SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

(8TH JUNE TO 8TH JULY)

TELECOMMUNICATION AND AFC

AT

DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION LIMITED

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of requirements of the degree

Of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electronics and communication Engineering

G. B. Pant Engineering College, New Delhi

Submitted to: submitted by:

 AMAR (ECE-5TH –
SEM)
 Preface
This report documents the work done during the summer
training at Training Institute, Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation Limited, Shastri Park, Delhi under the
guidance of Mr./Mrs. . The report
first shall give the overview of tasks performed during
the period of training.

Report shall also elaborate about the concept of

Telecommunication and AFC used in DMRC.

I have tried my best to keep the report simple yet

technically correct. I hope I succeed in my attempt.

AMAR
 Acknowledgement
It is a great pleasure to present this report of Summer
Training about Delhi Metro Rail Corporation in partial
fulfillment of B. Tec. program under Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University (GGSIPU) DELHI.
At the outset, I would to express my immense gratitude
to my training guide, Mr./Mrs. ,for
providing me with the opportunities of studying, learning
and gaining practical experience in various fields during
the period of training. Her invaluable suggestion not only
helped me to reach the successful completion of the
tasks assigned, but also made me learn a lot. I am falling
short of words for expressed my feeling of gratitude
towards his/he valuable guidance, through critical
reviews of project and the report and the moral support
she/he had provided me with all stages of this training.
 Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Amar of Bachelor of Electronics
and Communication (B.Tec ECE) has completed Summer
Training on the topic “AFC AND TELECOMMUNICATION
” as partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Technology ECE. The
summer training report and presentation by him is
genuine work done by her and the same is being
submitted for evaluation.

Signature

In charge Practical Training

Department of ECE
G.B Pant Engineering College
New Delhi-110020
Okhla phase-3
 Table of contents
1)Abstract………………………………………….
2)Introduction to DMRC…………………….
3)Telecommunication in DMRC ………...
 FOTS
 PAS
 PIDS
 MASTER CLOCK
 CCTV
 RADIO SYSTEM
 TELEPHONE SYSTEM
 NP SCADA
 EPBAX
4)AFC……………………………………………..
 GATES
 TOM
 AVM
 TR
 UPS
 SMPS
5)CONCLUSION ……………………………………
6)REFERENCE………………………………………..
 ABSTRACT
The DELHI Metro Rail Corporation Limited is a metro system
serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Faridabad, Gurgoan,
Noida, and Ghaziabad in National Capital Region in India. DMRC
is a very vast and huge industry and it has a large number of
ECE opportunities. Some of them are Automatic and fare
collection system and Telecommunication system etc. But this
reports tells only about AFC and Telecommunication in DMRC.
Telecommunication is the backbone of DMRC if somehow the
communication system fails all the operations and the
movement of trains will be stopped immediately.
Telecommunication means the exchange of information and
data between two or more points. There are basically six
components of telecommunication system in DMRC which are
explained in this report.
Automatic fare collection also plays a vital role Ticket issue and
fare collection play a vital role in the efficient and proper
operation of the system. To achieve this objective, ticketing
system shall be simple, easy to use/operate, easy on accounting
facilities, capable of issuing single/multiple journey tickets,
amenable for quick fare changes and require overall lesser
manpower. In view of above, computer based automatic fare
collection system is proposed. Relative advantages of automatic
fare collection system over manual system.
 INTRODUCTION TO DMRC
The Delhi Metro is a metro system serving Delhi and its satellite
cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon, Bahadurgarh, Noida and
Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro
Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with
equal equity participation from the Government of India and
the Government of Delhi, built and operates the Delhi Metro. It
is the second oldest metro in India after the Kolkata Metro.
The Delhi Metro is the world's 10th longest metro system in
length and 16th largest in ridership. A member of CoMET, the
network consists of seven color-coded regular lines and the
faster Airport Express line, with a total length of 288 kilometers
(179 mi) serving 208 stations (including 6 on Airport Express
line).The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and
elevated stations using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge.
The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50-hertz
alternating current through overhead catenaries. The trains are
usually of six and eight coaches length. DMRC operates over
3,000 trips daily, with first trains starting at around 05:00 and
last at 23:30. In the financial year 2016–17, the Delhi Metro had
an average daily ridership of 2.76 million passengers and served
100 crores (1.0 billion) riders in total during the year.
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation was certified by the United
Nations in 2011 as the first metro rail and rail-based system in
the world to get "carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas
emissions" and helping in reducing pollution levels in the city by
630,000 tones every year.

