Lesson 1 (Part 2) - Counseling

Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences
General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences

Counseling does
not correct a
mistake or
misconduct.
Rather, it aims to
help clients adjust
in life.
2
Learning This lesson serves as a prerequisite lesson for the
Competency following DepEd competency:
Identify the goals and scope of counseling

(HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ib-3).
Explain the principles of counseling

(HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ib-5).
Basic Concepts of Counseling

Definition of
Counseling
5
Definition of Counseling
Counseling
● a profession and a discipline

● an interactive and learning
process
6
Counseling as a Learning
Process
“Counseling is a learning process in

which individuals learn about
themselves, their interpersonal
relationships, and behaviors that
advance their personal
development (Shertzer and Stone
1976).”
Process
● Improve knowledge about one’s
self.
● Identify strengths and
weaknesses.
● Evaluate one’s capabilities.
Process
According to Dustin and George
(1973), counseling is a learning
process designed to increase
adaptive behavior and decrease
maladaptive behavior.
Counseling as an Interactive
Process
“Counselling is an interactive
process conjoining the counsellee
who needs assistance and the
counsellor who is trained and
educated to give this assistance.”
(Perez 1965)
Process
“Through his communication of feelings
of respect, tolerance, spontaneity, and
warmth, the counselor initiates,
facilitates, and maintains the interactive
process (Perez 1965).”
Process
● The counselor establishes a safe
space.
● The counselee may share his or her
dilemma, and the counselor will
listen.
● The counselee also listens to
the points of the counselor.
Process
“Counselling is a process by which a
troubled person (the client) is helped to feel
and behave in a more personally satisfying
manner through interaction with an
involved person (the counsellor) who
provides information and reactions which
stimulate the client to develop behaviours
which enable him to deal more effectively
with himself and his environment.” (Lewis
1970)
Process
Counseling is a relational and

interactive process because its success
does not depend on the counselor or the
client alone. Both have to work together
to achieve progress and healing.
Counseling offers healing and a path to the solution of
one’s dilemma.
1
Check
Your
Progress
What is the main goal or purpose

of counseling?
16
True or False. Identify whether the
statements
following about counseling are true or false. If
Try This!
false, replace the underlined word with the correct
one.
1. Counseling is a learning process between a

counselor and a client that aims to achieve
a better understanding of oneself.
17
statements about counseling are true or false. If
Try This!
one.
2. Counseling is an interactive process that

expects the client to establish a safe space
in the conversation.
Try This!
one.
3. At the end of a counseling session, the

counselor may reach a resolution or a
solution to the problem.
Try This!
one.

client may achieve social inclusion or
better adaptation to the environment,
thus making him or her a more productive
member of the society.
Try This!
one.

counselor may learn new skills and
knowledge on how to approach certain
circumstances in his or her life.
Goals and Scope of
Counseling

Goals of Counseling
What are the goals of counseling?
Goals are the desired result of a process. Since counseling

caters to many types of clients with different concerns, it also
has varying goals and objectives.
● Goals of Counseling (Gibson and Mitchell 2003)

● Aims of Counseling (McLeod 2003)
23
Goals of Counseling (Gibson
and Mitchell 2003)
1. Developmental Goal –
developing human growth
(social life, personal life,
psychological and physical well-
being)
Examples: developing a growth

mindset, developing a reading habit
and Mitchell 2003)
2. Preventive Goal – avoiding
undesirable outcomes,
behavior, or habits
Example: managing test anxiety

the next time the client will take an
exam
and Mitchell 2003)
3. Enhancement Goal –
enhancing special skills or
abilities → self- actualization
Example: improving public speaking

skills
and Mitchell 2003)
4. Remedial Goal –
overcoming and treating an
undesirable development
Example: overcoming alcohol

addiction
and Mitchell 2003)
5. Exploratory Goal – exploring
new fields, activities, and skills
Example: being involved in

