2019 6th International Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology (ICEVT)

November 18-21, 2019, Bali, Indonesia

Development of Active Cell To Cell Battery

Balancing System for Electric Vehicle Applications
Edi Leksono Irsyad Nashirul Haq Endang Juliastuti
Department of Engineering Physics, Department of Engineering Physics, Department of Engineering Physics,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
National Center for Sustainable National Center for Sustainable National Center for Sustainable
Transportation Technology, Transportation Technology, Transportation Technology,
Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
edi@tf.itb.ac.id irsyad@tf.itb.ac.id yuliast@tf.itb.ac.id

Lalu Ghifarul Zaky Fahran Fahri Muhamad Nabhan

Department of Engineering Physics, Department of Engineering Physics,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
ghifarfahran@gmail.com fahri.nabhan@gmail.com

Abstract— As of right now the development of electric
vehicles is very rapid. This is supported by the transition from
vehicles with fuel oil to electricity, the development of
increasingly widespread electric vehicles, and the production of
increasingly cheap batteries. Generally, the battery used is a
lithium-ion battery. But over time, the quality of the lithium-
ion battery will be degraded so that the battery quality is not as
early as its use. The causes of battery degradation are
unbalanced cell in the battery pack. To overcome this problem,
a reliable battery management system (BMS) is needed. In the
design of the BMS to prevent the unbalance of the proposed
battery voltage using the active method from cell to cell
battery. BMS uses a microprocessor to process battery data, a
microcontroller to control battery connecting switches, and a
DC-DC converter circuit as well as a switched capacitor
(SC). From the proposed design BMS is able to monitor the
voltage of each battery directly, able to store automatic data on
the database in the microprocessor, able to set the switch
connected between the highest voltage battery to the lowest
voltage battery, able to balance the battery with a voltage
difference between batteries up to 0.0032 V, able to increase
the capacity of the battery pack compared to the system
without a balancing system up to 130 mAh , and the balancing
system can increase the energy of the battery pack compared
to the system without a balancing system to 10.363 Wh or
6.88%.
Keywords— active cell balancing, battery pack, switched-
capacitor boost converter, performance improvement
I. INTRODUCTION
The development of electric vehicles is growing rapidly.
The number of electric vehicles in 2018 reaches 5.1 million
units [1]. The number increased by 2 million units from the
previous year. The use of electric vehicles aims to replace
vehicles that use fossil fuels. The reasons for the change in
the use of vehicle from fossil fuels to electric vehicle are the
limited amount of fossil fuels and are not environmentally
friendly. Various vehicle manufacturers have competed to
produce electric vehicles because there are enormous
opportunities for electric vehicles in the future. It is
predicted that the number of electric vehicles will reach 125
million units worldwide by 2030.
One of the factors driving the increase in the number of
electric vehicles is the price of batteries which are getting
cheaper due to an increasingly advanced production process,
more efficient production processes, increased production
and ever-increasing investment. With the cost of producing
electric vehicles getting lower, causing electric vehicles to
be able to replace fossil fuel vehicles. The price of batteries
has decreased from year to year to a very cheap economic
value before 2025 [1]. Surely this price reduction will
greatly affect the price of the Battery Energy Storage
System (BESS), both for stationary and mobility
applications.
Electric vehicles require enormous power to operate so
they require a lot of batteries as a source of energy. Batteries
that are suitable for use in electric vehicles are lithium-ion
type batteries. With large number of batteries and large
energy requirements, batteries in electric vehicles must be
managed properly. During charging or discharging process
of battery system, the unbalanced battery capacity can cause
one or many battery cells reach the upper limit or the lower
limit cut-off voltage earlier compared to the other. If one of
the battery cells reaches limit earlier and continuously
discharges or charges, then the battery cell will be
overcharged or over discharged [2].
In order battery system to be able to work optimally,
implementation of Battery Management System (BMS) is
required. BMS is an electronic system that has the main
functions to monitoring, protection, charge and discharge
management, battery failure diagnosis, and data
management [3]. Using a BMS with battery cell monitoring,
protection and balancing system may achieve the battery
system full capacity and lifetime [4].
One function of the BMS as part of charge and discharge
management is to balance battery capacity. The unbalance
of battery capacity is caused by two factors namely internal
and external factors [5]. Internal factors namely the
existence of production errors for the same type of battery
so that there are differences in specifications between one
battery with another battery such as volume, internal

