c

li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

RI
FTVALLEYI
NSTI
TUTEOFSCI
ENCEANDTECHNOLOGY
ELECTRI
CALANDELECTRONI
CSENGI
NEERI
NGDEPARTMENT

DI
PLOMAI
NELECTRI
CAL&ELECTRONI
CSENGI
NEERI
NG

(
POWER&TELECOMM OPTI
ONS)–MODULEI
I

I
NDUSTRI
ALPROGRAMMABLELOGI
CCONTROLLER

COURSEOUTLI
NE

1,I
ntr
oduc
tiont
oIndus
tri
alPLC 8hr
s

Ne
edf
orI
ndus
tr
ialPLC

Ty
pesofI
ndus
tr
ialPLC

2.PLCs
yst
em 15hr
s

Ha
rdwa
reConf
ig
ura
tion

La
dde
rLog
icPr
ogr
ammi
ng

Ex
ter
nalPe
riphe
ral
s

PLCMa
int
ena
nce

3.Supe
rvi
sor
yCont
rola
ndDa
taAc
qui
si
ti
on(
SCADA)
15hr
s

De
fi
nit
ion

Huma
nMa
chi
neI
nte
rfa
ce(
HMI
)

Da
taAc
qui
si
ti
on

Se
que
nceCont
rol

Da
taSt
ora
gea
ndAc
ti
vi
ty

Se
cur
it
y(Ac
ces
sCo
ntr
ol)

1
 c
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ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

4.I
ndus
tri
alCommuni
cat
ionNe
twor
k 15hr
s

Ne
twor
ks-LAN&WAN

I
ndus
tr
ialNe
twor
kTopol
ogi
es

I
ndus
tr
ialNe
twor
kPr
otoc
ol

Ne
twor
kCo
nst
ruc
ti
on

Phy
sic
alNe
twor
kAddr
ess

Ne
twor
kDe
vic
e

5.Ca
libr
ati
onSof
twa
re 13hr
s

Ty
pesofCa
li
bra
tionSof
twa
re

Ope
rat
ionofCa
li
bra
tionSof
twa
re

De
vic
eConne
cti
ont
oSof
twa
re

Book
s

Pr
ogr
amma
bleLog
icCont
rol
le
rs:Pr
ogr
ammi
ngMe
thodsa
ndAppl
ic
ati
onsbyJ
ohnR.Ha
ckwor
tha
nd
Fr
ede
ric
kD.Ha
ckwor
th,J
r.

Pr
ogr
amma
bleLog
icCont
rol
le
rsbyW.
Bol
ton4thEdi
ti
on

Pr
ogr
amma
bleCont
rol
le
rs:The
orya
ndI
mpl
eme
nta
tionbyL.
A.Br
yana
ndE.
A.Br
yan.2ndEd.

I
ndus
tri
alAut
oma
tionbySr
ini
vasMe
didaVol
.6

Pr
act
ica
lSCADAf
orI
ndus
trybyDa
vidBa
il
ey,Edwi
nWr
ight

I
ndus
tri
alNe
twor
ksf
orCommuni
cat
iona
ndCont
rolbyS.Dj
i
ev,

2
 c
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ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

TOPI
C1:I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOI
NDUSTRI
ALPLC

Pr
oce
ssCont
rol

Pr
ocesscont
rolcons
is
tsofmoni
tor
ingthest
ateofac r
it
ic
alpar
amete
r,de
tect
ingwhenitv
ari
esf
rom
de
sir
edstat
e,andtak
ingact
iont
orest
orei
t.I
tinvol
vest
heproc
essv
ari
abl
e,se
tpoint
sandmani
pul
ate
d
va
ria
ble.

Mos
tba
sicpr
oce
ssc
ont
rol
sys
temsc
ons
is
tofac
ont
rol
loop.Thi
sha
sfourma
inc
ompone
ntswhi
cha
re:

Ame
asur
eme
ntoft
hes
tat
eorc
ondi
ti
onofapr
oce
ss

Acont
rol
le
rca
lcul
ati
nga
nac
ti
onba
sedont
hisme
asur
edv
aluea
gai
nstapr
e-s
etorde
sir
edv
alue(
set
po
int
)

Anoutputs
ignal
res
ult
ingf
romthec
ont
rol
le
rca
lcul
ati
onwhi
chi
sus
edt
oma
nipul
atet
hepr
oce
ssa
cti
on
t
hroug
hs omeformofact
uat
or

3
 c
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rang
a9@g
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Thepr
oce
ssi
ts
elfr
eac
ti
ngt
othi
ssi
gna
l,a
ndc
hang
ingi
tss
tat
eorc
ondi
ti
on

Twooft
hemo
sti
mpor
tants
igna
lsus
edi
npr
oce
ssc
ont
rol
arec
all
ed

Pr
oce
ssVa
ria
bleorPV

Ma
nipul
ate
dVa
ria
bleorMV

I
nindus
tri
alpr
oce
sscont
rol
,theProce
ssVar
iabl
e(PV)isme
asur
edbyaninst
rumenti
nthef
ie
lda
nda
cts
a
saninputtoa
nautomat
iccontr
oll
erwhi
chtake
sact
ionbas
edonthev
alueofit
.

ThePVi sthepar
ame
tert
hati
stobec ont
roll
ed.Tobecontr
oll
ed,t
hePVmus tbecapabl
eofbe
ing
meas
ure
da ndtha
tmeas
ure
mentconv
ert
edintoasig
nalt
hatc
anbea ct
edonbyt
hecont
roll
er.

De
vice
st ha
tmeasurePVaret
rans
duce
rsors
ens
ors.I
nma nycas
e s
,thePVs
ensorconsi
st
sofadi
rec
t
me
asurementde
viceca
ll
eda
nelementa
ndase
para
tesi
gna
lproc
essorcal
le
dat
ransmi
tter
.

Theset
-poi
nti
sthedes
iredval
ueofthePV,normall
ypr
ese
tint
othec
ont
rols
yst
em bya
nope
rat
or,or
de
riv
eda sa
nout
putofanothe
rcont
rolca
lcul
ati
on.

Thee
rrors
igna
list
hedi
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
ent
hePVa
ndt
hes
et-
poi
nt,a
ndi
stheba
sisf
orc
ont
rola
cti
on.

Thec ont
roll
e risthedevi
cetha tproce
sse
sthee r
rors
igna
l,det
ermine
stherequi
redcont
rolact
ionand
prov
idesac ontr
oloutputMa nipul
ate
dVa ria
ble(MV)t otheproce
ss.Thedevic
et ha
tc onv
ert
sthe
cont
roloutputintocont
rolac
tioni st
heactua
tor.

Cont
rolMode
s

4
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I
ncontrol
,the
rea
rec
ont
rols
yst
emswhi
chc
anbedi
scr
eteora
nal
og,ma
nua
lora
utoma
ted,pe
riodi
cor
c
ont
inuous.

The
rea
ref
iv
eba
sicf
ormsofc
ont
rola
vai
la
blei
nPr
oce
ssCont
rol
:

On-Of fcontrol
:Theoldestst
rat
egyforcontroli
stouseas wi
tc
hgivi
ngs i
mpleon-
offcont
rol.Thisi
sa
dis
continuousfor
m ofc ont
rolact
ion,andi sals
orefer
redt oastwo-pos
it
ioncont
rol
.Ape r
fecton-
off
contr
olleris'
on'whe
nt heme as
urementisbelowtheset
-point(
SP)andthema ni
pul
ate
dv ar
iable(
MV)i s
atit
sma xi
mumv al
ue.Abov et
heSP,thec ont
roll
eri
s'of
f'andtheMVi satamini
mum.

Modul at
ingcont
rol
:Ift
heoutputofac ontr
oll
erc
anmov ethr
oughar angeofvalues,t
hisismodulat
ing
cont
rol.Modulat
ionContr
oltakesplacewithi
nade f
ine
dope ra
tingrangeonly.Tha tis,itmusthave
upperandlowerli
mit
s.Modul
a t
ingcontroli
sasmoot
herfor
mofc ontr
olthanst
epc ontr
ol.Itcanbeused
i
nbot hopenloopandcl
ose
dloopc ont
rolsyst
ems.

Openloopcontr
ol:Openl
oopcont
roli
sthusc
all
edbec
a us
ethec
ontr
olac
ti
on(Control
le
rOutputSignal
)
i
snotafunct
ionofthePV(
Proc
essVari
able
)orl
oadchanges
.Theopenl
oopcont
roldoesnots
elf
-cor
rec
t,
whent
he s
ePV’sdrif
t.

Feedf or
wa r
dc ontrol:Fee
df or
wa r
dc ontr
olisaf orm ofcont
rolbase
dona nti
ci
pat
ingthecor
rec
t
ma ni
pulat
edv a
ria
ble sre
quir
edtodeli
vertherequi
redoutputvar
iabl
e.I
tiss
eenasafor
m ofope
nloop
contr
olasthePVi snotuseddir
ect
lyint
hec ont
rolac
tion.

Close
dl ooporfe
edbac
kc ontr
ol:I
fthePV,t
heobj
ect
iv
eofc
ont
rol
,isus
edt
ode
ter
minet
hec
ont
rol
ac
tionitisc
all
edc
los
edloopcont
rols
yst
em.

I
ndus
tri
alCont
rolSy
ste
m(I
CS)

I
ndust
ri
alAutoma t
ionisadisc
ipl
inet ha
tincl
ude
sk nowl
edg
ea ndexpe
rti
sefr
om va
riousbr
anc
hesof
e
ngine
eri
ngincludi
nge l
ect
ri
cal
,el
e c
troni
cs,c
hemica
l,mechani
cal
,communic
ati
onsandmorerec
ent
ly
c
omputerandsoft
wa r
eengi
neer
ing
.

I
CSi
sat
ermt
hate
ncompa
sse
sse
ver
alt
ype
sofc
ont
rols
yst
emsus
edi
nindus
tr
ialpr
oduc
ti
on.

The
sei
nclude:Supe
rvi
sor
yContr
olandDataAcqui
sit
ion(SCADA)sys
tems,Dis
tr
ibut
edControlSy
ste
ms
(
DCS)andothersmall
erc
ont
rols
yst
emsconf
ig
urati
ons uc
ha sPr
ogr
amma bleLogi
ccont
rol
le
rs(PLC).

Theappl
ic
ati
onforindus
tr
ialproces
scontr
olsy
stemsarediv
erserang
ingfr
om si
mpletra
ffi
ccont
rolt
o
compl
exel
ect
ri
calgr
id,f
rome nv
ironmenta
lcont
rolsy
ste
mt ooilr
efi
ner
yproces
scont
rol
.

Thei
nte
ll
ig
enc
eoft
hes
eaut
oma
teds
yst
emsl
ie
sint
hei
rme
asur
eme
nta
ndc
ont
roluni
ts
.

SCADA isac ombinat

ionofte
lemetr
ya ndda t
aa c
quis
it
ion.I
tencompass
esthecoll
ect
ingofthe
i
nfor
mat
ion,t
rans
fer
ringitba
ckt
ot hecent
rals
it
e,ca
rryi
ngoutanyne
c e
ssa
ryana
lys
isandcontr
ola
nd

5
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t
hendispl
ayi
ngt hatinf
ormat
iononanumbe rofoper
ators
cre
ensordis
play
s.TheSCADA isa
c
ent
ral
izedsyst
ema ndiscompose
dofv ar
ioussubs
yst
emsli
keRemoteTe l
emetr
yUnit
s,Human
Machi
neInte
rfa
ce,Progr
ammableLogi
cCont
roll
er(
PLC)andCommunic
ati
onsnet
works
.

DCSisapr
oc e
ss-
orie
ntedsyst
emandi
ttr
eat
sthec
ont
roloft
hepr
oce
ssa
sit
sma
int
ask
,andi
tpr
ese
nts
da
tat
ooper
atorsaspartofi
tsj
ob.

PLCi sani ndus

tr
ialcomput e
rc ontr
olsyst
emt hatcontinuousl
ymoni torsthestat
eofinputdevicesand
ma k
esde ci
si
onba s
eduponac ustom pr
og r
am,t ocontrolthestat
eofde vic
e sc
onne c
tedasoutput.They
arebasedont heBoolea nl
ogicope r
ati
onswhe rea
ss omemode lsus
et imersands omeha veconti
nuous
cont
rol.Thesedevi
cesarecomput erbas
eda ndareuse dtoc ont
rolva
riousprocessandequipmentswit
hin
afacil
it
y.PLCsc ontrolthecompone ntsintheDCSa ndSCADAs y st
emsbutt heya r
epr i
ma ry/
ma i
n
compone nt
sinsmall
erc ont
rolconfi
gurat
ions.

Embe dde
dContr
ol:I
nthi
scont
rols
yst
em,smal
lcomponent
sar
eat
tac
hedt
othei
ndus
tr
ialc
omput
er
sy
ste
mwi tht
hehe
lpofane
twor
kandcontr
oli
sex
erci
sed.

UserConfi
gurat
ionOpe nSyst
em( UCOS)isacont
rols
yste
mt hate
mploysobj
ect
-ori
ente
dtechni
queat
ever
ylevelofi t
ssyste
m a r
chit
ect
ure,and i
ncl
udesanumbe rofsubsys
temswhi c
hs e
gme ntthe
f
uncti
onal
it
yofUCOS.Thes ubsy
ste
msincl
ude:anEngineer
ingWorks
tat
ionSubsys
tem,anOpe rat
or
Workst
ati
on Subsys
tem,a nd aFiel
d Contr
olUnit(FCU)Cont rol
le
rSubs ys
tem.Thes ubsys
tems
communicat
eviaaControlNetwor
k.

6
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TOPI
C2:PROGRAMMABLELOGI
CCONTROLLER(
PLC)

I
ntr
oduc
tion

PLCi saunitofhardwareusedtoc ont

rolandautoma t
eindust
ri
alpr
ocess
es.Iti
sami c
ro-c
omputerbased
contr
oll
ert
ha tuse
ss t
oredi
nstruc
tionsinprogr
a mma bl
eme mor
ytoimplementlog
ic,s
equenci
ng,ti
ming,
counti
nga nda ri
thme t
icfuncti
onst hrough di
git
alora nal
oginput
/outputmodules,forcont
roll
ing
ma c
hinesandprocess
es.

Thete
rml og
ici suse
dbe
caus
epr
ogr
ammi
ngi
spr
ima
ril
yconc
erne
dwi
thi
mpl
eme
nti
ngl
ogi
cand
s
wit
chi
ngopera
tion.

ThePLCi sdesi
gne
da sr
epl
ace
mentf
ort
hehard-
wiredre
layandti
merlog
ictobef
oundi
ntr
adi
ti
onal
contr
olpanels
,wherePLCprov
ide
sea
seandf
le
x i
bil
it
yofcont
rolba
sedonprog
rammi
ngande
xec
uting
l
og i
cins
tr
uc t
ions
.

7
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APLCha st
hre
ema inaspe
cts
:thei
nput
sandout
put
sandt
hec
ont
rolpr
ogr
am.I
nfi
gur
ebe
low,PLCha
s
e
ighti
nput
sandfourout
puts
.

Thei nputi sanythi

ngt hatcans enset he st
atusoft he
envi
ronme nt a nd t hen c onvert t hat i
nforma t
ion
i
nt oas i
gnal.Oft
enthes i
gnalcansimplybe avoltag
et hat
i
se it
he ron o roff. Fore x
ampl e
,i nput devic
es c an
beprox i
mityswit
ches,photoel
ect
ri
cs ensors
, te
mpe rat
ur e
sens
ors,pushbutt
ons,orpress
uresensors
.

Theout putsareconnec
tedtothede
vice
s t
hatne
edt o
bec ont
roll
edlik
emot ors
,indi
cat
orl
ig
hts, f
ans
,war
ning
si
rensorheat
ingel
ements
.

Cont
rolproces
sesneed devi
cest
omoni
tore
vent
sorme
asur
ene
ede
dva
lue
s.The
sede
vic
esa
re
ge
ner
ica
ll
yc a
ll
edinput
stothePLC.

Thepr
ogr
amus
esas
etofl
ogi
cali
nst
ruc
ti
onst
hatdr
ive
stheout
put
sba
sedont
hei
nput
s.

TheNe
edf
orPLCs

Har
dwir
edpane
lswer
everyt
imeconsumingtowir
e,debugandchange
.ThePLCse
li
mina
tesmuc
hof
t
hehar
dwir
ingtha
twasa
ssoc
iat
edwit
hc onv
enti
onalr
elayc
ontr
olci
rcui
ts
.

PLCshavet
heg
rea
tadv
ant
aget
hatt
hes
ameba
sicc
ont
rol
le
rca
nbeus
edwi
thawi
der
ang
eofc
ont
rol
sy
ste
ms.

PLCsr e
quireshorteri
nst
all
ati
onandc ommiss
ioni
ngti
mesthandoha r
d-wir
eds y
stems
.Tomodif
ya
controls
yste
ma ndtherul
est
hataretobeuse
d,allt
hati
sne
cess
aryi
sforanopera
tortoke
yinadi
ff
ere
nt
setofins
truct
ions.Ther
eisnoneedtorewi
re.

There
sul
tisafl
exi
ble
,c os
tef
fe
cti
ve,s
yst
em whi
chc
anbeus
edwi
thc
ont
rols
yst
emswhi
chv
aryqui
te
wi
del
yint
heirna
tur
ea ndcompl
exi
ty.

PLCsar
esimil
artocomput
e r
sbutwher
e a
sc omput
ersareopti
mizedf
orc
alc
ula
tiona
nddi
spl
ayt
ask
s,
PLCsa
reopti
mize
dforcont
rolta
sksa
ndtheindus
tri
alenv
ironment
.

ThusPLCsha
ves
pec
if
icf
eat
ure
ssui
te
dfori
ndus
tr
ial
cont
rol:
-

Rug
geda
ndde
sig
nedt
owi
ths
tandv
ibr
ati
ons
,te
mpe
rat
ure
,humi
dit
yandnoi
se

Modul
arpl
ug-
inc
ons
tr
uct
ion,a
ll
owi
nge
asyr
epl
ace
mentora
ddi
ti
onofuni
ts(
e.
g.i
nput
/out
put
);

St
anda
rdi
nput
/out
putc
onne
cti
onsa
nds
igna
lle
vel
s

Ha
vei
nte
rfa
cingf
ori
nput
sandout
put
sal
rea
dyi
nsi
det
hec
ont
rol
le
r.

8
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Eas
il
yunde r
st
ood pr
ogr
ammi
ngl
ang
uag
ewhi
chi
spr
ima
ril
yconc
erne
d wi
thl
ogi
cand s
wit
chi
ng
ope
rat
ions

Ea
seofpr
ogr
ammi
nga
ndr
epr
ogr
ammi
ngi
n-pl
ant
;

Ca
pabl
eofc
ommuni
cat
ingwi
thot
herPLCs
,comput
ersa
ndi
nte
ll
ig
entde
vic
es;

Compe
ti
ti
vei
nbot
hcos
tands
pac
eoc
cupi
edwi
thr
ela
yands
oli
d-s
tat
elog
ics
yst
ems
.

Thes
efea
ture
sma k
eprogrammabl
econt
rol
le
rshi
ghl
yde
sir
abl
einawi
dev
ari
et
yofi
ndus
tr
ial
-pl
ant
andpr
oces
s-
cont
rols
it
uat
ions.

PLCAdv ant
age
s
Fl
exi
bil
it
y:Onesing
lePLCc
ane
asi
lyr
unma
nyma
chi
nes
.

Cor
rect
ingError
s:Wit
hPLCc ont
rol
,anychangei
nc i
rcuitdesi
gnorseque
ncei
sass
impl
easr
ety
ping
t
helog
ic.Cor
rect
inge
rror
sinPLCise
xtre
melyshor
tandc oste
ff
ecti
ve.

SpaceEf
fic
ient
:Toda y '
sPLCme moryi
sge
tti
ngbigg
erandbi
gge
rthi
smeanst
hatweca
ng e
nera
temore
andmorec ont
a c
ts,c oi
ls
,time
rs,s
eque
nce
rs,count
ersands
oon.Itispos
si
bletohav
ethousa
ndsof
cont
actt
imersandc ounter
sinasi
ngl
ePLC.

LowCos
t:Pr
ice
sofPLCv
aryf
romf
ewhundr
edst
ofe
wthous
ands
.

Test
ing:APLCprogr
amc anbete
ste
dande
val
uat
edi
nal
ab.Thepr
ogr
amc
anbet
est
ed,v
ali
dat
eda
nd
cor
rect
edsa
vingv
eryval
uabl
eti
me.

Vis
ualobser
vati
on:WhenrunningaPLCprogr
am avis
ualope
rat
ionc
anbes
eenont
hes
cre
en.He
nce
t
roubl
eshoot
ingacir
cui
tisr
eal
lyqui
ck,e
asya
ndsimpl
e.

Ty
pic
alPLCAppl
ic
ati
ons
PLCsareusedtooperat
egree
nhouseirr
igat
ionssy
stems.I
tcanbeus
edtocont
rolhowoft
enandthe
amountofwat
erdi
str
ibut
edtocerta
inare
as.Itcancontr
olala
rgea
mountofv
alv
estocer
tai
nar
easa
nd
i
sfl
exi
bleast
hegre
enhouse’
sneedscha
nge.

PLCsa r
eus
edforsor
ti
ngpacka
g e
sonac onve
y orbyoperat
ingadive
rte
r.As ens
orc
andet
ectapac
kag
e
ty
pea ndaser
iesofdi
ver
ter
scans ortt
hema tthee ndofthebelt
.Butt hePLC i
sfl
exi
ble
,itc
anbe
repr
ogra
mmedifandwhenthesort
ingta
skchangesorife
nha nc
edopera
tionisne
ede
d.

PLCsareimple
me nt
edinav a
rie
tyofcont
rolope
rat
ionsfr
om l
argetosmal
l.Car
was
hesar
eapopular
usef
orPLCsbe ca
useiti
nvol
vesi
ntr
ica
teuseofse
nsorsandmotor
s,butal
sohast
henee
dforr
ela
tiv
ely
compl
exlogi
c.

Lumbermil
lsus
ePLCstocont
rolt
hemainsawandl
oadi
ngofwoodwhi
lev
ari
ouss
ens
orse
nsur
esa
fe
ope
rat
ions
othatpe
opl
eandequi
pmenta
renotha
rmed

9
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

PLCsc anwi t
hst
andtheha r
shcondi
ti
onde s
ertcondi
ti
onswhi
lecontr
olli
nganoi
lre
cove
ryproce
ss.
Tempe r
a t
ure
scangethi
ghertha
n120de gr
eesFahre
nhei
tint
hedes
e r
t,yetaPLCca
nreadse
nsor
sand
cont
rolthemotor
sneces
sar
yforoi
lext
rac
ti
on.