Planning for the metro started in 1984 when the Delhi

Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came
up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport
system for the city. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) was
incorporated in May 1995, construction started in 1998, and
the first section, on the Red Line, opened in 2002.[8] The
development of the network was divided into phases, Phase I
containing 3 lines was completed by 2006, and Phase II in 2011.
Phase III is scheduled for completion by 2018 (originally
planned for 2016).

The Rapid Metro Gurgaon which opened in 2013, whilst linked

to Delhi Metro by the Yellow Line is a separate metro system
(with a different owner/operator from the Delhi Metro),
although tokens from the Delhi Metro can be used on its
network.
The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I consisted of 58
stations and 65.0 km (40.4 mi) of route length, of which 13.0
km (8.1 mi) is underground and 52.1 km (32.4 mi) surface or
elevated.[citation needed] The inauguration of the Dwarka–
Barakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the
completion of Phase I in October 2006.[30] Phase II of the
network consists of 124.6 km (77.4 mi) of route length and 85
stations, and is fully completed, with the first section opened in
June 2008 and the last line opened in August 2011.Phase-III has
28 underground stations, 2 new lines and 11 route extensions,
totaling 167.27 km, with a cost of ₹350 billion (US$5.2 billion)
and having a planned completion date of December 2018.
Phase IV (113.2 km) is planned to be completed by 2022.

Current Network:
RED LINE
YELLOW LINE
BLUE LINE
ORANGE LINE
GREEN LINE
VOILET LINE
MAGENTS LINE
PINK LINE
TELECOM DEPARTMENT AND AFC IN DMRC
1) Telecommunication:
Telecommunication is the exchange of information over
significant distances by electronic means and refers to
all types of voices, data and video transmission. This is a
broad term that includes a wide range of information
transmitting technologies such as telephones (wired and
wireless), microwave communications, radio and
television broadcasting, the internet and telegraphs.
2) AFC( Automatic fair collection):
In this we study about the fare collection system of
DMRC. The AFC is composed of:
 One central computer for all system.
 One station computer for all stations.
 Several equipments of different types (Ticket office
machine, bulk initiation machine, gate, portable
ticket decoder).
The main features of the central computer are:
 To communicate with all station computers (SC).
 To locate the details of the CSC  CST usage,
accounts, operational and auditing data.
  To store the transaction and audit data in order to
assume the central functions based on collected
transaction.
 To maintain and distribute the DMRC equipment
operating data (EOD) which includes system
parameters fare table and program to the
equipment via the SC.
 To transmit the equipment keys defined by an OCC.
 To perform equipment management.
 To inform operator about the equipment alarms
and events.
 To monitor the communication channels between
itself and the SCs.
 To provide multiple security access levels.
 To provide time synchronization.
 To provide reports on transport activity.
There are different types of equipments used in DMRC, which
are follows:

Ticket Office Machine (TOM): The TOM provides the AFCs

system with all services involved by the transport ticket delivery
to the users. This point of sale terminal is a semi automatic
machine manually operated by employees of DMRC. The
machine is a standard personal computers connected to the
different peripherals. The main services of TOM are:
 Tickets sale
 Ticket reloading
 Ticket refund
 Ticket cancel
 Replacement of damaged cards.
Bulk Initialization Machine: It provides the AFC system with all
services involved by the transport ticket initialization. The
machine is a standard PC connected to Ps. Available function
enable agents of DMRC Company to answer to the agents. Its
main functions are Ticket Initialization and agent and creation.
Gate: The excess to the railway lines is controlled by the gate
equipment, made up of stainless steel housing. The gate
equipment is computer based automatic machine that consists
of a stainless steel cabinet managing central retraceable barrier
leaf also the paid area. The gate is linked to the station network
in order of dealing with the station computer.
Portable Ticket Decoder: It is a small portable device used by
the ticket inspectors in order to perform the routine day to day
inspection of central station computer and facilities the
passenger’s survey.
The basic component of telecommunication system can be
stated as follows:
1) FOTS(Fiber Optics Transmission System )
2) PAS(Public Address System )
3) PIDS(Public Information Display System)
4) Master Clock
5) CCTV(Closed Circuit Television )
6) Radio System
7) Telephone system
8) NP SCADA(Non Power Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition )
9) EPBAX(Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange )

All of the above are of telecom department and have been

discussed briefly in later allots. All of them to form a highly
efficient communication system and all of them are needed for
smooth functioning of the metro rail.
Before discussing about the above components, let me tell you
about the OCC (Operational control centre). So, the first
question is what an OCC is?
Operational Control Centre (OCC):
OCC is a centre where all the operations of metro trains,
stations, platforms and their conditions are supervised and
controlled. All the systems monitoring equipment are installed
in OCC. It controls both rail and metro corridor.
From OCC, every aspect of Delhi metro system is monitored:
the time table, speed, security, traction or electricity, the trains,
auxiliary equipments like air conditioning, ventilation system in
the underground tunnels and even the crowd in the stations.
DMRC has two OCCs, one is situated at the Barakhamba Road
and the other is situated at the shastri park.
Now we will discuss about the components of the
telecommunication system.

1. Fiber Optic Transmission system (FOTS):

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting

information from one place to another by sending pulses
of light through optical fiber. The light forms an electro-
magnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carrier
information.
Because of its advantages over electrical transmission,
optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire
communications in core networks in the developed world.
Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications
companies to transmit telephone signals, internet
 communications and cable television signals. They are
largely used for telephony but also for internet traffic, long
high-speed local area networks (LANs), cable TV, and also
increasingly for shorter distances.

Types of Optical Fiber cable:

There are two types of Optical Fiber Cables: Multimode
fiber and single mode fiber. Multimode fibers are best designed
for short transmission distances and are suited for using in LAN
and video surveillance. Single mode fiber is used for longer
transmission distances, making it suitable for long distance
telephony and multi channel television broadcast systems.
Types of optical fiber cable:
There are two types of Optical Fiber Cable:
 Single mode fiber: It is an optical fiber designed to carry
light only directly down the fiber-the transverse mode.
These modes define the way the way travels through the
space, i.e. how the wave is distributed in space. Single
mode optical fibers are used over large distances.
 Multi mode Fiber: Multi-mode optical fiber is a type of
optical fiber mostly used for communication over short
distances, such as within a building or on a campus.
Typical multimode links have data rates of 10 Mbit/s to
 10Gbit/s over link lengths of up to 600 meters (2000
feet).

Fiber Optic Relay System:

Fiber optic relay system consists of the following:

 Transmitter- produces and encodes the light signals.
 Optical Fiber-conducts the light signals over a distance.
 Optical regenerator –may be necessary to boost the light
signals (for long distances).
 Optical receiver-receives and decodes the light signals.
In DMRC, the minimum distances between two station is about
1.2km, so, here single mode optical fiber cables are used
because it has a lower power loss characteristic than
multimode fiber, which means light can travel longer distances
through it than it can through multimode fiber .The multi mode
fiber has much more core diameter than single mode fiber is
typically 50-100 micrometers, while that of single mode fiber is
between 8 and 10.5micrometres.