978-1-7281-2917-4/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 4

resistance, chemical content, etc. External factors include
exposure to the temperature of the battery environment that
affects chemical reactions in the battery, the depth of
emptying which is not maintained, thereby reducing the
battery useful life cycle.
The battery balancing methods in BMS can be divided
into passive and active methods [5],[6],[7],[8],[9]. The
battery passive balancing works by releasing the excessive
capacity in the battery into heat. The battery passive
balancing is the simplest way to balance the battery capacity,
but it is only effective for a small number of series cells [5].
The battery active balancing methods can be used to
improve the efficiency compare to passive balancing
because it works by transfer the capacity from highest
battery capacity to the lowest battery capacity.
In a study by [7], an active cell balancing system with
switched-capacitor boost converter (S-CBC) was developed
for Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VLRA) battery system. The
VLRA battery system consists of four batteries in series
configuration. The battery system capacity was increased
7.19% and energy was increased 6.34% with active cell
balancing system compared without the balancing system.
In this work, we developed an active cell balancing
similar to the S-CBC method for lithium-ion battery system.
The battery pack was developed for electric trike (e-trike)
vehicle application. The design of e-trike operation voltage
is 72VDC with 5kWh of battery system, and with maximum
motor power is 5kW using switch reluctance motor.
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
A. Battery Specification
configured as Fig.1. The programmable power supply BK
Precision 9104 and load controller BK Precision 8510 were
used for testing experimental system for battery active
balancing system. The microprocessor was using raspberry
pi with raspbian operating system and run the active cell
balancing algorithm using the Python programming
language. The microcontrollers functions for data acquisition
and regulate switch modules.
The sensor module consists of twenty sensors with each
battery cell having one sensor board. The switch module
consists of eighty relays with each battery having four relays.
One pair of relay will be connecting the balancing circuit to
the battery when charging, and another pair of relay will be
connecting the battery to the balancing circuit when
discharging.
Microprocessor
Microcontroller A Microcontroller B
Sensor
Battery
Power Supply Load
Pack
Switch Module

The battery cells that had been used in this work were
lithium-ion with the type of Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide : Electric Current
(NMC). Lithium-ion NMC battery has specification as in Active Balancing : Signal
Table I. The battery cell operating voltage is 3.6Volt with Circuit
nominal capacity 3000mAh and 20 battery cells are arranged
Fig. 1. System Architecure
in series connection into battery pack with nominal voltage
of 72V or with energy capacity 216Wh per pack. The battery The battery balancing circuit consists of a Switching
pack is assumed to have been used for some time, so that Capacitor (SC) circuit and DC-DC converters. The balancing
each battery cell will have different operating conditions circuit requires one battery that has the highest voltage and
even within the same initial battery characteristics as shown one battery that has the lowest voltage. The power from the
in Table I. One battery pack with 216Wh used in the highest battery will flow to the balancing circuit and will
experiment, and to achieve the 5kWh e-trike energy capacity then be supplied to the battery with the lowest voltage.
requirement, the battery pack can be configured with 24
parallels with the same operating voltage.
TABLE I
BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS
Parameter Value
Manufacturer & model LG-HG2
Nominal capacity 3000mAh
Nominal voltage 3.6 V
Cut-off voltage (charge, discharge) 4.2 V, 2.5V
Chemistry NMC
Standard(charge;discharge) current 1.5A, 0.6A
Max (charge;discharge) current 4A, 20A
Operating Temperature 0 – 50°C
Weight 48g
Dimension 18 x 65 mm

B. System Architecture
The BMS consists of a microprocessor, microcontrollers,
sensors, switch modules and a battery balancing circuit and

