An ACI Handbook

314 Design Aids

HB-10(11)
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Members of ACI Committee 314, Simplified Design of Concrete Buildings, created and reviewed 
a series of helpful design aids for reinforced concrete.   

Design Aid 1‐1  Areas of Reinforcing Bars 
Design Aid 1‐2  Approximate Bending Moments and Shear Forces for Continuous Beams and One‐
way Slabs  
Design Aid 1‐3  Variation of φ with Net Tensile Strain in Extreme Tension Steel  εt and c/dt – Grade 
60 Reinforcement and Prestressing Steel  
Design Aid 1‐4  Simplified Calculation of As Assuming Tension‐Controlled Section and Grade 60 
Reinforcement 
Design Aid 1‐5  Minimum Number of Reinforcing Bars Required in a Single Layer  
Design Aid 1‐6  Maximum Number of Reinforcing Bars Permitted in a Single Layer  
Design Aid 1‐7  Minimum Thickness h for Beams and One‐Way Slabs Unless Deflections are 
Calculated  
Design Aid 1‐8  Reinforcement Ratio ρt for Tension‐Controlled Sections Assuming Grade 60 
Reinforcement 
Design Aid 1‐9  Simplified Calculation of bw Assuming Grade 60 Reinforcement and ρ = 0.5ρmax 
Design Aid 1‐10  T‐beam Construction 
Design Aid 1‐11  Values of φVs = Vu ‐ φVc (kips) as a Function of the Spacing, s 
Design Aid 1‐12  Minimum Shear Reinforcement Av,min /s 
Design Aid 1‐13  Torsional Section Properties 
Design Aid 1‐14  Moment of Inertia of Cracked Section Transformed to Concrete, Icr 
Design Aid 1‐15  Approximate Equation to Determine Immediate Deflection, Δi, for Members 
Subjected to Uniformly Distributed Loads 
  Two Way Slabs – Direct Design Method, includes Design Aid 2.1 through D.8.
Design Aid 2‐1  Conditions for Analysis by the Direct Design Method 
Design Aid 2‐2  Definitions of Column Strip and Middle Strip 
Design Aid 2‐3  Definition of Clear Span, ℓn 
Design Aid 2‐4  Design Moment Coefficients used with the Direct Design Method 
Design Aid 2‐5  Effective Beam and Slab Sections for Computation of Stiffness Ratio, αf 
Design Aid 2‐6  Computation of Torsional Stiffness Factor, βt, for T‐ and L‐Sections 
Design Aid 2‐7  Moment Distribution Constants for Slab‐Beam Members without Drop Panels 
Design Aid 2‐8  Stiffness and Carry‐Over Factors for Columns 
 

1
 DESIGN AID 1-1
Areas of Reinforcing Bars

Total Areas of Bars (in.2)

Bar Number of Bars
Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. 3 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.88 0.99 1.10
No. 4 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
No. 5 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3.10
No. 6 0.44 0.88 1.32 1.76 2.20 2.64 3.08 3.52 3.96 4.40
No. 7 0.60 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00
No. 8 0.79 1.58 2.37 3.16 3.95 4.74 5.53 6.32 7.11 7.90
No. 9 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
No. 10 1.27 2.54 3.81 5.08 6.35 7.62 8.89 10.16 11.43 12.70
No. 11 1.56 3.12 4.68 6.24 7.80 9.36 10.92 12.48 14.04 15.60

Areas of Bars per Foot Width of Slab (in.2/ft)

Bar Bar Spacing (in.)
Size 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
No. 3 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07
No. 4 0.40 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13
No. 5 0.62 0.53 0.46 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21
No. 6 0.88 0.75 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.44 0.41 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29
No. 7 1.20 1.03 0.90 0.80 0.72 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.40
No. 8 1.58 1.35 1.18 1.05 0.95 0.86 0.79 0.73 0.68 0.63 0.59 0.56 0.53
No. 9 2.00 1.71 1.50 1.33 1.20 1.09 1.00 0.92 0.86 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.67
No. 10 2.54 2.18 1.91 1.69 1.52 1.39 1.27 1.17 1.09 1.02 0.95 0.90 0.85
No. 11 3.12 2.67 2.34 2.08 1.87 1.70 1.56 1.44 1.34 1.25 1.17 1.10 1.04