PLCAr
chi
tec
tur
e

The
rea
ret
wot
ype
s:

Openar
chi
tec
turedes
igna
ll
owst
hes
yst
emt
obec
onne
cte
dea
sil
ytode
vic
esa
ndpr
ogr
amsma
deby
ot
herma
nuf
actur
ers
.

Clos
edarchi
tec
tureorpr
opri
eta
rys
yst
emi sonewhos
ede
sig
nma
kesi
tmor
edi
ff
ic
ultt
oconne
ctde
vic
es
andprog
ramsma debyot
hermanuf
act
ure
rs.

NOTE:Whe nwor
kingwit
hPLC syst
emsthatarepro
pri
eta
ryinna t
urey
oumus
tbes
uret
hata
ny
ge
ner
icha
rdwar
eorsof
twa
reyouus
eiscompat
ibl
ewit
hyourpart
ic
ula
rPLC.

PLCHa
rdwa
re

Thest
ruct
ureofaPLC c a
nbedi v
ide
dsever
alpart
s/
compone
nts
.Thema
inpa
rtsa
rei
nput
/out
put
modul
es,c
ent
ralpr
oce
ssi
nguni
t,me
moryandprog
rammingt
ermi
nal
.

Pr
oces
sorunitorc entra
lproces
singunit(CPU)istheuni
tc ont
aini
ngt
hemic
roproc
ess
orandthi
s
i
nte
rpr
etstheinputsi
g nal
sandcarri
esoutthecont
rolac
ti
ons,acc
ordi
ngt
otheprog
rams t
ore
dinit
s
memory,c
ommuni ca
tingthede
cis
ionsasact
ions
igna
lstot
heoutput
s.

Memoryuniti
swheret
heprogr
amisst
oredtha
tist
obeusedf
ort
hec
ontr
ola c
ti
ont obee
xerc
ise
dbyt
he
mi
cropr
oce
ssoranddat
ast
oredfr
omtheinputf
orpr
oce
ssi
ngandf
ort
heoutputforout
put
ti
ng.

10
 c
li
ntonma
rang
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mai
l
.com

I
nputandout putmodules–a r
ewhe rethepr oce
ssorr ec
e i
vesinformati
onf r
om exter
naldevic
e sand
c
ommunic a
tesinf
ormat
iont oexter
naldevices
.TheI /O uni tprovidest
hei nt
erfa
cebetwee
nt hesy s
tem
a
ndtheoutsi
deworld,a
llowingforconnec
tionstobema det hroughI /Ochannelstoi
nputdevi
cessuchas
s
ens
orsandoutputdevi
cessucha smotor
sands ole
noids.Itisa l
sothroug
ht heI/
Ouni tt
hatprogra
msa r
e
e
nte
redfromapr ogr
ampa nel.EveryI/
Opoi nthasauni quea ddre
sswhichc anbeused

Inputandoutput(
I/
O)de
vic
es-i
scol
le
cti
onofphy
sic
ale
leme
ntsoft
hec
ont
rols
yst
emt
hate
it
her
provi
deorus
eI/Odata
.

Prog
rammingdev
ice/te
rminala
reusedtoe
ntert
herequi
redpr
ogr
amint
otheme moryoft
hepr
oce
ssor
.
Theprog
ramisde
velope
dinthedev
iceandthe
ntrans
fer
redtot
hememor
yunitofthePLC.

Powersuppl
yunitisneededtoc onv
ertthema i
nsA.Cvolt
agetolowd.
c.v
olt
age
sne
ces
sar
yfort
he
proc
ess
orandthec
ircui
tsi
ntheinputendoutputi
nte
rfa
cemodul
es.

RackAsse
mbl y
:Mos tmedi
umt olar
gePLCs yst
emsareas
sembl
edsuchthatt
heindi
vidualcomponent
s-
CPU,I/O,powersupply-a
remodul est
hatareheldt
oge
therwi
thi
nar ack.I
nsma l
le
rPLCs ys
tems-al
l
ofthe
sec omponent
sma ybec ont
aine
di nas ingl
ehousi
ngor" br
ick"-thesesma l
lersys
temsare
somet
imesref
err
edtoas"br
ick
s"or"shoebox
"PLCs .

Communic
ationint
erf
acei
sus e
dt orecei
veandt r
ansmitda
taoncommuni
cati
onnetworkf
rom orto
ot
herremote PLC.I tisconcurre
d wi t
hs ucha cti
onsasdev
iceveri
fi
cat
ion,dataacqui
si
ti
on,
sy
nchr
oni
zat
ionbetwee
nuserappli
cat
ionsandconnect
ionmanag
eme
nt.

PLCCPUa
rchi
tec
tur
e

TheCPU c
ont
rol
sands
upe
rvi
sesa
llope
rat
ionswi
thi
nthePLC,c
arr
yingoutpr
ogr
amme
dins
tr
uct
ions
s
tor
edi
nthememory
.

Anint
erna
lcommunic
ati
onshig
hway,o
rbuss
yst
em,c
arr
iesi
nfor
mat
iont
oendf
romt
heCPU,me
mor
y
andI/
Ounits
,unde
rcont
roloft
heCPU.

TheCPU c
ont
rol
sandpr
oce
sse
sal
ltheope
rat
ionwi
thi
nthePLC.I
tiss
uppl
ie
dwi
thac
loc
kwi
tha

11
 c
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rang
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fr
equencyofbet
wee
n1a nd8MHz .Thi
sfr
equenc
yde t
ermi
nest
heope
rat
ings
pee
doft
hePLC a
nd
prov
idest
heti
mingands
ync
hroni
zat
ionf
oral
lel
ementsi
nthes
yst
ems.

Thei
nfor
mat
ionwi
thi
nthePLCi
sca
rri
edbyme
ansofdi
gi
tal
sig
nal
s.

Theint
ernalpat
hsal
ongdi
git
als
igna
lfl
owa
rec
all
edbus
es.Abusi
sjus
tanumbe
rofc
onduc
tor
sal
ong
whi
chelect
ri
cals
igna
lsc
anf
low.

Thei
nte
rna
lst
ruc
tur
eoft
heCPUde
pendsont
hemi
cropr
oce
ssorc
onc
erne
d

Thes
impl
if
ie
dmode
lcons
is
toff
iv
epa
rtsALU,CU,Re
gis
ter
s,Bus
es,a
ndme
mor
y.

Ari
thmeti
ca ndLog i
cUni t(
ALU)Whichisr e
sponsi
blef
ordat
ama ni
pul
ati
ona ndcar
ryi
ngout
ar
it
hme t
icopera
tionsofaddi
ti
onandsubtr
act
iona ndlog
icope
rati
onsofAND,OR,NOT a nd
EXCLUSI VE–OR( X-
OR)itrec
eiv
escont
rolsi
gnalsf
rom t
hecont
roluni
ttell
ingi
ttocarr
yout
t
heseoper
ati
ons

ControlUnit–Thi scont
rol
sthemoveme ntofinst
ructi
onina ndoutofthepr
ocessorandalso
cont
rolstheoper
ati
onofALU.I tc
onsi
stsofadecoder,cont
rol
slogi
cci
rcui
tandaclocktoensure
ever
ythinghappe
nsatt
hecorre
ctti
me.Itisal
sore
sponsibl
eforperf
ormi
ngthei
nst
ruc
tionexec
ution
cycl
e.

12
 c
li
ntonma
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l
.com

Regi
st
e r
s–l ocat
edwithinthemicroproces
sora ndusedtostoreinforma
tioninvolv
edinprogram
exe
cuti
on.Itisasmal
la mountofint
ernalme mor yt
hatisus
edf orthequi
ckstorageandre
tri
evalof
dat
aa ndinstruc
ti
ons
.Al lproc
ess
orsincludes omec ommonr egi
ste
rsusedfors pe
cif
icf
uncti
ons,
namel
yt heprogramcounter,i
nst
ruct
ionr e
g i
st
e r
,accumula
tor,me moryaddressregi
st
erandstack
poi
nte
r.

Bus-Buse
sar
ethepa
thsusedf
orcommuni
cat
ionwi
thi
nthePLC.Thei
nfor
mat
ioni
str
ans
mit
tedi
n
bi
naryf
ormi.
e.a
sagroupofbi
tswi
thabi
tbei
ngabi
narydi
gi
tof0or1.

Sys
tem busisusedf
orcommuni
cat
ionbe
twe
entheI/O por
tsandI
/O unit
.Iti
sacablewhi
ch
ca
rri
esda t
ac ommunic
ati
onbet
weenthemajorcomponent
softhec ompute
rinc
ludingt
he
micr
oproce
ssor.

Controlbusca
rriesthesi
gna
lsrela
tingtothecont
rola ndco-
ordi
nati
onoft
hevariousa
cti
vi
ti
es
acr
ossthecomputerwhichca
nbes entfromthecontroluni
twit
hintheCPU.Iti
nformsmemory
devi
ceswhethe
rt heyaretorecei
veda t
afrom aninputoroutputdataa
ndtocarryoutti
ming
si
gnal
susedtosynchroni
zeac
tions
.

Databusca
rri
est
hedatausedintheproc
essc
arr
iedoutbyt
heCPU.I tisus
edf
ort
heex
change
ofdat
abet
we e
ntheproce
ssor,memoryandperi
pher
als
,andisbi
dir
ecti
onal
.Amic
ropr
oce
ssor
te
rmedasbei
ng8-bi
thasaninte
rnalda
tabuswhi
chcanhandl
e8-bi
tnumbe r
.

Addres
sbusisus edtoc arrythea ddre
ssesofme moryloc
ati
on.Itcont
ainst
hec onnec
ti
on
betwe
enthemicroproc
essorandme mor ythatca
rrythesi
gnal
srel
ati
ngtotheaddr
esseswhich
theCPUisproc
essingatt
ha tti
me ,s
ucha st
helocat
ionst
hatt
heCPUi srea
dingf
romorwr i
ting
to.Ev
erymemorylocat
ionisgivenauniqueaddre
ss.

Me
mor
y:-The
rea
res
eve
ralme
mor
yel
eme
ntsi
naPLCs
yst
em.

Exec
utiv
eme moryorope
rati
ngsy
ste
m memorywhi
chisrea
donl
ymemor
y(ROM)tog
ive
pe
rma ne
ntstora
geforoper
ati
ngsys
temandfi
xedda
tause
dbytheCPU.I
tist
heonet
hat
ac
tual
lydoe
sthescanni
ngi
nthePLC.

13
 c
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Sys
tem me mory–i norde rfort heope r
ati
ngs yst
emt ofunc
ti
on,ase
cti
onoft hememoryis
al
lot
tedforsyst
ema dminist
ration.Ast heexecuti
veprogr
am per
for
msi
tsduti
es,i
toft
enr
equi
res
aplacet ostoreinte
rme diat
er esul
tsandi nfor
ma t
ion.A se
cti
onofRAM ( Random Acc
ess
Memor y
) i
sinst
all
edforthispur pose.

Datame mory–ThisisaRAM whe r

einf
ormat
ioni
sstor
edonthesta
tusofi
nputandoutput
devi
cesa
ndtheval
uesoft
imersandcount
ersa
ndothe
rinte
rna
lde
vic
es.DataRAM iss
ometi
me s
re
fer
redtoasda
tat
ableorre
gist
erta
ble.

Userprog
ram memory–Thef i
nalare
aofme moryinaPLCisal
locat
edtothest
orag
eoft he
us
erprogr
am.Iti
sthi
sme mor
ya r
eathattheex
ecut
ivepr
ogr
amins
truc
tsthemic
ro-
proce
ssorto
ex
amineor‘s
can’
tofi
ndtheus
erinst
ruct
ions
.

I
/Ost
atusme moryo rI/
Oi magetabl
e.Aporti
onofRAM isal
loc
atedfort
hestora
g eofcur
rent
I
/Ost
atus.Ever
ys i
ng l
eI /
O modulehasbeenass
igne
dtoapa rt
ic
ularloc
ati
onwi t
hintheI/O
i
magetable.Thel ocat
ionwi t
hintheinputandoutputima
g etabl
e/mapa reident
if
iedby
a
ddr
ess
es,eachl
ocationhasit
sownuniqueaddr
ess
.

Me
mor
yor
gani
zat
ion

Thisr
efer
stohowcer
tai
narea
sofmemoryinaPLCa r
eut i
li
zed.Physi
caladdre
ssi
ngisthea
bil
it
yto
re
addatafr
omaspe
cif
icmodul
ete
rmi
nalorwri
tei
nfor
ma t
iontoas pe
cif
icmodulet
ermina
l.

Duringtheexec
utionofuserprog
ram,themi c
roprocess
orscanstheuserprog
rama ndi
nterpr
etstheuser
comma nd,wheni nforma
tionisrea
df rom acontac
tori nput,itiss
toredinmemor y
.Thi sporti
onof
me moryistheinputimaget a
ble/
ma pwhichi sdes
ignat
edt os t
oret
hisinputi
nformat
ion.Ea c
hi nput
t
y pi
cal
lyhasatami nimum,asingl
ebitdesi
gnatedt
ostoreit
sinformat
ion

Datar
e s
ult
ingf
rom l
ogi
cala
nal
ysi
sbyt
heCPU i
.e
.var
iousout
putde
vic
es t
atusg
ene
rat
eddur
ingt
he
ex
ecut
ionofuse
rprog
ramiss
tor
edinme
mor
yla
bel
edastheout
puti
magetabl
e/map

Fr
om t
hispoi
nt,t
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
str
ans
fer
redt
oade
sig
nat
edout
putmodul
eandt
hent
oapa
rti
cul
ar
f
ie
ldde
vice
.

Ba
sicPLCOpe
rat
ion
A PLC worksbyc ont
inuouslyrunningaprogram t
hatchec
k sthe
i
nputsandthenupdate
st heoutput
s.Theprocessof t
hePLC runni
ng
t
hroughouti
tspro
grami scall
edscanning
.Scanning s
pee
ddependson
t
heprogramsiz
eande x
e cut
ionti
me .

Thetot
alt
imeforaPLCtoc hecktheinput
s,r
unthe progr
am and
upda
tetheoutput
sisc
all
edt hec y
cleti
me.Ty pi
cal cycl
etime
sa r
e10
msto100ms .Ever
ycycl
ethei nputsar
echeckand sa
v e
dtome mory.

The
nthepr
ogr
ami
srunus
ingt
hes
tat
usoft
hes
ave
d i
nput
s.Af
tert
he

14
 c
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pr
ogr
ami
sdonet
heout
put
sar
eupda
teda
ndt
hec
ycl
est
art
sag
ain.

Sc
anni
ngpr
oce
sse
s

ThePLC’sCPUmoni t
orsthesta
tusofal
linput
s.Ittak
est
he s
evaluesa
ndene
rgiz
esorde-
ene
rgi
zest
he
out
put
saccor
dingtotheladderdi
agram/userprogra
m.Thisisre
ferr
edtoa
sScanning
.TheCPUofthe
PLCexec
utestheuse
rprog r
amov erandov
e rag
a i
nwhe ni
tisi
ntherunmode.

Ascandoesnotconsi
stofaPLCe
xec
uti
ngla
dderdiag
ramrungbyrung
,buti
nst
eadthePLCperf
orms
a
nI /
Oa ndpr og
r ams c
an.TheI
/Oscanst
rans
fer
sda t
atoandfr
om theout
putandinputmodul
es
r
espe
cti
vel
y.

Thei
nfor
ma t
ionist
rans
ferr
edinthef
orm ofbi
tsandst
ore
dini
mag
eta
ble
s(i
mag
ema
ps)a
rebl
ockof
memor
yde s
igna
tedt
os t
orethei
nputa
ndoutputbi
tst
ate
)

Theinputandoutputi
sthepor
ti
onofthePLCthatint
erf
ace
swiththeouts
idewor
ld.Thea
ctua
lbr
idg
e
bet
weenthephysi
calworl
dandint
erna
lworl
dofthePLCistheopti
cali
sol
ati
onci
rcui
tr
y.

Ther
earef
ourbas
ics
tepsi
ntheopera
tionofal
lPLCs;i
nputscan,pr
ogr
ams
can,out
puts
can,a
nd
hous
eke
epi
ng.The
ses
tepsc
ont
inua
ll
ytakepl
acei
narepea
tingl
oop.

I
nputs
can:Duri
ngtheinputsca
n,thec ur
rentsta
tusofever
yinputmodul
eiss
tor
edinthei
nputimage
(
memory)t
abl
e,br
ingi
ngitup-t
o-dat
e.Thusa l
lthest
atusoft
heinputde
vic
es(
whic
hinturni
sconnec
ted
t
othei
nputmodul
e)i
supdatedintheinputmemor yta
ble.

Progr
ams c
an:Foll
owingtheinputsc
a n,theCPU ente
rsi
tsuse
rpr ogr
ame xe
cuti
on,orprogr
ams can.
Thee xecuti
on i
nvol
v essta
rti
nga tthepr ogr
am'sfi
rsti
nst
ruct
ion,then movi
ngon t othes e
cond
i
nstr
ucti
ona ndc ar
ryingoutitsexec
ut i
ons e
quence
.Thisconti
nue stothela
stprogr
ami nst
ruct
ion.
Throughouttheus
er-prog
rame xe
cuti
on,theCPUc onti
nua
ll
yk e
epsitsout
puti
ma g
e(memor y
)tabl
eup-
t
o-date
.

Outputs
c a
n:Dur ingprog
ramsc an,theoutputmodule
sthemsel
vesarenotkeptconti
nual
lyuptodat
e.
I
nstea
d,thee nt
ir
eoutputimag
et ableist
ransfe
rredtot
heoutputmodulesduri
ngtheoutputs
canwhich
comesaf
tertheprogramexec
ution.Thust heoutputde
vic
esareact
iva
teda c
cordi
nglyduri
ngtheout
put
s
c a
n.

Hous
eke
epi
ng–t
hes
est
epsi
ncl
ude
scommuni
cat
ionwi
thpr
ogr
ammi
ng,i
nte
rna
ldi
agnos
ti
cac
ti
vi
ti
ese
tc.

15
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PLCi
nputa
ndout
put(
I/
O)de
vic
es

I
nput
/out
put(I/
O)isinformati
onrepr
e se
nti
ngthedatatha
tisr
ecei
vedf
romsens
esel
ement
s/devi
cesand
t
hecomma ndsthataresenttoac
tuatingandindi
cat
ingdevi
ces
.TheI/
Os y
stemisc
oll
ect
ionofphys
ica
l
e
lement
softhecontr
ols y
ste
mt ha
te i
therprov
ideoruseI/
Oda t
a.

Thet
erms
ens
ori
sus
edf
ora
ninputde
vic
etha
tpr
ovi
desaus
abl
eout
puti
nre
spons
etoas
pec
if
ie
d

16
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phys
ica
linput.Fore
xampl
e,at
her
moc
oupl
eisas
ens
orwhi
chc
onv
ert
sat
empe
rat
uredi
ff
ere
ncei
ntoa
n
el
ect
ri
caloutput
.

Thetermtransduc
erisgene
ral
lyusedforade vi
cethatconve
rtsasi
gnalfr
om onefor
mt oadif
fe
rent
phy
sic
alform.Thussens
orsar
eoft
entransduce
rs,buta
lsoothe
rdevi
cesc
a nbet
ransduc
ers
,e.
g.amotor
whi
chc onv
ertsanel
ect
ri
cali
nputi
ntorota
tion.

Thenumbe rofI
/O de
vic
esusedwit
hinacont
rols
yst
emisca
ll
editspoi
ntcount.Thust
het
ota
lnumbe
r
ofdi
gi
tala
nda nal
ogpoi
ntisus
edtogivea
nindi
cat
ionoft
hesi
zeofacont
rolsy
stem.

PLChasinputandout
putli
nest
hroughwhichisconnec
tedtoasys
temitdi
rec
ts.Anyel
ect
ri
cals
igna
l
pr
oce
ssi
ngalway
srequi
resav
olt
agesuppl
y(a
na c
tiv
epa r
t)andal
oad(pa
ssi
vepa
rt)orvi
cev
ers
a.

I
/O modul
esc
onnect"r
ealworl
d"f
ielddevi
cest
othec
ontr
oll
er.Theyconve
rtt
heele
ctr
ica
ls i
gnal
sus
ed
i
nthefi
el
ddevic
esi
ntoele
ctr
onics
ignal
sthatca
nbeuse
dbythec ont
rols
yst
em,andt
ransl
aterea
lworl
d
v
alue
stoIOtabl
eval
ues.

I
/Omodul
esc
ommuni
cat
ewi
thPLCCPUi
noneoft
hre
ewa
ys:

Backpl
ane-TheI /
O modul
escanbelocat
edi
nthes
amer
ackors
tat
ion.Communi
cat
ionst
hent
ake
s
pl
acewithi
nther
ackorac
ros
sthebac
kpla
ne.

Bac
kpl
anee
xte
nsion-ba
ckpl
aneext
ensi
onmodul
esa
ll
owI
/O modul
est
obel
oca
tedi
nra
cksors
tat
ions
whi
char
ese
para
tedfr
omthecont
rol
le
r.

Devic
ene t
work-modul
escancommunic
atewit
hac ont
rol
le
rov
eranetwor
k.I
ndus
tr
ialne
twor
ksa r
e
use
dt oint
erc
onne
ctf
iel
dle
veldevi
ceswi
thcont
rol
le
rs.CommonIO ne
twor
ksar
eFiel
dBus
,Prof
ibus,
andDe v
ice
Ne t
.

The
rea
rema
jort
ype
sofI
/O

Ana
log–c
ont
inuousde
vic
est
hats
ens
eandr
espondt
oar
ang
eofv
alue
s

Di
git
al–bi
nar
yde
vic
eswhi
chmus
tbei
noneofonl
ytwos
tat
esonorof
f.

Ana
logi
nputa
ndout
putde
vic
es

Analogi
nputdevi
cess
ens
esc
ont
inuouspa
rame
ter
scommona
nal
ogi
nput
sar
epr
ess
ure
,te
mpe
rat
ure
,
spe
edtra
nsduc
erset
c.

Ananal
oginputcar
dc onv
ert
savol
tag
ebycurr
entlegors
igna
ltha
tca
nbea
nywhe
ref
rom 0t
o20mA)
i
ntodi
gi
tal
lyequi
val
entnumbert
hatc
anbeunders
toodbyt
heCPU.