adventure sports (e.g., rock
climbing, hiking) to avoid gambling
addiction
and Mitchell 2003)
6. Reinforcement Goal –
adopting or maintaining
psychologically helpful actions,
thoughts, and feelings
Example: managing one’s anxiety

when talking to new people
and Mitchell 2003)
7. Cognitive Goal – acquiring
foundational skill of learning
and other cognitive skills
Example: improving sustained

attention or focus on an activity for
a long period of time
and Mitchell 2003)
8. Physiological Goal – learning
and developing habits for
good health
Example:
setting an exercise routine
and Mitchell 2003)
9. Psychological Goal –
controlling emotions, having a
positive self- concept, and
developing interaction skills
Example: learning to
properly express anger
without hurting oneself or
others
Aims of Counseling
Aims of Counseling (McLeod
2003)
1. insight
understanding origins
and development of
emotional difficulties
33
2003)
2. relating with others
developing behavior or habits that

can help create and maintain
meaningful and satisfying
relationships with others
2003)
3. self-awareness
● gaining awareness and

recognizing thoughts
or feelings
● avoiding denial of these
thoughts and feelings
2003)
4. self-acceptance
accepting and acknowledging the

whole self
Aims of Counseling (McLeod 2003)
5. self-actualization or
individuation
achieving one's full potential and

overcoming conflicts within
oneself
6. enlightenment
achieving spiritual awakening

or having a clearer
perspective in life
7. problem-solving
finding a solution to a certain

dilemma, issue, or problem
that one cannot handle alone
8. psychological education
acquiring ideas and

strategies that can help him
or her understand his or her
own behavior
2003)
9. acquisition of social skills
— acquiring, learning, and

mastering certain skills that are
necessary for social and
interpersonal interactions (e.g.,
maintaining eye contact)
Aims of Counseling
2003)
10. cognitive change
modifying or replacing
unnecessary thoughts
and irrational beliefs
42
Aims of Counseling
2003)
11. behavior change
modifying or replacing self-

destructive behavior
43
2003)
12. systemic change
changing patterns of behavior

within a certain system such
as the family → more
productive and meaningful
interactions
2003)
13. empowerment
developing or acquiring certain

skills and to gain knowledge
and awareness of one’s
capabilities
→ full control of one’s life
14. restitution
making up for previous

destructive behavior
2003)
15. generativity and social action
encouraging to do work for

the collective good of society
or a community
Scope of Counseling
● individual or personal counseling

● family counseling
● community counseling
● career counseling
● behavioral counseling
● health counseling
48
Check
Your
Progress
What is the relevance of knowing the

varying goals and scope of counseling?
49
Matching Type. Match each description with
the
Try This! appropriate term.
1. helping the client make up for his or her
destructive behavior in the past
a. preventive goal e. psychological goal

b. exploratory goal
c. reinforcement
goal
d. physiological goal
action
50
Matching Type. Match each description with
the
appropriate term.
f. enlightenment
g. behavior change
h. cognitive change
i. restitution
j. generativity and social
action
51
Try This!
2. assisting the client in understanding what one
should do to achieve good health

b. exploratory goal
c. reinforcement
goal
f. enlightenment
g. behavior change
h. cognitive change
i. restitution
Try This!
3. helping the client in contributing to the collective good
through community work

b. exploratory goal
c. reinforcement
goal
f. enlightenment
g. behavior change
h. cognitive change
i. restitution
Try This!
4. assisting the client in developing skills for social
interaction, managing one’s emotions, and
developing a positive self-concept

b. exploratory goal
c. reinforcement
goal
f. enlightenment
g. behavior change
h. cognitive change
i. restitution
Try This!
5. helping the client in modifying and replacing
self- destructive habits

b. exploratory goal
c. reinforcement
goal
f. enlightenment
g. behavior change
h. cognitive change
i. restitution
Principles of Counseling

