Name:
Class:
CLOZE TEST 1
Write one word in each gap:
Passage 1:
The first two decades of this
century were dominated by the
microbe hunters. These hunters had
tracked (1) _________________ one
after another of the microbes
responsible for the most dreaded
scourges of many centuries ;
tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But
(2) _________________ remained
some terrible diseases for which no
microbe could be incriminated :
scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi.
Then it was discovered that these
diseases were (3)
_________________ by the lack of
vitamins, a trace substance in the
diet. The diseases could be prevented
or cured by consuming foods that
contained the vitamins. And so in the
(4) _________________ of the
1920's and 1930's, nutrition became a
science and the vitamin hunters
replaced the microbe hunters.
In the 1940's and 1950's,
biochemists strived to learn (5)
_________________ each of the
vitamins was essential for health.
They discovered that key enzymes in
metabolism depend on one or (6)
_________________ of the vitamins
as co-enzymes to perform the
chemistry that provides cells
with energy for growth and function.
Now, these enzymes hunters
occupied center stage.
     You are aware that the enzyme
hunters have been replaced by a new
breed of hunters who are tracking
genes ― the blueprints for each of
the enzymes ― and are discovering
the defective genes that cause (7)
_________________ diseases ―
diabetes, cystic fibrosis. These gene
hunters, or genetic engineers, use
recombinant DNA technology to
identify and clone genes and (8)
_________________ them into
bacterial cells and plants to create
factories for the massive of hormones
and (9) _________________ for
medicine and for better crops for
agriculture. Biotechnology has
become a multibillion-dollar (10)
_________________.
Passage 2:
Situated in the central mountains
of Alaska, a peak named Denali rises
20,320 feet above sea level. It is the
(1) _________________ peak in
North America and the center of
Denali National Park. One of
America's greatest wilderness areas,
the park has had (2)
_________________ access to
visitors, but in spite of this tourism
rose from under 6,000 visitors in
1950 to over 546,000 visitors in
1990. The increasing
(3)_________________ of this park
is prompting serious discussions
about the future use of Denali as well
as how to preserve wilderness areas
in (4) _________________.
One important issue of land use
arises when parts of National Parks
are owned by individuals. In Denali,
(5) _________________ most of the
land in this vast tract of more than a
million acres is owned by the
National Park Service, several
thousand acres are still
(6)_________________ owned as
mining tracts. These mining tracts in
Denali were once abundant sources
of gold, but they were sources of (7)
_________________ metals such as
arsenic and lead that polluted rivers
and streams.
Environmentalists were
successful in getting the government
to require mining companies to
submit statements showing the
potential impact of a mining project
before they are (8)
_________________ to begin
mining. Because of this requirement,
many individuals closed their mines
and some sold their land to the
National Park Service. Some land
owners, (9) _________________, are
wondering if it is better to sell their
land to the government or keep it for
possible future use. Tourism in this
previously remote area is bound to
rise, as more roads are built to
provide easier access to the park.
This increase in the number of
visitors creates a demand for hotels
and other real estate development.
The economic implications of this
are of (10) _________________ to
the land owners, but are dismaying to
those interested in preserving the
wilderness.
Passage 3:
It’s the curse of online clothes
shopping. You come across a shirt
you simply must have,(1)
_________________ to find that
what you receive doesn’t fit (2)
_________________ being in your
size. How can you order clothes (3)
_________________ confidence
when you can’t try them on?
A new wave of start-ups are
finding clever ways to address the
problem. Virtual (4)
_________________ rooms are one
solution. The London-based
firm Fits.me, founded in 2010,
creates them for brands such as Hugo
Boss and Superdry. The company (5)
_________________ up with
researchers at several universities to
build robot mannequins that can
adjust their proportions to match just
about any set of human
measurements.
To set up the fitting room,
developers run through most of the
size-shape combinations the
dummies can assume, and take
several thousand photos of them (6)
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_________________ in every
available size of each shirt or dress,
from extra small to XXXL. Software
then looks at measurements (7)
_________________ in by shoppers,
such as height, arm length and collar
size, and displays the mannequin
photo set that (8)
_________________ matches their
body trying on clothes in sizes the
user is interested in. Potential
problems – where a shirt is too tight,
for example – are flagged up. In a
trial involving the British clothing
brand Henri Lloyd, the return (9)
_________________ for garments
was 4.5 per cent for a group of
customers who used the software,
compared with 15.3 per cent for a
group that did not.
“There’s no (10)
_________________ that virtual
fitting tools will become a standard
part of online shopping,” says
Fits.me CEO Heikki Haldre.