In DMRC, the optical fiber cables are laid under the railway
tracks between in both UP and DOWN directions, so that if one
optic fiber is damaged somehow then the communication can
carried by the second optic fiber cable and the communication
will not break. DMRC used to use copper wires for
communication, but ear about 1200 meter of copper wire was
stolen daily. So DMRC replaces the copper wire with the optic
fiber cables because a used optic fiber cables of no worth in the
market and it is also very cheap.
Advantages of fiber optics:
Compared to conventional metal wire (copper wire), optical
fibers are:
 Less expensive: several miles of optical fiber cable can be
made cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper wire. This
saves your provider (cable TV, Internet) and your money.
 Thinner: optical fibers can be drawn to smaller diameters
than copper wires.
 Less signal degradation: the loss of signal in the optical
fiber is less than in copper wires.
 Non flammable: because no electricity is passed through
optical fibers, there is no fire hazard.
 Higher carrying capacity: because optical fibers are thinner
than copper wires more fibers can be bundled into a
given-diameter cable than copper wires. This allows more
phone lines to go over the same cable or more channels to
through the cable into your cable TV box.
 Light signals: unlike electrical signals in copper wires, light
signals from one from do not interfere with those of
 others fiber in the same cable. This means clearer phone
conversations or TV reception.
 Low Power transmission: because signals in the optical
fiber degrade less, lower power transmitters can be used
instead of the high voltage electrical transmitters needed
for copper wires Again this saves your provider and your
money.
 Digital signals: optical fibers are ideally suited for the
carrying digital information, which is especially used in the
computer networks.
 Light weight: an optical cable weights less than a
comparable copper wire cable. Fiber optic cables takes up
less space in the ground.
 Flexible: because fiber optics are so flexible and can be
transmit and receive light, they are not used in many
flexible digital cameras.
Because of these advantages we see the use of the optical
fiber in many industries, most notably telecommunications
and computer networks. It is good for the same reason
that this technology is used in DMRC.
 2. Public information display system (PIDS):
Public information display system is used to display traffic and
train scheduling information also data related to arrival and
departure times and other information along the station and
various platforms areas. It helps the passengers by providing
the information about the arrival of the next train.
It fixed at the both end of the platform and also on the
concourse.
The public information display system is made up of a orange
LED lights. PIDS are controlled and supervised by the OCC as
well as the station control room.
The system is divided into two main parts:
1) BLOCK (OCC) - All the equipments installed in the OCC the
details of which are server, Assistance to chief controller
PIDS/PAS work stations and PIDS control backup control panel.
2) STATION SYSTEM - This refers to all equipments installed in
the terminal station, which includes work stations, ultra Bridge
LED Display panels.
Features of PIDS are:
1) Simple to use.
2) It gives the information in the real time, in a clear attractive
way, to the station through the usage of LED with matrix
display on serial link.
3) It simplifies the maintenance operation through the
possibilities of help in diagnosis offered by the central system
responsible for the display.
4) It is based on the standard wire computer equipment and on
the structured and modulated software. The software allows
the possibilities it to the further needs of the railway station.
Inter connection with other computer systems, adding new
functions etc.
The station function is relevant to make the audio programmed
signals available and the digital to analogue conversion. It will
also dispatch to the required zones, all the messages
maintaining a hierarchy priority scheme between the stations.
 CODEC
TERMINAL

