A

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

ON
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
HALDWANI
SESSION 2013-2017

Submitted for the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
OF
UTTRAKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

SUBMITTED BY: VIMAL SAKLANI

ROLL NO: 130970101055
VII SEM (ECE)
FINAL YEAR

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

THDC-IHET
1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with profound gratitude that I express my deep indebtedness to all the

employees of B.S.N.L. without whose support and guidance it would not have
been possible for this training to have materialized and taken a concrete shape. I
owe my personal thanks to my trainers in charge Mr. Ankit Shrivastava
(SDEADMN.) % DGM (opr.), and Mrs. Archana Singh SDE (NGN) who
extended full support and co-operation at every stage of my training period. I
Would also like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the guidance form
Miss. Priyanka Yadav for undergoing training at a reputed company like
B.S.N.L.

I am also indebted to my professors and friends for their constant

encouragement and helping me in my endeavour. Last, but not the least, I would
like to thank everyone who has contributed for the successful completion of my
training.

NAME: Yogesh
Enroll. No :- E21112138100001
 PREFACE

Organizations are made up of people and function through people. Without

people, organizations cannot exist. The resources of men, money, material,
machinery, and mechanism are connected, coordinated and utilized through
people. Engineers need to concentrate more on mechanism and the way in
which things have been made. The need of training arises for doing things
yourself, understanding its way.

Practical exposure for doing things makes a person conversant to the

technicalities involved in any job. In view of such benefits, imparting of
vocational training has been made an integral part of any academic structure.

In B.S.N.L., training is given to Engineering Aspirants to secure future in the

dynamic world of telecommunications. Today telecommunication industry is
one of the very fastest growing industries in the world.

In this order I have taken 28 days BSNL training. In my report I try to

introduce the Concepts of OFC (optical fiber communication) B.S.N.L
employs use of OFC for transmission purposes.

3
 CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION TO BSNL
II. BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS WORKING
III. OFC IN BSNL
IV. HISTORY
V. ADVANTAGES
VI. APPLICATIONS
VII. FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM
VIII. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:THEORY
IX. FIBER GEOMETRY
X. PROPOGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH FIBER
XI. FIBER CLASSIFICATION
XII. LAYING OF CABLE
XIII. OPTICAL FIBER CABLE CONSTRUCTION
XIV. LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER
XV. OPTICAL SOURCES
XVI. DETECTORS
XVII. FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
XVIII. SPLICING
 4

TOPIC 1
INTRODUCTION TO BSNL

India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South Korea.
The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world.

TYPE: COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDER

COUNTRY: INDIA
AVAILABLITY: NATIONAL EXCEPT DELHI & MUMBAI
OWNER: THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

1.1 HOW BSNL CAME IN TELECOM MARKET:

The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for
Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and private
manufacturing of customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam
Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were set up in 1986.The
Telecom Commission was established in 1989. A crucial aspect of the institutional reform of
the Indian telecom sector was setting up of an independent regulatory body in 1997 – the
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), to assure investors that the sector would be
regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In 2000, DoT corporatized its services wing and
created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.

1.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:

It is defined as the system of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal
conventions, customs, and norms that broaden, mould, and restrain socio-economic activity
and behaviour. The country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro Districts,
Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA) and Short
Distance Charging Area (SDCA).
 In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on behalf of
government.
Its basic functions are:

 Policy Formulation
 Review of performance
 Licensing
 Wireless spectrum management
 Administrative monitoring of PSUs
 Research & Development
 Standardization/Validation of Equipment

1.3 BSNL CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOM:

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and took over the service
providers role from DOT. BSNL’s roadmap for providing customer with access to the latest
telecommunications services without losing sight of universal service access has been by way
of utilizing optimally the existing infrastructure and accelerating advances in technological
component by innovative absorption.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF BSNL:

 BSNL has a customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourth largest integrated telecom
operator in the country.

 BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission network.

 BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom connectivity.

 Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi & Mumbai.