The Role of the Counselor
● Counselors serve as the change agents by which these

changes can be facilitated.
● Counselors guide clients in recognizing and

addressing problematic behaviors, irrational thoughts,
and intense feelings.
56
Counselors can also teach
clients about the dynamics
between their triggers,
physical health, and their
behavioral responses through
a process called
psychoeducation.
Counselors are not advisers or
coaches that are expected to provide
answers and solutions to the client’s
concerns.
Check
Your
Progress
What can beginning counselors do to
ensure that they are able to provide support
to their clients?
59
Principles of Counseling
Serve two purposes:
● as a standard of professional behavior, and

● as a means to recognize areas of improvement.
60
Reassurance
promotes exploration of new

relationships and
experiences while helping
the client diminish any
anxious feelings in the
process
Release of Emotional Tension
● A safe and
nonjudgmental space is
given to let emotions out.
● Clients navigate
feelings and
understand their
causes and impacts.
Clarified Thinking
attainment of more rational

and objective thought patterns
that lead clients to make
better decisions
Reorientation
Helping clients change or

reorganize their goals based
on an understanding of their
level of aspiration, their
limitations, and their
emotional characteristics
Listening Skills
This involves understanding

the client’s statements and
taking note of cues,
behaviors, and expressions
that provide more
information about the client.
Respect
● Counselors are expected to show respect to their

clients regardless of beliefs, attributes, characteristics,
or experiences.
● Facilitating respect in counseling also requires the

counselor to respect the client’s privacy, boundaries,
and decisions.
Empathy and Positive Regard
● Empathy is the ability to fully understand the client’s world,

as if it was the counselor’s own.
● Positive regard refers to the act of supporting the client

without conditions or judgment.
Clarification, Confrontation, and Interpretation
● Clarification involves clarifying any vague or ambiguous

statements made by the client.
Clarification, Confrontation, and Interpretation
● Confrontation involves bringing to the surface the feelings,

behaviors, or thoughts that the client may fail to recognize.
● Interpretation is the counselor’s attempt to provide

hypothetical feedback about the causes of client’s issues.
Transference and Countertransference
Transference refers to the clients’ expression of feelings,

thoughts, and behaviors toward the counselor that provides
insights about their personal issues or current challenges.
Transference and Countertransference
Countertransference is the counselor’s reactions to the

client’s transference, triggered by the counselor’s own
personal issues, challenges, and experience.
Check
Your
Progress
From your perspective, is there any principle
that is more valuable than the others? Explain
your answer.
72
Evaluating the Principles of Counseling
The principles of counseling

in professional practice
should serve as a basis for
understanding the quality of
care and type of effort that
counselors and clients need
to exert in the therapeutic
relationship.
73
The principles of
counseling should be
understood in a holistic
context.
Provide a situational example that showcases
principle
each of counseling specified below.
Try This!
countertransference
75
principle of counseling specified below.
Try This!
reorientation
Try This!
release of emotional tension

Try This!
confrontation
Try This!
respect
UNIT SUMMARY

● Counseling is a learning process, wherein through
Wrap-Up the guidance of a counselor, the client learns more
about himself or herself, his or her responses to
the environment, and ways of becoming a more
productive member of the society.
● As an interactive process, counseling aims to

establish a safe space for the client, and through
the interaction, the client becomes more self-
aware, learns either acceptance or problem-
solving, and achieves new and more effective ways
81
of coping.
82
● Potential outcomes of counseling include:
Wrap-Up resolution or a solution to the problem, learning
or new knowledge or skills that could help the
client cope better, and social inclusion.
● Counseling and psychotherapy use similar

techniques and approaches, but they are different
in the severity of problems that they are equipped
to deal with.
82
● In counseling, goals are established by the
Wrap-Up counselor and the client to create a roadmap of
progress and a step-by-step process. Goal-setting
helps both the counselor and the client achieve
their desired outcome.
● Mitchell and Gibson (2003) identified nine goals of