Passage 4:
Eleanor was nearly 50 when she
collapsed and died. While African
elephants can live up to 70 years,
female life (1) _________________
is just 22 in her group
in Samburu, Kenya, and Eleanor was
the oldest member of her family –
the matriarch. This made her passing
particularly significant. For almost
a week after her death her carcass
was visited not just by members of
her immediate family, but by a
succession of animals from four
unrelated families. Elephants are
mysteriously curious about death, a
response perhaps (2)
_________________ when a leader
dies.
It has (3) _________________
been clear that elephant groups rely
on their elder stateswomen, but just
how important these females are is
only gradually becoming
apparent. Matriarchs are at the hub of
a complex, multilayered social
network, and we are now getting
insights into the nature of the ties that
(4) _________________ these close-
knit groups and the key (5)
_________________ that wise
old leaders play in enhancing the
survival of their members.
Matriarchs carry with them a treasure
trove of crucial information.
They have a unique influence over
group decision-making. And, like our
own leaders, the most successful may
even possess certain personality
traits.
Much of what we know about
elephant social life comes from
research done at Amboseli National
Park in Kenya, (6)
_________________ the population
lives in (7) _________________
close to a natural, undisturbed state.
But this is unusual. Across Africa
elephant numbers are dwindling as
(8) _________________ for ivory
has surged in recent years. On the
black market, a pair of tusks can (9)
_________________ the equivalent
of 15 years of an unskilled worker's
salary, so the incentive for poachers
is (10) _________________. Once
poachers have killed the
biggest males, mature matriarchs are
their next targets. What happens to a
group that loses its matriarch is not
clear. But one thing is certain; if
we want to help elephants we need to
understand the structure and
function of leadership within their
society.
Passage 5:
Man is a unique being. He is
different from all other (1)
_________________ because he
does not merely take part in the
environment. Man reshapes his
environment at will to some
purposes. He does not have a natural
(2) _________________ and is able
to adapt himself to living in different
environments. Among the many
ways in which Man has (3)
_________________ his
environment to the building of cities
and roads, the utilization of (4)
_________________ for farming and
the reclaiming of land from the sea.
While some of the changes are (5)
_________________, some are
extremely harmful to the
environment.
An example of a harmful result
of Man’s (6) _________________ is
that of pollution. Through the use of
scientific knowledge and advance
technology, Man has (7)
_________________ his well-being
and life expectancy. In the (8)
_________________, however, he
has also brought about the growing
problem of worldwide pollution. One
of the main sources of air pollution is
motor vehicles. Fumes emitted from
the car (9) _________________
contain many chemicals which are
harmful to people, animals and
plants. Industry also contributes
significantly to the pollution of the
(10) _________________. There is
no major city in the world today in
which we can enjoy fresh air.
It is important for us to be
environment-conscious and avoid
actions which cause harmful effects
to our environment.
Passage 6:
Cell phones have been popular
in Japan since the early 1990s, but it
was not (1) _________________
1999 that their use really took off.
The age of cell phones has emerged,
but with it come problems.
Cell phones are used on buses
and trains, in restaurants, and in all
(2) _________________ of life.
They cause problems when they (3)
_________________ during
meetings, concerts, wedding, or even
funerals. What’s more, people speak
loudly in public, and students read
and text messages during lessons.
More seriously, when a cell phone is
used near a person using a (4)
_________________ to regulate his
heartbeat, its radio waves may (5)
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_________________ with the
functioning of the pacemaker.
Now, something is being done
to (6) _________________ these
problems. In many places, new
technology is being used to block
cell phone calls. Airline (7)
_________________ are requested to
stop using cell phones while on
board. Concert halls ask their
audience to switch their phones to
the (8) _________________ mode.
However, phone users fear that if
they do not answer their phones, they
will (9) _________________
valuable business opportunities.
That’s why many do not (10)
_________________ off their phones
even when they are asked to.
Passage 7:
The 1950 World Cup, held
in (1) _________________, was the
first to include British (2)
_________________. British
teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920,
partly out of (3)
_________________ to play against
the countries they had been at war
with, and partly as a protest against
foreign influence on football, but
rejoined in 1946 following FIFA's
invitation. The tournament also saw
the return of 1930
champions Uruguay, who had (4)
_________________ the previous
two World Cups. Uruguay won the
tournament again after defeating the
host nation Brazil, in the match (5)
_________________ "Maracanazo"
(Portuguese: Maracanaço).