Toinputananal
ogv ol
tag
e(i
ntoaPLCora nyothe
rcomputer
)theconti
nuousvolt
ageva
luemustbe
s
ampledandthe
nc onve
rtedt
oanumeri
calv
aluebyanA/
Dc onver
ter
.Theprocessofs
ampli
ngt
hedata
i
snotins
tant
ane
ous,soeachs
ampl
ehasasta
rtandst
opti
me.Thetimerequi
redtoacqui
ret
hesampl
eis

17
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c
all
edthes
amplingt
ime.A/
Dc onv
ert
ersc
anonlyacqui
reali
mit
ednumberofsa
mplesperse
cond.The
t
imebetwe
ens ampl
esi
sc a
ll
edthesampl
ingperodT,a
i ndthei
nver
seofthesampl
ingperi
odisthe
s
ampli
ngfreque
ncy(al
socall
edsampl
ingrat
e)
.Thes ampli
ngti
mei sof
tenmuc hsmall
erthanthe
s
ampli
ngperi
od

Anal
ogoutputdevi
cesre
spondtoarangeofout putval
uesfr
om t
hecont
rol
le
rcommona na
logoutput
si
gnal
sincl
udemotorspe
ed,val
vepos
iti
on,airpress
ureetc
.Ananal
ogout
putcar
dwil
lconve
rtadigit
al
numbersentbytheCPU toitsr
ealworl
dv olt
ageorc urr
ent
.Anal
ogdev
icedat
are
quir
essi
gnif
ic
antly
morema ni
pul
ati
onandproces
si
ngthe
ndigit
aldev i
cedata
.

Di
git
ali
nputa
ndout
putde
vic
es

I
nput
scomefroms
ens
orstha
ttr
ans
lat
ephys
ica
lphenomenai
ntodi
gi
tals
igna
l.Thusdi
gi
tali
nputde
vic
es
maybeei
the
ronorof
f,t
heymaynothol
danyothe
rval
ue.

Commondi
gi
tal
fie
ldi
nputde
vic
esi
ncl
udepus
hbut
tons
,uni
tswi
tc
hesa
ndphot
oey
es.

Dig
italout
putde
vic
esa
rede
vic
eswhi
chg
ivee
it
herono
rof
f.Commont
ype
sar
ere
lay
s,mot
ors
tar
ter
,
s
olenoidva
lve
set
c.

Ex
ampl
esofi
nput
sandout
put
s

Input
sforaPLCc
omei
naf
ewba
sicv
ari
et
ie
sthes
impl
esta
reACa
ndDCi
nput
s.Ex
ampl
esofi
nput
devi
cesar
e:

Pr
oxi
mit
yswi
tche
s–us
einduc
tanc
e,c
apa
cit
anc
eorl
ig
htt
ode
tec
tanobj
ectl
ogi
cal
ly

Swi
tche
s–me
cha
nic
alme
cha
nis
mswi
llope
norc
los
eel
ect
ri
cal
cont
act
sforal
ogi
cal
sig
nal

Pot
ent
iome
ter–me
asur
esa
ngul
arpos
it
ionc
ont
inuous
lyus
ingr
esi
st
anc
e.

LVDT(Line
arv ar
iabl
edif
fer
ent
ialt
rans
for
mer
)–me
asur
esl
ine
ardi
spl
ace
mentc
ont
inuous
ly
us
ingma
gneti
ccoupli
ng.

Output
stoactua
torsa l
lowaPLC tocausesome thi
ngtoha ppeninapr oce
ss.Out
putsfr
om PLC a
re
of
tenre
lay
s,buttheyc a
na l
sobesol
idst
ateel
e c
tronic
ssuchastrans
ist
orsf
orDCout putorTRIACsf
or
ACoutput
s.Continuousout
putr
equi
resspec
ialoutputca
rdswithdig
ita
ltoanal
ogconver
ter
s.

Ex
ampl
esa
re

Sol
enoi
dva
lve
s–l
ogi
calout
putt
hatc
ans
wit
chahy
dra
uli
corpne
uma
ticf
low

Li
ght
s–l
ogi
calout
putt
hatc
anof
tenbepowe
reddi
rec
tl
yfr
omPLCout
putboa
rds

Mot
ors
tar
ter
s–mot
orsof
tendr
aw al
arg
eamountofc
urr
entwhe
nst
art
ed,s
othe
yre
qui
re

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mot
ors
tar
ter
swhi
cha
reba
sic
all
yla
rger
ela
ys.

Se
rvomot
ors–ac
ont
inuousout
putf
romt
hePLCc
anc
omma
ndav
ari
abl
espe
edorpos
it
ion.

Ac
tiv
eandpa
ssi
vei
nput
s/
out
put
s

Act
iveI/
Oa rethos
einput
soroutput
swhic
hha
vet
hepowe
rsour
cea
nda
rer
efe
rre
dtoa
sha
vinga
cur
rents
our
ceorvol
tag
esourc
e(s
ourci
ng)

Pass
iveI
/Oa r
ethos
einput
sorout
put
swhi
chdonotha
vepowe
rsour
cea
nda
ctsa
sthel
oadorc
urr
ent
si
nk(s
ink
ing
)

I
nor derthatanel
e c
tri
calci
rcui
tcanfunc
ti
onproper
ly,cur
rentmustf
lowinacir
cui
tevenwhe
na n
i
nst
rume nti
susual
lyknowna saload,t
hecur
renti
snotconsumedbyit
sr a
the
ritonl
yfl
owsf
rom t
he
c
urrentorvol
tag
esourcethr
oughtheloa
dandbacktot
hecurrents
our
ce.

Sour
cinga
nds
ink
ing

Sour
cingandsink
ingareus
edt
ode
scr
ibet
hewa
yinwhi
chd.
cde
vic
esa
rec
onne
cte
dtoaPLCa
ndus
es
d.
ccurre
ntsandvol
tag
es.

Sourcing–Whe nac
tive
,c urr
entfl
owsfrom suppl
y,thr
ought heuseas i
ngl
esupplyv olt
age.Wit
h
sour
cing,usi
ngtheconventi
onalcur
rentfl
ow dir
ect
ionasfrom posit
ivet
onegat
ive,ani nputde
vic
e
rece
ivescur
rentf
romtheinputmodul
ei.e
.thei
nputmoduleisthesour
ceoft
hecur
rent(Fi
ga )

I
fthecur
rentf
lowsf
rom t
heout
putmodul
etoa
nout
putl
oadt
hent
heout
putmodul
eisr
efe
rre
dast
o
s
ourc
ing(
fi
gb)

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Si
nking-whenact
ivetheout
puta
ll
owsc
urr
entt
ofl
owt
oac
ommong
round.Thi
sisbe
sts
ele
cte
dwhe
n
di
ff
erentv
olt
age
saresuppl
ies
.

Wit
hsink
ing
,usi
ngtheconv
enti
onalcurr
entflowdi
rec
ti
onfrom pos
it
ivet
onegat
iv
e,ouri
nputde
vic
e
s
uppl
ie
scurr
entt
othei
nputmodul
ei.e
. t
heinputmodul
eist
hesi
nkforthec
urr
ent(
fi
ga)

I
fthecurr
entf
lowst
otheout
putmodul
efr
om a
nout
putl
oadt
hent
heout
putmodul
eisr
efe
rre
dtoa
s
s
ink
ing(
fi
gb)

Ty
pic
alConne
cti
onsofPLC

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Ty
pesofPLCs
yst
em

ThePLCsi
zesar
egiv
eni
nte
rmsofpr
ogr
am me
mor
ysi
zea
ndt
hema
ximum numbe
rofI
/O poi
ntst
he
s
yst
emcans
upport
.

Howevertoev
aluat
eproper
lya
nyPLC,c onside
rat
ioni
stak
enforma nyaddi
ti
ona
lfe
atur
ess
ucha
sit
s
pr
oce
ssor,c
ycl
etime,l
angua
gef
aci
li
ti
es,
funct
ionsex
pans
ioncapa
bil
it
ye t
c.

PLC s
ize Ma
xI/
Opoi
nt Use
r me mory si
ze
def
ine
d (
No.ofi
nst
ruc
tor
s)

Sma
ll 40/
40 1k

Me
dium 128/
128 4k

La
rge >128/
>128 >4k

Sma l
lPLC–s ma l
landmi niPLCsa redes
igne
da srobust
,c ompactuni
tswhic
hcanbemount edonor
besi
dethee quipmentt obec ontrol
le
d.Theya r
ema inlyusedtoreplac
eha r
dwire
dlogi
crel
ay s
,timers
,
counte
rsetct hatcontrolindiv
idualitemsofplantorma chiner
y,butc a
na l
sobeusedtoco-ordina
te
seve
ralmachine sworki
nginc onjuncti
onwi t
heachother.Progra
mmi ngisbywayofl
ogi
cins
truct
ionlis
t
(
mne mo ni
c)orr el
ayladderdiagrams.

Medium-s
izedPLC:-Inthisr
ange,modul
arc
onstr
ucti
onpr
edomi
nat
eswit
hplug-
inmodule
so nrack
mounti
ngsyste
m orBackpl
anesy
stem.Thi
sal
lowsthesi
mpl
eupgr
adi
ngorexpans
ionoft
hesys
tem by
f
it
ti
ngaddit
ional1/
0ca
rdsi
ntot
heracks

La r
gePLC -whe r
econt r
olisver
ylargenumber sofinputandoutputpoint
sisnec
ess
aryorcomplex
controlfuncti
onsarer
e qui
r e
d,ala
rgePLCi ssel
ected.Itisde
sig
nedforuseinla
rgepl
antsormachi
nes
requi
r i
ngc onti
nuousc
ont rol
.Theyareals
oe mployeda ssupe
rvi
sor
yc ont
rol
le
rstomoni
torandcont
rol
sever
a lotherPLCsorintel
lige
ntmachi
nese.
g.CNCt ools.

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PLCs
tyl
esofc
ons
truc
tion

Thema
ins
tyl
esa
reuni
tar
y,modul
ara
ndr
ackmount
ing
.

Unit
a r
yPLC-i st
hes
mal
les
tandlea
stex
pensi
ve.I
tconta
inse
ver
yfeat
ureofabasi
csys
teminonebox
andisatt
ache
dtot
hemac
hinebe
ingcont
rol
le
d.Theyarenote
xpanda
blesothea
ppli
cat
ioni
sli
mit
edto
on-
boardI/O.

Modul ar–The s
ea r
ear angeofmodul esthatsl
ottog
ethert
obuil
dupas y
stem.Bas
icmodulesarethe
powers upply,thema i
nmodul econta
ini
ngt heCPU,theinputmodul
eandtheout
putmodule.Modular
PLCsa reusedi na ppli
cat
ionswhe reahigherI/
Oc ountisnee
dedorwhenusi
ngspec
ial
tymodulessuch
asqua draturee ncoders.The yma ybede s
igne
dt obef i
xeddir
ectt
oaba ckpanel
.Us ua
ll
yt he
ya re
arra
nge donar ac korr a i
la nd
mounte dinsideal argecabinetfor
prot
ectiona nds ecurit
y.Thema i
n
advantagei st hatthenumbe rof
i
nputa ndout putterminal
sc anbe
expande dtoc opewi thcha ngesto
thehardwa res ys
tem.

Rack mount i
ng – a r
e us uall
y
moree xpensiv
e ,expandablea nd
powerf
ultha nmodul arPLC.The
rac
k pr ovides a powe r a nd
communi c
a t
ion ba ckpl
ane t hat
gre
atl
y incr
eases the
communi c
a t
ionr a
tebe t
weent heproces
sorandthemodulesa
swel
lasa
ll
owingsomespeci
alt
ymodul
es
tocommuni catewitheachothe rwit
houtthepr
ocess
or.Thenumbe
rofav
ail
abl
e1/0point
sisals
omuc
h
hig
herinther acksyst
ems.

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PLCPr
ogr
ammi
ng

Progr
ammingdevi
cescanbehand-
hel
ddev
ices
,ade s
ktopcons
oleorac ompute
r.Onl
ywhenthe
progr
am ha
sbee
nde s
igne
donthepr
ogra
mmingdev
icei
sr e
ady,i
tist
rans
fer
redt
othememor
yuni
tof
thePLC

Hand-
heldprog
rammingde
vice
s–wil
lnorma
ll
ycont
ainenoug
hme
mor
ytoa
ll
owt
heuni
tto
r
eta
inprogr
amswhil
ebei
ngcar
ri
edf
romonepl
acet
oanothe
r.

Desk
topcons
ole
s–a
rel
ik
elyt
oha
veav
isua
ldi
spl
ayuni
twi
thaf
ullk
eyboa
rda
nds
cre
en
di
spl
ays
.

Pers
onalcompute
rs–arewide
lyconf
ig
ure
da spr
ogr
am de
vel
opme
ntworks
tat
ion.Ama
jor
advant
ageofus
ingacomput
eri
sthatt
heprog
ramcanbest
ore
dontheha
nddis
korCD and
copi
eseas
il
ymade.

PLC pr
ogrammingproce
ssistopl
anact
ivi
ti
ess
ucha
sde s
ignandwrit
eapr
ogr
amt
ope
rfor
mthe
re
qui
redta
sks.Thepa
rtst
hats
houl
dbet
herei
naPLCprog
rama r
eshown.

Whi
lel
adde
rlog
ici
sthemos
tcommonl
yus
edPLCpr
ogr
ammi
ngl
ang
uag
e,i
tisnott
heonl
yone
.

I
EC61131-3(
Forme
rlyIEC1131-3)i
stheinte
rnati
onalst
anda
rdf
orPLCl
ang
uag
es.Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sa
l
is
tofpr
ogr
ammingl
anguag
esspe
cifi
edbythisst
andard.

La
dde
rdi
agr
am(
LD)

I
nst
ruc
ti
onl
is
t(I
L)

Func
ti
onbl
ockdi
agr
am(
FBD)

St
ruc
tur
edt
ext(
ST)

Se
que
nti
alf
unc
ti
onc
har
t(SFC)

Ladderdi a
graml a
nguage(LD) :Itus
esas
tandar
diz
eds e
tofla
dderprog
rammi ngsy
mbolstoimpl
eme nt
cont
rolfuncti
ons.Ini
ti
all
ypr og
r ammedwi
ths i
mplecontac
tst
hatsi
mulatedtheopeni
nga ndcl
osi
ngof
rel
ays,ladderlogi
c,programmi nghasext
endedtoi ncl
udesuc
hf unct
ionsa sc
ounter
s,ti
mers,shif
t
regi
st
ersandma themati
caloperati
ons
.

I
nstr
uct
ionl
is
t–alowle
vel(
asse
mbl
eli
ke)l
ang
uag
etha
tisba
sedons
imi
la
rins
tr
uct
ionsl
is
tla
ngua
ges
f
oundinawi
dera
ngeoft
oday
’sPLCs
.

24
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Str
ucturedtex
t–Ahi ghlev
elt
extla
nguag
etha
tenc
our
a g
esst
ruct
uredpr
ogr
amming.Itha
salang
uage
st
ruct
ur e(
synt
ax)t
hats
trong
lyr
esemble
sPASCALandsuppor
tsawidera
ngeofs
tanda
r df
unc
ti
onsand
oper
ations
.Forexampl
e

I
F(Li
mit
_swi
tc
h1ANDWor
kpi
ece
_Pr
ese
nt)
THEN

Ga
te1:
-Ope
n;

Ga
te2:
-Cl
ose
;

ELSE

Ga
te1:
-Cl
ose
;

Ga
te2:
-Ope
n;

End_I
F;

Functi
onbl oc
kdiagram(FBD)–isagraphi
call
angua
gethatal
lowstheusert
opr ogr
ame le
me nt
s(e.
g.
,
PLCf unct
ionblocks
)ins
uchawa ytha
ttheyappea
rtobewire
dt og
ethe
rlik
ee l
ect
ric
alci
rcui
ts.I
tisv
ery
use
fulfore
x pr
essi
ngthei
nte
rconne
cti
onofcontr
ols
yst
ema l
gor
it
hmsa ndlogi
c.

Sequenti
alf
unct
ioncha
rt:Ame t
hodofprog
rammi
ngc
omple
xc ont
rolsys
temsa
tamorehi
ghl
yst
ruc
ture
l
evel.I
tisanov
ervie
woft hec
ontr
ols
yste
m,inwhi
cht
heba
sicbuil
dingbl
ocksa
ree
nti
repr
ogr
amfil
es.

25
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La
dde
rdi
agr
amLa
ngua
ge

Aladde
rdi
agr
ami sasy
mboli
crepr
ese
ntat
ionofane
lec
tri
calc
irc
uit
.Thust
hes
ymbol
sut
il
iz
edc
los
ely
r
ese
mblesc
hemat
icsy
mbolsf
orel
ect
ri
calde
vic
es.

Thisl
angua
g eisas y
mboli
cinst
ruct
ions
etthatisusedtocrea
tePLCpr ogr
ams.Theladderins
tr
uct
ion
s
ymbolscanbef or
ma tt
edtoobt
ainthedesi
redcontr
ollog
ic,whic
hi st
henent
ere
dintome mory.Si
nce
t
histy
peofinst
ruct
ionsetc
onsi
st
sofcont
actsymbols
,iti
sals
orefe
rredtoasc
ont
actsy
mbol og
y

Toint
roducela
dderl
ogi
cpr
ogr
ammi
ng,s
impl
eswi
tc
hci
rcui
tsa
rec
onv
ert
edt
ore
layl
ogi
candt
hent
o
PLCladderl
ogi
c.

Theindust
ryt
rendist
owardus
ingt
heI
EC61131-
3s t
anda
rd,t
houg
hav
olunt
arys
tanda
rd;i
ndi
vi
dua
l
manufac
tur
esheres
omefr
eedomint
hei
mpl
ement
ati
on.

Ot
herPLCma
nuf
act
ure
rsa
reAl
le
n-Br
adl
ey,Cont
rol
Log
ix,Modi
con,Si
eme
ns57e
tc.

La
dde
rlog
ics
ymbol
s

1.Theba
sicl
adde
rlog
ici
nputs
ymbol
sar
e

Normall
yopen(NO)cont
act
:passpowe
r(ON)i
f
coi
ldr
ivi
ngthec
ont
acti
sON( cl
ose
d)

Normall
ycl
ose
d(NC)cont
act:pas
spowe
r(ON)i
f
coi
ldr
ivi
ngt
hecont
acti
sof
f(open)

Posi
tivet r
ansi
ti
on sensingc ontact
:ifcondi
ti
on
bef
or etheinst
ruct
ionc ha ng
efr om OFFtoON,
thi
si nst
ruct
ionpasse
spowe rforonlyonescan
(
untilrungissc
anneda g
a in)

Nega ti
vet r
ansi
ti
ons e
ns i
ngconta
ct:i
fcondi
ti
on
bef
or ethisins
tr
ucti
onc hang
efrom ON toOFF,
thi
si nst
ructi
onpa s
sespowerforonlyonescan
(
untilrungissca
rre
da gai
n)

26
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2.Theba
sicl
adde
rlog
icc
oil(
out
put
)sy
mbol
s

Output or c
oil:ifa ny l
eft
-to-
rig
ht path of
i
nst
ructi
onpas
sespower,t
heoutputi
se ne
rgi
zed.I
f
t
herei s no conti
nuous l
eft
-to-
ri
ght path of
i
nst
ructi
on pas
ses power,the out put i
s de-
ene
rgiz
ed.

Negat
edc oi
l:ifanylef
t-t
o-r
ightpathofi nputs
pa
sse
spowe r
,theout
puti
sde -
energi
zed.I
fthereis
noconti
nuousleftt
or i
ghtpa th ofins
tr
uc t
ions
pa
ssi
ngpowertheout
putisener
g i
zed

Setcoi
l:i
fanyrungbat
hpa
sse
spowe
rout
puti
s
ener
giz
edandre
ma i
ns

e
ner
giz
ed,e
venwhe
nnor
ungpa
thpa
sspowe
r

Rese
tcoil
:ifa
nyr ungpathpass
espowerout
putis
de-
ener
giz
eda nd remains de-
ener
giz
ed, ev
en
whennorungpa t
hpasse
spowe r
.

27
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Si
ncethePLC wasde
velopedtorepl
acere
layl
ogi
cc ontr
olsyst
em,itwa
sonl
yna
tur
alt
hati
nit
ial
l
angua
gecl
ose
lyr
ese
mblesthedi
agr
amsusedt
odocumentthere
laylog
ic.

Byusingthi
sapproa
ch,t
hee
ngi
nee
rsa
ndt
echni
ci
ansus
ingt
hee
arl
yPLC di
dnotne
edr
etr
aini
ngt
o
unde
rsta
ndtheprogr
am.

Theusecombinationallogicwher
etheoutputi
spure
lydepe
ndentofthecombina
tionofinputsata
ny
i
nst
antinti
me.The yuseAND,OR,NOT,X- ORt ocr
eat
eladde
rlogi
c.Inal
ltheladde
rlogic,sy
mbols
ar
eusedforal
linputs,output
sandint
erna
lme mor
y.

Ver
ti
call
i
nesonthel
efta
ndri
ghtarec
all
edthepowe
rra
il
s.Thec
ont
act
sar
ear
rang
edhor
izont
all
y
be
tweent
hepowe
rrai
ls
,he
ncet
hete
rmrung.

Thema infunct
ionsofaladde
rdiag
ram pr
ogr
ama r
etoc ont
rolout
putsandperf
ormf
unc
ti
ona
l
ope
rat
ionsbas
edoninputc
ondi
ti
ons
.Ladde
rdi
agr
amsus
erung
stoaccompl
is
hthisc
ont
rol
.

Ingene
ral
,arungcons
is
tsofasetofinputcondit
ions(
repr
ese
ntedbycont
acti
nst
ruct
ions
)anda
noutput
i
nst
ruct
ionatt
heendoftherung(re
pr e
sente
dbyac oi
lsymbol
).Thecont
acti
nst
ruc
ti
onsforar
ungma y
ber
efer
redtoasi
nputc
ondit
ions
,rungc ondi
tions
,orthecont
roll
ogi
c

La
dde
rdi
agr
amr
ule
s

Al
adde
rdi
agr
ami
sre
adf
roml
ef
ttor
ighta
ndf
romt
opt
obot
tom.

Thev
ert
ica
lpowerl
ine
sorr
ail
sma
ybel
abe
ledL1,L2 o
rX1,X2 whe
nthev
olt
agepot
ent
iali
sde
riv
ed
f
romatr
ansf
orme
r.

