Irritability

Part II
 Objectives

1. Describe the functions of the main regions of the brain

2. Discuss the physiological, social and economic effects of drug
abuse
3. Relate the structure of the human eye to its functions as a
sense organ
4. Explain accommodation; sight defects and the corrections of
each
5. Relate structure of the human skin to its function in
temperature regulation and protection
 01 03
The Eye Eye Defects

02 04
The Brain The Skin

05
Drug Abuse
 INTRODUCTION
In order to respond to a stimuli the
body must first notice it. Parts of the
body that detect a stimuli are known
as receptor organs or sense organs.
““When life gives you lemons,
squirt someone in the eye.”
—SOMEONE FAMOUS WITH
SARCASM
 The Eye
The human eye is an organ that is specialized
to collect light and focus images.
The ability to see is called vision. This ability
depends on more than healthy eyes. It also
depends on certain parts of the brain,
because the brain and eyes work together to
allow us to see.
The eyes collect and focus visible light. The
lens and other structures of the eye work
together to focus an image on the retina.
 The Human Eye

Structure of Eye Accomodation

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the Despite being red, Mars is a cold place, not hot. It’s
smallest one in our Solar System full of iron oxide dust

Short Sight Long Sight

Yes, this is the ringed one. It’s a gas giant, Venus has a beautiful name and is the second
composed mostly of hydrogen and helium planet from the Sun
STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
 Parts of the Eye
● The sclera, also known as the white of the eye, is an opaque outer covering
that protects the eye. It keeps light out of the eye except at the center front of
the eye.
● The cornea is a transparent outer covering of the front of the eye. It protects
the eye and also acts as a convex lens. A convex lens is thicker in the middle
than at the edges and makes rays of light converge, or meet at a point. The
shape of the cornea helps focus light that enters the eye.
● The pupil is an opening in the front of the eye. It looks black because it doesn’t
reflect any light. All the light passes through it instead. The pupil controls the
amount of light that enters the eye. It automatically gets bigger or smaller to
let more or less light in as needed.
 Parts of the Eye
● The iris is the colored part of the eye. It controls the size of the pupil.
● The lens of the eye is a convex lens. It fine-tunes the focus so an image forms
on the retina at the back of the eye. Tiny muscles control the shape of the lens
to focus images of close or distant objects.
● The retina is a membrane lining the back of the eye. The retina has nerve cells
called rods and cones that change images to electrical signals. Rods are good
at sensing dim light but can’t distinguish different colors of light. Cones can
sense colors but not dim light. There are three different types of cones. Each
type senses one of the three primary colors of light (red, green, or blue).
● The optic nerve carries electrical signals from the rods and cones to the brain.
 How do you see?
Vision involves sensing and focusing light from people and objects. The steps involved are as
follows:

1. First, light passes through the cornea of the eye. The cornea is a clear, protective covering on the
outside of the eye.

2. Next, light passes through the pupil. The pupil is a black opening in the eye that lets light enter
the eye.

3. After passing into the eye through the pupil, light passes through the lens. The lens of the eye is
a clear, curved structure. Along with the cornea, the lens helps focus light at the back of the eye

4. The lens must bend light from nearby objects more than it bends light from far-away objects. The
lens changes shape to bend the light by just the right amount to bring objects into focus.

5. The lens focuses light on the retina, which covers the back of the inside of the eye. The retina has
light-sensing photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. Rods let us see in dim light. Cones let us
detect light of different colors.

6. When light hits rods and cones, it causes chemical changes. The chemical changes start nerve
impulses. The nerve impulses travel to the brain through the optic nerve.
Accomodation ● Accommodation is a reflex process to
bring light rays from object into perfect
focus on retina by adjusting the lens.
● When an object lying less than 6 meter
away is viewed, image formed behind
retina. But due to accommodation of lens
image formed in retina and we can see
the object.
● For accommodation to view closer
object, ciliary muscle contract and lens
become thick which causes focus on
closer object.
● Similarly, when distant object is viewed,
ciliary muscles relax, so the tension of
ligament become greater which pull lens
and lens become thinner, due to which
image forms on retina.
● The normal eye is able to accommodate
light from object about 25 cm to infinity
 REFLEX ACTION OF THE EYE
IN DIM LIGHT IN BRIGHT LIGHT

● circular muscles relax ● circular muscles contract

● radial muscles contract ● radial muscles relax
● pupil dilates ● pupil constricts
 SHORT SIGHT (MYOPIA)
People with myopia can see nearby objects clearly, but
distant objects appear blurry.

In myopia, the eye is too long. The image formed falls before the retina.