5
 of capacitors, diodes, and relays. There are two pairs of
relays that function to charge and empty the capacitor charge
from the battery with the highest voltage to the Boost DC-
DC Converter to arrive at the battery with the lowest voltage.
The use of SC itself makes it look as if the two batteries are
in a parallel state to each other, because the capacitor will
store the charge temporarily and make the two batteries have
different ground, thus avoiding the short circuit in the circuit.
The use of this method is due to the minimum voltage of
the battery itself which is around 2.5 V so a DC-DC
converter that has a smaller input is needed which will raise
the high voltage to a certain limit. When switch 1 and switch
2 are connected, Boost DC-DC Converter 1 will charge the
capacitor. After the capacitor load is filled, the switches 1
and 2 will be disconnected and switches 3 and 4 will be
connected. When the two switches are connected the
capacitor will empty the charge to the Buck-Boost DC-DC
Converter 2. Because the voltage of the capacitor is high, the
voltage will be reduced according to the battery charging
voltage. In this work we used three types of DC converters,
which are MT3608 indexed as TYPE 1, XL6009 as TYPE 2
and LM2577/2596 as TYPE 3.
F. Active Balancing Algorithm
The battery active balancing algorithm is run as in Fig.4,
the microprocessor will initialize all variables, functions and
objects in the Python language and the program on the
microcontroller has been uploaded to the microcontroller.
The user gives input in the form of a charging or
discharging status and provides input of the target of the
desired balance to be achieved. The phrase “starts" inputted
Fig. 2. Experimental Setup to ensure that the programs on the microprocessor and
microcontroller are running simultaneously.
C. Voltage Sensor Start
The voltage sensor consists of MAX4194 instrument Data acquisition

amplifier (IA) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) Save all data in data
initialization
DS2438. The use of IA in voltage sensors aims to make Save data in
base
memory
measurement results better by reducing the input impedance.
The use of battery monitoring chip DS2438 aims to Connecting max.
No Relay is Ploting battery
accommodate 1-wire communication so that data can be connected voltage battery & min. battery
with balancing circuit
passed to microcontroller. ?

D. Switching Module Determine max.

Inpus System and min. voltage
Turn off previous
The switch module used is a relay that is configured with Status
switch that
a single battery using two pairs of relays that function to Determine voltage connected with
balancing circuit
deliver electrical power to and from the balancing circuit. Input “Start”
difference

One pair of relays connects the battery to the balancing > Balance
circuit when highest voltage battery discharging and another Balanced
target
Determine max.
pair connect the balancing circuit to the lowest voltage No
All input
? battery & min. battery

battery charging. One battery uses two diodes. The use of Correct?
≤ Balance
diodes aims to direct current flow into or out of the battery. target
Yes
E. Balancing Circuit Turn off all switch
Battery 1 Battery 2 Create data base

Switch 1 Switch 4
DC/DC DC/DC Stop
Converter C1 Converter
1 2 Fig. 4. Active Balancing Algorithm
Switch 2 Switch 3
The database is created in csv (comma separated value)
Fig. 3. Balancing Circuit format and will be stored on the microprocessor. After the
database is made the system will automatically order
Balancing circuit as in Fig.3, have two important parts microcontroller to acquire voltage data for each battery cell.
namely SC and DC-DC Converter. SC is a circuit consisting After the data is received, the data will be stored in voltage

6
memory. From the voltage memory, the voltage data
visualization will be carried out for each battery cell to time
to facilitate the user to receive information. To balance the
batteries, the voltage of each battery cell will be compared
with each other so that the highest and lowest values can be
obtained. After getting the two values, the difference will be
sought between the two values.
If the voltage difference between the two batteries is
greater than the offset target, the microprocessor will declare
the battery pack as unbalanced. When conditions are not
balanced, the microprocessor will look for batteries that have
the highest and lowest voltages. If the number of batteries
with the value or the battery with the lowest value is more
than one, then the microprocessor will store any batteries that
have the highest voltage value into memory and sort them.
After sorting the memory, the battery which is the last index
in the memory is selected. The same thing is done if the
battery with the lowest value is more than one. Thus there is
only one battery with the highest value and one battery with
the lowest voltage value chosen by the microprocessor. After
the highest and lowest batteries are determined, the
microprocessor will send a command to the microcontroller
B to turn off the switch that was previously connected to the
offset circuit. Then the microprocessor will send a command
to the microcontroller B to connect the switch from the
battery with the highest voltage value by inputting the Boost
DC-DC Converter circuit and the battery with the lowest
voltage to the output of the Boost DC-DC Converter circuit.
The purpose of turning off the switch that was previously
connected to the balancing circuit is to avoid short circuiting
on the circuit and the battery.
If the voltage difference between the two batteries is
smaller than the offset target, the microprocessor will state
∆ (1)
= × 100%
∆
(2)
∆ =
where is efficiency, ∆ is the amount of energy that
battery with lower voltage gain, ∆ is the amount of energy
that battery with higher voltage release. The amount of
energy either battery with lower voltage gain or battery with
higher voltage release is described in (2) with is the
amount of electrical power.
In the first charging process cycle using TYPE 1
balancing circuit the result shown as Fig.5(a). Battery 1
starts from 3.0596V and battery 2 starts from 3.6814V and
at the end, the voltage difference was 0.0034 V with 545
seconds. When discharging conducted, battery 1 starts from
3.4986 V and the battery 2 starts from 3.9998V. The
difference in voltage at the end of discharging was 0.0052 V
with 808 seconds of balancing time.
The performance result of TYPE 2 balancing circuit
shown in Fig.5(c) when charging process and Fig.5(d) when
discharging process. The battery 1 starts charging process
with 3.43 V and the battery 2 starts off with 4.0274 V which
shown in Fig.5(c) and at the end, voltage difference was
0.0032V for 592 seconds. At discharging process, the
battery 1 starts with 3,2379 V and the battery 2 starts with
3,6814 V and at the end the voltage difference was 0.0104 V
with a balance time of 1221 seconds.
4.2
4.0
Battery Voltage (V)