De
vic
esa
res
howni
nor
dero
fimpor
tanc
ewhe
nev
erpos
si
ble
.St
opbut
tons
houl
dbeg
ive
nahi
ghe
ror
der

28
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ofi
mpor
tanc
e.

Al
lcont
rac
tsa
ssoc
iat
edwi
thade
vic
echa
nges
tat
ewhe
nthede
vic
eise
ner
giz
ed.

De
vic
est
hatpe
rfor
mas
topf
unc
ti
ona
renor
mal
lypl
ace
dins
eri
esonar
ung
.

De
vic
est
hatpe
rfor
mas
tar
tfunc
ti
ona
renor
mal
lypl
ace
dinpa
ral
le
lori
nabr
anc
hconf
ig
ura
tion.

Conta
cta
ssoc
iat
edwit
hr e
lay
sti
mer
s,mot
ors
tar
ter
sal
way
sha
vet
hes
amenumbe
rorl
et
terde
sig
nat
ion
ast
hedev
icet
hatcont
rol
sthe
m.

Ex
ampl
e1

Twoswit
chesl
abel
edAandBarewire
dinSERIEScontr
oll
ingal
amp.I
mpl
eme
ntt
hisf
unc
ti
onasPLC
l
adde
rlogi
cwherethet
wos
wit
chesar
esepar
atei
nput
s.

Sol
uti
on

X=A.B

ThePLCladderl
ogicnot
ati
oni
sshor
tene
dfr
omt
her
ela
ywi
ri
ngdi
agr
amt
oshowonl
ythet
hir
dli
ne,t
he
re
layc
ont
actsa
ndc oi
loft
heout
putrel
ay.

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Ex
ampl
e2

Twos
witc
heslabel
edAandBarewi
redi
nPARALLELcontr
oll
ingal
ampsi
mpl
eme
ntt
hisf
unc
ti
onas
PLCl
adderl
ogicwher
ethet
wos
wit
che
sar
ese
par
atei
nput
s.

Sol
uti
on

X=A+B

Ex
ampl
e3

Dr
awal
adde
rdi
agr
amf
ort
heNOT,NAND,NORa
ndXORg
ate

i
)NOTg
ate

i
i)
NANDg
ate

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i
ii
)NORg
ate

i
v)XORg
ate

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Que
sti
ons

Devi
seal
adderdi
agr
a mforasy
ste
mwhe ret
her
eha
stobenoout
putwhe
nanyoneoff
ours
ens
orsg
ive
s
anout
put
,ot
herwi
sether
eist
obea nout
put.

Asi
gna
lla
mpisr
equi
redt
obeswi
tche
doni fapumpi
srunni
nga
ndt
hepr
ess
urei
ssa
tis
fac
tor
y,ori
fthe
l
ampte
sts
wit
chi
scl
ose
d.Dra
waladderdi
agram.

Consideraval
vewhichi
stobeoper
atedt
oli
ftaloadwhe
napumpi sr
unni
ngandeit
hert
heli
fts
wi t
chis
oper
a t
edoras wi
tc
hoperat
edindi
cat
ingt
hattheloa
dhasnota
lre
adybee
nlif
teda
ndisatt
hebottom of
it
sli
ftchanne
l.Devi
seal
adderdi
agr
am.

AnAl ar
ms y
stemisus
edinconj
unct
ionwi
tha
naut
oma t
edbot
tl
ingsy
ste
mi namil
kbott
li
ngplant
.A
conve
yerbel
tc a
rri
esempt
ybott
lest
hatar
etobef
il
le
dwi t
hmilk.Thea l
armg
oesof
fina nyofthe
condi
ti
onsocc
urs.

Mi
lkt
anki
sempt
yandbot
tl
esa
rei
nconv
eyorbe
lt
.

The
rea
renobot
tl
esi
nthec
onv
eye
randt
her
eismi
lki
nthet
ank
.

The
rei
smi
lki
nthet
anka
ndbot
tl
esont
hec
onv
eyorbe
ltbute
lec
tri
cpowe
risof
f.

The
rei
snomi
lki
nthet
ank
,nobot
tl
esont
hec
onv
eyorbe
lta
nde
lec
tri
cpowe
risof
f.

Wr
it
edownaBool
eane
xpr
ess
ionf
ort
hea
lar
msy
ste
m.

I
mpl
eme
ntt
hiss
yst
emus
ingaPLCl
adde
rdi
agr
am.

Dr
awt
hel
adde
rrung
stor
epr
ese
nt:

Twos
wit
che
sar
enor
mal
lyope
nandbot
hha
vet
obec
los
edf
oramot
ort
oope
rat
e.

Ei
the
roftwo,nor
mal
lyope
n,s
wit
che
sha
vet
obec
los
edf
orac
oilt
obee
ner
giz
eda
ndope
rat
ean
ac
tua
tor
.

Amotori
sswi
tche
donbypr e
ssi
ngaspr
ing
-re
turnpus
hbuttons
tar
tswi
tc
h,a
ndt
hemot
orr
ema
inson
unt
ila
not
hers
pri
ng-r
etur
npus
hbutt
onst
opswit
chispr
ess
ed.

Al
ampi
stobes
wit
che
doni
fthe
rei
sani
nputf
roms
ens
orAors
ens
orB

Al
ig
hti
stoc
omeoni
fthe
rei
snoi
nputt
oas
ens
or.

32
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As
ole
noi
dva
lvei
stobea
cti
vat
edi
fse
nsorAg
ive
sani
nput
.

I
nst
ruc
tionLi
st

Thi
sisalow-l
eve
llanguag
esi
mila
rtothema chineora
ssemblyla
ng ua
geusedwit
hmicr
opr
oces
sor
s.This
t
ypeofl
ang ua
geisuse
fulf
orsmal
lappli
cat
ions,aswel
lasappli
cat
ionstha
trequi
res
pee
dopti
miza
tionof
t
heprogr
a moraspeci
ficr
out
inei
ntheprogram

Thispr
ogrammi ngme t
hod,whic
hc anbeconsi
deredtobet heente
ringofal
adderprog
ram us
ingtex
t,
gi
vesprogramswhi chconsi
stofas eri
esofinst
ruct
ions,eachinstr
ucti
onbei
ngonane wline.An
i
nst
ruct
ionc ons
ist
sofanoperat
orfol
lowedbyoneofmor eoperands,i.
e.t
hes
ubje
ctsoft
heoperat
or.I
n
t
ermsofladderdiagr
amsanoperat
orma ybere
g a
rdeda sala
dderelement.

Ea
chi
nst
ruc
ti
onma
yei
the
rus
eorc
hang
ethev
alues
tor
edi
name
mor
yre
gis
ter
.

Therea r
eal otofinstr
ucti
onsus e
dt odevel
opthePLC progr
am.Eachins
truc
ti
onhasar e
spec
ti
ve
func
ti
on.Fo rthi
s,mne moni
cc odesareuse
d,eachcodecor
res
pondi
ngtoanoperat
or/
la
dderel
ement
.
Thec ode
suseddiff
ertosomeex t
entfr
omma nufa
ctur
ert
oma nuf
act
ure
r,t
houghasta
ndardI
EC1131-3
hasbeenpropose
da ndisbei
ngwi del
yadopt
ed.

I
nst
ruc
ti
onc
odemne
moni
cs

33
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LD -LOAD Inst
ruct
ion:Theseins
tr
ucti
onsareuset
ostar
tal
ineoft
heprogr
am.Iti
susedi
nt hef
ir
st
cont
act
sint
henormallyopencondi
tio
n(NO) .TheExec
uti
onCondi
ti
onsoft
heins
tr
uct
ionontheri
ght
wil
lbeONwhe nint
ernalr
ela
y(IR)00000isON.

LDNOT-LOADNOTI nst
ruc
tion:Thes
einst
ruct
ionsa
reus
etost
artal
ineoft
heprogr
am.Iti
sused
int
hef
ir
stcont
act
sint
henor
mall
yc los
edcondi
ti
on( NC)
.TheExe
cuti
onCondit
ionsoft
hei
nstr
uct
ion
ont
her
ightwil
lbeONwhenIR00000isOFF.

34
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AND-ANDI nst
ruct
ion:Theseins
tr
uct
ionsar
eusedint
hesecondcont
a c
tinanor
ma ll
yopen(NO)a
nd
ase
rie
swit
hpr
evi
ouscontact
s.TheExec
utionCondi
ti
onsoft
heinst
ruct
iononther
ightwil
lbeONwhen
IR00000a
ndIR00001a r
eON.

AND NOT-AND NOTI nst

ruct
ion:Thes
einst
ruc
ti
onsar
euse
di nthesecondconta
ctinanormal
ly
cl
osed(
NC)
andinse
rie
swit
hprevi
ouscont
act
s.TheExec
uti
onCondit
ionsoft
heinst
ruct
ionont
heri
ght
wil
lbeONwhenIR00000ONa ndIR00001areOFF.

OR-ORI nstr
ucti
on:Thes
einst
ruct
ionsa
reuse
di nt
hesec
ondc ont
acti
nanormal
lyopen(NO)andi
n
l
ine(
par
a l
lel
)wit
hprevi
ouscont
acts
.TheEx e
cut
ionCondi
ti
onsofthei
nst
ruc
ti
onontheri
ghtwi
llbeON
whenei
therIR00000orIR00001a r
eON.

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ORNOT-ORNOTI ns
truc
tion:Thesei
nstr
uct
ionsa
reuse
dinthes
econdcont
acti
nanorma l
lyc
los
ed
(
NC)a ndinline(
par
all
el
)withpr e
viouscont
act
s.TheExecut
ionCondi
ti
onsoftheins
tr
uct
iononthe
r
ightwil
lbeON whene it
herIR00000i sON orI R00001isOFForI R00000ON,I R00001OFF
s
imult
aneous
ly.

OUT-OUTPUTIns
truc
tion:The
sei
nst
ruc
ti
onsa
reus
edf
ort
hec
oilout
put
.IR10000wi
llONwhe
n
I
R00000i
sON.

END:ENDinst
ruc
ti
onhasnophysi
calc
ont
actdev
ice
.Iti
sthelas
tins
tr
ucti
onre
qui
redf
orcompl
et
ionof
aprog
ram.I
fnoEND instr
uct
ion,t
heprogra
mc annotbeimplemente
d.ForPLC t
ypeOMRON -
SYSMACCQM1H,t hei
nst
ruct
ionFUN01istheENDi ns
truc
ti
on.

36
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ORLD -BLOCK LOGI C ORI nst

ruct
ion:TheORLD i
nst
ruct
ionhasnophys
ica
lcont
actde
vic
e.
Onlyaprogr
ammingtoolf
orsol
vi
ngc omplexORfunc
ti
ona
sas e
riesofc
ont
act
sLD(orLDNOT) ,in
pa
rall
elwi
thase
rie
sofothe
rcont
acts
.

AND LD -BLOCK LOGI C AND I

nst
ructi
on:TheAND LD nophysi
calcont
actde
vic
e.Onl
ya
pr
ogr
ammingtoolf
ors
olv
ingcompl
exf
unc
tionssuc
hasANDconne
ctsanumberofOR,ORNOT,OR
LDinthes
eri
es.

37
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ORLD a nd ANDLD:Whe nbothlogi

cblockins
tr
ucti
onistobeusedi
nLa dderDia
gram,apr og
ram
mustbewr i
tt
enf r
om thebottom upt omergelogi
cblocks
.Forexample
,ladderdi
agra
m below:Logi
c
bloc
kofinst
ructi
onforthela
sttwoblocks(
bloc
ksb1a ndb2block
s)ar
ewrit
tenfi
rsta
ndthenfoll
owedby
thefi
rs
tlog
icblockins
truc
ti
on( bl
ocka)
.

38
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Ex
ampl
es

Asi
gna
lla
mpisr
equi
redt
obes
wit
che
doni
fapumpi
srunni
nga
ndt
hepr
ess
urei
ssa
tis
fac
tor
y,ori
fthe
l
ampte
sts
wit
chi
scl
ose
d.

Forav al
vewhic
histobeo perat
edtoli
ftaloadwhenapumpi srunni
nga ndei
the
rtheli
fts
witc
hi s
oper
a t
edoraswi
tchoperat
edindi
cat
ingt
hattheloa
dhasnotal
rea
dybe enl
if
teda
ndisatthebot
tom of
it
sli
ftcha
nnel
,Fi
gureshowsthel
adderpr
ogr
ama ndther
ela
tedi
nstr
ucti
onli
st
.

39
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Forasys
tem whe
retherehastobenoout
putwhenanyoneoff
ourse
ns or
sgiv
esa
nout
put
,ot
her
wis
e
the
rei
stobeanoutput
,Figur
eshowst
hel
adderpr
ogr
amandthei
nst
ruc
tionli
st
.

Se
que
nti
alc
ont
rol

Thi
siswhe
retheout
puti
sdepe
ndentnotonl
yont
hea
ctua
linput
sbutont
hes
eque
nceoft
hepr
evi
ous
i
nput
sandout
puts(
memori
zi
ngeve
nts)
.

Seque
nti
alpr
obl
emshavel
ongbe
ensolve
dusi
ngconv
ent
iona
llogi
cgatesasbui
ldingbloc
ks,butus
ing
ce
rtai
nte
chni
que
stoex
pres
sandi
dent
if
ythes
eque
ncel
ogi
cequat
ionst
hatcont
rolthesy
stemoutput
s.

Adva
ncedPLC i
nstr
uct
ionssuchass
hif
tr e
gis
ter
s,s
eque
ncers
,ma s
terc
ont
rolr
ela
ys,t
ime
rse
tca
re
pr
ovi
dedtos
impl
if
ythedesi
gnandi
mpl
eme nt
ati
onofs
equenc
esyst
ems.

40
 c
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a9@g
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I
nte
rna
lRe
lay

I
nPLCsthe
rear
ee l
ement
stha
tareuse
dtoholddat
a,i.
e.bit
s,andbe
haveli
kerela
ys,be
inga
blet
obe
s
wit
che
donorof
fandswit
chot
herde
vic
esonorof
f.Hencethete
rmint
ernalr
elay
.

Suc
hinte
rnalr
ela
ysdonotexi
sta
sr e
al-
worlds
wit
chi
ngde
vic
esbuta
reme
rel
ybi
tsi
nthes
tor
age
memor
ythatbe
havei
nthes
amewayasrel
ays
.

Forprogr
amming,the
yc a
nbet re
atedi
nthesamewayasanex
ternalrel
ayout
puta
ndi
nput
.Thus
i
nputstoex
ter
nals
witc
hescanbeuse
dtogi
veanout
putf
roma
nint
ernalre
lay.

Thi
sthenre
sul
tsi
ntheint
erna
lr e
layc
ont
act
sbe
ingus
ed,i
nconj
unc
ti
onwi
thot
here
xte
rna
linput
s
wit
chest
ogi
veanout
put
,e.
g.act
iva
teamot
or.

Forthefir
str
ung:whe
ninput1orinput3iscl
ose
da ndinput2cl
osed,thenint
erna
lrel
ayIR 1i
s
act
iva
ted.Thi
sre
sul
tsi
nthecont
act
sIR1clos
ing
.Ifinput4ist
henac
ti
v at
ed,ther
eisanout
putf
rom
out
put1.

Suchataskmightbeinvol
vedinthea ut
omaticl
if
ti
ngofaba rr
ierwhensomeoneapproac
hesf
romei
ther
si
de.Input1andi nput3a r
ei nput
sf r
om photoel
ect
ri
cs ens
orsthatdet
ectthepre
senceofape
rson,
appr
oachingorleavi
ngfrom e
ithersi
deoft hebarr
ier
,input1be i
nga c
ti
vate
df r
om onesi
deofi
ta nd
i
nput3f r
omtheother.I
nput2isa nenabl
ingswi
tchtoenablet
hesyst
emt obeclos
eddown.

Thuswheni nput1ori nput3,andinput2,areact

iva
ted,t
her
eisanout
putfr
om theinte
rnalr
elay1.
Thiswil
lclosethei
nternalrel
aycontac
ts.I
finput4,perha
psali
mits
witc
h,dete
ctst
ha tt
hebarri
eris
cl
osedthe
ni tisact
iva
teda ndclos
es.Theresul
tist
hena nout
putf
rom Out1,amotorwhi c
hlif
tsthe
bar
rier
.

I
fthel
i
mits
wit
chde
tec
tst
hatt
heba
rri
eri
sal
rea
dyope
n,t
hepe
rsonha
vingpa
sse
dthr
oug
hit
,the
nit

41
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ope
nsa
nds
oout
put1i
snol
ong
ere
ner
giz
eda
ndac
ount
erwe
ightmi
ghtt
henc
los
etheba
rri
er.

Theint
erna
lre
layha
sena
ble
dt wopa
rtsoft
heprogra
mtobeli
nked,onepar
tbei
ngthede
tec
ti
onoft
he
pr
ese
nceofapers
onandt
hesec
ondpartt
hedet
ecti
onofwhe
the
rthebarri
eri
sal
rea
dyupordown

SETa
ndRESET

Anot
herfunc
tionwhi c
hi sof
tena vai
labl
ei stheabil
it
ytose
tandres
etanint
erna
lre
lay.TheSET
i
nst
ruct
ioncause
sther el
aytosel
f-hold,i
.e.la
tch.Itt
henre
ma i
nsi
nthatc
ondi
ti
onunti
ltheRESET
i
nst
ruct
ioni
srecei
ved.Thetemf
r l
ip-f
lopisoft
enused.

TheSETc oi
liss
wit
chedonwhenpoweri
ssuppli
edt
oitandre
ma i
nsse
tunt i
liti
sRESET.TheRESET
coi
lisr
ese
ttot
heoffs
tat
ewhenpoweri
ssuppl
iedtoi
tandre
mainsof
funti
liti
sSET.

SETandRESETinst
ruc
ti
onwil
lchangethestat
usofbi
tope
rati
onsonlywhenthei
mpl
eme
nta
tioni
s
ON.I
ntheOFFcondi
ti
on,t
hei
nst
ruc
tionswi
llnotcha
nget
hebitope
rat
ionst
atus
.

Whenthei nputinst
ruct
ionLD 00000isON,SET ins
tr
uct
ionc
omma
ndt
oON a
nda
lwa
ysON
r
ega
rdl
essofwhetherthei
nputi
nst
ruct
ionLD00000i
sONorOFF.

Whenthei
nputsi
nst
ruc
ti
onLD 00001i
sON,RESETi
nst
ruc
ti
oni
sON a
ndSET
i
nst
ruc
ti
onwil
lbeof
f.

Ex
ampl
e

Ane x
a mpl
eoft heba s
icel
ementsofasi
mpleprogra
mf orusewithafir
ealar
ms ys
temisshown.Fir
e
se
nsorspr
ovideinputst
oaSET- RESETfunct
ionbl
ocksothati
foneofthese
nsorsi
sact
iva
tedtheal
arm
i
ssetandremainssetunt
ili
tisc
lea
redbybei
ngres
et.Whensetits
etsoft
heal
arm.

42
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Ti
mer
s

Inmanyc o
ntr
olt
ask
stherei
sanee
dtoc ont
rolti
me .Ti
mersar
edevice
sthatc
ountincr
ement
softi
me.
PLCsthushav
eti
mersasbui
l
t-i
nde
vic
es.Timerscountf
rac
ti
onsofs
econdsors
econdsus
ingt
heint
erna
l
CPUclock.

Thewa ytheti
mersworkv a
rie
sfr
om onetypeofPLCt oanothe
r.Ac ommona pproa
chistocons
ide
r
ti
me r
stobehavel
ikere
layswit
hcoi
lswhic
hwhe nener
gize
dr e
sul
tintheclos
ureoropeni
ngofcont
act
s
af
tersomepres
ett
ime.Thetimeri
sthust
reat
edasanout
putforarungwithcont
rolbei
ngexe
rci
sedove
r
pai
rsofcont
act
sel
sewhere
.

Theti
mercompa
resit
scurr
entti
mewi t
hthepr
ese
ttime
.Theoutputoft
heti
me ri
salogi
c0a sl
ongas
t
hecurre
ntti
meisl
e s
stha
nt hepre
sett
ime.Whenthecur
rentt
imeisgr
eat
erthanthepre
setti
methe
t
imerout
puti
sal
ogic1.

TIMER(TI
M)isthei
nst
ruc
ti
onstha
trequi
renumber
sTIM(N)andt
hese
tv a
lue(SV)
.Ther
ang
eof
numbe
rsTI
Misfr
om000to511,whi
let
herang
eofse
tval
uesf
ort
heTI
Mis0000to9999

ThenumbersTIMcannotbeus
edtwi
ce.Whe
nanumbe
rhasbe
enus
eda
sde
fi
ner
,suc
hasnumbe
r000
f
orins
tr
uct
ionsonTI
M,thenumberca
nnotbeus
eda
gai
n.

Whenanumberi
sde f
inedasthenumberofTI
M,itca
nbeus
eda
sof
tena
sre
qui
reda
sanope
rat
or
ope
randi
not
heri
nst
ructi
onsf
romthecommandTIMER.

Ex
ampl
e1

Ti
merise
nabl
ed/ac
ti
vate
dwhent
hee
xec
uti
onc
ondi
ti
oni
sONa
ndwi
llber
ese
ttos
etv
alue(
SV)whe
n
t
heex
ecut
ionc
ondi
ti
onisOFF.

Thesetval
ue(
SV)ofTI
MERistheBCDbe
twe
en#0000t
o#9999.Fore
xampl
eifTI
MERbes
et0–5
s
econds,t
hent
hese
tval
uei
s#0050

43
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Operat
ionc
ondit
ion:Whent
heinput(LD 00000)i
sON,t
het
ime
rcont
actwi
llbea
cti
vat
eda
fte
r5
s
econds
.Nextt
heoutput(
OUT10000)
willbeON.

Ex
ampl
e2

44
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Operat
ingconditi
on:Whentheinput(
LD 00000)ON,t het
imer(TIM 000)wi
llbea c
ti
v a
teda f
ter5
s
econdsandtheoutput(
OUT1 0000)wi
llbeON.Whi l
etheout
put(OUT10001)willbeONa ssoonas
t
hesupplyissuppl
iedandwi
llbeOFFa ft
er5seconds
.Timerwil
lcont
inuetobeacti
vea slongasthe
i
nput00000st
a t
eisON.