counseling—namely, developmental, preventive,
enhancement, remedial, exploratory,
reinforcement, cognitive, physiological, and
psychological goals.
83
Wrap-Up
● McLeod (2003) also identified various aims of
counseling—namely, insight, relating with others,
self-awareness, self-acceptance, self-actualization
or individuation, enlightenment, problem-solving,
psychological education, acquisition of social skills,
cognitive change, behavior change, systemic
change, empowerment, restitution, and
generativity and social action.
84
Wrap-Up
● The scope of counseling includes individual or

personal counseling, family counseling,
community counseling, career counseling,
behavioral counseling, and even health counseling.
85
● Counselors are change agents who help clients
Wrap-Up identify and manage maladaptive thoughts,
behaviors, and feelings that hinder them from
living well and functioning effectively.
● The principles of counseling are a set of guidelines

and professional behaviors that serve two
purposes:
○ as a standard of professional behavior, and
○ as a means to recognize areas of improvement.
86
● There are numerous principles in counseling that
Wrap-Up counselors are expected to uphold, including
listening, respect, confrontation, and clarified
thinking.
● Counselors are expected to holistically utilize

principles in counseling, integrating various parts
of the clients’ life and the therapy goals into
practice.
87
Photo Credit
Slide 12: MANNA Counseling by Kendl123 is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
88
Bibliography
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Rhinebeck Child and Family Center Publications, 2004.
Dustin, Richard, and Rickey George. Action Counseling for Behavior Change. Pennsylvania: Intext Educational Publishers,
1973.
Gustad, John. “The Definition of Counseling.” In Roles and relationships in counseling, edited by Ralph F. Berdie, 3-19.
Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1953.
Lewis, Edwin. The Psychology of Counseling. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
89
Mcleod, John. An Introduction to Counselling, 3rd ed. New York: Open University Press, 2004.
Perez, Joseph Francis. Counseling: Theory and Practice. Michigan: Addison-Wesley, 1965.
Shertzer, Bruce, and Shelley C. Stone. Fundamentals of Guidance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976.
Wampold, Bruce. "How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update." World Psychiatry 14, no. 3
(2015): 270-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20238.
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https://counseling.northwestern.edu/about/become-a-counselor/what-is-counseling
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2020. https://www.geneseo.edu/hr/counseling-improve-performance.
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Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences

General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences

Identify the goals and scope of counseling

Explain the principles of counseling

Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences

● a profession and a discipline

“Counseling is a learning process in

Counseling is a relational and

What is the main goal or purpose

1. Counseling is a learning process between a

2. Counseling is an interactive process that

3. At the end of a counseling session, the

4. At the end of a counseling session, the

5. At the end of a counseling session, the

Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences

Goals are the desired result of a process. Since counseling

● Goals of Counseling (Gibson and Mitchell 2003)

Examples: developing a growth

Example: managing test anxiety

Example: improving public speaking

Example: overcoming alcohol

Example: being involved in

Example: managing one’s anxiety

Example: improving sustained

2. relating with others

developing behavior or habits that

● gaining awareness and

accepting and acknowledging the

achieving one's full potential and

achieving spiritual awakening

finding a solution to a certain

acquiring ideas and

9. acquisition of social skills

— acquiring, learning, and

10. cognitive change

11. behavior change

modifying or replacing self-

12. systemic change

changing patterns of behavior

developing or acquiring certain

making up for previous

15. generativity and social action

encouraging to do work for

● individual or personal counseling

What is the relevance of knowing the

a. preventive goal e. psychological goal

a. preventive goal e. psychological goal

a. preventive goal e. psychological goal

a. preventive goal e. psychological goal

a. preventive goal e. psychological goal

Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences

● Counselors serve as the change agents by which these

● Counselors guide clients in recognizing and

Serve two purposes:

● as a standard of professional behavior, and

promotes exploration of new

attainment of more rational

Helping clients change or

This involves understanding

● Counselors are expected to show respect to their

● Facilitating respect in counseling also requires the

● Empathy is the ability to fully understand the client’s world,

● Positive regard refers to the act of supporting the client

● Clarification involves clarifying any vague or ambiguous