2
 DESIGN AID 1-2
Approximate Bending Moments and Shear Forces for Continuous Beams
and One-way Slabs
8.3.3

Uniformly distributed load wu (L/D ≤ 3)

Two or more spans
Integral with Prismatic members Simple
Support Support
n,2 < n,1 ≤ 1.2n,2 n,2 n,2

wu 2n,1 wu 2n,2 wu 2n,2 Positive

14 16 11 Moment

* *
Spandrel wu 2n,1 wu 2n,avg wu 2n,avg wu 2n,2 wu 2n,2
Support
0
24 10 11 11 10

Column wu 2n,1 Negative

Support Moment
16
**
wu 2n,1 wu  2n,avg wu  2n,avg wu 2n,2 wu  2n,2
Note A 0
12 12 12 12 12

wu n,1 1.15wu n,1 wu n,2 wu n,2 1.15wu n,2 wu n,2
Shear
2 2 2 2 2 2

* wu  2n Note A: Applicable to slabs with spans ≤ 10 ft

(2 spans) and beams where the ratio of the sum of
9
column stiffness to beam stiffness > 8 at
each end of the span.
 +
 n, avg = n,1 n,2 (8.3.3)
2
** w  2
u n, 2
(for beams)
10
3
 DESIGN AID 1-3

Variation of φ with Net Tensile Strain in Extreme Tension Steel ε t and c / dt –

Grade 60 Reinforcement and Prestressing Steel
9.3.2

0.90

φ = 0.75 + (ε t − 0.002)(50)

φ Spiral
0.75
φ = 0.65 + (ε t − 0.002)(250 /3)
0.65
Other

Compression-controlled Transition Tension-controlled

εt = 0.002 εt = 0.005
0.003 0.003

c = 0.375dt
c = 0.6dt
dt dt

εt = 0.002 εt = 0.005

Spiral: φ = 0.75 + 0.15[(1/c/d t ) − (5/3)]

Other: φ = 0.65 + 0.25[(1/c/d t ) − (5/3)]

4
 DESIGN AID 1-4

Simplified Calculation of As Assuming Tension-Controlled Section and

Grade 60 Reinforcement

f c′ (psi) As (in.2)
Mu
3,000
3.84d
Mu
4,000
4.00d
Mu
5,000
4.10d

M u is in ft-kips and d is in inches

Mu
In all cases, As = can be used.
4d

Notes:
Mu
• As =
 0.5 ρf y 
φf y 1 −  × d
 0.85 f ' c 
• For all values of ρ < 0.0125, the simplified As equation is slightly conservative.
• It is recommended to avoid ρ > 0.0125 when using the simplified As equation.

5
 DESIGN AID 1-51
Minimum Number of Reinforcing Bars Required in a Single Layer
10.6.4

Assumptions:

• Grade 60 reinforcement ( f y = 60,000 psi)

• Clear cover to the tension reinforcement cc = 2 in.
• Calculated stress f s in reinforcement closest to the tension face at
service load = 40,000 psi

Bar Beam Width (in.)

Size 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 36 42 48
No. 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No. 5 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No. 6 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No. 7 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No. 8 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No. 9 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No. 10 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No. 11 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6

Minimum number of bars, nmim:

b − 2(cc + 0.5db )
nmin = w +1
s
ds
where db ¾″ for No. 3 stirrups
r=
 40,000  1″ for No. 4 stirrups
s = 15  − 2.5cc
cc
 fs  1″
 40,000  1-1/2″ clear Clear space ≥ db
≤ 12  cs
 fs  1.33(max. aggregate size)
cc bw

1
Alsamsam, I.M. and Kamara, M. E. (2004). Simplified Design Reinforced Concrete Buildings of
Moderate Size and Heights, EB104, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.