6
 TOPIC-2
WORKING OF BASIC TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK
This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a call
from basic telephone to another basic telephone or from basic to mobile or vice versa.
2.1 CALL SETUP:

 When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the nearest
switching centre that is PSTN (Public Switching Telecommunication Network). Then it
processes the caller and subscriber’s number if it exists in the same BSC then call setup is
completed.
 If subscriber is not in the same BSC (Base Switching Centre) then call transfer to MSC
(Main Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior BSC then call setup is
completed.
 If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO now call transfer
is done on BTSs (Base Transceiver Station) and call setup is completed.
 FIG 2.1 HOW LINE REACHES FROM SUBSCRIBER TO EXCHANGE

7
FUNCTION OF EXCHANGE:

 Exchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. This is done by two
type of signalling:
1. In channel signalling
2. Common channel signalling
 Processing of signalling information and controlling the operation of signaling network.
 Charging and billing.

2.2 ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE:

 All control functions by series of instructions are stored in memory.

 Memories are modifiable and control program can always be rewritten. For each call
processing step decision is taken according to class of service.

2.3 CARRIER ROOM:

Leased line connectivity is provided in carrier room. This room has two parts:
1. Conventional leased line system
2. MLLN

2.3.1 CONVENTIONAL LEASED LINE SYSTEM:

 It consists of modems and routers that are provided by the company requesting for that
network.
 Connectivity of different ATM, banks etc. is provided by BSNL here.
 For this, we have 4 modems (2 in Exchange, 1 at sender and 1 at receiver)
 Modems are used for short distances i.e. trans and receive part are received here and local
lead connection is given to the subscriber.
 Local lead faults can be handled here but the trans and receive faults can be handled by
the department meant for it.
 Accept 64Kbps or 2 Mbps.
 For long distance communication we have MUXS and data is sent through optical fibers.
MUXS are present at both the ends.

2.3.2 MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK:

 No open wiring.
 Route can be changed by the computer software
 In Agra Gate Exchange, we have 3 VMUX of type II.

2.4 MDF (MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME):

M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. It is a termination

point within the local telephone exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of
local loops are connected by jumper wires.

FIG 2.2 MDF

FUNCTIONS OF MDF:

 All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated and
distributed through MDF.
 The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides.
Each jumper is a twisted wire.
 It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main Exchange
area.
 The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coils and
functions as a test point between a line and the office.
 It provides testing of calls.
 It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
 All lines terminate individually.
2.4 POWER PLANT:

 It provides -48V to the switch rooms and 48V to the connections.

 Batteries are artificially discharged once in a year for their maintenance.
 Cooling is provided through fans & AC.
 There is earth region too for protection.

TOPIC 3

OFC IN BSNL

OFC stands for optical fiber communication .The use and demand for optical
fiber has grown tremendously and optical-fiber applications are numerous.
Telecommunication applications are widespread, ranging from global networks
to desktop computers. These involve the transmission of voice, data, or video
over distances of less than a meter to hundreds of kilometers, using one of a few
standard fiber designs in one of several cable designs.
Carriers use optical fiber to carry plain old telephone service (POTS) across
their nationwide networks. Local exchange carriers (LECs) use fiber to carry
this same service between central office switches at local levels, and sometimes
as far as the neighborhood or individual home (fiber to the home [FTTH]).
Optical fiber is used by BSNL for transmission purposes OFC being a safer
and faster method of transmission provides efficiency in communication.
The high bandwidth provided by fiber makes it the perfect choice for
transmitting broadband signals, such as high-definition television (HDTV)
telecasts. Intelligent transportation systems, such as smart highways with
intelligent traffic lights, automated tollbooths, and changeable message signs,
also use fiber-optic-based telemetry systems.

10
 TOPIC 4

HISTORY

 1790: Optical telegraph was devised by Claude Chapel.

 1880: Alexander Graham Bell invented the PHOTOPHONE.

 1940’s: Optical guides with reflective coating to carry visible light.

 1960: Invention of “LASER” – The first major breakthrough in

fiber optic technology. Unguided (non-fiber) communication
systems were developed after laser discovery.

 1966 Onwards: Development of optical fibers by companies like

Corning Glass (very high loss).

 In 1970: Low loss fiber was developed and OFC system became
practical. It was operated at wave-length at around 820 nm and
attenuation of 1 db/km.
Now fibers with losses of only a fraction of 1dB/km are
available (0.15 – 0.35 dB/km).