Ex
ampl
e3

45
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Whentheinput(
LD00000)ON,t het
imer(TI M 000)wil
lbeacti
vat
eda f
ter5sec
onds.Nex
ttheoutput
(
OUT10000)wi llbeON.Af t
er3sec
ondstheout put(OUT10000)ON,t heti
me r(TI
M 001)wil
lbe
ac
ti
vat
edthene x
tout put(OUT10000)wil
lbeOFFa ndthetimer(TIM 001)wil
lbeOFF.Whe nt he
t
imerTM001OFF,c ontactTI
M 001(
NC)wi llbeONa ndtheout
put(OUT10000)i sONstat
e.Output
(
OUT10000) wil
lcontinueONa ndOFFuntiltheinput(
LD00000) i
ntheOFFs tat
e.

Que
sti
on

Twomot
ors(
M1a
ndM2)
aret
obec
ont
rol
le
dasf
oll
ows
:

Whe
nther
uns
wit
chi
sope
rat
edbot
hmot
ormus
trun

Af
ter4mi
nmo
tor1mus
tst
op

Mot
or2c
ont
inue
srunni
ngf
ora
not
her2mi
nands
tops

Att
hispoi
ntal
ampi
sswi
tc
hedon

Af
teraf
urt
her90s
ec,t
hel
ampg
oesof
fandt
hec
ycl
ere
sta
rts

Ifastopswi
tc
hisope
rate
data
nyt
ime
,thes
yst
em wi
llc
ont
inuet
othee
ndoft
hec
ycl
eandt
hens
top.
Producet
hePLCprogr
am

Count
ers

Count
ersuse
di n PLCsser
vethesamefunct
iona sme c
hani
calc
ount
ers
.Count
ersc
ompa
rea
n
ac
cumulat
edval
uetoapr
ese
tval
uet
ocont
rolc
irc
uitf
unct
ions
.

Counte
risus
edtocounta
ndstor
ethenumberofocc
urr
enceofani
nputs
igna
l.
Contr
olappl
ic
ati
onst
hatcommonl
yusecount
ersi
ncl
udethef
oll
owi
ng:

•Countt
oapr
ese
tva
luea
ndc
aus
eane
ventt
ooc
cur

•Ca
usea
nev
entt
ooc
curunt
ilt
hec
ountr
eac
hesapr
ese
tva
lue

Counte
rsi
ncr
eme
nt/
decr
eme
ntonec
ounte
acht
imet
hei
nputt
rans
it
ionsf
rom
of
f(l
ogi
c0)t
oon(
log
ic1)
.

46
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Count
er(
CNT)
ist
hei
nst
ruc
ti
onst
hatr
equi
renumbe
rsTI
M/CNT(
N)a
ndt
hes
etv
alue
s(SV)
.

Ther
ang
eofnumbe
rsCNTi
sfr
om000t
o511,whi
let
her
ang
eofs
etv
alue
sfort
heCNTi
s0000t
o9999

Whenanumberisdef
inedasthenumbe
rofCNT,itc
anbeus
eda
sof
tena
sre
qui
reda
sope
rat
or
ope
randi
not
heri
nst
ruc
tionsf
romthec
ommandCOUNTER.

Thec
ount
ersa
rer
ese
twhe
naRESETi
nst
ruc
ti
oni
sex
ecut
ed

Ex
ampl
e1

Counters
ettocount10.Whentheinput(
LD00,
000)i
sthepul
seofte
n,ac
ounterwil
lbeact
iva
tedand
t
hustheoutput(OUT1000 0)wil
lbeON.Whe nrese
t(LD 00,
001)ON,acounte
rwi l
lbeinori
gi
nal
condi
ti
on

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Ex
ampl
e2

Counterse
ttocount5.Whe nt hei
nput(
LD00, 000)i
sthepuls
eoffiv
e,acount
erwil
lbeact
iva
tedand
t
hust heoutput(
OUT 10000)wi l
lbeON.Whe ntheoutput(OUT 10000)ON,TI M 001wi l
lbe
acti
vat
edaft
er3secondsandt hent
heoutput(
OUT10001)wi llbeON.Boththeout
put(
OUT10000)
and(OUT 10001)wi llal
wa ysbeON unt i
lreset(
LD 00001)intheON stat
e.Res
etwi
llret
urnthe
counte
rtoit
sori
gi
nalcondit
ion.

Que
sti
ons

Compo nentspas
sa l
ongac hut
ea ndi
nte
rruptalig
htswit
chwhichg oe
slow (
off
)eachti
meitis
i
nter
rupted.Eve
ryti
me6c omponent
sha
vebeencount
ed,a
nejec
tope
rat
ionisus
edtoremov
etheba
tch
andthethenita
lls
tar
tsa
gain.

Pr
oduc
eal
adde
rlog
icdi
agr
amt
odot
hisope
rat
ion.Thec
ount
eri
sde
sig
nat
edC460

De
sig
nal
adde
rpr
ogr
amf
ora
nindus
tr
ial
cont
rol
sys
temt
hat
:

Countt
enobj
ect
spa
ssi
nga
longac
onv
eyorbe
lt
;

48
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Cl
ose
sade
fl
ect
ingg
atewhe
nthenumbe
rha
sbe
ende
fl
ect
edi
ntoac
art
on

Al
lowsat
imeof5s
econdsbe
twe
ent
het
ent
hobj
ectc
ount
eda
ndc
los
ingoft
hede
fl
ect
or.

Acontrol
le
dc arparkhas4s pac
esinthepacki
ngl ot.Carsar
edet
ect
edanda
ll
owe dtoent
erintothe
pa
rkingspaceifa va
il
able.I
fNO s pacea“ Full
”i ndi
cat
orlampshoul
dbeli
t,othe
rwi
seindivi
dual
i
ndic
a t
orl
ampss houl
dlightt
oshowtheavai
la
blepa rki
ngspac
e.De
sig
naPLCladderdi
agr
a mofthecar
pa
rkingsy
stem;incl
udecomme nt
soneveryr
ung .

Wi
tht
heai
dofaladderprog
ramandaproce
ssc
ont
rolf
igur
e,expl
ai
nhowac onve
rte
rcanbeuse
dina
ma
chi
net
odir
ect6produc
tstoapa
cka
gingboxa
nd12product
stoanot
herboxs
imult
ane
ous
ly.

PLCEx
ter
nalpe
riphe
ral
s

A pe
ripher
ali
sade v
icetha
tisc onnec
tedtoahos
tPLC,butnotpa
rtofi
t.I
tex
pandst
hehos
t’
s
c
apabil
it
ie
sbutdoe
snotf
ormpartofthecor
ePLCarc
hit
ect
ure
.

Pe
riphe
ralde
vic
est
othePLC a
ndi
tsI
/O ba
se(
s)c
anbea
nyt
hingf
rom aho
stc
omput
era
ndc
ont
rol
s

49
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
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.com

c
ons
olet
oamot
ordr
iveuni
torf
ie
lduni
tswi
tc
h.

Pr
int
erse
ndi
ndus
tr
ialt
ermi
nal
sus
edf
orpr
ogr
ammi
nga
rea
lsope
riphe
ralde
vic
es.

Thesee
xte
rnalope
rat
ingde
vice
s,withthe
irsomet
imeshar
sha
nd/
orf
asts
igna
lcha
rac
ter
is
ti
cs,mus
tbe
abl
etoi
nte
rfa
cewitht
hePLC’ssens
it
ivemicr
oproc
ess
or.

The
rea
ret
hre
edi
ff
ere
ntt
ype
sofpe
riphe
ral
s:

I
nput
,us
edt
oint
era
ctwi
th,ors
endda
tat
othec
omput
er/PLC(
mous
e,k
eyboa
rde
tc)

Output
,whi
chpr
ovi
desout
putt
otheus
erf
rom t
hePLC/
comput
er(
Moni
tor
s,pr
int
ers
,di
spl
ays
et
c)

St
ora
ge,whi
chs
tor
esda
tapr
oce
sse
dbyt
hec
omput
er(
Handdr
ive
s,f
la
shdr
ive
set
c)

Pr
int
ers

Inc omputi
ng ,aprint
erisape r
iphera
lwhi chproduc e
sar epres
enta
tionofane l
ectronicdocumenton
physic
alme diasuchaspaper
.Ma nyprint
ersarelocalperi
pheral
sconnecte
ddire
ctl
yt oane arbyper
sonal
computer.Indiv
idualpr
inte
rsareoft
endesi
g nedt
os upportbothloca
landne t
workconne cte
dus e
rsatthe
samet i
me .Mos tMul t
if
uncti
onpr i
nte
rs(MFPs )includeprint
ing,scanni
ng,andc opyinga mongthe i
r
ma nyfea
tures.

Pri
nte
rsca
nbec l
ass
if
ie
dbyt
hepr
int
ert
echnol
ogyt
heye
mpl
oy,wi
thma
nyt
echni
que
sbe
inga
vai
la
blea
s
commerc
ialpr
oduct
s.

Thecho
iceofpri
nttec
hnol
ogyha
sag r
eate
ff
ectont
hec
ostoft
hepr
int
era
ndc
ostofope
rat
ion,s
pee
d,
qua
li
tyandper
ma ne
nceofdoc
ument
sandnoi
se.

As e
conda s
pectofpri
nte
rt echnol
ogytha
tisoft
enforg
ott
enisre
sis
tancetoalt
erat
ion:l
iqui
dink,s
ucha
s
fr
om ani nk
jetheadorfabricri
bbon,bec
ome sabs
orbedbythepaperfibe
rs,s
odoc ume nt
spri
nte
dwit
h
l
iqui
di nka r
emor ediff
iculttoalt
erthandocumentspri
nte
dwi t
ht onerors ol
idinks,whi
chdonot
penet
ratebel
owthepapers urf
ace.

Ne
twor
kint
erf
acec
ont
rol
le
r(NI
C)

NICa l
soknownasnetwor
kint
erf
acecar
d,ne
twor
kada
ptori
sac
omput
erha
rdwa
rec
ompone
ntt
hat
conne
ctsaPLCtoacompute
rnet
work.

I
tisa
nex
pans
ionc
ardt
hata
ll
owsPLC/
comput
erst
ocommuni
cat
eov
erac
omput
erne
twor
k

Thenetworkcont
rol
le
ri mple
mentstheel
ect
roni
cc i
rcui
tryr
equi
redtocommuni
cat
eus
ingas
pec
if
ic
phy
sic
alla
yere
ndda t
alinkla
yers
tandar
dsuchasEthe
rnet,WI-
FIortok
enri
ng.

Thi
sprov
ide
saba s
eforaf
ullne
twor
kprotoc
olstac
k,al
lowi
ngcommuni
c a
tionamongsmal
lgr
oupsof
PLC/
comput
ersonthes
ameLANa ndla
rge–s c
alenet
workcommuni
cat
ionthroug
hrout
abl
eprot
ocol
s

50
 c
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ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

s
ucha
sIP.

TheNI
Cma
yus
eoneormor
eoft
wot
echni
que
stoi
ndi
cat
ethea
vai
la
bil
it
yofpa
cke
tst
otr
ans
fer
.

Pol
li
ngi
swhe
ret
heCPUe
xami
nest
hes
tat
usoft
hepe
riphe
ralunde
rpr
ogr
amc
ont
rol

I
nte
rrupt–dr
ive
nI/
Oiswhe
ret
hepe
riphe
ral
ale
rtst
heCPUt
hati
tisr
eadyt
otr
ans
ferda
ta.

andma yus
eoneormoreoft
wote
chni
que
stot
rans
ferpa
cketdat
a:
Pr
ogra
mme dinput
/out
puti
swheret
heCPU movest
heda t
at oorfr
om t
hede
sig
nat
edpe
riphe
ralt
o
memory.

Dir
ectmemorya cce
ssi
swhereaninte
ll
ig
e ntper
ipher
alassumescontrolofthesy
ste
m bustoacces
s
memorydir
ect
ly.Thisr
emove
sloadf
rom theCPU butr e
quiresmorelogiconthecar
d.I
na ddi
ti
on,a
pa
cketbuf
fe
ront heNICmaynotbere
quir
eda ndl
a t
encycanbereduce
d.

Pr
ogr
amme
rint
erf
ace

Theprog
ramme ri
nter
facei
nthei
ndus
tr
ialdes
ignfi
eldofhuma
n–ma
chi
nei
nte
rac
ti
on,i
sthes
pac
e
wher
eint
era
cti
onbetweenhumana
ndma c
hineoccur
s.

Thegoaloft
hisi
nte
rac
ti
oniseff
ect
iveoper
ati
ona ndc
ontrolofthema c
hineontheus
er’
send,a
nd
f
eedba
ckfr
omthemachi
newhic
ha i
dstheoper
atori
nmakingoper
ationa
ldeci
si
ons
.

Exampl
esoft
hisbroa
dc onc
eptofuse
rint
erf
acesi
ncl
udetheint
era
cti
veaspec
tsofc
omput
erope
rat
ing
sy
ste
ms,ha
ndtool
s,heav
yma chi
ner
yopera
torcont
rol
s,a
ndproce
sscont
rol
s.

Theus
er/
prog
ramme
rint
erf
acei
ncl
ude
sha
rdwa
re(
phy
sic
al)
ands
oft
war
e(l
ogi
cal
)compone
nts

I
tpr
ovi
desame
ansof

I
nput
,al
lowi
ngt
heus
ert
oma
nipul
ateas
yst
em

Out
put
,al
lowi
ngt
hes
yst
emt
oindi
cat
ethee
ff
ect
soft
heus
er’
sma
nipul
ati
on.

Gene
rall
y,t
heg oalofhuman-
ma chi
neintera
cti
one ng
ineer
ingist
oproduceaus erint
erfa
cewhi
chma kes
i
teas
y,eff
ic
ient,a
nde njoy
abl
et ooperat
eama chineinthewa ywhic
hpro ducesthede s
ir
edre
sul
t.This
ge
nera
ll
yme ansthattheoper
atorneedstoprov
ideminima li
nputt
oa c
hie
v ethede si
redout
put
,andals
o
t
hatt
hema chineminimize
sundesi
redoutput
stothehuma n.

Wit
ht heincrea
seduseofpers
onalcomputer
sa ndther
elat
ivedecl
inei
ns oc
iet
ala
war
enessofhe
avy
machi
nery,theterm us
erint
erf
aceisgenera
ll
ya s
sumedtome anthegraphic
alus
eri
nter
fac
e,whil
e
i
ndust
ria
lc ont
rolpanelandma c
hiner
yc ont
roldesi
gndis
cussi
onsmorecommonlyre
fertohuman-
machi
neinterf
aces
.

PLCSy
ste
msa
nds
afe
ty

51
 c
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rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Animport
antstandar
disIEC(
Int
ernat
ionalEl
ectr
o-t
echni
calCommi
ss
ion)61508:f
unc
ti
ona
lsa
fet
yof
el
ect
ri
cal
/e
lec
tronicpr
ogr
ammabl
eel
e c
troni
csaf
ety
-rel
ate
dsyst
ems.

I
nor dertoprov
idefunct
ionals
afe
tyofama c
hineorpl
ant
,thesaf
ety
-re
lat
edpr
ote
cti
veorcontr
olsy
ste
ms
mustfuncti
oncorr
ectl
yandwhe nafail
ureoccur
sitmus
topera
tesothatt
hepl
antormachineisbr
ought
i
ntoas af
eshut-
downs t
ate.

Fa
il-
saf
ede
sig
n

Safe
tymustbeapri
ori
tyi
nthedesi
gnofaPLCsys
tem.Thusemer
gencyst
opbutt
onsandsafe
tyguard
swit
chesmustbehar
dwire
da ndnotdepe
ndonthePLC sof
twa
reforimple
mentat
ionsothati
nt he
si
tuat
ionwheret
her
eisaf
ail
ureoft
hest
opswi
tc
horPLC,thesys
temisaut
oma t
ic
all
ysaf
e.Thesyst
em
mustbefai
l-
saf
e.

Fai
l-s
afede
sig
nisamet
hodofdes
igni
ngcontr
ols
yst
ems
ucht
hati
fac
rit
ic
alc
ompone
nti
nthes
yst
em
f
ai
ls,t
hesys
temimme
dia
tel
ybec
omesdisa
ble
d.

He
nce
,fa
il
-s
afede
sig
nist
hepr
oce
dur
eorpr
ogr
ammi
ngt
oens
ures
afe
tyoft
heope
rat
ora
ndpr
oce
sse
s.

Fa
il
-s
afede
sig
nrul
esoft
humbf
ors
ele
cti
ngNoorNCde
vic
esa
rea
sfol
lows
:

NO–whenwir
ingswit
chesors
ensor
sthats
tar
tac
ti
ons
,us
enor
mal
lyope
nswi
tc
hess
othe
rei
sapr
obl
em
wi
tht
hes
wit
chtheproc
esswil
lnotst
art
.

NC–Whe
nwi
ri
ngs
wit
che
stha
tst
oppr
oce
ssus
enor
mal
lyc
los
eds
wit
che
ssoi
fthe
yfa
ilt
hepr
oce
sswi
ll
s
top.

Thefol
lowi
ngpr
ogr
am,START wi
llov
err
ideSTOPa
ndRUN wi
lls
wit
chona
slonga
sSTART i
s
pr
ess
ed.

Uns
afes
tar
t/
st
oppr
ogr
am

52
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.com

Wi
thaPLCs
yst
em,as
tops
igna
lca
nbepr
ovi
dedbyas
wit
cha
sabov
e

Thisa
rrangementhoweve
risuns
afea
sane
mer
genc
yst
opbe
caus
eift
her
eisf
aul
tandt
hes
wit
chc
annot
beoper
ated,t
hennostopthes
yst
em.

Wha
tisr
equi
redi
sas
yst
emt
hatwi
lls
ti
ll
stopi
faf
ai
lur
eoc
cur
sint
hes
tops
wit
ch.

Theprogr
am hastheSTOPs wit
chastheope
nc onta
cts
.Howeve
r,bec
ausethehar
dwir
eds
tops
wit
ch
hasnor
mall
yclos
edcont
act
sthenthepr
ogra
mha sthesi
gnal
toc
los
etheprog
ramconta
cts
.

Pr
ess
ingt
hes
tops
wit
chope
nst
hepr
ogr
amc
ont
act
sands
topst
hes
yst
em.

Pha
ses of c
rea
tingaPLCs
yst
em

Thi
sinv
olv
esf
iv
espha
ses
;de
sig
n,s
ele
cti
ona
nds
uppl
y,pr
ogr
ammi
ng,i
nst
all
ati
on,c
ommi
ss
ioni
ng.

Phas
e1–De sig
n–Thi sist
hedes
igni
ngoft
hesys
temi
nst
all
ati
onwhic
hincludecommuni
cat
ions
yst
ems.
Int
hiss
tag
e,itshowsa
lldes
ignbas
isdoc
ument
s,nowt
hesyst
emwillbeconstr
ucte
dandcommis
si
oning
oft
hesa
me .

Phas
e2–Select
ionandSuppl
y–Af te
rthepl
anni
ngphas
eofthedes
ign,t
hee qui
pme
ntcanbeorder
e d.
Thefi
rs
tde
cis
ionist
hetypeofcont
rol
lerr
ack
,mini,mi
croorsof
twa
rebased.Thedec
isi
onwi
lldepend
on:
-

Numbe
rofl
ogi
cali
nput
sandout
put
s

Me
mor
ysi
ze

Numbe
rofs
pec
ialI
/Omodul
es

Met
hod/
tec
hniquesofcommunic
ati
on–s
eri
ala
ndne
twor
kedc
ommuni
cat
iona
ll
owt
hePLCt
obe
pr
ogra
mme da ndtal
ktoot
herPLC

Ava
ila
bil
it
yofpr
ogr
ammi
ngs
oft
war
eandot
hert
ool
stha
tde
ter
minet
hepr
ogr
ammi
nga
nd
debugg
ing

Sc
ant
ime–t
hes
hor
tert
hes
cant
imet
hehi
ghe
rthec
ost
.

Thepr
oce
ssofs
ele
cti
ngaPLCf
oll
owst
hef
oll
owi
ngs
teps

53
 c
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Unde
rst
andt
hepr
oce
sst
obec
ont
rol
le
d

Se
lec
tthev
endor
/s
ell
erofPLCmodul
es

Pl
ant
hel
adde
rlog
icf
ort
hec
ont
rol

Countt
hepr
ogr
ami
nst
ruc
ti
onsa
nde
nte
rthev
alue
sint
othes
hee
t.

Phase3–Prog
ramming
:Thisst
agei
nvol
vesprogr
ammingt
hePLC,de
pendi
ngont
hel
ang
uag
eus
ed.I
t
wil
lals
ode
pendont
hetypeofpr
ogra
mme rava
ila
ble.

PLC s
oft
wa r
ef orpe
rsona
lc ompute
rs–Simil
artothespe
cial
iz
edprogr
ammingunits
,but
sof
twarerunsonamulti
-use
,use
rsuppl
ie
dcomput
er.Thi
sapproa
chist
ypi
cal
lypr
efe
rred.

Ha
ndheldunit
s(ori
nte
gra
ted)–al
lowpr
ogr
ammi
ngPLCus
ingac
alc
ula
tort
ypei
nte
rfa
ce.
Of
tendoneusi
ngmnemonics
.

Spe
c i
ali
zedprogr
amminguni
ts–ef
fec
tiv
elyapor
tabl
ecomputertha
tal
lowsg
raphi
cale
dit
ing
oft
heladderl
ogi
c,a
ndfas
tupl
oads
/downl
oads
/monit
ori
ngofthePLC

Pha
se4–i
nst
all
ati
on

Thiss
tageinv
olv
esins
tal
li
nga
ndplaci
ngal
lcomponentsofPLCsyst
em ha
rdwa
rea
nds
oft
war
ein
compl
iancewi
ththede
sig
ndocume
nt.I
tent
ail
sthef
oll
owingpha
se/
st
eps:

Pa
ne l
/c
a bi
netinstal
lat
ion–Thepa nel
/c
abine
tinst
all
edshoul
dall
owenoughspa
ceforai
rci
rcula
tion.
Dono tinsta
llPLCa boveequi
pmentthatgener
atel
a r
geamountofheat
.Donotins
tal
lthePLC
i
napa ne lorcabinetwit
hhig hvolt
ageequipment.Prov
ideac l
earpat
hforoperat
iona nd
mainte
na nce.