6
 DESIGN AID 1-61
Maximum Number of Reinforcing Bars Permitted in a Single Layer
7.6

Assumptions:

• Grade 60 reinforcement ( f y = 60 ksi)

• Clear cover to the stirrups cs = 1.5 in.
• ¾-in. aggregate
• No. 3 stirrups are used for No. 5 and No. 6 longitudinal bars, and No. 4
stirrups are used for No. 7 and larger bars

Bar Beam Width (in.)

Size 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 36 42 48
No. 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 13 14 16 17 21 25 29
No. 5 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 15 16 19 23 27
No. 6 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 18 22 25
No. 7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 17 20 23
No. 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 19 22
No. 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 14 17 19
No. 10 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 12 15 17
No. 11 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 11 13 15

Maximum number of bars, nmax:

b − 2(cs + d s + r )
nmax = w +1
(Clear space) + db ds

db ¾″ for No. 3 stirrups

r=
1″ for No. 4 stirrups
cc
1″
1-1/2″ clear Clear space ≥ db
cs
1.33(max. aggregate size)
cc bw

1
Alsamsam, I.M. and Kamara, M. E. (2004). Simplified Design Reinforced Concrete Buildings of
Moderate Size and Heights, EB104, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.

7
 DESIGN AID 1-7
Minimum Thickness h for Beams and One-Way Slabs Unless Deflections are
Calculated
9.5.2

h ≥  1 / 18.5 h ≥  2 / 21 h ≥ 3 /8
Beams or
Ribbed
One-way
Slabs One end Both ends Cantilever
continuous continuous

1 2 3

h ≥  1 / 24 h ≥  2 / 28 h ≥  3 / 10
Solid
One-way
Slabs
One end Both ends Cantilever
continuous continuous

1 2 3

• Applicable to one-way construction not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be
damaged by large deflections.

• Values shown are applicable to members with normal weight concrete ( wc = 145 lbs/ft3) and Grade 60
reinforcement. For other conditions, modify the values as follows:

 For structural lightweight having wc in the range 90-120 lbs/ft3, multiply the values by
(1.65 − 0.005wc ) ≥ 1.09.
( )
 For f y other than 60,000 psi, multiply the values by 0.4 + f y / 100,000 .

 / 20 for solid one - way slabs

• For simply-supported members, minimum h = 
 / 16 for beams or ribbed one - way slabs
8
 DESIGN AID 1-8
Reinforcement Ratio ρ t for Tension-Controlled Sections Assuming Grade 60
Reinforcement

f c′ (psi) ρ t when εt = 0.005 ρ t when εt = 0.004

3,000 0.01355 0.01548
4,000 0.01806 0.02064
5,000 0.02125 0.02429

Notes:

1. C = 0.85 f ' c (β1c )b

T = As f y
C = T ⇒ 0.85 f ' c (β1c )b = As f y

a. When εt = 0.005, c/dt = 3/8.

( )
0.85 f ' c β1 3 d t b = As f y
8

As 0.85β1 f c′( 3 )
ρt = = 8
bd t fy

b. When εt = 0.004, c/dt = 3/7.

( )
0.85 f ' c β1 3 d t b = As f y
7

As 0.85β1 f c′( 3 )
ρt = = 7
bd t fy

2. β1 is determined according to 10.2.7.3.

9
 DESIGN AID 1-9

Simplified Calculation of bw Assuming Grade 60 Reinforcement and

ρ = 0.5ρ max

f c′ (psi) bw (in.)*
31.6 M u
3,000
d2
23.7 M u
4,000
d2
20.0 M u
5,000
d2

* M u is in ft-kips and d is in inches

In general:

36,600 M u
bw =
ρ β1 f c′ (1 − 0.2143ρ β1 )d 2

where ρ = ρ / ρ max , f c′ is in psi, d is in inches and M u is in ft-kips

and

0.85β1 f c′ 0.003
ρ max = (10.3.5)
fy 0.004 + 0.003

10
 DESIGN AID 1-10
T-beam Construction
8.12

be1 be 2

h = hf

bw1 bw2 bw3

s1 s2

 Span length  Span length

bw1 + 12  4
 
be1 ≤ bw1 + 6h be 2 ≤ bw2 + 16h
 3b b s b b +b s +s
 w1 − w2 + 1  w2 − w1 w3 + 1 2
 4 4 2  2 4 2

be ≤ 4bw

bw
h = hf ≥
2

bw

Isolated T-beam

11
 DESIGN AID 1-11

Values of φVs = Vu − φVc (kips) as a Function of the Spacing, s*

s No. 3 U-stirrups No. 4 U-stirrups No. 5 U-stirrups

d/2 19.8 36.0 55.8
d/3 29.7 54.0 83.7
d/4 39.6 72.0 111.6

* Valid for Grade 60 ( f yt = 60 ksi) stirrups with 2 legs (double the tabulated values for
4 legs, etc.).