11

TOPIC 5

ADVANTAGES
 High information carrying capacity: A valid comparison would be on
the basis of cost per meter per telephone channel, rather than just cost per
meter.
 Resource plentiful: The basic resources are either silicon dioxide (SiO2)
for glass fibers or transparent plastic which are plentiful.
 Less attenuation: Typical fiber attenuation is 0.3dB/km whereas a
coaxial cable (RG-19/U) will attenuate a 100-Mz signal by 22.6dB/km.
 Greater safety: Optic fibers glass/plastic, are insulators. No electric
current flows through them.
 Immunity to Radio Frequency Interference: Fibers have excellent
rejection of radio-frequency interference (RFI) caused by radio and
television stations, radar, and other electronic equipment.
 Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference: Fiber have excellent
rejection of electromagnetic interference (EMI caused by natural
phenomena such as lighting, sparking etc).
 No cross-talk: The optic wave within the fiber is trapped and does not
leak out during transmission to interfere with signals in other fibers.
 Higher Security: Fibers offer high degree of security and privacy.
 SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the
gigabits
 BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
 DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be
"refreshed" or strengthened.
 RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as
radios, motors or other nearby cables.
 MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.
 Corrosion: Corrosion caused by water/chemicals is less severe for glass
than for Copper.

12
TOPIC 6

APPLICATIONS
 Telecommunication:
1. Long distance telecommunications.
2. Inter Exchange Junction
3. Fiber in the loop (FITL).
 Transmission:
1. Television broadcast.
2. Cable television (CATV).
3. Remote monitoring etc.
 Broadband Services:
1. Provisioning of broadband services.
2. Video request service.
3. Home study courses.
4. Medical facilities
5. Train time tables etc.
  High EMI areas: Can be laid along Railway Track, through
power substations and can be suspended directly from power line,
towers, or poles.
 Military Applications: In communication and data transmission
 Non-Communication fiber optic: E.g. fiber sensors.

13

TOPIC 7
FIBRE OPTIC SYSTEM
Optical Fibre is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is
transmitted through a glass or plastic fibre, in the form of light, following the
transmission sequence give below :
(1) Information is encoded into Electrical Signals.
(2) Electrical Signals are Converted into light Signals.
(3) Light Travels down the Fiber.
(4) A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals.
(5) Electrical Signals are decoded into Information.
- Inexpensive light sources available.
- Repeater spacing increases along with operating speeds because
low loss fibres are used at high data rates.
 FIG 3

14

TOPIC 8
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION: THEORY
 Total Internal Reflection - The Reflection that Occurs when a Light Ray
Travelling in One Material Hits a Different Material and Reflects Back into the
Original Material without any Loss of Light.

Fig. 3.1
Speed of light is actually the velocity of electromagnetic energy in vacuum such as space.
Light travels at slower velocities in other materials such as glass. Light travelling from one
material to another changes speed, which results in light changing its direction of travel. This
deflection of light is called Refraction.
 The amount that a ray of light passing from a lower refractive index to a higher one is
bent towards the normal. But light going from a higher index to a lower one refracting away
from the normal, as shown in the figures.
Angle of incidence

Angle of
ø1 ø1 reflection
ø1 ø2
n1 n1 n1
n2 n2 n2
ø2 ø2

Light is bent away Light does not enter

from normal second material

Fig. 3.2
As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction approaches 90o to the normal.
The angle of incidence that yields an angle of refraction of 90o is the critical angle. If the
angle of incidence increases a more than the critical angle, the light is totally reflected back
into the first material so that it does not enter
the second material. The angle of incidence and reflection are equal and it is called Total
Internal Reflection.
15
TOPIC 9
FIBER GEOMETRY
A hair-thin fiber consist of two concentric layers of high-purity silica
glass the core and the cladding, which are enclosed by a protective sheath as
shown in Fig. Light rays modulated into digital pulses with a laser or a light-
emitting diode moves along the core without penetrating the cladding.

Geometry of fiber

The diameters of the core and cladding are as follows.