NLC
SENSOR

MIX
STATION
SHAPER

ZONE

GATE
KEEPER

AMPLIFIERS

LOUD

3. Public address system (PAS):

Public Address System is basically a speaker and it is used to
passengers/staff in all stations, depots, OCC and DMRC
Headquarters. Public address system is used in the emergency
case. It is operated mainly by the Station Control Room to
address the passengers or staff members to call them or to do
an announcement.
It shall be used for emergency evacuation broadcast in case of
emergencies. It has control equipment located at the
equipment room of each station depots. OCC and DMRC HQ.
The station PAS shall be interfaced to FOTS for connection to
the equipment located in CER to facilitate control from OCC.
The PAS at depots shall be stand-alone without any control
OCC. At station it is asserted from:
 Platform supervisory booth (PSB)
 Station control room (SCR)
 OCC
It shall be capable of maintaining required intelligibility at all
times regardless of changing environment including crowd,
density, temperature, humidity and noise levels.
This system collects data from TIMS (Train Information
Management System), which is something to a train time table,
and as per the present time it sends information to the system
and announcements is made. This is one of the reasons that a
universal clock is needed, and thus the system is incorporated
with a master clock server.
The scheme is such that, the train driver has information about
timing and has to see the train reaches a particular station as
per the time frame, it has been allotted , which is similar to the
northern railways. The thing which makes it a bit different from
the railways is that, the time table is a static one and so is fixed
and totally computerized, while that in railways is a dynamic
one and its user controlled.
The present addressing scheme is in the following way:
1. When the countdown reaches two minutes, then there is
an announcement about the train timings and its platform.
2. Exactly at the end of the countdown, it makes an
announcement that the train is going to leave the
platform.
3. In the case of the announcement that is to be made from
the SCR, it can be made by using the system that is
available in their control room.
4. From the OCC, the operator can be select Station and the
platform in which the announcements is to be made.
The PAS system works in three modes:
1. Automatic Mode -The diffusion of message will be held
through a weekly schedule program. In automatic mode,
the PAS central system receives message from the central
passenger information system involving data about train
movement. The information is analyzed by the PAS that
automatically launches announcements to the designated
stations. The connections between OCC and each station
will be established through FOTS channel.
 2. Manual central mode: The system will be operated
through the OCC that will direct manual message to the
microphones.
3. Manual local mode: The station operator, independent
from the OCC will control the system. The local PAS at
each train station is able to accept the signal from the local
exchange. Net client unit to activate prerecorded
announcement from the train station.
The different types of message provided by the PAS are:
 Fixed messages
 Pre formatted with data to be added
 Instantly recorded
 Live audio broadcast
 Priority of PAS announcements
 Live audio broadcast from PSB
 Live audio broadcast from SCR
 Live audio broadcast from OCC
 Announcement initiated from TCS
 Pre formatted message from SCR/OCC.
4. Master clock:
Clock system is used to provide accurate time to staff,
passengers and time references to systems at DMRC. Accurate
and synchronized time information is obtained from Global
Positioning System (GPS) by Master Clock at OCC which uses
the GPS technology to provide the accurate and same time to
each and every clock which is fixed at the stations.
GPS: GPS or Global Positioning System is a network of obtaining
satellite that send precise details of their position in space back
to earth. The signals are obtained by GPS receiver, such a
navigation device and are used to calculate the exact position,
sped and time at the vehicle locations.
Three clocks are fixed at the platform in which two clocks are
digital and they have one sided display while the other is the
analog clock which has a double sided display.
The digital clocks are installed at the both end of the platform
while the analog clock is fixed at the centre of the platform. So
that whenever a passenger is standing at the platform. He/she
is able to watch the time clearly and it is one of the best
services provided by DMRC at the platforms.
This clock system in DMRC is managed and controlled by the
Operation Control Centre so that there must not be any kind of
variation in time at different stations at the same instant.
Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange (EPBAX) :
A private branch exchange ( PBX) is a telephone exchange that
serves a particular business or office, as opposed to one that a
common or telephone company operates for many businesses
or for a general public. PBXs are also referred to as PBAX -
Public automatic branch exchange and EPBAX.
EPBAX Network is used for the administrative communication
purposes, including communication with outside DMRC. This
includes extension for the staff concerned with administration,
digital phones and analog phones. The EPBAX Switch Network
will use ALCATEL 4400 PABX system and also ALCATEL
Transmission Equipment between the stations, using 2Mbps
links to fiber optics transmission system.
The purpose of telephone system is to provide voice and data
communication for DMRC. At each station, communication
system is provided through EPBAX. All the telephone systems
are connected together to form a telephone network over
FOTS.
The DMRC uses its own EPBAX and it does no hire exchanges of
other telecom companies, so that the communications in DMRC
will be secure and private.
KEY FUNCTIONS OF EPBAX:
 Establishing connections (circuits) between the telephone
sets of two users (e.g. mapping a dialed number to a
physical phone, ensuring the phone is not already busy).
 Maintaining such connections as long as the user required
them (i.e. channeling voice signals between the uses).
  Disconnecting those connections as per the user’s
requirement.
 Providing information for accounting purposes (e.g.
metering calls).
EPBAX SYSTEM AT OCC:
Telephone system should interface to the radio system to
enable radio users to initiate and receive calls to/from EPBAX
extension.
NP-SCADA (NON POWER SUPERVISING CIRCUIT AND DATA
ADMINISTRATION):
1. It monitors various equipment of Rail and Metro corridors.
2. Provides data/information to maintain staff to access the
need for unscheduled preventive maintenance.
3. In addition to above facilities, recording analysis and
preventing of data for effective maintenance.
Various Systems Monitored by NP-SCADA ARE :
1. Rail corridor:
1. Rail temperature at selected locations
2. LV circuit at depot.
2. For metro corridor:
 Fire detection and suppression systems
 Lifts and Escalators
  Pumps
 Environment Control Systems
 Science Activity Systems
 Intrusion Alarm
 Tunnel Ventilation System
Equipment to be monitored through NMS at OCC or
Directivity:
 Master clock system
 Fiber optics Transmission system
 Telephone System
 Radio System
 Public Address System
 Passenger Information Display System
 Closed circuit TV system
 Ups System.
PDH – Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
With the introduction of PCM (pulse code modulation )
technology in the 1960s communication networks were
gradually converted to digital technology during the years that
followed. To cope with the demand for even-higer bit rates , a
multiple hierarchy or plesiosynchronous digital hierarchy (PDH)
evolved. It is intended for the usage of telephone traffic. The
basi transfer rates in PDH 2.048Mbits/s (E1), which is made out
of 30(64kbit/s) voice channels. This E1 signal is then
multiplexed in the PDH network via 8.448Mbit/s(E2) and
34.368Mbit/s(E3) signals into 139.264Mbit/s(E4) signal .This E4
signal contains 1920 multiplexed voice channels. The
multiplexing of four (E4) signals into one (E5) signal, this is
565Mbit/s ,was introduced in the early 90s but it did not have
great success mainly because of the widely spread SDH.