3.8
the system is in equilibrium. When the battery voltage
equilibrium is reached, the microprocessor will send a 3.6

command to disconnect all switches connected to the offset

3.4
circuit. The microprocessor will store the old time balancing
data into a database. 3.2
Battery 1
Battery 2
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.0
In this part, we compare the performance of the balancing 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (s)
circuit between two batteries and the battery pack
(a)
performance with and without the active balancing system.
4.2
Testing the voltage balancing system on only two batteries
aims to test the reliability of the balancing circuit. In
4.0
performance test of balancing circuit, the higher voltage
battery was connected to the DC-DC converter and the
Battery Voltage (V)

3.8
battery with lower voltage was connected to load in parallel
configuration. The test carried out on two conditions, when 3.6
the battery in charging and discharging process. The charge
or discharge current rate used in C5 method, which means 3.4
that the current drawn from the battery is equal to the Battery 1
capacity of the battery divided by 5 hours. The battery has a 3.2 Battery 2
capacity of 3000 mAh so the current was by 600 mA.
3.0
A. Balancing Circuit Performance 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Time (s)
Balancing efficiency is defined as amount of energy that
(b)
battery with lower voltage gain devided by amount of
energy that battery with higher voltage release. Balancing
efficiency can be written as follow (1) and (2) [10].

7
 4.2 Fig. 5. (a) TYPE 1 : Balancing circuit performance when charging (b)
TYPE 1 : Balancing circuit performance when discharging (c) TYPE 2 :
Balancing circuit performance when charging (d) TYPE 2 : Balancing
4.0
circuit performance when discharging (e) TYPE 3 : Balancing circuit
performance when charging (f) TYPE 3 : Balancing circuit performance
Battery Voltage (V)

3.8 when discharging

3.6
The performance result of TYPE 3 balancing circuit
3.4
shown in Fig.5(e) when charging process and Fig.5(f) when
discharging process. The battery 1 starts charging process
Battery 1 with 3,5398 V and the battery 2 starts off with 4,0136 V
3.2
Battery 2 which shown in Fig.5(e). At the end of charging process, the
3.0 voltage difference was 0,0034 for 1964 seconds. At
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
discharging process, the battery 1 starts with 3,2791 V and
Time (s)
the battery 2 starts with 3,7506 V and at the end the voltage
(c)
difference was 0,0038 V with a balance time of 2033
4.2
seconds.
4.0 The charging and discharging process was conducted
three cycles, and the results were shown in Table II. The
greatest balancing efficiency is obtained by the TYPE 1
Battery Voltage (V)

3.8

balancing circuit which able to produce an average output

3.6
power ranging from 4256 - 4770.3 mW for each cycle and
3.4
condition. TYPE 2 is only able to produce an average output
power ranging from 3229-4083.3 mW for each cycle and
Battery 1
3.2 condition. TYPE 3 is able to produce an average output
Battery 2
power ranging from 3212 - 6152 mW. TYPE 1 is able to
3.0 produce an average output power ranging from 1264 - 2647
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Time (s)
mA. TYPE 2 is able to produce an average output power
(d)
ranging from 942 - 1200 mA. TYPE 3 is able to produce an
4.2
average output power ranging from 689 to 891 mA. TYPE 1
is able to produce high currents so that the greatest
4.0 efficiency of the resulting balances.
All DC-DC converter output are set contant voltage
Battery Voltage (V)