Myopia is corrected with a concave lens, which curves inward like the
inside of a bowl. The lens changes the focus, so images fall on the retina
as they should.
 LONG SIGHT (HYPEROPIA)

People with hyperopia can see distant objects

clearly, but nearby objects appear blurry. In
hyperopia, the eye is too short. This results in
Hyperopia is
images being focused in back of the retina
corrected with a
convex lens,
which curves
outward like the
outside of a bowl.
The lens changes the
focus so that images
fall on the retina as
they should.
 Disease of the Eye

Glaucoma Cataract
Glaucoma is a disease that damages Cataract is the clouding of the eye's
your eye’s optic nerve. It usually natural lens.
happens when fluid builds up in the
front part of your eye. That extra fluid
increases the pressure in your eye,
damaging the optic nerve.
 THE BRAIN
The brain is the most complex organ of
the human body and the control center
of the nervous system.
The brain controls such mental
processes as reasoning, imagination,
memory, and language. It also interprets
information from the senses.

In addition, it controls basic physical

processes such as breathing and
heartbeat.
 The Brain

The brain has three

major parts:

● the cerebrum,
● cerebellum, and
● brain stem.

The brain stem is the
smallest of the three main
parts of the brain. It lies
directly under the cerebrum.
The brain stem controls basic
body functions, such as
breathing, heartbeat, and
digestion. The brain stem also
carries information back and
forth between the cerebrum
and spinal cord.
Parts of the Brain
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
It sits on top of the brain stem. The cerebrum
controls functions that we are aware of, such
as problem-solving and speech. It also
controls voluntary movements
The cerebellum is the
next largest part of the
brain. It lies under the
cerebrum and behind the
brain stem. The
cerebellum controls body
position, coordination, and
balance. Whether you are
riding a bicycle or writing
with a pen, you are using
your cerebellum.
 Parts of the Cerebrum

Control of
Main sensory
Muscles and
areas
Smell and
Taste

Control of
vision
Control of
hearing
 DRUG ABUSE

PHYSIOLOGICAL
SOCIAL EFFECTS
EFFECTS

ECONOMIC
WHAT IS DRUG ABUSE?
EFFECTS
 DRUGS
Drugs are chemicals that affect processes in a
person’s body. Many drugs, including both legal
and illegal drugs, are psychoactive drugs. This
means that they affect the central nervous
system, generally by influencing the
transmission of nerve impulses.
 What is Drug Abuse?

Use of a drug without the advice of a medical

professional and for reasons not originally intended.

A. Aspirin
B. Caffeine
C. Alcohol
 TYPES OF DRUGS

Sedatives Stimulants
These drugs slow down the brain and make you feel These spped up the action of the brain and make
sleepy. These include tranquilisers and sleeping you more alert. These include cocaine, caffeine and
pills . nicotine.

Hallucingens Pain-Killers
These drugs cause hallucinations. AN hallucination These drugs suppress the part of the brain
is something which a person senses but is not responsible for the sense of pain. These include
actually there. morphine and heroin.
 DRUGS
DRUGS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS STIMULANTS OR
DEPRESSANTS.

Stimulants Depressants

A substance capable of creating a A drug that lowers neurotransmission

stimulus that increases physiological levels, which is to depress or reduce
or nervous activity in the body. arousal or stimulation, in various areas
of the brain.
 Stimulants

NICOTINE CAFFEINE

INCREASES BRAIN ACTIVITY BY MIMICKING THE CAUSES MORE NEUROTRANSMITTERS TO BE

ACTION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AT THE RELEASED MORE THAN NORMAL.
SYNAPSES OF NERVE CELLS IN THE BRAIN.
SIDE EFFECTS OF SMOKING

Person’s who smoke develop

cravings for the drug. The more they
use the drug the more their body
becomes accustomed to it and need
to consume more increases.

When a person tries to stop they

suffer withdrawal symptoms such as
Anxiety, Irritability, Disturbed sleep,
Headache, Heart palpitations,
Sweating, and Nausea.
 Depressants
Alcohol Cannabis
The alcohol in beer, wine and spirits slow The THC in cannabis may heighten your
down the nervous system and increases the perception of time and sensory perception.
time taken to respond to a stimuli. Marijuana may alter your balance,
coordination, and reflex response.
Symptoms of withdrawal may include
irritability, insomnia, and loss of appetite.
 WHY ARE DRUGS DANGEROUS?
They may impair a
person’s judgement
and make them clumsy
Often they make a person take
a longer time to react to a
stimuli.
The person may become
dependent on the drug
and crave it.
Cigarette and cannabis
smoking can become
habit-forming. Some people
can become dependent on a
drug, such is the case with
alcohol.
It may injure the body by
damaging cells
example a heavy drinker may
cause gradual damage to the
liver. Cannabis may cause
damage to brain cells.
Social Effects

Give 3 that you can find.

Economic Effects

Give 3 that you can find.