PDH MULTIPLEXING/DEMULTIPLEXING
plesiosynchronous means nearly synchronous. It refers to the
fact that PDH network run in a state where different parts of
the network are almost, but not quite perfectly synchronised 2
Mbit/s signals are multiplexed to 140 Mbit/s for transmission
over optical fiber or radio link. Multiplexing of 2 Mbit/s signals
to 140 Mbit/s requires two intermediate multiplexing stages of
8 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s . Now for demultiplexing the 140 Mbit/s
PDH signal to 2 Mbit/s ,it requires two intermediate stages of
34 Mbit/s and 8Mbit/s. So demultiplexers are used for this
purpose. So it is a complex structure and costly. After the 140
Mbit/s the signal remains no more synchronous , so PDH is not
used for transmitting higher rates signals.
The basic data transfer rate is a data stream of 2.048 Mbit/s
(megabits/second). For speech transmission this is broken
down into 30×64 (kbits/second) channes plus 2×64kbit/s
channels used for signaling and synchronization. Alternatively
the whole 2 Mbit/s may be used for non speech purpose for
example data transmission.
The exact dta rate of the 2 Mbit/s data stream is controlled by a
clock in the equipment generating the data different 2Mbit/s
data streams can be running at slightly different rates to one
another.
In order to move multiple 2Mbit/s data streams for one place
to another, they are combined together or multiplexed in
groups of four. This is done by taking 1 bit from stream 1
followed by 1 bit from stream 2 ,then 3and 4 and so on. The
transmitting multiplexer also adds additional bits in order to
allow the far end receiving multiplexer to decode which bit
belongs yo which 2 mbit data streams and so correctly reached
the original data streams. These additional bits are called
"justification" or "stuffing" bits.
This allows the receiving multiplexer to correctly reconstruct
the original data for the four 2Mbit/s data streams, and at the
correct different plesiosynchronous,rates. The resulting data
streams from tge above process runs at 8448 kbit/s.

LIMITATIONS OF PDH
1. To get 64 Kbps signal out of the multiplexed signal whole
signal must be demultiplexed into Lowest level. This will
cost high as the signal must be multiplexed back into the
preceding level.
2. The transmission rate for every input in the same
multiplexer must be roughly taken similarly (this means
e.g. when multiplexing E1 signal into E2 signal). This
causes the inconvenience in multiplexing when the
difference in the local clock and the clock in each
different input makes the bits randomly overlapping.
3. Harness is handle by using fill bits. The inconvenience

