𝐻3 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶3 ∶ 𝑧 <3
1 + 3𝑧 −1
𝑅𝑂𝐶3

𝑕3 𝑛 = 2 −3 𝑛 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 3

𝑕3 [𝑛]
2*(1/9) decaying
2 −3 𝑛 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → −∞

-3 -2 -1 0
𝑛 BIBO stable
-2*1/3 𝑕3 [𝑛] < ∞
-2*(1/27)
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 −2 𝑕3 𝑛 = 2 −3 𝑛 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1
𝐻3 𝑧 =
1 + 3𝑧 −1

𝑅𝑂𝐶3

×
-3 STABLE
1

−2
𝐻1 𝑧 = 1
𝑛
1 𝑕1 𝑛 = 2 − 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1
1 + 𝑧 −1 3
3

𝑅𝑂𝐶1

𝟏×
− 1 UNSTABLE
𝟑
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
• Therefore the new system G

𝑧 −1 1
G 𝑧 = 1 𝑅𝑂𝐶 ∶ < 𝑧 <3
1+3𝑧 −1 1− 𝑧 −1 6
6

 is stable since both sequences resulting from

pole at 1/6 and pole at -3 decay to zero
𝑛𝑢 1 𝑛
g 𝑛 = 𝛼 −3 −𝑛 − 1 + 𝛽 u[n]
6
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 𝑛
2 1 1
𝐻2 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶2 : 𝑧 > 𝑕2 𝑛 = 2 𝑢𝑛
1 6 6
1 − 𝑧 −1
6

𝑅𝑂𝐶2

×𝟏 STABLE
𝟔
1

2 𝑕4 𝑛 = 2 6 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛
𝐻4 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑂𝐶4 : 𝑧 >6
1 − 6𝑧 −1

𝑅𝑂𝐶4
UNSTABLE
×
1 6
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 Right-sided unit sample response
1
H 𝑧 = 𝑧 > 𝑝
1−𝑝𝑧 −1

𝑖𝑓 𝑝 < 1 Stable 𝑖𝑓 𝑝 > 1 Unstable

𝑕𝑛 ∝ 𝑝 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 →∞
𝑛
𝑕𝑛 ∝ 𝑝 𝑢 𝑛 →0 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → +∞
𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → +∞

𝑅𝑂𝐶
𝑅𝑂𝐶

p 1
1 p
1
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 Left-sided unit sample response
1
H 𝑧 = 𝑧 < 𝑝
1−𝑝𝑧 −1

𝑖𝑓 𝑝 < 1 Unstable 𝑖𝑓 𝑝 > 1 Stable

𝑛
𝑕𝑛 ∝ 𝑝 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 → ∞ 𝑛
𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → −∞ 𝑕𝑛 ∝ 𝑝 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 → 0
𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → −∞

𝑅𝑂𝐶
𝑅𝑂𝐶

p
1 p
1
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 Double sided unit sample response
1
H 𝑧 = 𝑝1 < 𝑧 < 𝑝2
1−𝑝1 𝑧 −1 1−𝑝2 𝑧 −1

𝑛 𝑛
𝑕 𝑛 ∝ 𝑝1 𝑢 𝑛 + 𝑝2 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]

𝒑𝟐 > 𝟏

Stable

𝒑𝟏X X 𝒑𝟏 < 𝟏
1 𝒑𝟐

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 Double sided unit sample response
1
H 𝑧 = 𝑝1 < 𝑧 < 𝑝2
1−𝑝1 𝑧 −1 1−𝑝2 𝑧 −1

→ ∞
𝑕 𝑛 ∝ 𝑝1 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 + 𝑝2 𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]

𝒑𝟏 < 𝟏

Unstable
𝒑𝟐 < 𝟏
1 𝒑𝟏 X X
𝒑𝟐

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

 Double sided unit sample response
1
H 𝑧 = 𝑝1 < 𝑧 < 𝑝2
1−𝑝1 𝑧 −1 1−𝑝2 𝑧 −1

→ ∞
𝑕 𝑛 ∝ 𝑝1 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 + 𝑝2 𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]

𝒑𝟏 > 𝟏
Unstable

1 X X 𝒑𝟐 > 𝟏
𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

Stability for General DT LTI Systems
• A DT LTI system is absolutely stable if and only
if the region of convergence of its transfer
function includes the unit circle

• (in time: A DT LTI system is absolutely stable if

and only if its unit sample response is
absolutely summable)
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 Implications
• A pole with a magnitude <1 is stable if and
only if it resulted from a right-sided sequence

• A pole with a magnitude >1 is stable if and

only if it resulted from a left-sided sequence

• A System with poles outside the unit circle is

stable only if the system is non-causal
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 Example
Consider the following DT LTI system
5
𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑦 𝑛 − 2 = 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]
2

1. Can this be a causal and stable system?

5 −1 (Casual unstable)
1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 −2 𝑌 𝑧 = 𝑧 −1 𝑋 𝑧 Or
2
(Stable, noncausal )
𝑧 −1 𝑧 −1
H z = 5 = 1 Stable if left sided
1+ 𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −2 1+ 𝑧 −1 1+2𝑧 −1
2 2
Stable if right sided EECE340 © Fadi Karameh
 Application: finding inverse systems

• Compensating for filtering effect

m[𝑛]
y[𝑛]
h[𝑛] h 𝑛 : filtering effect
( DT LTI operation)

y[𝑛] x 𝑛 = 𝑚[𝑛]
g[𝑛] Design g 𝑛 such that 𝑚 𝑛
? is retrieved or recovered at 𝑥 𝑛

EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

• In Z domain:

M(𝑧) X(𝑧)
H(𝑧) 𝑌(𝑧) G(z)

X 𝑧 = 𝐺 𝑧 𝑌 𝑧 = 𝐺(𝑧)𝐻 𝑧 𝑀(𝑧)

1
𝐺 𝑧 𝐻 𝑧 =1 𝐺 𝑧 = = 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑣 (𝑧)
𝐻(𝑧)

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Example 1 : image smearing effect

3D plot of blurring

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑥(𝑡)

Blurring effect of Lens

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 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2

𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
A blurring effect of the lens could be
described as 𝑎2 𝑎 1 𝑎 𝑎2
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
(a<1) 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2

In one dimension, a blurring effect is a “mask”

1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
𝑎2

-2 -1 0 1 2 n EECE340 © Fadi Karameh

Let smearing effect be

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𝐻

• The inverse system is

𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑣 𝑧 =

2 5 2
𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑣 𝑧 = − 𝛿 𝑛 + 1 + 𝛿 𝑛 − 𝛿[𝑛 − 1]
3 6 3

which is non-causal (problem?)

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• Example 2: Compensating in communication channel

m[𝑛] y[𝑛]
h[𝑛] y[𝑛] x[𝑛]
g[𝑛]

h 𝑛 : Transmission channel effect

Design g 𝑛 such that m 𝑛 is retrieved at x 𝑛

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• Assume the channel model is
Non-minimum phase zero 𝑧𝑖 > 1
1
(1 + 3𝑧 −1 )(1 + 𝑧 −1 )
𝐻 𝑧 = 2
1 𝐨 ×
×𝟏
(1 − 𝑧 −1 )2
2
𝐨
−𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
then 1 1 −
𝟐
(1 − 𝑧 −1 )2
𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑣 𝑧 = 2
1
(1 + 3𝑧 −1 )(1 + 𝑧 −1 )
2
* Can only be stable if it is non-causal system

The inverse system is unstable if it is a real-time physical (causal) system

Cannot undo a time-domain LTI filtering operation if it has a

Non-minimum phase zero
EECE340 © Fadi Karameh