 Cladding (
Core (m)
m)

8 125

50 125

62.5 125

100 140

125 8 125 50 125 62.5 125 100

Core Cladding

Typical Core and Cladding Diameters

16
TOPIC 10
PROPOGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH FIBER
The optical fibre has two concentric layers called the core and the cladding. The inner
core is the light carrying part. The surrounding cladding provides the difference refractive
index that allows total internal reflection of light through the core. The index of the cladding
is less than 1%, lower than that of the core. Typical values for example are a core refractive
index of 1.47 and a cladding index of 1.46. Fibre manufacturers control this difference to
obtain desired optical fibre characteristics. Most fibres have an additional coating around the
cladding. This buffer coating is a shock absorber and has no optical properties affecting the
propagation of light within the fibre. Figure shows the idea of light travelling through a fibre.
Light injected into the fibre and striking core to cladding interface at grater than the critical
angle, reflects back into core, since the angle of incidence and reflection are equal, the
reflected light will again be reflected. The light will continue zigzagging down the length of
the fibre. Light striking the interface at less than the critical angle passes into the cladding,
where it is lost over distance. The cladding is usually inefficient as a light carrier, and light in
the cladding becomes attenuated fairly. Propagation of light through fibre is governed by the
indices of the core and cladding by Snell's law.
Such total internal reflection forms the basis of light propagation through a optical fibre.
This analysis consider only meridional rays- those that pass through the fibre axis each time,
they are reflected. Other rays called Skew rays travel down the fibre without passing through
the axis. The path of a skew ray is typically helical wrapping around and around the central
axis. Fortunately skew rays are ignored in most fibre optics analysis.
 The specific characteristics of light propagation through a fibre depends on many
factors, including
- The size of the fiber.
- The composition of the fibre.
- The light injected into the fibre.
Jacket Jacket

Cladding
Core

Cladding (n2) Cladding

Core (n2) Jacket

Light at less than Angle of Angle of
critical angle is incidence reflection
absorbed in jacket
Light is propagated by
total internal reflection

Fig. Total Internal Reflection in an optical Fibre

Fig. 4 Propagation of light through fiber

17
TOPIC 11
FIBER CLASSIFICATION
Optical Fibers are classified as:
 Liquid core fiber.
 All fused-silica-glass fiber: Have silica-core and silica-cladding.
 Plastic-clad-silica (PCS) fiber: have silica core and plastic cladding.
 All plastic-fiber: have both core and cladding made up of plastic.
 Compound glass fiber such as fluoride glass fiber.
Modal classification:
 Similar to metallic waveguides, there are stable propagation states of
electromagnetic waves in an optical fiber called modes.
 Fibers can be classified based on number of modes available for propagation:
1) Single mode (SM) fiber
2) Multi mode (MM) fiber.
Classification based on Refractive Index (RI) profile:
 Step Index (SI) fiber.
 Graded index (GI) fiber.
 STEP-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER
 It has a large core, up to 100 microns in diameter. As a result, some of the light
rays that make up the digital pulse may travel a direct route, whereas others
zigzag as they bounce off the cladding
 GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER

It contains a core in which the refractive index diminishes gradually from the
centre axis out toward the cladding. The higher refractive index at the centre
makes the light rays moving down the axis advance more slowly than those near
the cladding.

18

TOPIC 12
LAYING OF CABLE
Soil categorization :( for depth of trench)
1) Rocky: Cable trench, where it is not possible to be dug without blasting
and/or chiselling.
1) Non Rocky: Other than ‘1’ above, soil mixed with stone and soft rock.
Pipes for cable laying:
Advantage for using pipes:
1) It gives mechanical protection.
2) Pipes can be laid in advance so that the cable laying is faster.
(1) HDPE pipe: 75 mm (diameter), length 5m (Approx. 18 to 20).
(2) PLP pipe: 40 mm outer (diameter), length 1km/200m.
 Now manual laying method is discouraged as it is expensive, time
consuming and also due to safety consideration.
 Now for digging method by using pressure machine is used for cable
laying.
Measurement of cable depth
Depth should be measured from the top of pipe. However it is acceptable, if
it is less up to eight cms from the specified depth.
1. Cross country rout (normal soil): HDPE pipe or P pipe depth is
1.5 meter. In rocky area minimum depth 0.9 m (where digging
more than 1m above pie is not possible due to many Obstruction
etc).should be considered. However, all cables having depth less
than 1.2m should be protected by RCC/GI pipes.
2. In built up area (city/town/urban area):
(1) OF cable should be laid through exiting duct.
(2) GI pipe or RCC pipe at the entry of duct.
 (3) In non duct area it should be laid through HDPE pipe/PLP pipe
at depth of 1.5m using RCC/GI pipe for protection.
(4) Depth in rocky soil may be considered 0.9 to 1.0 meter.