I
nst
all
ationofCPUuni tandI /
O unit–Thes mal
lPLCmus tbei nst
all
edint hehori
zont
alposi
ti
on
forthebi gPLCbeforeinst
all
ing;t
heunit
shavetobecompiledonebyone .TobuildarackPLC,
provideba ckpl
ane(Ba ckplaneisasi
mplede v
icehavi
ngt wofuncti
ons
.Thef i
rs
tistoprovi
de
physicalsuppor
tforuni t
stobemount e
dt oit
.Thes econdistopr ov
idet heconnect
orsand
elec
tric
a lpat
hwaysnecessa
ryforconne
cti
ngtheunit
smount edtoi
t.

I
nst
all
ingt
heexpans i
onunitorexpansi
onI/O unit–e x
pansi
onI/O uni
tareus ual
lya t
tachedwhe n
amountofI/O devic
estobecontrol
le
di nc
reasei
tsamountoverthancapabi l
it
iesofthee x
ist
ing
I/
Ouni to
ra t
tachedwhe nne
ededt oaspeci
alneedli
ketempera
turese
nsor.I ns
ertthee x
pansion
I/
Ounitsconnecti
ngc a
blei
ntotheCPUuni tsorexpans
ionI/
Ouni te
xpansionc onnector.

I
nst
all
ingI/
O devic
es–I /
O devi
cesareatt
achedatthepla
cehasbeende
ter
minedi
nt heworkpl
an
andwi r
ingdi
agram.Forswi
tchesareus
ua l
lyat
tache
datthepane
lwhi
lethes
ens
or,sol
enoi
dand
mot ori
susua
ll
yplace
da tt
hema chi
netobec ont
roll
ed.

Wi
ri
nga
ndc
onne
cti
on–Ha
ngi
ngduc
tsi
sus
edi
fpowe
rca
ble
sca
rry
ingmor
etha
n10A400vor20A

54
 c
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220Vmus tberunal
ongsi
detheI/
Owi r
ing(
thatisi
nparal
lelwi
thit
);a
tleast300mmmus tbelef
t
betwe
ent hepowercabl
esa nd t
heI /
O wiring.Ensurepropergroundingofa llele
ctr
ica
l
ins
tal
la
tion.Al
lel
ect
ri
calr
ackandma c
hineel
eme nts
houldbegrounde
dt oac ent
ral
groundbus.

Pha
se5-Commi
ss
ioni
ng

Commi
ss
ioni
ngofaPLCs
yst
emi
nvol
ves

Check
ingthatal
lthecabl
econne
cti
onbetweenthePLC a
ndt hepl
antbe
ingc
ont
rol
le
dar
e
compl
ete
,saf
eandtothere
qui
reds
peci
fi
cat
ionsa
ndmeeti
ngs
tandar
ds.

Che
cki
ngt
hatt
hei
ncomi
ngpowe
rsuppl
yma
tche
sthev
olt
ages
ett
ingf
orwhi
cht
hePLCi
sse
t.

Che
cki
ngt
hate
mer
genc
yst
opbut
tonswor
k.

Che
cki
ngt
hata
llpr
ote
cti
vede
vic
esa
res
ett
othe
ira
ppr
opr
iat
etr
ips
ett
ing
s.

Checki
ngt
hata
llI
/O de
vic
esa
rec
onne
cte
dtot
hec
orr
ectI
/O poi
ntsa
ndg
ivi
ngt
hec
orr
ect
s
igna
ls.

Loa
dinga
ndt
est
ingt
hes
oft
war
e.

Fa
ultf
indi
ng

Wit
hanyPLCcont
rol
le
dplant
,thema
jorf
aul
tsa
rel
ik
elyt
obewi
ths
ens
ors
,ac
tua
tor
sandwi
ri
ngr
athe
r
t
hanwi
thi
nthePLCit
sel
f.

Oft
hef
aul
twi
thi
nthePLC,mos
tli
kel
ytobei
ntheI
/Oc
hanne
lsorpowe
rsuppl
yra
the
rtha
nint
he
CPU

Forexample
,consi
derasi
ng l
eoutputdevi
cefa
ili
ngtotur
nont houghtheout
putLEDi son.Ift
est
ingof
thePLCoutputvol
tagei
ndicat
est
ha ti
tsnor
ma lt
henthefaul
tmightbeawiri
ngfaultorade v
icef
ault.I
f
check
ingoft
hevolt
ageatthedevi
ceindic
ate
sthevol
taget
he r
eisnor
ma lt
henthef
a ulti
sthedevi
ce.

ManyPLCsprovi
debui
lt
-i
nfaul
tanal
ysi
sprocedurewhic
hcarr
iesoutse
lf-
tes
ti
nganddis
playfaul
tcode
s,
wi
thposs
ibl
yabri
efmes
sage
,whichca
nbet ra
ns l
atedbyl
ook
ingupt hecodeinal
istt
ogivethesour
ceof
t
hefa
ultandpos
si
bleme
thodsofr
ecov
ery.

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Fa
ultde
tec
tiont
echni
que

Thef
oll
owi
nga
res
omeoft
hec
ommonf
aul
tde
tec
ti
ont
echni
que
sus
ed.

Timingc he
cks–Thet er
m wa t
chi
ngi susedforatimingcheckthatiscar
ri
edoutbyt hePLC to
checkthats
omef unct
ionhasbeencarrie
doutwi t
hinthenormalti
me .Ift
hefunct
ionisnotca
rri
ed
outwithi
nthenor malt
ime,thenafaultisass
umedtoha v
eoc c
urr
e dandthewa t
chdogt i
mertri
ps,
set
ti
ngoffana l
arma ndpe r
hapscl
osingdownt hePLC.Aspa rtoftheinte
rnaldi
a g
nost
icofPLC,
watchdogti
mersareusedtodet
ectf
orfaults
.

Ti
mechec
kcana l
sobebuiltintot
heladderl
ogi
cpr
ogra
m.Thi siswhe
readdit
ionall
adde
rrungs
mig
hti
ncl
ude
dsot hatwhe
naf uncti
onst
arts
,at
ime
risst
art
ed.Ifthef
unc
tiondoesnotcompl
et
e
whent
het
imerf
ini
s he
safaultissi
gnal
ed.

Las toutputs
et–Thi stechni
queinvolv
estheuseofstat
uslampst
oindi
cat
ethela
s toutputthatha
sbeen
setdur i
ngapr oces
swhi chhascomet oaha lt
.Suchl ampsarebui
lti
ntotheprog ra
ms ot hata
seach
outputoc cur
salampc omeson.Thel ampsont husindi
cat
ewhichout
puta r
eocc urri
ng.Theprogram
hast obede s
igne
dt oturnoffpr
eviousst
atusl
ampsa ndturnonanewstat
uslampa seachnewoutputi
s
turnedon.

Repli
cat
ion–r e
pli
cat
ioncheckinvolve
sdupli
cat
ioni.e
.repl
ic
ati
on,t
hePLCs y
ste
m.Thiscoul
dme a
n
t
hatthesyst
emrepeat
sever
yope ra
tiontwic
eandi fi
tget
sthesamere
sul
titi
sas
sumedt
hereisnof
aul
t.
Thispr
ocedurec
andetec
ttra
nsie
ntfa ul
t.

56
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Alt
erna
tiv
ely
,ist
ohav
edupli
cat
ePLCsyst
emsandcompar
etheres
ult
sgi
venbyt
het
wosyst
ems.
Intheabs
enceoft
hef
aul
tthet
wores
ult
sshoul
dbet
hesame,afa
ults
howi
ngupasadi
ff
ere
nce.

Expect
edval
uesc
hecks–Soft
wareerr
orscanbedet
ecte
dbyc hecki
ngwhethe
rane x
pect
edval
uei
s
obt
aine
dwhenaspec
if
ici
nputocc
urs
.Ifthee
xpec
tedv
alueisnotobt
aine
dthe
naf a
ulti
sas
sume
dtobe
occ
urri
ng.

I
nst
all
ati
ona
ndMa
int
ena
nce

Thedesi
gnofpr
ogra
mma bl
econtr
oll
ersi
ncl
udesanumbe
rofr
ugg
edf
eat
ure
stha
tal
lowPLCst
obe
i
nst
all
edinal
mosta
nyindus
tr
ial
envir
onment.

Syst
emlayoutisthecons
cie
nti
ousa
ppr
oachtopl
aci
nga
ndinter
connec
ti
ngcomponent
snotonl
yto
sat
is
fythea ppli
cat
ion,butals
otoensur
et ha
tthecont
rol
le
rwi l
loper
atetroubl
efr
eei nit
s
envi
ronme
nt .

Inadditi
ontoprogr
amma blecont
rol
le
re qui
pme nt
,thesyst
eml a
youta l
soe
ncompass
estheothe
r
componentst
hatfor
mt hetota
lsys
tem.The s
ec ompone
ntsincl
udeisol
ati
ont
rans
for
me r
s,aux
il
iar
y
powersuppl
ie
s,s
afet
ycont
rolrel
ays
,andincomingli
nenois
esuppres
sors
.

Alt
houghprogr
ammablec
ontrol
le
rsa
ret
oug
hma
chi
nes
,al
it
tl
efor
esi
ghtdur
ingt
hei
rins
tal
la
tionwi
ll
ens
urepropers
yst
emoper
ati
on.

I
nac ar
eful
lycons
tr
ucte
dl a
yout
,thes
ecompone
ntsareeasytoac
ces
sa ndmaint
ain.Neve
rthe
les
s,
c
are
fuli
nsta
ll
ati
onpla
nningcani
ncre
ases
yst
emproduc
tiv
ityandde
cre
asemaint
enancepr
oblems.

Thebes
tlo
cat
ionforaprogr
amma bl
econtr
oll
erisneart
hemac
hineorpr
oce
sst
hati
twi
llc
ont
rol
,as
l
ongast
emper
a t
ure,humidi
ty
,andel
ect
ric
alnois
ea r
enotpr
obl
ems.

Placi
ngthecont
rol
le
rne a
rthee
quipmentandus
ingr
emot
eI/
O whe
repos
si
blewi
llmi
nimi
zewi
re
runsandsi
mplif
yst
art
-upandmai
ntena
nce

Programma blec ontr

oll
ersaredes
igne
dtobee as
ytomaint
ain,t
oe ns
uretr
oubl
e-f
reeopera
tion.Sti
ll
,
se
v e
ralma intena nceaspec
tsshouldbec ons
ider
edoncethes ys
temisinpl a
cea ndope rat
ional
.
Certai
n ma intena nc
eme a
sures
,ifpe r
for
medpe ri
odi
cal
ly
,wi l
lmi ni
mizethec hanc
eofs yst
em
ma l
funct
ion.

Pre
vent
ivemainte
na nc
eofprogr
amma bl
econtr
oll
ersys
temsinc
lude
sonl
yaf
ewba
sicpr
oce
dur
es,
whic
hwil
lgre
atlyreduc
ethef
ail
urer
ateofs
yst
emc omponent
s.

Prev
ent
ivemai
nte
nancef
orthePLC sy
ste
ms houl
dbes chedule
dwithther
egul
armachi
neor
equi
pmentma
int
enanc
e,s
othatt
heequi
pmentandcont
rol
leraredownf
oramini
mum a
mountof
ti
me.

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Howe ve
r,the sche
dul
e for PLC prev
ent
ive maint
enance depe
nds on t
he c
ont
rol
le
r’s
env
ironment
—thehar
she
rthee
nvir
onme
nt,t
hemorefr
equentthemai
nte
nanc
e.

Thef
oll
owi
nga
reg
uide
li
nesf
orpr
eve
nti
veme
asur
es:

Per
iodi
cal
lycl
eanorrepl
acea
nyfi
lt
erst
hatha
vebe
eni
nst
all
edi
nenc
los
ure
sataf
reque
ncyde
pende
nt
ontheamountofdus
tint
heare
a.

Donota l
lowdi
rtanddusttoacc
umula t
eonthePLC’ sc
ompone
nts;t
hecent
ralproces
si
nguni
tandI/
O
sys
temarenotdesi
gnedtobedustproof.I
fdustbui
ldsuponheatsi
nksa
nde le
ctroni
ccir
cui
tr
y,i
tcan
obst
ruc
the a
tdi
ss
ipat
ion,c
ausi
ngcir
cuitmalf
unc
tion.

Per
iodi
cal
lycheckt
heconnec
tionstot
heI/O modul
estoens
urethata
llpl
ugs
,socke
ts,t
ermi
nals
tr
ips
,
andmodulesha
vegoodconne
ctions
.Al
so,c
heckt
hatthemodul
eisse
cure
lyi
nst
all
ed.

Ens
uret
hathe
avy
,noi
se-
gene
rat
inge
qui
pme
nti
snotl
oca
tedt
ooc
los
etot
hePLC.

Ma
kes
uret
hatunne
ces
sar
yit
emsa
rek
epta
wayf
romt
hee
qui
pme
nti
nsi
det
hee
ncl
osur
e.

Ift
hePLCs yst
eme ncl
osur
eisi
nanenvi
ronmentthate
x hi
bit
sv i
brat
ion,ins
tal
lavibr
ati
ondete
ctort
hat
canint
erf
acewit
hthePLCa sapre
vent
ivemeasur
e.Thisway,theprogramma bl
econt
rol
lerc
anmonitor
hig
hl e
vel
sofvi
brat
ion,whi
chcanl
eadt
ot hel
oose
ningofconnecti
ons

Topi
cQue
sti
ons

De
fi
neapr
ogr
amma
bleLog
icCont
rol
le
r(PLC’
s)
.

St
atet
hef
ours
tepsi
ntheope
rat
ionofpr
ogr
amma
blel
ogi
ccont
rol
le
r(PLC)
.

Drawalabel
edbl
ockdi
agr
amofthei
nte
rna
lar
chi
te
ctur
eofaPr
ogr
amma
bleLog
icCont
rol
le
r(PLC)
andst
atet
hefunc
ti
onofea
chbl
ock.

De
fi
nel
adde
rlog
icc
ont
rol
sys
tem.

Wi
tht
hea
idofabl
ockdi
agr
am,e
xpl
ai
nhowaPLCpr
oce
ssi
nputf
romt
hes
ens
ors
.

De
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngPr
ogr
amma
bleLog
icCont
rol
le
r(PLC)
sys
tems
tyl
es.

Uni
tar
y

Modul
ar

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Ra
ckMount
ing

Wi
tht
hea
idofadi
agr
am,e
xpl
ai
nhowPLC’
sca
nbeus
edt
ocont
rolwa
terl
eve
linat
ank
.

Ex
pla
inwhyus
eri
nte
rfa
cei
sne
ces
sar
yinPLC’
s.

Ex
pla
inho
wfa
ult
-f
indi
ngi
sca
rri
edouti
nPLCs
yst
ems
.

Expla
intheoperat
ionofthef
oll
owi
ngi
nputdevi
ces
,stat
ingthefor
m ofthesi
gna
lbei
ngse
nsedand
theoutput
:(a
)reeds wi
tc
h,(b)i
ncr
eme
ntalsha
ftencoder,(
c)photoe
lec
tri
ctr
ansmi
ss
ives
wit
ch,(d)
dia
phragmpress
ureswit
ch

Ex
pla
inho
wtheon-
offo
per
ati
ona
nddi
rec
ti
onofad.
c.mo
torc
anbec
ont
rol
le
dbys
wit
che
s

Expl
ai
nt hec ont
inuousupda
ting a
nd t
hema
ssi
nput
/out
putc
opy
ing me
thodsofpr
oce
ssi
ng
i
nput
s/o
utput
s.

Devi
seati
mingwat
chdogpr
ogr
amt
obeus
edt
oswi
tc
hof
fama
chi
nei
ffa
ult
soc
curi
nanyoft
he
s
yst
emscont
rol
li
ngi
tsac
ti
ons
.

De
vis
ela
dde
rpr
ogr
amswhi
chc
anbeus
edt
o:

Ma
int
aina
nout
puton,e
venwhe
nthei
nputc
eas
esa
ndwhe
nthe
rei
sapowe
rfa
il
ure
.

Swi
tc
hona
nout
putf
orat
imeofonec
ycl
efol
lowi
ngabr
iefi
nput
.

Swi
tc
hont
hepowe
rtoas
etofr
ung
s.

De
vis
ela
dde
rpr
ogr
amsf
ors
yst
emst
hatwi
llc
arr
youtt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ask
s:

Swi
tc
hona
nout
put5sa
fte
rre
cei
vi
nga
ninputa
ndk
eepi
tonf
ort
hedur
ati
onoft
hati
nput
.

Swi
tc
hona
nout
putf
ort
hedur
ati
onoft
hei
nputa
ndt
henk
eepi
tonf
oraf
urt
her5s
.

Swi
tc
hona
nout
putf
or5sa
fte
rthes
tar
tofa
ninputs
igna
l

De
vis
ela
dde
rpr
ogr
amsf
ors
yst
emst
hatwi
llc
arr
youtt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ask
s:

Giv
ea nout
putaf
teraphot
oce
lls
ens
orha
sgi
ven10pul
sei
nputs
igna
lsa
sar
esul
tofde
tec
ti
ng10obj
ect
s
pa
ssi
nginfr
ontofi
t.

Giveanout
putwhenthenumbe
rofpe
opl
einas
tor
ere
ache
s100,t
her
econt
inua
ll
ybe
ingpe
opl
e
ent
eri
nga
ndlea
vingt
hest
ore
.

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Topi
c3

SUPERVI
SORYCONTROLANDDATAACQUI
SITI
ON(
SCADA)

I
ntr
oduc
tion

Inmode rnmanuf
act
uri
ngandindust
ri
alpr
oces
ses
,mini
ngindust
ri
es,publi
candpri
vat
euti
li
ti
es,l
ei
sur
e
ands e
curi
tyi
ndus
tri
est
ele
metr
yi sof
tenneede
dtoconnec
te qui
pme ntandsys
temsse
par
atedbylarg
e
dis
tances
.

Cont
rols
yst
ema r
chi
tec
turec
anrangefr
om si
mplel
ocalcont
roltohi
ghl
yredundantdi
st
ri
but
edcont
rol
.
TheSCADAs y
ste
ma ppli
est
ofa
cil
it
ie
sthata
rela
rgeenought
ha tace
ntr
alc
ontrols
yst
emisne
ces
sary
.

SCADAr e
fer
stothecombinat
ionoft
el
emetr
ya nddat
aa c
qui
si
ti
on.I
tencompas
sesthecol
le
cti
ngofthe
i
nformat
ion,tr
ansf
err
ingitbac
ktothecent
rals
ite
,car
ryi
ngoutanynec
essar
yanaly
sisa
ndc ont
rola
nd
the
ndi s
playi
ngthatinf
ormati
ononanumbe rofopera
tors
cree
nsordispl
ays
.Ther equi
redcont
rol
act
ionsar
ethenconveye
dba c
ktothepr
oces
s.

SCADAi sawidel
ydis
tr
ibut
edcomput
eri
zedsys
tem pri
mari
lyus
edt
ore
mot
el
ycont
rola
ndmoni
tort
he
condi
ti
onsoff
ie
ldbas
edasse
tsf
romacent
ral
iz
edlocati
on.

ThePLCi sst
il
loneofthemos
twi de
lyuse
dc ontr
olsys
temsinindust
ry.Asne
edtomonit
orandcont
rol
moredevi
cesinthepl
antgr
ew,thePLCswe redist
ri
bute
da ndthesyst
emsbecamemoreint
el
li
genta
nd
s
ma l
le
rinsiz
e.PLCsandDCS( dis
tri
but
edcontrols
yst
ems)areused

Compone
ntsofaSCADAs
yst
em

SCADAe nc
ompa
ssest
hetrans
ferofdat
abetwee
naSCADAc ent
ralhos
tcomput
era
ndnumbe
rof
re
motes
it
es(
RTU)andthec
entr
alhosta
ndtheope
rat
ort
ermi
nal
s.

Thefi
gurebel
owshowsage
ner
icSCADAs
yst
emt
hate
mpl
oysda
tamul
ti
ple
xing(
MUX)be
twe
ent
he
ce
ntr
alhosta
ndtheRTU.

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SCADAs
yst
emc
ons
is
tof
:

Remoteterminalunit(RTU):The
ya r
epr
imari
lyus
edt
oconvertel
ect
roni
csig
nal
sre
cei
vedfrom f
ie
ld
de
v i
cesi
nto(orfrom)thel
ang
uage(k
nownast
hecommuni
cat
ionprot
ocol
)use
dtotr
ans
mitthedat
aover
acommunica t
ionchannel
.

I
tconne
ctst
ose
nsor
sint
hepr
oce
ss,c
onv
ert
ingda
tat
othes
upe
rvi
sor
ysy
ste
m.

PLC usedasfi
el
dde
vice
sbe
caus
ethe
yar
emor
eec
ono
mic
al,v
ers
ati
le
,fl
exi
blea
ndc
onf
ig
ura
blet
han
spe
cia
l-pur
pos
eRTU’s

RTU gat
her
sda t
af rom f
ie
lddevi
ces(pump,v
alv
esa
lar
mse
tc)i
nme
mor
y,unt
ilt
heMTU (
mas
ter
t
ermi
naluni
t)i
nit
iat
esasec
ondcomma nd.

Communi
cat
ionnet
work/s
yst
em–use
dtotra
nsf
erdat
abe
twe
enf
ie
ldda
tai
nte
rfa
cede
vic
esa
ndc
ont
rol
uni
tsa
ndt
hecompute
rsi
ntheSCADAhos
tcompute
r(MTU)

Thisisint
endedtoprov
idetheme
ansbywhi
chda
tac
anbet
rans
fer
redbe
twe
ent
hec
ent
ralhos
t
compute
rserve
randf
ie
ldbase
dRTU.

Communi
cat
ionne
twor
kre
fer
stot
hee
qui
pme
ntsne
ede
dtot
rans
ferda
tat
oandf
romdi
ff
ere
nts
it
es.

Theme
diumus
edc
ane
it
herbec
abl
e,t
el
ephoneorr
adi
o

Thewa ytheSCADAs yst

em net
wor
k( t
opolog
y)isse
tupcanv
arywi
thea
chsy
ste
m butt
her
emus
tbe
unint
err
upte
d,bidi
rec
ti
onalcommuni
c at
ionbetwee
nt heMTU a
ndtheRTU f
oraSCADAorda t
a
acqui
si
ti
onsyst
em(DAS)tofunc
ti
onproperl
y.

Thi
scanbea c
complis
hedinvari
ouswayi .
eprivat
ewireli
nes,unde
rgr
oundca
ble
s,te
lephonera
dio,
moder
n,mi
crowavedis
hes
,sat
el
li
teandotheratmosphe
ricmeansandmanyti
mes
,sys
teme mplo
ymor e
t
hanonemeansofcommunic
ati
ngtother
e motesi
te
.