using this method is that every fill bits requires address

making it rather wearisome.
4. PDH is also a point to point hierarchy where there has
to be a physical connection for each connection
between network complex when one is using several
different local area networks.
5. The network management and control is very limited on
PDH networks because there are no free bit in the
frame.
6. So there really was a need for a faster more flexible and
more economical transport technique. So here the
concept of SDH(synchronous Digital Hierarchy) comes
into play.
 SDH (SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERACRCHY)
The SDH ( synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is a hierarchical set of
Digital transport structure, that can transport digital signal with
different capacities. This hierarchy is used to connect all CCTVs
and other communicating devices used inside the DMRC. All
platforms are connected with each other by OFCs using LAN
system and SDH STM -4 155Mbps based system shall be
adopted with SDH nodes at every station ,OCC and depot.
Access 2Mb multiplexing system will be adopted for the lower
level at each node , equipped for channel cards depending on
the requirements of the channels in the network. Further small
roughters and switches shall be provided for LAN network at
station.
In synchronous signals, the digital transition in the signal occur
at exactly the same rate. There many however be a phase
difference between transition of the two signals and this would
be within specified limits. These phase difference may be due
to propogation time delays or low frequency wonder
introduced in the transmission network. In a synchronous
network all the clocks are traceable to one primary reference
clock (PRC).
If two digital signals are plesiosynchronous their transitions
occur at "almost" the same rate, either any variation being
constrained within tight limits. Doe example if two network
need to interwork their clocks mat be derived from two
different PRCs . Although these clocks are extremely accurate ,
there's a small frequency difference between one clock and the
other. This is known as a plesiosynchronous difference.
In the case od Asynchronous signals , the transition of the
signals don't necessarily occuur at the same normal rate.
Asynchronous means that the difference between two clocks is
much greater than a plesiosynchronous difference. For example
if two clocks are derived from free-running quartz oscillator,
they could be described as Asynchronous.
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally
represent sampled analog signals. It is the standard form for
Digital audio in computers and various Blu-ray , compact disc
and DVD formats ,as well as others uses such as digital
telephone systems. PCM stream is a digital representation of an
analog signal , in which the magnitude of the analog signal is
sampled regularly at uniform intervals , with each samples
being quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital
steps.
PCM streams have two basic properties that determine their
fidelity to the original analog signal: the sampling rate , which is
the number of times per second that's samples are taken : and
the bit depth, which determines the number of possible digital
values that each samples can take.
Features of SDH :
 SDH is a transport network
 Synchronous
 Fully standardized
 With high bandwidth
 For future broadband signals and new services
 With standardized network management capabilities
 With traffic protection
 With a flexible multiplexing structure
 Direct access to tributaries
 Cross-connection without demultiplexing .
SDH SIGNAL LINE RATES
STM-1. 155.52mbps
STM-4. 622.08mbps
STM-16. 2488 gbps
STM-64. 9953 gbps
Advantages of SDH:
  Add/Drop individual channels from the higher order
stream without having to disassemble / reassemble.
 Standardize signal content to allow interconnection of two
suppliers terminals , so it is called "mid-span-meet".
 Easier interchange of traffic.
 Universally accepted.
 Common standard multi-vendor
 Better management
 Fast provisioning
 Better network utilization.

AUTOMATIC FARE COLLECTION

Mass Rapid Transit Systems handle large number of passengers.
Ticket issue and fare collection play a vital role in the efficient
and proper operation of the system. To achieve this objective,
ticketing system shall be simple, easy to use/operate, easy on
accounting facilities, capable of issuing single/multiple journey
tickets, amenable for quick fare changes and require overall
lesser manpower. In view of above, computer based automatic
fare collection system is proposed. Relative advantages of
automatic fare collection system over manual system are as
follows:
Manual fare collection systems have the following inherent
disadvantages:
1. Large number of staff is required for issue and checking of
tickets.
2. Change of fare structure is time consuming as has to be done
at each station.
3. Manipulation possible by jamming of mechanical parts.
4. Staff and passenger interaction leading to more chances of
confrontation.
5. 100% ticket checking at entry / exit impossible.
Automatic fare collection systems have the following
advantages:
1. Less number of staff required.
2. Less possibility of leakage of revenue due to 100% ticket
check by Control gates.
3. Recycling of ticket fraudulently by staff avoided.
4. Efficient and easy to operate, faster evacuation both in
normal and emergency.
5. System is amenable for quick fare changes.
6. Management information reports generation easy.
7. System has multi operator capabilities.
8. AFC systems are the worldwide accepted systems for Metro
environment.
9. Contactless card/ token technology proves to be cheaper
than magnetic technology in life cycle cost due to reduced
maintenance as it has less wear and tear and less is prone to
dusty environment.
The proposed ticketing system shall be of Contactless smart
token/ card type.
The equipments for the same shall be provided at each station
Counter/Booking office and at convenient locations and will be
connected to a local area network with a computer in the
station Master's room.
Passenger Operated Machine:
Space for provision of Passenger Operated Machines
(Automatic Ticket Dispensing Machines) for future shall be
provided at stations.
STANDARDS:
The standards proposed for AFC systems are given:

STANDARD PROPOSED FOR AFC SYSTEM

 STANDARDS DESCRIPTION

 Fare media a) Contactless smart token –

For single journey. They shall
have stored value amount
for a particular journey.
Tokens are captured at the
exit gate.
b) Contactless smart card-For
multiple journey .
 Gates Computer controlled automatic
gates at entry and exit. There will
be following types of gates:
 Entry
 Exit
 Reversible-can be set to
entry and exit.
 Disabled-wide reversible
gate for disabled people.
 Station computer , Central All the fare collection
computer and AFC Network equipments shall be connected
in a local area network with a
station server
Controlling the activities of the
entire machine. These stations
server will be control centre
through the optic fiber
communication channels. The
centralized control of the system

 Ticket office machine
(TOM/EFO)
 Ticket reader and portable
ticket decoder.
 UPS
(uninterrupted power at
stations as well as for OCC)
 Maintenance philosophy.
shall provide real time data of
earnings passenger flow analysis,
blacklisting of special cards etc.
Manned Ticket office machine
shall be installed in the stations
for selling cards /Tokens to the
passenger.
Ticket Reader shall be installed
near TOM for passenger to check
information stored in the
tokens/cards.
Common UPS of S&T system will
be utilized.
Being fully contactless systems
manpower requirement for
maintenance is much less
compared to system with
magnetic tickets. However,
adequate facilities to be
provided similar to that of S&T
systems.
 Conclusion
Thus our project deals with the details description of the
various units of DMR. Our prime focus was on
“TELECOMMINICATION AND AFC”, as we did its detail
study during the training project. This project also gave
the information about DMRC and its signal and telecom
unit as well as covered optical fiber technology used.
Telecommunication is the exchange of information over
significant distances by electronic means and refers to all types
of voices, data and video transmission. This is a broad term that
includes a wide range of information transmitting technologies
such as telephones (wired and wireless), microwave
communications, radio and television broadcasting, the
internet and telegraphs.
Ticket issue and fare collection play a vital role in the efficient
and proper operation of the system. To achieve this objective,
ticketing system shall be simple, easy to use/operate, easy on
accounting facilities, capable of issuing single/multiple journey
tickets, amenable for quick fare changes and require overall
lesser manpower. In view of above, computer based automatic
fare collection system is proposed.
The communication technology used is fiber optic
communication in DMRC and our project detail describes the
same. Fiber optic communications is based on the principle that
light in a glass medium can carry more information over longer
distances than electrical signals can carry in a copper or co-axial
medium or radio frequencies through a wireless medium. The
purity of today’s glass fiber combined with improved system
electronics, enables fiber to transmit digitalized light signals
hundreds of kilometers without amplification. With few
transmission losses, low interference and high bandwidth
potential, optical fiber is an almost ideal transmission medium.
The power supply unit is an integral part of DMRC. It is the
system which provides power essential for the working of all
the other systems like Telecommunication System , signaling
system etc. the power supply is generally 220v AC from the
mains which might change due to irregularities in voltage flow.
Thus with the detail study of above mentioned units with the
support of DMRC staff we were able to complete our project
with full ease and enthusiasm.
 REFERENCE

1).https://www.google.co.in/search?
q=DELHI+METRO&oq=DELHI+
+METRO+&aqs=chrome
2).https://www.google.co.in/search?ei=FNU7W-
T8KYvtvATh3qUQ&q=Fiber+optics+dmrc&oq=Fiber+
optics+dmrc&gs_l=psy.
3).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afc
4).http://www.slideshare.net/Rish108/dmrc-
telecom-epbax-system?qid=dcd911c9-8647-40al-bbf8-
31d7c3d82d1&v=&from_search=1