Structure Part B

Error with Article

Errors with Article (1/7)
General Spesific
Singular
a / an

Plural The
Uncountable No article

Article terbagi menjadi 2 kategori. General (a,an) & Spesifik (the) / bisa juga disebut Indefinite (a,an) & Definite (the).

General/Indefinite untuk benda yang belum diketahui

Spesifik/Definitie untuk benda yang sudah diketahui Perbedaan a & an

a motorcycle an orange

a university an hour

Intermediate Grammar 3B
Advanced Structure
Errors with Article (2/7)
Article a/an digunakan didepan Noun (k Benda) yang jumlahnya hanya satu (singular)
Article The digunakan untuk semua Noun baik itu Singular & Plural jika sudah diketahui atau spesifik.

A book An apple

Books Apples

The book The apple

The books The apples

Example:
I have an apple, the apple is red, the red apple is sweet ……..

Advanced Structure B
Errors with Article (3/7)
• A definite article is used when there is only one example or the thing or person, or
when the identity of the thing or person is clear.

The Moon went behind some clouds. (There's only one Moon.)
Please open the door. (You know which door I mean.)

• An indefinite article can be used to mean "one." It can also used to mean "per."

a half, a quarter, a third, a tenth

a mile a minute (one mile per minute)
an apple a day (one apple per day)

• A definite article is usually used before these expressions of time and position.
the morning the past the beginning the front
the afternoon the present the middle the back
the evening* the future the end the center
the top
*No article is used in the expression "at night & at noon." the bottom
Advanced Structure B
Errors with Article (4/7)
• A definite article is used before expressions with a ordinal number.
• No article is used before expressions with cardinal numbers.

One the first

Chapter Four the fourth chapter
Volume Seven the seventh volume

• A definite article is used before decades and centuries.

the 1800's the 1930's

the twenty-first century the fifties century

• A definite article is usually used before superlative forms of adjectives.

the widest river the most important decision

Advanced Structure B
Errors with Article (5/7)
• A definite article is used in quantity expressions in this pattern: (Quantifier + of + the + noun.)

not much of the paper many of the textbooks

most of the students some of the water
a few of the photographs all of the people

These expressions can also be used without the phrase of the.

not much paper many textbooks

most students some water
a few photographs all people

• A definite article is used before the name of a group of people or a nationality.

No article is used before the name of a language.

The Swedish are proud of their ancestors, the Vikings.

She learned to speak Swedish when she lived in Stockholm.

Advanced Structure B
Errors with Article (6/7)
• A definite article is used when an adjective is used without a noun to mean "people who are .... "

Both the young and the old will enjoy this movie.
The poor have many problems.

• A definite article is used before a non-count noun or a plural noun when it is followed by a modifier.
No article is used when these nouns appear alone.

The rice that I bought today is in the bag. Trees provide shade.
Rice is a staple in many countries. The trees in this park are mostly evergreens.

• A definite article is used before the name of a field of study followed by an of phrase.
If a field is used alone, or is preceded by an adjective, no article is used.

Literature the literature of the twentieth century

American history the history of the United States

Advanced Structure B
Errors with Article (7/7)
• Definite articles are used before the "formal" names of nations, states, and cities. (These
usually contain of phrases.) No articles are used before the common names of nations, states, and cities.

the United States of America America

the state of Montana Montana
the city of Philadelphia Philadelphia

• Definite articles are used before most plural geographic names: the names of groups of lakes,
mountains, and islands. No article is used before the names of individual lakes, mountains, and islands.

the Great Lakes Lake Powell

the Rocky Mountains Mount Washington
the Hawaiian Islands Long Island

Advanced Structure B
A) Incorrect Article Choice
Sample Items

A eclipse of the Sun may be either total or partial.

A B C D

An must be used before a noun beginning with a vowel sound such as eclipse.

Rose Bird was a first woman in the history of California to serve on the State Supreme Court.
A B C D

In a phrase with an ordinal number (such as first) the definite article the must be used.

Advanced Structure B
B) Incorrect Omission or Inclusion of an Article
Sometimes an article is used when none is needed, or one is omitted when one is required.

Sample Items

Slag consists of waste materials and impurities which rise to top of melted metals.
A B C D

The definite article the should not be omitted from the phrase to the top of

The most asteroids are beyond the orbit of the planet Mars.
A B C D

Definite article are used only before quantity expressions that contain of phrases.
(Most asteroids or Most of the asteroids are both correct in this sentence.)

Advanced Structure B
C) Use of a Definite Article in Place of a Possessive
A definite article may be incorrectly used in place of a possessive word-its, his, her, or their.

Sample Items

The Ozark Mountains of Arkansas are famous for the rugged beauty.
A B C D

The should correctly read their because the sentence refers to the beauty belonging to the Ozark Mountains.

Advanced Structure B
Errors with Conjunction
A) Errors with Correlative Conjunctions
either ... or
neither ... nor
both ... and
not only ... but also
whether ... or

Another error is the use of both ... and to join three elements.

Sample Items

X rays have important applications, not only in medicine and in industry.

A B C D

The correct pattern is not only …… but also.

The air that surrounds our planet is both odorless, colorless, and invisible.
A B C D

Because both . . . and can be used to join only two elements, the word both must be eliminated to correct the sentence.

Intermediate Grammar 3B
Advanced Structure
Errors with Conjunction
B) Errors with Coordinate Conjunctions
The conjunction and is correctly used to show addition; or is used to show choice between
alternatives; but is used to show contrast or opposition. (And, Or & But)

Sample Items

Brakes and clutches serve very different functions in an automobile, and their principles of
A B C
operation are nearly the same.
D

The first clause discusses how brakes and clutches are different; the second clause discusses how they are the same.
Therefore, the conjunction joining them must show contrast. Choice (C) should read but.

Advanced Structure B
TOEFL Exercise
TOEFL Practice
Focus: Identifying and correcting errors involving conjunctions.
Directions: If the underlined form is correct, mark the sentence C. If the underlined form is incorrect, mark the sentence X and write a
correction for the underlined form in the blank at the end of the sentence. The first one is done as an example.

1. Model airplanes can be guided both by control wires or by radio transmitters. either
2. Information in a computer can be lost because it is no longer stored or because it is stored but cannot be retrieved.
__________
3. John Lancaster Spaulding was not only a religious leader and also a social reformer. __________
4. Although fish can hear, they have neither external ears or eardrums. __________
5. In all animals, whether simple and complex, enzymes aid in the digestion of food. __________
6. The two most common methods florists use to tint flowers are the spray method or the absorption method.
__________
7. Beekeepers can sell either the honey and the beeswax that their bees produce. __________
8. The alloys brass and bronze both contain copper as their principal metals. __________

Advanced Structure B
TOEFL Practice
Choose the correct article between two in the bracket, Remember the rules of Article in the previous materials.

1. In (the early/early) 1800's, Sequoia, (a Cherokee/Cherokee) leader, created (the/a) first written form of (a
North/North) American Indian language.
2. (The Goddard/Goddard) family of (the New/New) England produced some of (the/a) finest furniture made in (the
United/United) States in (the seventeenth/seventeenth) century.
3. (The nineteenth/Nineteenth) century astronomer Alvin G. Clarke built hundreds of (the refracting/refracting)
telescopes during (the/his) lifetime.
4. (The Hawaiian/Hawaiian) Islands are among (the most/most) geographically isolated islands in (the world/world)
5. One of (the most/most) important tools for (a research/ research) in social science is (a well-written/well-written)
questionnaire.
6. (The/A) process of refining minerals requires (a/an) huge amount of (an electrical/electrical) energy.

Advanced Structure B
Any Questions?