Communi
cat
ions
yst
emsus
edf
orSCADAa
reof
tens
pli
tint
otwodi
st
inc
tpa
rt:WANa
ndLAN.

Thei
nte
rfa
cebe
twe
ent
het
wopa
rtsi
sco
mmonl
yac
hie
vedt
hroug
hsomef
ormofmul
ti
ple
xing
.

61
 c
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a9@g
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.com

Mult
ipl
exi
ngall
owsdi
ff
erentdat
astr
eamstos
haresi
ngl
edatali
nk.I
tcombi
nescommunica
tionpa
thst
o
andf
romma nyRTUsintoasing
lebi
tst
rea
m,usual
lyus
ingTimeDivi
si
onMulti
ple
xing(
TDM) .

Itmayit
selfbeaSCADApr oces
si
ngdevi
cethatmana
gest
heloc
alne
twor
ka ndnotonl
ycombi
nesda
ta,
buta
lsoreducest
heamountofdat
atha
tbeinte
rcha
ngedwi
thi
nthece
ntr
alhost
.

Ce
ntr
alc
omput
erorma
ste
rte
rmi
naluni
t(MTU)

I
tisdef
ine
dast
hema
ste
rorhe
artofaSCADAs
yst
ema
ndi
sloc
ate
datt
heope
rat
or’
sce
ntr
alc
ont
rol
f
aci
li
ty.

Mostof
teni
tisas
ing
lec
omputerorane
twor
kofc
omput
ers
erv
erst
hatpr
ovi
deama
n-ma
chi
neope
rat
or
i
nte
rfac
etot
heSCADAs ys
tem.

Thecomput
erspr
oce
ssthei
nfor
mationre
cei
vedf
rom ors
entt
otheRTUs
it
esa
ndpr
ese
nti
ttohuma
n
ope
rat
ori
naformthatt
heopera
tor
sc a
nworkwit
h.

Oper
ator
stermi
nal
sareconnec
tedt
othec
e nt
ralhostcompute
rbyac
omput
erne
twor
ksot
hatt
he
vi
ewi
ngscre
ense
ndass
oci
ateddat
aca
nbedi
spla
yedfortheoper
ator
.

Somee
xampl
esoft
het
ype
sofdi
spl
ays
cre
ensof
fe
redbymos
tsy
ste
msi
ncl
ude
:

Sy
ste
mov
erv
iewpa
gesdi
spl
ayi
ngt
hee
nti
res
yst
emof
tens
umma
riz
ingSCADAs
it
est
hatmi
ghtbef
aul
ty

Si
temi
mics
cre
ensf
ore
achi
ndi
vi
dua
lRTUl
oca
tions
howi
ngupt
othemi
nut
esi
tei
nfor
mat
ion

Al
arm s
ummarypagesdi
spl
aye
dcur
renta
lar
msa
nd ot
hert
ype
sofa
lar
msi
n whi
ch ha
vebe
en
ac
knowl
edg
edornot

Tr
ends
cre
ense
nabl
ingt
heope
rat
ort
odi
spl
ayt
hebe
hav
iourofapa
rti
cul
arv
ari
abl
eov
ert
ime
.

Huma
nma
chi
nei
nte
rfa
ce(
HMI
)

Iti
stheappa
r a
tuswhi
chprese
ntpr
oce
ssda
tat
oahuma
nope
rat
or,a
ndt
hroug
hwhi
cht
hehuma
n
ope
rat
orc
ontrol
sthepr
oce
ss.

Thisdi
spl
aysthi
sinf
ormat
ionina nea
sil
yunders
toodgr
aphi
calf
orm,ar
ehi
vest
heda
tar
ece
ive
d,
t
ransmi
tal
armsandper
mitoper
atorc
ont
rolasr
equi
red.

TheHMIi
ses
sent
ial
lyaPCs
yst
emr
unni
ngpowe
rfulg
raphi
canda
lar
msof
twa
repr
ogr
ams
.

Itisus
uall
ylinke
dt otheSCADA sys
tem’
sda
taba
sea
nds
oft
war
epr
ogr
ams
,topr
ovi
det
rendi
ng,
dia
gnos
ti
cdataandinf
ormat
ionma
nag
eme nt
.

62
 c
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a9@g
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.com

SCADAs
oft
war
e

SCADAs
oft
war
eca
nbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
wot
ype
s:ope
nandpr
opr
iet
ary
.

Propr
iet
arys
oftwa
reof
teni
sconf
ig
uredf
oraspeci
fi
char
dwa
repl
atf
orma
ndma
ynoti
nte
rfa
cewi
tht
he
sof
twar
eorhardwar
epr
oducedbycompe
ti
ngv
e ndor
s.

Comme r
cialof
f-
theshe
lf(COTS)
/ope
nsof
twa
rea
remor
efl
exi
ble
,andwi
lli
nte
rfa
cewi
thdi
ff
ere
ntt
ype
s
ofha
rdwareandsof
tware
.

Thefocusofpropr
iet
arysof
twa
reiso n proc
e s
sa nd c
ontr
olfunc
ti
onal
it
ywhi
leCOTS s
oft
war
e
empha
size
sonc
ompa t
ibi
li
tywi
thava
rie
tyofequipmentandins
tr
ument
ati
on.

Sof
twa
repr
oduc
tst
ypi
cal
lyus
edwi
thi
naSCADAs
yst
ema
rea
sfol
lows
:-

Ce
ntr
alhos
tcomput
erope
rat
ings
yst
em:
-sof
twa
reus
edt
ocont
rolt
hec
ent
ral
hos
tcomput
erha
rdwa
re.

Oper
atorte
rmina
loper
ati
ngsys
tem –Sof
twa
reusedt
ocont
rolthecent
ralhos
tcompute
rhardwar
eat
t
heopera
tor
ste
rmina
l.I
tcont
ri
but
estot
henet
work
ingoft
hec
e nt
ralhos
tandopera
tor
’st
ermi
nal.

Appl
icat
ions– Theya reoftwot y
pes;ce
ntra
lhos tcomput
erappl
ica
tion and ope
rat
orte
rminal
appl
ic
ati
ons.Thesehandl
e st
rans
mit
tedandrecepti
onofda t
atoandf rom theRTU a ndcent
ral
compute
r.Ita
lsopr
ovi
destheGU/whic
hoff
ersmimicscr
eens
,al
armpag
estrend.

Communi
cati
onprotoc
oldr
ive
s:-requi
redtocontr
olthet
rans
lat
iona
ndi
nte
rpr
eta
tionoft
heda
ta
be
twe
enendsoft
hecommuni
cati
onl
inksi
nthesy
stems.

Howdoe
sSCADAWor
k

SCADAi
sac
omput
ers
yst
emf
org
athe
ringa
nda
nal
yzi
ngr
ealt
imeda
ta

Theabi
li
tytomoni
tort
heent
irecont
rolsy
ste
mi nrea
lti
meisf
aci
li
tat
edbydat
aacquis
it
ioninc
ludi
ng
met
erreadi
ngandc
hecki
ngst
atusofs
ensor
sthatar
ecommuni
cat
edatsta
nda
rdint
erv
alsdepe
ndingon
t
hesys
tem.

Thecol
lec
tedfi
el
ddataist
rans
mit
tedt
hroug
hac
ommuni
cat
ionne
twor
ktot
hema
ste
rte
rmi
naluni
t
whi
chthedat
aispr
oce
sse
d.

TheMTUmoni
tor
sandc
ont
rolda
taf
romv
ari
ousf
ie
ldde
vic
es(
sens
or)t
hata
ree
it
heri
ncl
osepr
oxi
mit
y
orof
fsi
te
.

Thusi
nsumma
ry,t
heSCADAs
yst
empe
rfor
mthef
oll
owi
ngf
ourf
unc
ti
ons
:

Da
taa
cqui
si
ti
on

63
 c
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a9@g
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.com

Ne
twor
kedda
tac
ommuni
cat
ion

Da
tapr
ese
nta
tion

Cont
rol

Da
taa
cqui
si
ti
on

Thisistheproce
ssofs
ampli
ngsi
gnal
sthatmeas
urere
alwor
ldphysic
alc
ondit
ionsandc
onv
ert
ingt
he
re
sult
ingsample
sint
odi
git
alnume
ric
alval
uest
hatca
nbemanipul
ate
dbyac ompute
r.

Dat
aa cqui
si
ti
onwithi
nSCADA sys
temi
sac
compl
is
hedf
ir
stbyt
heRTU s
canni
ngt
hef
ie
ldda
ta
i
nte
rfa
cedevi
cesc
onnect
edt
otheRTU.

Thet
imetoperf
ormthist
askisc
all
edt
hes
canni
ngi
nte
rna
l.TheMTUs
cansRTUt
oac
ces
sda
tai
nthe
pr
oce
ssr
efe
rre
dtoa spol
li
ngtheRTU.

Somes y
ste
msa l
low t
heRTU tot
rans
mitf
ie
ldv
alue
sanda
lar
mst
othec
ent
ralhos
twi
thoutbe
ing
proc
ess
edbythecent
ralhos
t.

Thec
ompone
ntsofda
taa
cqui
si
ti
ons
yst
emsi
ncl
ude
:

Se
nsor
stha
tconv
ert
sphy
sic
alpa
rame
ter
stoe
lec
tri
cal
sig
nal
s

Si
gnalc
ondi
ti
oningcir
cui
tryt
oc onv
erts
ensors
igna
lsi
ntoaf
ormt
hatc
anbec
onv
ert
edt
odi
gi
tal
va
lue
se.gi
mpli
cati
on,al
te
rnat
ionmulti
ple
xing.

Ana
logt
odi
git
alc
onv
ert
ers
,whi
chc
onv
ert
scondi
ti
one
dsi
gna
lst
odi
gi
tal
val
ues
.

Dataa
cqui
sit
ionhar
dwa
reactsasthei
nterf
acebet
weenthecomput
erandt
heouts
idewor
ld.It
pri
mar
il
yfuncti
onsa
sadev
icethatdig
iti
zesi
ncomingsi
gnalsot
hatt
hecomput
ercanint
erpr
et
the
m.

Ty
pesofda
taa
cqui
si
ti
ons
yst
ems(
DAS)

The
sede
pendont
ypeofc
ommuni
cat
ionpr
otoc
olus
ed.

Wi
rel
essdat
aacquis
it
ions
yst
em:cons
is
tofoneormorewi
rel
esst
rans
mis
si
ons
endi
ngda
taba
ckt
oa
wir
eles
srec
eiv
erconne
cte
dtoaremotec
omputer
.

Se
rialc
ommunic
ati
ondat
aac
qui
si
ti
onsyst
em:ar
egoodchoi
ceswhe
ntheme
asur
eme
ntne
edst
obe
madea
taloc
ati
onwhi
chi
sdi
st
ancef
romcomput
er.

USBDAS:TheUni
ver
salSe
ria
lBus(
USB)i
sane
wst
anda
rdf
orc
onne
cti
ngP.
Ctope
riphe
ralde
vic
es
s
ucha
smoni
tor
,DAS.

64
 c
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Pr
oce
ssi
ngDa
taf
romt
hef
ie
ld

Da
tac
anbeoft
hre
ema
int
ype
s:

Ana
logda
ta(
rea
lnumbe
rs)
whi
chwi
llbet
rende
d(pl
ace
ding
raphs
)

Di
gi
talda
ta(
ON/
OFF)
whi
chma
yha
vea
lar
msa
tta
che
dtoones
tat
eort
heot
her

Pul
sedat
a(e
.g.c
ounti
ngr
evol
uti
onofame te
r)i
sanal
ogdat
anormal
lyaccumul
ate
dorc
ount
edsuchdata
ar
etre
ate
dwithi
ntheSCADAope r
atort
ermina
lsof
twar
edi
spl
aysa
sa na
logdat
aandmaybet
rended.

Dat
af r
omthef
iel
dareproce
sse
stodet
ectal
armcondi
ti
ons
,andifa
lar
mispredi
ct
ed,i
twil
lbedi
spl
aye
d
ondedi
cat
edal
armli
stontheappl
ic
ati
onsof
twar
erunni
ngonthece
ntr
alhos
tcompute
r.

Whereva
riable
sint
hefi
eldhavebe
enchangi
ngov e
rti
me,t
heSCADAsy
ste
m us
uall
yof
fe
rsatrendi
ng
s
yst
em wherethebeha
viourofapart
ic
ularvar
iabl
ecanbepl
ott
edonaGUIs c
reen(
graphi
calus
er
i
nte
rfa
cescr
e e
n).

Ta
sksi
nSCADAs
yst
em

I
nput/out
putt
ask–Thi
spr
ogr
ami
sthei
nte
rfa
cebe
twe
ent
hec
ont
rola
ndmoni
tor
ings
yst
ema
ndpl
ant
f
loor
.

Al
armtas
k–t hi
smanag
esalla
lar
msbyde
tec
ti
ngdi
gi
tala
lar
mpoi
nta
ndc
ompa
ringt
hev
alue
sofa
nal
og
al
armpoi
ntst
oalar
mthres
hhold.

NB:SCADAc a nbeseenasas yst

e m wi
thma nydat
aelement
scal
le
dpoi nts
.Ea c
hpointi
sa
monit
ororsensorandthe
repointsc a
nbee i
the
rsof
torhard.Harddat
apoi nt
scanbeonact
ual
monit
or;sof
tpointca
nbea ppl
icat
ionorsoft
warecal
cul
ati
on.Datael
ementsfromhandands
oft
poi
ntsareus
uall
ya l
waysre
cordeda ndlog
gedtocre
ateati
mesta
mporhistory.

Tr
endt
ask
:itc
oll
ect
sda
tat
obemoni
tor
edov
ert
ime
.

Reportta
sk–Re por
tsarepr
oduc
edf
rom pl
antda
ta.The
ser
epor
tsa
repe
riodi
c,e
ventt
ri
gge
redor
ac
tiv
atedbyt
heopera
tor
.

Di
spl
ayt
ask–ma
nag
esa
llda
tat
obemo
nit
ore
dbyt
heope
rat
ora
nda
llc
ont
rola
cti
onsr
eque
ste
d.

Appl
ic
ati
onofSCADAs
yst
em

I
nes
senc
e,SCADAa
ppl
ic
ati
onha
stwoe
leme
nts
:-

Theproc
ess
/s
yste
m/machi
ner
yne e
dedtobemonit
ore
dorc
ont
rol
le
d:-Thi
sca
nta
ket
hef
orm ofapowe
r
pl
ant
,wate
rsyst
em,ne
twork
,tr
aff
icl
ig
hts
yst
em.

65
 c
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Anet
workofint
el
li
gentdev
ice
stha
tinter
fac
eswi
tht
hef
irs
tsys
temt
hroug
hs e
nsor
sa ndcontr
olout
put.Thi
s
networ
k,whic
histheSCADAs ys
tem,gi
vest
hec
apa
bil
it
ytomeas
ureandcont
rolspe
cif
icel
ementsoft
he
fi
rs
tsys
tem.

SCADAs
yst
emsc
ont
rol
areus
edi
nthef
oll
owi
ngi
ndus
tr
ies

Ma
nufac
turi
ng:SCADAs y
ste
m managespa
rtsi
nve
ntor
ies
,re
gul
atei
ndus
tr
iala
utoma
tiona
ndr
obot
s,a
nd
moni
torproc
essa
ndqual
it
ycont
rol
.

Tr
aff
ics
igna
ls:SCADAr
egul
ate
str
aff
icl
ig
hts
,co
ntr
olst
raf
fi
cfl
owa
ndde
tec
tsoutofor
ders
igna
ls.

El
ect
ri
cpowe rgene
ra t
ion,transmis
si
ona nddi
st
ri
buti
on:Elect
ri
cuti
li
ti
esuseSCADA sys
temtodet
ect
curr
entf
lowandlinev ol
tag
e ,monit
ort
heope
rat
ionofci
rcui
tbre
ake
rs,andt
otak
ese
cti
onsoft
hepower
gri
doutl
ineorof
fl
ine.

Bui
ldi
ng,fa
cil
it
iesandenvir
onme
nt:Fa
cil
it
yma
nag
ersus
eSCADAt
ocont
rolHVAC,r
efr
ige
rat
ionuni
ts
lig
hti
ngande nt
rysy
ste
ms .

Wa
terandSewage:s
tat
eandmunici
palwa
terut
il
it
ie
sus
eSCADAt
omoni
tora
ndr
egul
atewa
terf
low,
re
ser
voi
rle
vel
sandpi
pepr
ess
ure
.

Ma
sst ra
nsit
:tr
ansi
tauthori
ti
esus
eSCADAt oreg
ulat
ee l
ect
ri
ci
tytosubwa
ys,tr
a i
nsandtr
oll
eybuses
,to
automatetr
aff
icsi
gnalsf
orrai
lsy
ste
m;t
otra
cka ndloca
tetr
ainsa
ndbuses;andtocont
rolra
ilr
oad–
cross
inggat
es.

Be
nef
it
sofSCADA

I
mpr
ove
dope
rat
ionoft
hepl
antorpr
oce
ssr
esul
ti
ngi
nsa
ving
sduet
oopt
imi
zat
ionoft
hes
yst
em.

Re
duc
est
heope
rat
inga
ndma
int
ena
ncec
osthe
ncema
ximi
zet
hepr
ofi
ts
.

Ma
ximi
zepr
oduc
ti
vi
ty
,ens
urec
ont
inuouspr
oduc
ti
ona
ndi
ncr
eas
edpr
oduc
ti
vi
tyoft
hepe
rsonne
l.

I
mpr
ove
dsa
fet
yoft
hes
yst
emduet
obe
tte
rinf
orma
tiona
ndi
mpr
ove
dcont
rol
.

Pr
ote
cti
ono
fthepl
ante
qui
pme
nt.

Sa
feg
uar
dingt
hee
nvi
ronme
ntf
romaf
ai
lur
eoft
hes
yst
em.

Enha
nce
sre
li
abi
li
tya
ndr
obus
tne
ssofc
rit
ic
ali
ndus
tr
ialpr
oce
sse
s.

I
mpr
ove
dene
rgys
avi
ngsduet
oopt
imi
zat
ionoft
hepl
ant
.

I
mpr
ove
dandqui
cke
rre
cei
ptofda
tas
otha
tcl
ie
ntsc
anbei
nvoi
cedmor
equi
ckl
yanda
ccur
ate
ly.

Gov
ernme
ntr
egul
ati
onsf
ors
afe
tya
ndme
ter
ingofg
as(
forr
oya
lti
es&t
axe
tc)
.

66
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Cr
eat
ingaf
unc
tionalSCADAs
yst
em

Pha s
e1:TheDESI GNoft hesyst
e ma rchite
ctureinc lude sthec ommuni cati
ons ys
tem.Al s
oi nvolved
i
nt hisinit
ialphasewi llbea nysiteinstrume ntati
ont ha tisnotc ur r
entlyi nexist
ence,butwi l
lbe
requi
redt omoni torde siredpa ra
me ters
.De sig
ns ta get rans l
a tethede si
g nba s
isdocume nti ntoa
syst
emde signanddoc ume ntthede s
ignc l
e ar
lya ndc ompl et
e l
ys othatitc anbec onst
ructedpr operly
,
commi s
sionedcompl etel
y ,andope rat
eda ndma intaine dr el
iabl yande ffi
ciently
.
Pha s
e2:TheSUPPLY ofRTU,c ommuni cati
on,a ndHMIe quipme nt,whi chcons i
st
sofaPC
syst
ema ndt herequire dpo we rf
ulgraphica nda l
a r
ms oftwa repr og r
ams .
Pha s
e3:ThePROGRAMMI NGoft hec ommuni ca t
ione quipme nta ndt hepowe rf
ulHMIg raphic
anda l
arms oft
wa repr ogra ms.
Pha s
e4:TheI NSTALLATI ON oft hec ommuni ca t
ione qui pme nta ndt hePC s yst
e m.Thes tage
i
nv ol
vesi nst
all
inga nd pl a ci
ngi nto ope rat
ion theSCADA s yst
e m ha r
dwa r
ea nd s oft
wa rei n
compliancewiththede signdoc ume nts
.
Pha s
e5:TheCOMMI SSI ONI NG oft hes yst
e m,whe r ec ommuni ca t
iona ndHMIpr og r
a mmi ng
proble
msa resolved,a ndt hesystemi spr ov ent ot hec li
e nt,a ndope ratortrai
ninga nds ys
tem
docume ntat
ionispr ov i
de d.Commi ssi
oningi sthef orma lproc essofv erify
inga nddoc ume nti
ngt hat
theinst
a l
ledSCADAs y s
temc ompl i
eswi tha ndpe rfor msi na ccordanc ewi ththede si
gni ntent,as
defi
nedint hedesigndoc ume ntati
on

De
sig
nappr
oac
hes
/s
tra
teg
iesf
orSCADAs
yst
em

Loc
alc
ont
rols
yst
em

Itde
scr
ibesasy
ste
ma rchi
te
ctureinwhi
chsensor
s,c
ont
roll
ersandcont
rol
le
dequi
pmentsa
rewi
thi
ncl
ose
prox
imit
ya ndt
hescopeofeachcont
rol
le
risli
mit
edtoaspecif
ics
yst
emorsub-
sys
tem.

Loca
lcont
rol
le
rsar
ety
pic
all
yca
pabl
eofa
cce
pti
ngi
nput
sfr
om as
upe
rvi
sor
ycont
rol
le
rtoi
nit
iat
eor
t
ermina
tel
oca
ll
y.

Cont
roll
edautomat
icseque
nce
,ort
oadj
ustc
ont
rols
etpoi
nts
,butt
hec
ont
rola
cti
oni
ts
elfi
sde
ter
mine
d
i
nthelocalc
ontr
oll
er.

67
 c
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a
)Loc
al b)
Cent
ral
iz
ed

Ce
ntr
ali
zedc
ont
rols
yst
em

Des
cri
besasys
teminwhi
challs
ensor
s,a
ctua
tor
sandot
here
qui
pmentwit
hint
hef
aci
li
tya
rec
onne
cte
d
t
oasingl
econt
rol
le
rorag
roupofcont
rol
le
rsl
ocat
edi
nacommoncont
rolr
oom.

Thi
sty
pewa
scommonf
orpo
werpl
ant
sandot
herf
aci
li
ti
esus
ings
ing
le-
loopc
ont
rol
le
rs.

Di
st
ri
but
edc
ont
rols
yst
em

I
tof
fe
rst
hebe
stf
eat
ure
sofbot
hloc
alc
ont
rol
andc
ent
ral
iz
edc
ont
rol
.