In general:

φAv f yt d
φVs = (11.4.7.2)
s

where f yt used in design is limited to 60,000 psi, except for welded deformed wire
reinforcement, which is limited to 80,000 psi (11.4.2).

12
 DESIGN AID 1-12

Minimum Shear Reinforcement Av,min / s *

Av,min  in.2 
f c′ (psi)  
s  in. 
 
≤ 4,500 0.00083bw

5,000 0.00088bw

* Valid for Grade 60 ( f yt = 60 ksi) shear reinforcement.

In general:

Av,min bw 50bw
= 0.75 f c′ ≥ Eq. (11-13)
s f yt f yt

where f yt used in design is limited to 60,000 psi, except for welded deformed wire
reinforcement, which is limited to 80,000 psi (11.4.2).

13
 DESIGN AID 1-13
Torsional Section Properties

Section* Acp pcp Aoh ph

Edge bw be = h - hf ≤ 4hf
bwh + behf 2(h + bw + be) x1y1 2(x1 + y1)
hff
h

hh yyo
1
x1 = bw - 2c - ds
y1 = h - 2c - ds
x1
Interior
be = bw + 2(h - hf) ≤ bw + 8hf
xxo1

hhf bw(h - hf) + behf 2(h + be) x1y1 2(x1 + y1)

f

h yyo
1

x1 = bw - 2c - ds
y1 = h - 2c - ds
bw

L-shaped
bb11
x1
b1h1 + b2h2 2(h1 + h2 + b2) x1y1 + x2y2 2(x1 + x2 + y1)
x2 h1 x1 = b1 - 2c - ds
yy11 y1 = h1 + h2 - 2c - ds
x2 = b2 - b1
y2 = h2 - 2c - ds
y2 h2

b2

Inverted tee
b1
x1

b1h1 + b2h2 2(h1 + h2 + b2) x1y1 + 2x2y2 2(x1 + 2x2 + y1)

x2 h1 x1 = b1 - 2c - ds
y1 = h1 + h2 - 2c - ds
y1
x2 = (b2 - b1)/2
y2 h2 y2 = h2 - 2c - ds

b2

* Notation: xi, yi = center-to-center dimension of closed rectangular stirrup

c = clear cover to closed rectangular stirrup(s)
ds = diameter of closed rectangular stirrup(s)

2
Note: Neglect overhanging flanges in cases where Acp / pcp calculated for a beam with
flanges is less than that computed for the same beam ignoring the flanges (11.5.1.1).

14
 DESIGN AID 1-14

Moment of Inertia of Cracked Section Transformed to Concrete, I cr

Cracked Transformed Cracked Moment of Inertia, I cr

Gross Section
Section
b b
b(kd )3
I cr = + nAs (d − kd ) 2
kd 3
n.a. d where
h
2dB + 1 − 1
As nAs kd =
B

b b(kd ) 3
b d′ I cr = + nAs (d − kd ) 2
3
kd
A′s + (n − 1) As′ (kd − d ′) 2
n.a.
h (n – 1)A′s d
where

 rd ′ 
As nAs
 + (1 + r ) − (1 + r )
2
2dB + 1 +
 d 
kd =
B

---continued next page---

I g = bh 3 / 12
n = E s / Ec
B = b /(nAs )
r = (n − 1) As′ /(nAs )

15
 DESIGN AID 1-14

Moment of Inertia of Cracked Section Transformed to Concrete, I cr

(continued)