19
3. On culvert/bridge over river and nallah:
(1) At the depth of 1.5 meter. Pipe length should be extended up to 2m
at both ends.
(2) It should be fixed along the parapet wall/bridge wall when river or
nallah is full water throughout year, through fixed G pipe on wall
at suitable height above the water level.

4. Along rail bridge or crossing: Through HDPE pipe/PLP pipe protected

by RCC or iron pipe as per the prescribed by railway authority.
5. On road crossing: At a depth of 1.5m through HDP pipe enclosed
trough HDP pipe enclosed in RCC pipe extended by 3.0 meter to the either side
end of the road.

Indicators along route:

(A) Route indicator: At every 200m route length, showing name of route
and number of indicators.
(B) Joint indicator: At every joint (Splice), generally it is placed at every
2/4km (Drum length).
(C) Branch(Root diversion) indicator: Provided at route diversion or
branching from the main root.

20

TOPIC 13

OPTICAL FIBER CABLE CONSTRUCTION

 Core with R.I. N1 is supported by concentric cladding layer with R.I. N2.
 R.I. of core is greater than cladding (n1 >n2).
 Te cladding layer is surrounded by one or more protective coating.
  Change in RI is achieved by selectively doping the glass perform.
There are two basic cable designs are:
1. Tight Buffer Tube Cable
2. Loose Buffer Tube Cable
1) Tight-Buffered Cable
With tight-buffered cable designs, the buffering material is in direct
contact with the fiber.

Tight Buffer Tube Cable

2) Loose-Tube Cable
The modular design of loose-tube cables typically holds 6, 12, 24, 48, 96
or even more than 400 fibers per cable.
1) Distribution Cable
Distribution Cable (compact building cable) packages individual 900µm
buffered fiber reducing size and cost.
21
 Fig. 5 Distribution Cable
2) Loose Tube Cable
Loose tube cable is designed to endure outside temperatures and high
moisture conditions.

Fig. 6 Loose Tube Cable

22

TOPIC 14
 LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER

 There are several points in an optic system where losses occur.

 These are: Coupler, Splices connectors and the fiber itself.
 Losses associated within the fiber classified as under:
 Losses due to absorption: Even the purest glass will absorb
heavily within specific wavelength regions. Other major source
of loss is impurities like, metal ions and OH ions.
 Losses due to scattering: caused due to localised variations in
density, called Rayleigh scattering and the loss are: L =
1.7(0.85/)4 db/km.
 Losses due to geometric effect :
 Micro-bending
 Macro-bending.

23

TOPIC 15

OPTICAL SOURCES
 The device that actually converts electrical signals to its optical
equipment.
 Most common light sources:
 Light emitting diodes (LED’s).
 Light amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
(LASER) diodes.
 It is particularly required in lasers to maintain stable output
power by way of feedback mechanism.
 Laser is very sensitive to temperature. Operating characteristics
of a semiconductor laser – notably threshold, current, output
power, and wavelength change with temperature sensing and
control is required to maintain stable temperature.

24

TOPIC 16
DETECTORS

 The detectors used in fiber optic communications are

semiconductors photo diodes or photo detectors.
 It converts the received optical signal into electrical
form.
  Pin Photodiode: Cheaper, less temperature sensitive and
requires lower reverse bias voltage.
 Avalanche Photodiode(APD): Used where receiver is to
detect lower power.

25

TOPIC 17

FIBER OPTIC SENSORS

Fibers have many uses in remote sensing. In some

applications, the sensor is itself an optical fiber. In other cases
fiber is used to connect a non-fibrotic sensor to a
measurement system. Depending on the application, fiber may
be used because of its small size.
Optical fibers can be used as sensors to measure strain,
temperature, pressure and other quantities by modifying a
fiber so that the property to measure modulates the intensity,
phase, polarisation, and wavelength or transit time of light in
fiber.
 26

TOPIC 18
SPLICING OF OPTICAL FIBER

 Optical fibers may be connected to each other by connectors or

by splicing that is, joining two fibers together to form a
continuous optical waveguide. The generally accepted splicing
method is arc fusion splicing, which melts the fiber ends
together with an electric arc. For fastening jobs, a “mechanical
splice “is used.
Two types of spicing:
 Fusion Splicing: Fusion Splicing is done with specialized
instrument.
 Mechanical Splicing: For more fastening mechanical splicing
is used.

27