In the tournaments between
1934 and 1978, 16 teams competed
in each tournament, except in 1938,
when Austria was (6)
_________________ into Germany a
fter qualifying, leaving the
tournament with 15 teams, and in
1950, when India, Scotland,
and Turkey withdrew, leaving the
tournament with 13 teams. Most of
the participating nations were from
Europe and South America, with a
small (7) _________________ from
North America, Africa, Asia, and
Oceania. These teams were usually
defeated easily by the European and
South American
(8)_________________. Until 1982,
the only teams from (9)
_________________ Europe and
South America to advance out of the
first (10) _________________
were: USA, semi-finalists in
1930; Cuba, quarter-finalists in
1938; North Korea, quarter-finalists
in 1966; and Mexico, quarter-
finalists in 1970.
Passage 8:
Sharks are a group of fish (1)
_________________ by a (2)
_________________ skeleton, five
to seven gill slits on the sides of the
head, and pectoral fins that are not
fused to the head. Modern sharks are
classified within
the clade Selachimorpha (or Selachii)
and are the sister group to the rays.
However, the term "shark" has also
(3) _________________ used for
extinct members of the
subclass Elasmobranchii outside the
Selachimorpha, such
as Cladoselache and Xenacanthus.
Under this broader definition, the
earliest known sharks date back to
more than 420 million years ago.
(4) _________________ then,
sharks have diversified into over 500
species. They range in size from the
small dwarf
lanternshark (Etmopterus perryi), a
deep sea species of only 17
centimetres (6.7 in) in length, to
the whale shark (Rhincodon typus),
the (5)_________________ fish in
the world, which reaches
approximately 12 metres (39 ft) in
length. Sharks are found in all seas
and are common to (6)
_________________ of 2,000 metres
(6,600 ft). They generally do not live
in freshwater although there are a
few known exceptions, such as
the bull shark and the river shark,
which can survive and be found in
both (7) _________________ and
freshwater. They breathe through
five to seven gill slits. Sharks have a
covering ofdermal denticles that
protects their skin from damage
and parasites in (8)
_________________ to improving
their fluid dynamics. They have
several sets of replaceable (9)
_________________.
Well-known species such as
the great white shark, tiger
shark, blue shark, mako shark, and
the hammerhead shark are apex (10)
_________________ —organisms at
the top of their underwater food
chain. Many shark populations are
threatened by human activities.
Passage 9:
One job is pretty much like
another. In fact, having a job is a bit
like being in a family. Everybody
assumes a different role and conflict
is (1) _________________ with from
that perspective. The difference in
the workplace is that even if you
don't like the role you have, you need
to continue to (2)
_________________ a brave face on
it. And unlike in a family where you
might do little or nothing to help out,
in your job, you are expected to do
your (3) _________________ share -
nobody else wants to do your work
for you.
Some people go out of their way
to be helpful at work although (4)
_________________ is not always
noticed or appreciated. Some people
are naturally very (5)
_________________ the ball. Others
resent the fact that they have their
boss (6) _________________ down
their necks all the time and they try
to avoid having to (7)
_________________ their weight
and to leave some of their allotted
work to others.
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 If you are ambitious and wish to
further your career and (8)
_________________ promoted, it's a
good idea to ensure the support of
others by (9)
_________________thoughtful and
doing little things to get yourself
noticed. This often means having
to (10) _________________ on your
feet; like when you discover it's
somebody's birthday but nothing has
been organised, so you create a card
on your PC, wrap the bottle of wine
you have just bought for dinner and
organise for everybody to sing
Happy Birthday out of tune. Do this
often enough and you will be well on
the way to becoming the most
popular person around.
countries like Brazil in the world of
football.
So, what is stopping the British
or the Americans? After (8)
_________________ , they still have
organised sports in schools and a
myriad of clubs and teams to join in
their spare time. What they lack is a
public space for children to play
unsupervised outdoors. As a result,
they are kept indoors and encouraged
to play online (9)
_________________ of getting our
in the fresh air. They may of course
still develop a love of sport as
spectators but this is unlikely to do
much to lower levels of obesity (10)
_________________ the young.

Passage 10:
It is a multi-million dollar
industry that attracts some of the
most talented individuals alive, it
generates further millions (1)
_________________ advertising
revenue and has spawned a whole
celebrity culture of its (2)
_________________. But what role
does sport play in our ordinary
lives? 
Few people are untouched (3)
_________________ sport. We all
have (4)
_________________ favourite
football team or tennis player or, at
least, support our national side in
major sporting events like the
Olympics. How can it be, then, that
so (5) _________________ people
actually play sports and that obesity
is becoming a major threat in the
developed world?
Well, in part, the answer is (6)
_________________ the question.
Obesity is not a problem in the
developing world (7)
_________________ participation in
sport is still high. True, there may be
few organised leagues but
children still go out to play games
like football with other children,
which comes the supremacy of
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