Cracked
Gross Section Transformed Cracked Moment of Inertia, I cr
Section
b b (b − bw )h 3f b (kd ) 3
I cr = + w
hf 12 3
kd
2
h d  hf 
+ (b − bw )h f  kd − 
n.a.
2 
As nAs  
+ nAs (d − kd ) 2
bw
where

C (2d + h f f ) + (1 + f ) 2 − (1 + f )
kd =
C
b b d′
(b − bw )h 3f b (kd ) 3
I cr = + w
hf 12 3
kd
2
A′s d  hf 
yt
h (n – 1)A′s n.a.
+ (b − bw )h f  kd − 

As nAs  2 
+ nAs (d − kd ) 2 + (n − 1) As′ (kd − d ′) 2
bw
where

C (2d + h f f + 2rd ′) + (1 + r + f ) 2 − (1 + r + f )
kd =
C

yt = h − {0.5[(b − bw )h 2f + bw h 2 ] /[(b − bw )h f + bw h]}

I g = (b − bw )h 3f / 12 + bw h 3 / 12 + (b − bw )h f (h − 0.5h f − yt ) 2 + bw h( yt − 0.5h) 2
n = E s / Ec
C = bw /(nAs )
f = h f (b − bw ) /(nAs )
r = (n − 1) As′ /(nAs )

16
 DESIGN AID 1-15

Approximate Equation to Determine Immediate Deflection, ∆ i , for Members

Subjected to Uniformly Distributed Loads

5 KM a  2
∆i =
48 Ec I e

where M a = net midspan moment or cantilever moment

 = span length (8.9)

Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete (8.5.1)

= w1c.5 33 f c′ for values of wc between 90 and 155 pcf

wc = unit weight of concrete

I e = effective moment of inertia (see Flowchart A.1-5.1)

K = constant that depends on the span condition

Span Condition K
Cantilever* 2.0
Simple 1.0

Continuous 1.2 − 0.2( M o / M a )**

* Deflection due to rotation at supports not included

** M o = w 2 / 8 (simple span moment at midspan)

17
 DESIGN AID 2-1
Conditions for Analysis by the Direct Design Method
13.6.1

For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, Eq. (13-2) must also be satisfied:

α f 1 22
0.2 ≤ ≤ 5.0
α f 2  12

Ecb I b
where αf = Eq. (13-3)
Ecs I s
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete (8.5.1)

= w1c.5 33 f c′ for values of wc between 90 and 155 pcf

I b , I s = moment of inertia of beam and slab, respectively (see Design Aid J.2-5)

18
 DESIGN AID 2-2
Definitions of Column Strip and Middle Strip
13.2

(2)B

Minimum of 1/4 or (2)B/4

(2)A

½-Middle strip

Column strip

½-Middle strip

1

Minimum of 1/4 or (2)A/4

19
 DESIGN AID 2-3

Definition of Clear Span,  n

13.6.2.5

0.93h

0.89h

 n ≥ 0.65 1

1

20
 DESIGN AID 2-4
Design Moment Coefficients used with the Direct Design Method
13.6.3 – 13.6.6

Flat Plate or Flat Slab

Flat Plate or Flat Slab with Spandrel Beams

See Design Aid J 2-6 for determination of β t

21
 DESIGN AID 2-4
Design Moment Coefficients used with the Direct Design Method
13.6.3 – 13.6.6
(continued)

Flat Plate or Flat Slab with End Span Integral with Wall

Flat Plate or Flat Slab with End Span Simply Supported on Wall

22
 DESIGN AID 2-4
Design Moment Coefficients used with the Direct Design Method
13.6.3 – 13.6.6
(continued)

Two-Way Beam-Supported Slab

See Design Aids J 2-5 and J 2-6 for determination of α f and β t respectively

Notes:
• Mo is defined per 13.6.2

23
 DESIGN AID 2-5

Effective Beam and Slab Sections for Computation of Stiffness Ratio α f

Interior Beam Edge Beam

C C CL
2 2

Slab, Is Slab, Is
h h
a a
Beam, Ib Beam, Ib

b b

beff = b + 2(a – h) ≤ b + 8h beff = b + (a – h) ≤ b + 4h

Ecb I b
αf = Eq. (13-3)
Ecs I s

Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete (8.5.1)