3.8 4.2V. The output must be set constant voltage so the electric
current from DC-DC converter can flow to the battery.
3.6
Higher output voltage from DC-DC converter will make less
3.4 electric current flow. So the DC-DC converter must be set
constant voltage 4.2 V so that the current flow as higher as
Battery 1
3.2 possible. Higher the current flow, higher output energy from
Battery 2
DC-DC converter. Also higher the output energy from DC-
3.0 DC converter will make battery with lower voltage gain
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Time (s)
more energy.
(e) It can be seen from Table II, that balancing time in
4.2 charging condition is less than discharging condition. In
charging condition, battery will gain other energy from
4.0 external component that is power supply. Because of that,
electric current flow into the battery will be higher than only
Battery Voltage (V)

3.8
relying to balancing system and gain more energy. In
3.6
discharging condition, the battery will discharge some
energy while balancing system is running. So there will be
3.4 some current flow from the battery to load. Because there is
some current flow to the load, current from balancing
Battery 1
3.2 system will used to maintain the battery energy. Because
Battery 2
there are some current flow into the battery while some
3.0 current flow out from the battery will make less current flow
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Time (s)
into the battery. Less current flow into battery make less
(f) energy the battery gain.
TABLE II
ACTIVE BALANCING CIRCUIT PERFORMANCE
DC-DC Voltage Balance Avg. Output Input Output Efficiency
Cycle Condition
Converter Difference (V) Time (s) Current (mA) Energy (J) Energy (J) (%)
Charge 0.0034 545 1236.8 4484.5 2328.4 51.92
TYPE 1 First
Discharge 0.0052 808 1285.0 6858.5 3736.8 54.48

8
 Charge 0.0043 583 1284.3 4835.8 2605.8 53.89
Second
Discharge 0.0056 893 2647.6 4484.5 2328.4 51.92
Charge 0.0041 840 1264.1 6858.5 3736.8 54.48
Third
Discharge 0.0049 1142 1255.6 4835.8 2605.8 53.89
Charge 0.0032 592 1008.4 5369.2 2008.7 38.12
First
Discharge 0.0104 1221 1194.8 11478 4952.1 43.14
Charge 0.0029 425 943.23 2951.7 1329.9 45.05
TYPE 2 Second
Discharge 0.0035 1358 1200.5 12590 5492.4 43.63
Charge 0.0168 320 966.41 2909.7 1076.7 36.9
Third
Discharge 0.0035 1294 1195.6 12221 5264.8 43.08
Charge 0.0034 1964 767.78 10725 5030.8 47.47
First
TYPE 3 Discharge 0.0038 2033 891.93 14147 6152.0 43.49
Charge 0.0170 1384 689.27 6296.8 3212.0 51.01