 THE SKIN

PROBLEM SOLUTION
It’s too hot! Sweat
 THE SKIN

Did you know that you see the largest organ in

your body every day? You wash it, dry it, cover
it up to stay warm, and uncover it to cool off.
Yes, your skin is your body's largest organ.
Your skin is part of your integumentary
system (outer covering of your body).
 Structure of the Skin

Two different
layers make up
the skin: the
epidermis and
the dermis
Function of the Skin

The skin has many important functions. The skin:

● Provides a barrier. It keeps organisms that could harm the body out. It
stops water from entering or leaving the body.
● Controls body temperature. It does this by making sweat (or
perspiration), a watery substance that cools the body when it evaporates.
● Detects Stimuli. Special nerve endings in your skin sense heat, pressure,
cold, and pain.
● Excretion The skin helps the body get rid of some types of waste, which
are removed in sweat.
● Acts as a sunblock. A pigment called melanin blocks sunlight from getting
to deeper layers of skin cells, which are easily damaged by sunlight.
 Functions of the Skin
Protection

The skin has multiple roles in the body. Many of

these roles are related to homeostasis. The skin’s
main functions are preventing water loss from the
body and serving as a barrier to the entry of
microorganisms. In addition, melanin in the skin
blocks UV light and protects deeper layers from its
damaging effects. Regulate Body Temperature

The skin also helps regulate body temperature. When the

body is too warm, sweat is released by the sweat glands
and spreads over the skin surface. As the sweat
evaporates, it cools the body. Blood vessels in the skin
also dilate, or widen, when the body is too warm. This
allows more blood to flow through the skin, bringing
body heat to the surface, where it radiates into the
environment. When the body is too cool, sweat glands
stop producing sweat, and blood vessels in the skin
constrict, or narrow, thus conserving body heat.
 HOW DOES THE BODY KEEP US WARM WHEN WE ARE COLD?

PILOERECTION VASOCONSTRICTION SHIVERING

HAIRS ON THE SKIN ARE Capillaries in the dermis The muscles

PULLED ERECT BY of the skin constrict o involuntaryily contract
ERECTOR MUSCLES. THE that little blood flows which generates more
HAIRS TRAP A LAYER OF through them to prevent heat for the body.
AIR NEXT THE SURFACE heat from being lost to
OF THE SKIN WHICH IS the environment. Heat is
WARMED BY BODY retained by blood flowing
HEAT. THE AIR THEN in vessels deeper in the
FORMS AN INSULATING skin.
LAYER FOR THE BODY
 HOW DOES THE BODY KEEP US COOL WHEN WE ARE WARM?

HAIRS LAY DOWN VASODILATION SWEATING

The hair erector muscles Capillaries in the dermis Sweat passes up sweat
relax causing hairs to lie dilate to allow more blood ducts onto skin surface.
flat on the skin therefore flow closer to the surface As the water from sweat
not trapping any of the skin so that heat evaporates the body is
insulating air. can be lost to the cooled.
surroundings.
The Skin as a Sense Organ
 Structure of the Skin
THE EPIDERMIS

● The epidermis is the outermost layer of

the skin. It forms the waterproof,
protective wrap over the body's surface.
● The epidermis also contains cells that
produce melanin. Melanin is the brownish
pigment that gives skin and hair their
color. Melanin-producing cells are found in
the bottom layer of the epidermis.
● The epidermis does not have any blood
vessels. The lower part of the epidermis
receives blood by diffusion from blood
vessels of the dermis.
 Structure of the Skin
THE DERMIS
● The dermis is the layer of skin directly under the epidermis. It is made of a tough connective
tissue.
● The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, and blood vessels. It also holds
many nerve endings that give you your sense of touch, pressure, heat, and pain.
● Sebaceous glands produce an oily substance called sebum. Sebum is secreted into hair
follicles and makes its way to the skin surface. It waterproofs the hair and skin and helps
prevent them from drying out. Sebum also has antibacterial properties, so it inhibits the growth
of microorganisms on the skin.
● Sweat glands produce the salty fluid called sweat, which contains excess water, salts, and
other waste products. The glands have ducts that pass through the epidermis and open to the
surface through pores in the skin.
● Hair follicles are the structures where hairs originate. Hairs grow out of follicles, pass through
the epidermis, and exit at the surface of the skin.
Capillaries near the surface of the skin help with regulation of body temperature. In hot
times the blood flows through the vessels close to the surface radiating heat on the
surface. In cold temperatures blood vessels is constricted so that less heat is lost to
the surface.

Vasoconstriction Vasodilation
 SKIN PROTECTION
● EPIDERMIS PROTECTS AGAINST ENTRY OF PATHOGENS
● EPIDERMIS PROTECTS AGAINST WATER LOSS FROM THE BODY
BY EVAPORATION
● EPIDERMIS HAS MELANIN WHICH HELPS PROTECT AGAINST
THE SUN’S ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS.
● EPIDERMIS PROTECTS AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICALS IN
ENVIRONMENT.
● SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER PROTECTS AGAINST HEAT LOSS IN THE
COLD
● SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER ACTS AS ‘PADDING’ TO PROTECT
AGAINST DAMAGE.
 SKIN BLEACHING

This refers to the practice of using chemical

substances to lighten skin tone or to provide an even
skin complexion by reducing the production of
melanin.

SAFETY ISSUES WITH BLEACHING

1. Some creams contain hydroquinone which has been

found to cause mutations and cancer in animals.
2. Some creams contain steroids which can cause skin
to become thin.
SKIN
BLEACHING
SKIN CARE
 Synapses

A synapse is a gap between two nerve cells.

THANKS!
Does anyone have any questions?