= w1c.5 33 f c′ for values of wc between 90 and 155 pcf

1
Is =  2 h3
12

2 2
1  a−h 1  h 
I b = b(a − h) 3 + b(a − h) yb − 3
 + beff h + beff h a − − yb 
12  2  12  2 

where

 h b
beff h a −  + (a − h )2
 2 2
yb =
beff h + b(a − h)

24
 DESIGN AID 2-6

Computation of Torsional Stiffness Factor, β t , for T- and L-Sections

Interior Beam C C
2

h
a

beff = b + 2(a – h) ≤ b + 8h

Case A

y2 y2
3
 x1  x1 y1
x2C A = 1 − 0.63 
x1  y1  3
3
 x  x y2
+ 21 − 0.63 2  2
 y2  3
y1

Case B
y2

3
 x1  x1 y1
 1
x2 B =  −
C 0 . 63 
 y1  3
x1
3
 x2  x2 y 2
+ 1 − 0.63 
 y2  3
y1

C = maximum of C A and C B
E C
β t = cb Eq. (13-5)
2 Ecs I s
where I s =  2 h 3 / 12 and E = w1c.5 33 f c′ for values of wc between 90 and 155 pcf (8.5.1)

25
 DESIGN AID 2-6

Computation of Torsional Stiffness Factor, β t , for T- and L-Sections

(continued)

CL
Edge Beam 2

h
a

beff = b + (a – h) ≤ b + 4h

Case A

y2

x2  x  x3 y
x1 C A = 1 − 0.63 1  1 1
 y1  3
 x  x3 y
+ 1 − 0.63 2  2 2
 y2  3
y1

Case B
y2

3
 x1  x1 y1
x2 C B = 1 − 0.63 
 y1  3
x1
3
 x  x y2
+ 1 − 0.63 2  2
 y2  3

y1

C = maximum of C A and C B
E C
β t = cb Eq. (13-5)
2 Ecs I s
where I s =  2 h 3 / 12 and E = w1c.5 33 f c′ for values of wc between 90 and 155 pcf (8.5.1)

26
 DESIGN AID 2-7
Moment Distribution Constants for Slab-Beam Members without Drop Panels*

1

cN 2 cF 2 2

c N1 cF1

Stiffness Factor, Carry-over Factor, Fixed-end Moment

c N1 /  1 cN 2 /  2
k NF C NF Coefficient, m NF
0.10 4.18 0.51 0.0847
0.20 4.36 0.52 0.0860
0.10
0.30 4.53 0.54 0.0872
0.40 4.70 0.55 0.0882
0.10 4.35 0.52 0.0857
0.20 4.72 0.54 0.0880
0.20
0.30 5.11 0.56 0.0901
0.40 5.51 0.58 0.0921
0.10 4.49 0.53 0.0863
0.20 5.05 0.56 0.0893
0.30
0.30 5.69 0.59 0.0923
0.40 6.41 0.61 0.0951
0.10 4.61 0.53 0.0866
0.20 5.35 0.56 0.0901
0.40
0.30 6.25 0.60 0.0936
0.40 7.37 0.64 0.0971

Slab-beam stiffness K sb = k NF Ecs I sb /  1

Fixed-end moment FEM = m FN qu  2  12

* Applicable where (1) c N1 = c F1 and c N 2 = c F 2 and (2) a uniformly distributed load qu

acts over the entire span length. See PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 for other cases, including
constants for members with drop panels.

27
 DESIGN AID 2-8
Stiffness and Carry-Over Factors for Columns*

H c

Stiffness Factor, Carry-over Factor,

H / c
k AB C AB
1.05 4.52 0.54
1.10 5.09 0.57
1.15 5.71 0.60
1.20 6.38 0.62
1.25 7.11 0.65
1.30 7.89 0.67
1.35 8.73 0.69
1.40 9.63 0.71
1.45 10.60 0.73
1.50 11.62 0.74

(K c ) AB = k AB Ecc I c /  c

Column stiffness: 
(K ) = k E I / 
 c BA BA cc c c

* See PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 for other cases, including factors for members with drop
panels and column capitals.

28