Second

Fig.6. Balancing pack performance when charging process

Discharge 0.0038 1923 879.13 13079 5827.8 44.56
Charge 0.0038 1585 741.78 8860.6 4134.7 46.66
Third
Discharge 0.0040 2206 776.08 12568 5860.1 46,63
B. Battery Pack Performance without balancing at the time of charging and 49 - 94 mAh
The battery pack contains 20 cells arranged in series or around 2.63 - 5.76% at the time of discharge.
configuration as experimental setup in Fig.2. The charging The charging and discharging time of the battery pack
and discharging of the battery pack carried out using with the balancing system has also been noted to be an
developed active balancing system with a C5 charge and increase compared to the system without the balancing
discharge rate with three cycles experimental testing. The system, this is comparable to the increase in battery capacity.
battery pack performance experiments were limited for Then the energy that can be absorbed or flowed by the
discharging process lowest voltage to 60V and for charging battery pack also increases by 7.966 - 10.363 Wh or 5.24 -
process highest voltage to 80 Volts as shown in Fig. 6. 6.88% compared to the system without a balacing system at
TABLE III
the time of charging and 2,911 -5,628 Wh or 2.60 - 5.75% at
BATTERY PACK PERFORMANCE discharging. Voltage deviation in the battery pack with the
balancing system has a final value ranging from 0.531 -
Capacity Energy
Cycle Process
(mAh)
Time (s)
(Wh) 0.566 V for charging and 0.642 - 1.107 V for discharging
With active balancing system process. Based on [7], which the improvement in capacity at
Charge 2105 13068 168.432 7.19% and energy at 6.34% compared without balancing
First system, the result in this work was acceptable.
Discharge 1912 11465 114.682
Charge 2011 12483 160.892 IV. CONCLUSION
Second
Discharge 1853 11119 111.178
From this work, it can be concluded that the active cell-
Charge 2001 12420 160.100
Third to-cell battery balancing system that has been developed with
Discharge 1725 10352 103.538
three different types of DC-DC converter has the highest
Without active balancing system
efficiency of 55.57%. The active balancing algorithm
Charge 1998 12405 159.887
First Discharge 1863 11172 111.771
system could balance the voltage of two batteries until the
0.01 V equilibrium target is reached. The battery pack
Charge 1881 12103 150.997
Second
capacity and energy were increased due to the use of a
Discharge 1799 10796 107.997 battery active cell to cell balancing system in the
Charge 1901 11802 152.134 experimental setup. The battery pack capacity was improved
Third
Discharge 1631 9791 97.91 to 130 mAh or 6.91%, and the battery pack energy improved
to 10.363 Wh or 6.88% compared to without the balancing
It can be seen in Table III, that an increase in capacity, system. The voltage differences between battery in the
time and energy in the battery pack when using a balancing battery pack was up to 0.566 V in the charging process and
system. The capacity of the battery pack increases by 100- 1.107 V in the discharging process as the experiment
130 mAh or around 5.26 - 6.91% compared to the system conducted. The active cell-to-cell balancing system was
optimized when in charging process occurred.

9
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was partially funded by Lembaga
Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP), the Indonesian Ministry
of Research, Technology and Higher Education through
National Centre for Sustainable Transportation Technology
(NCSTT) under USAID-SHERA Program, and World Class
University (WCU) Program managed by Institut Teknologi
Bandung.
REFERENCES
[1] Till Bunsen et al., Global EV Outlook 2019 : Scaling-up the transition to
electric mobility. 2019.
[2] I. N. Haq et al., ‘Development of Battery Management System for Cell
Monitoring and Protection’, in Proceedings of 2014 International
Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ICEECS
2014, 2014, no. November, pp. 203–208.
[3] M. M. Hoque, M. A. Hannan, A. Mohamed, and A. Ayob, ‘Battery charge
equalization controller in electric vehicle applications: A review’, Renew.
Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 75, no. March, pp. 1363–1385, 2017.
[4] Y. Xing, E. W. M. Ma, K. L. Tsui, and M. Pecht, ‘Battery Management
10
View publication stats
Systems in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles’, Energies, vol. 4, no. 12, pp.
1840–1857, Oct. 2011.
[5] J. Gallardo-Lozano, E. Romero-Cadaval, M. I. Milanes-Montero, and M. a.
Guerrero-Martinez, ‘Battery equalization active methods’, J. Power
Sources, vol. 246, pp. 934–949, Jan. 2014.
[6] M. Daowd, M. Antoine, N. Omar, P. van den Bossche, and J. van Mierlo,
‘Single switched capacitor battery balancing system enhancements’,
Energies, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 2149–2179, 2013.
[7] K. Friansa, I. N. Haq, E. Leksono, N. Tapran, D. Kurniadi, and B. Yuliarto,
‘Battery Module Performance Improvement Using Active Cell Balancing
System Based on Switched- Capacitor Boost Converter ( S-CBC )’, 2017
4th Int. Conf. Electr. Veh. Technol., pp. 93–99, 2017.
[8] A. C. Baughman and M. Ferdowsi, ‘Double-tiered switched-capacitor
battery charge equalization technique’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55,
no. 6, pp. 2277–2285, 2008.
[9] T. Bruen, J. Marco, and M. Gama, ‘Model Based Design of Balancing
Systems for Electric Vehicle Battery Packs’, IFAC Work. Engine
Powertrain Control. Simul. Model., pp. 1–8, 2015.
[10] Z. G. Kong, C. B. Zhu, R. G. Lu, and S. K. Cheng, ‘Comparison and
evaluation of charge equalization technique for series connected batteries’,
PESC Rec. - IEEE Annu. Power Electron. Spec. Conf., pp. 1–6, 2006.