I
naDCS,c ont
rol
le
rsar
epr
ovi
dedloc
a l
lytosyst
emsorgroupofequipmentbutnet
wor
kedt
ooneor
mor
eope
rat
orst
ati
onsi
nace
ntr
all
ocat
ionthroug
hadigi
talcommunic
ationci
rcui
t.

Contr
olacti
onforeachs y
stem orsubsyst
emt ak
esplaceinaloca
lcontr
oll
erbutthece
ntra
lopera
tor
s
tat
ionhascomplet
ev i
si
bil
it
yofthestat
usofa l
lsys
temsandthei
nputandout
putdatai
neachcont
rol
ler
,
aswel
lastheabi
li
tytoint
erve
nei nt
hec ontr
ollog
icofthel
ocalc
ont
rol
leri
fnece
ssa
ry.

I
naDSC,da
taa
cqui
si
ti
ona
ndc
ont
rolf
unc
ti
onsa
repe
rfor
medbyanumbe
rofdi
st
ri
but
edmi
cro-

68
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pr
oces
sor
-ba
seduni
ts
,si
tua
tedne
art
othede
vic
esbe
ingc
ont
rol
le
dort
hei
nst
rume
ntf
rom whi
chda
tai
s
be
inggat
her
ed.

I
nputandoutputwi
ri
ngr
unsa
res
hor
tandl
essv
ulne
rabl
etophy
sic
alde
scr
ipt
ionore
lec
tro-
mag
net
ic
i
nte
rfe
renc
e.

Theda
tahi
ghwa
yisnor
mal
lyc
apa
bleofhi
ghs
pee
d

Us
erConf
igur
abl
eOpe
nSys
tem(
UCOS)

UCOSi sac ontr

ols y
ste
mt hate mploysobject
-ori
ente
dt echniquesate ve
rylevelofit
ssyst
em
ar
chitect
ure
.Itincl
udesanumbe rofs ubsys
temswhi chsegme ntthefuncti
onal
it
yofUCOS.Thi s
i
ncludesanEng i
neeri
ngWor ks
tat
ionSubs y
ste
m,a nOpe r
atorWor k
stat
ionSubs
yste
m,a ndaField
ControlUnit(
FCU) Contr
oll
erSubsys
tem.Thes ubsys
temscommuni c
ateviaaContr
olNetwork
.

Eng
ine
eri
ngWor
kst
ati
on(
EWS)us
edf
orpr
oje
ctde
vel
opme
nt.TheEWSi
sthede
vel
opme
ntt
oolwhe
re

69
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cont
rolsche
me sa r
ec onfi
guredthendo wnloadedtotheOWS,FCU,a ndSDS.Thee ntireproj
ectis
conf
igure
dusingas i
nglei
ntegrat
edtoolba s
edong r
aphic
alWi ndowsstandards.Gr aphicaltec
hniques
areal
sousedtode f
inethelogi
calrel
ati
onshi
psa mongthedevi
ce si
napr ocessa
r e
a .Proje
c tconf
igur
ation
begi
nsbyde f
ini
ngt hesyst
ema rchi
tect
ure:workst
ati
ons,f
ie
ldcontroluni
ts(FCUs ),I/
O,ne t
working
,e tc
.
Graphica
ltechni
que sarea l
sousedtode fi
net helog
icalr
ela
tionshi
psa mongt hec ontrole l
ementsfor
multi
pledev
ices.

OperatorWor kst
ati
on( OWS)foroperat
orinte
rfa
ce.Thisisus
edtomonit
orandcontr
oltheproce
ss.I
t
use
sthepr oj
ectscre
ensc r
eat
edduringproj
ectdevel
opmentandanimat
esthe
m base
donr eal-
ti
meda t
a
re
ceiv
edf rom fie
ldc ont
rolunit
sandf i
elddataserver
s. Aut
hori
zedopera
torsc
anmoni tordet
ail
ed
act
ivi
ti
esforma nytypesofdev
icesa
nds e
ndc omma ndsusi
ngst
andardf
ace
plat
ecomma ndwindowsand
gr
oupdi s
plays
.

FieldCont r
olUni t(FCU)f orcontr
ollogi
cexecut
ionanddir
ectscanni
ngofI /
O.TheFCUpr ov i
desI/
O
servi
cesbymo nit
oringa ndcontrol
li
ngI /
Oacrossst
andar
dne twor
k sa
ndda tahi
ghways.TheFCU c an
providesimultaneoussupportformultipl
eve
ndor s
’I/
Oa ndI/O networks.Thevar
iet
yofplat
forma nd
form-fa
ctoro pt
ionss upport
edbyt heFCU a l
lowsincor
porat
ionofdistr
ibute
d,di
st
inctI/
Os ubsys
tems
i
ntoc ommonc ontrolstr
ate
g i
es.

Contr
olNe twork
.System suppor
tsr edundantand non-re
dunda ntfi
beroptica nd Ethe
rnetlocal
net
worksusi
ngtheTCP/IPnetwork
ingpr ot
ocolf
orst
andardi
zed,advanc
eda ppl
ic
ati
onc onnec
ti
vi
ty.The
LAN/WANc anbeext
endedtoothersit
esinsi
deorouts
idetheplantusi
ngsuchremot ecommunic
a t
ions
te
chnol
ogie
sa ssat
el
li
te
,r a
dio,microwav e
,a nddi
al-
upr unningsuchstandar
dpr otocol
sasTCP/ IP,
Modbus,OPC,DDE

I/
O Subsyste
ms upport
ingI/
Of rom al
lindust
ryst
andar
ds uppl
ier
s.Thes a
mel og
icca
nbesol
vedto
ma ni
pul
atedif
fer
entI/
Os ubsy
ste
msf r
om diff
ere
ntmanufac
turer
swithouthavi
ngtocha
ngea
nyofthe
progr
ammi ngoroper
ati
onalpar
ameter
softheconfi
gur
edsys
tem.

SCADA Da taSer
ver(
SDS)f
orinte
rfa
cingdatafr
om int
el
li
gentde
vic
es,s
ucha
sPLCs
,Fi
el
dbus
te
chnol
ogi
es,RTUs
,PLCI/
O,a
ndothert
hird-
par
tyde
vic
es

Proce
ssHis
tori
calArchi
ver(PHA)f
orstor
inga
ndr
etr
iev
inghi
st
ori
calda
tac
oll
ect
edbyt
heFCU,SDS
oranyot
herint
el
lig
entdevi
ceint
hesys
tem

mi
croFCU:i
sas
mal
l,l
ow-
powe
redPLCt
hate
xec
ute
sse
que
nti
ala
ndr
egul
ator
ylog
ica
nddi
rec
tl
ysc
ans
onboardI/
O.Itc
anrepl
aceRTUsa tasigni
fi
cantr
educ
ti
onincosta
ndpowe
rcons
umpt
ion–pl
usi
tca
n
provi
deloc
ali
nte
ll
ig
entcont
rolofde
vic
es,whic
hRTUsc an'
tdo.

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SCADASECURI
TY/ACCESSCONTROL

Acces
scont
rolist
hes
ele
cti
veres
tr
ict
iont
oacc
esstoaplant
/pl
aceorothe
rres
our
ces.Henc
ethes
ecuri
ty
acc
esscont
roli
sthea
ctofens
uri
ngthatana
uthenti
cat
eduseracc
ess
esonlywha
ttheya
reaut
hor
izedto
andnomor e.

SCADAs ys
temsareus
edtocont
rola
ndmonitorphys
icalpr
oces
ses
,howev
ert
hesec
uri
tyofthe
sesys
tem
i
simport
antbeca
usecompromis
eordes
tr
uct
ionofthesesys
tem mayimpa
ctmul
ti
plea
reasofsoc
iet
yor
i
ndus
tri
es.

I
tisimpor
tantt
obea bl
etode
tec
tpos
si
blea
tta
cksa
ndr
espondi
nana
ppr
opr
iat
ema
nne
rino
rde
rto
mini
mizet
heimpac
ts.

71
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Pr
otec
t:De pl
oyi
ngspe
c i
ficprote
cti
onme
asur
est
opr
eve
nta
nddi
scour
agee
lec
troni
cat
tac
k
ag
ains
ttheproc
essc
ont
rolsy
ste
ms.

De
tec
t:Es
tabl
is
hingme
cha
nis
msf
orr
api
dlyi
dent
if
yi
nga
ctua
lors
uspe
cte
del
ect
roni
cat
tac
ks.

Res
pond:Undert
aki
ngappr
opr
iat
eac
ti
oni
nre
spons
etoc
onfir
meds
ecur
it
yinc
ide
ntsa
gai
nstt
he
pr
oces
scont
rols
yst
ems.

De
fenc
einDe
pth

Wher
eas
ingl
eprote
cti
onmeas
urehasbee
nde pl
oye
dtoprote
ctasy
ste
m,ther
ei sar
iskt
hati
fawe
akne
ss
i
ntha
tme
a s
urei
sident
ifie
dandexpl
oit
edthe
reisef
fe
cti
vel
ynoprot
ect
ionpr
ovided.

Nosingl
esecur
it
yme asurei
ts
elfi
sfoolpr
oofasvul
ner
abi
li
ti
esa
ndwe a
k nes
sesc
oul
dbeide
nti
fiedatany
poi
ntinti
me.I nordertore
ducetheseri
sks
,imple
menti
ngmult
ipl
eprote
cti
onmeas
ure
sinse
rie
savoi
ds
si
ngl
epoint
soffai
lur
e.

I
nor
dert
osaf
e g
uardt
heproc
essc
ont
rols
yst
emf r
ome l
ect
roni
catta
c k
s(e.
g.ha
cke
rs,wormsandv
irus
es)
,
i
tma
ybeins
uffici
entt
ore
lyonasi
ngl
efirewal
l,de
sig
nedtoprot
ectthecor
pora
teI
Tne twor
k.

A muchmor eeff
ect
ives
ecuri
tymodelist
obuil
dont hebene
fitsofthec
orpora
tefirewa
llwi
tha n
a
ddit
ionalde
dic
a t
edproc
esscont
rolfir
ewal
landdepl
oyothe
rprote
cti
onmeasur
essuc
ha sant
i-
vir
us
s
oft
wa r
eandint
rusi
ondet
ect
ion

Re
mot
eac
ces
s

Maint
ainani
nve
ntor
yofa
llr
emot
eac
ces
sconne
cti
onsa
ndt
ype
s(e
.g.v
irt
ualpr
iva
tene
twor
kor
modems)
.

Ensur
ethataval
idbus
ine
ssj
ust
ific
ati
one
xis
tsf
ora
llr
emot
eac
ces
sconne
cti
onsa
ndk
eepr
emot
e
conne
cti
onst
oamini
mum.

Impl
ementappr
opr
iat
eaut
hent
ic
ati
on me
cha
nis
ms(
e.
g.s
tr
ong a
uthe
nti
cat
ion)f
orr
emot
eac
ces
s
c
onnec
ti
ons
.

I
mple
me nta
ppr
opr
iat
epr
oce
dur
esa
nda
ssur
anc
eme
cha
nis
msf
ore
nabl
inga
nddi
sabl
ingr
emot
eac
ces
s
c
onnec
ti
ons.

Ens
uret
hatr
emot
eac
ces
sco
mput
ersa
rea
ppr
opr
iat
el
yse
cur
ed(
e.
g.a
nti
-vi
rus
,ant
i-s
pama
ndpe
rsona
l
fir
ewal
ls
).

Ant
i-
vir
us:

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Pr
ote
ctpr
oce
ssc
ont
rol
sys
temswi
tha
nti
-vi
russ
oft
war
eonwor
kst
ati
onsa
nds
erv
ers
.

Whereanti
-vi
russof
twar
ecannotbedepl
oyedot
he rpr
ote
cti
onme
asur
ess
houl
dbei
mpl
eme
nte
d(e
.g.
ga
tewayant
i-
virussc
anni
ngormanualmedi
achec
king)

E-
mai
landI
nte
rne
tac
ces
s

Di
sabl
eal
lema
ila
ndi
nte
rne
tac
ces
sfr
ompr
oce
ssc
ont
rols
yst
ems
.

Sy
ste
mha
rde
ning

Unde
rta
keha
rde
ningofpr
oce
ssc
ont
rols
yst
emst
opr
eve
ntne
twor
kba
seda
tta
cks
.

Removeordis
ableunus
eds
erv
ice
sandpor
tsi
ntheo
per
ati
ngs
yst
emsa
nda
ppl
ic
ati
onst
opr
eve
nt
una
uthor
ize
duse
.

Underst
andwhatport
sareope
na ndwhatser
vic
esandpr otoc
olsus
edbydevic
es(
espe
c i
al
lyembedde
d
devi
cessuc
ha sPLCsandRTUs )
.Thiscoul
dbee st
abli
shedbyapor tsc
aninatestenvi
ronment
.All
unneces
sar
yport
sandser
vic
ess
houldbedi
sabl
ed(e.
g.embe dde
dwe bse
rve
rs)
.

Ens
urea
lli
nbui
lts
yst
ems
ecur
it
yfe
atur
esa
ree
nabl
ed.

Wher
epossi
bler
estr
ictt
heuseofr e
movabl
eme di
a(e.
g.CDs,floppydis
ks,USBme moryst
ic
kset
c.
)and
i
fpos
sibl
eremovabl
eme diashouldnotbeuse
d.Whe r
eitisneces
sar
yt ous
er e
mov a
blemedi
athen
pr
oce
duress
houl
dbei npla
cetoe ns
uret
hatt
hesearec
hecke
dforma l
warepri
ortouse
.

Ba
ckupsa
ndr
ecov
ery

Ensuree
ff
ect
iveba
ckupa ndr ec
over
ypr oce
dur
esarei
nplac
e,anda r
ea ppr
opr
iat
efort
hei
dent
ifie
d
el
ectr
oni
candphys
ica
lthr
e a
ts.Thes
eshouldber
evi
ewedandr
egul
arl
ytes
ted.

Tes
ttheint
egr
it
yofba
ckupsr
egul
arl
ythr
oug
haf
ullr
est
orepr
oce
ss.St
oreba
ckupsa
tona
ndof
fsi
te
l
ocat
ions
.

Me
dias
houl
dbet
rans
por
teds
ecur
elya
nds
tor
edi
nappr
opr
iat
el
yse
cur
eloc
ati
ons
.

Phy
sic
als
ecur
it
y

Depl
oy phy
sica
lse
cur
it
y pr
ote
cti
on meas
ure
st o pr
ote
ctproce
sscontr
ols
yst
emsa
nd a
ssoc
iat
ed
ne
twork
ingequi
pme
ntf
romphys
ica
lat
tac
kandloc
alunaut
hor
ize
dacce
ss.

Ac
ombi
nat
ionofpr
ote
cti
onme
asur
esi
sli
kel
ytober
equi
redwhi
chc
oul
dinc
lude
,dr
ivel
ock
s,t
ampe
r

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.com

pr
oofc
asi
ng,s
ecur
ese
rve
rrooms
,ac
ces
scont
rol
sys
temsa
ndCCTV.

Se
cur
it
ypa
tchi
ng

I
mpl
eme
ntpr
oce
sse
sforde
ploy
mentofs
ecur
it
ypa
tche
stopr
oce
ssc
ont
rols
yst
ems
.

The
sepr
oce
sse
sshoul
dbes
uppor
tedbyde
ploy
menta
nda
udi
ttool
s.

Theproc
ess
esshoul
dma k
ea l
lowanceforve
ndorcer
ti
fica
tionofpa t
che
s,te
sti
ngofpat
che
spri
ort
o
de
ploy
mentandasta
geddepl
oymentproce
sst
omini
mizet
her i
skofdi
sr
upti
onfr
omthecha
nge.

Wheres
ecuri
typa
tchi
ngi
snotpos
si
bleorpr
act
ic
al,a
lte
rna
tiv
eappr
opr
iat
epr
ote
cti
onme
asur
ess
houl
d
bec
onsi
dere
d.

Pe
rsonne
lba
ckg
roundc
hec
ks

Ensureal
lst
affwi
thope
rat
iona
lora
dmi
nis
tr
ati
ona
cce
sst
opr
oce
ssc
ont
rols
yst
emsa
rea
ppr
opr
iat
el
y
sc
reened.

Pa
sswor
dsa
nda
ccount
s

I
mpl
ementa ndenf
orc
eapa
sswor
dpol
ic
yfora
llpr
oce
ssc
ont
rols
yst
emst
hatc
ove
rst
reng
thofpa
sswor
ds
a
ndexpi
rat
ionti
mes.

I
tisre
comme ndedthatpa
sswordsarechangedfre
quentl
y,butwhe
ret
hisi
snotpos
si
bleorpr
act
ic
al,
a
lte
rna
tiv
eappropr
iat
eprot
ecti
onshouldbeconsi
dered.

Re
gul
arl
yre
vie
wal
lac
ces
sri
ght
sandde
commi
ss
ionol
dac
count
s.

Whe
repos
si
blec
hang
eve
ndorpa
sswor
dsf
romde
faul
tse
tti
ngs
.

Pa
sswo
rdsma
ynotbede
eme
dne
ces
sar
yfors
omef
unc
ti
ons(
e.
g.v
iewonl
ymode
).

Cons
ide
rst
rong
era
uthe
nti
cat
ionme
thodsf
orc
rit
ic
alf
unc
ti
ons
.

Doc
ume
nts
ecur
it
yfr
ame
wor
k

Doc
ume
ntaf
ulli
nve
ntor
yoft
hepr
oce
ssc
ont
rols
yst
emsa
ndc
ompone
nts
.

Documentthef
rameworktha
tprov
ide
sthes
ecur
it
yfort
hepr
oce
ssc
ont
rols
yst
emsa
ndr
egul
arl
yre
vie
w
andupdat
etore
flectcur
rentt
hre
ats
.

Thisdocuments
houldi
ncl
udedet
ail
softher
is
kas
ses
sme
nts
,as
sumpt
ionsma
de,k
nownv
ulne
rabi
li
ti
es
andsecur
it
yprot
ect
ionmea
sur
esdepl
oye
d.

74
 c
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Ens
urea
llpr
oce
ssc
ont
rols
yst
emdoc
ume
nta
tioni
sse
cur
eda
nda
cce
ssl
imi
te
dtoa
uthor
ize
dpe
rsonne
l

75
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Topi
c4:I
NDUSTRI
ALCOMMUNI
CATI
ONNETWORK

I
ntr
oduc
tion

I
ndus
tr
ialc
ommunica
tionr
efer
stot
hewidera
ngeofha
rdwar
eandsof
twar
eproduct
sandpr
otoc
olsus
ed
t
ocommunica
tebe
tweenst
andardc
ompute
rplat
for
msandde
vic
esus
edini
ndust
ria
laut
omat
ion.

Althoughac ommunic
ati
onc i
rcui
tcaninvol
v eonl
ytwopie
cesofequi
pmentwit
hac i
rcui
tbet
weent
hem,
theterm net
worktypi
cal
lyref
erstoconnect
ingma nyde
vice
stoge
thertoper
mitsha
ringofdat
abet
ween
devicesove
ras i
ngl
eorredundantci
rcui
t.

Theindus
tri
alaut
omati
ons ys
temsa
reoft
enimpl
ement
eda
sanope
ndi
st
ri
but
eda
rchi
te
ctur
ewi
th
communic
ati
onoverdi
gi
talc
ommunic
ati
onnet
wor
ks.

I
tisnow commonforuse
rsconnect
edtoaloc
alar
eanet
workt
ocommuni
cat
ewithcomput
ersor
a
utomat
iondev
ice
sonot
herloc
alar
eanet
wor
ksvi
aga
tewa
ysl
ink
edbyawi
dear
eanet
work
.

Astheindust
ri
alaut
omationsyst
emsbe c
omeslar
geandthenumberofa
utomat
ionde
vic
esinc
reas
es,i
t
hasbecomev er
yimportantforindus
tr
iala
utomati
ontoprovi
dest
anda
rdswhic
hma keitpos
si
bleto
i
nter
connectmanydif
fe
rentautomati
ondevi
cesi
nas t
anda
rdway.

Cons
ide
rabl
einte
rnat
ionalstanda
rdiza
tioneff
ort
sha vebe
enma dei
nt hear
eaofloc
alare
anetwork
s.
The Open Sys
temsI nt
erconnect
ion (OSI)standar
dspe r
mitany pai
rofa ut
omati
on de
vice
st o
communi
cat
erel
iabl
yregardl
essofthema nuf
act
urer.

Bydefi
nit
ion,anindus
tri
alnet
workrequi
resg
eogra
phica
ldi
st
ri
but
ionofthephys
ica
lmeasur
eme
ntI/
O
and s
ensorsorf unct
ionaldi
str
ibut
ion ofappl
ic
ati
ons.Mosti
ndust
ri
a lnet
workst
ransf
erbi
tsof
i
nfor
ma t
ionser
ial
ly.

Se
ria
ldatatr
ansf
erhastheadvanta
geofr equi
ri
ngonlyal i
mit
ednumberofwir
estoexcha
ng edat
a
be
tweendev
ices
.Withfewerwir
es,wec a
ns endinf
ormat
ionovergr
eat
erdi
st
ance
s.Bec
auseindus
tr
ial
ne
twork
sworkwiths
ever
aldevi
cesonthesameli
ne,i
tise
asie
rtoaddanewdev
icet
oexi
st
ingsy
stems.

Tomakeallt
hiswork
,ournet
workmustde
fi
neasetofrul
es–acommunic
ati
onpr
otoc
ol-
-tode
ter
mine
howi
nfor
ma t
ionfl
owsonthenet
workofde
vic
es,c
ontr
olle
rs,PCs
,ands
oon.

Wit
hi mprove
dc ommunicati
onpro
tocol
s,i
tisnowposs
ibletoreduc
etheti
mene e
dedfort
hetr
ansfe
r,
e
nsurebett
erdataprot
ect
ion,andgua
rante
etimesy
nchroniz
ati
on,andrea
l-t
imedet
ermi
nis
ti
cre
sponse
i
nsomea ppl
icat
ions
.

76
 c
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Indus
tr
ialne
twork
sa l
soens
uretha
tthes
yst
ems
endsi
nfor
mat
ionr
eli
abl
ywi
thoute
rror
sands
ecur
ely
betwe
ennodesonthenet
work.

Ne
twor
kle
vel
s

Theindust
ria
la ut
oma t
ionsys
temscanbev erycompl
ex,anditisusua
ll
ys t
ruc
ture
di nt
osev
eral
hi
erar
chi
callev
els
.Ea c
hofthehier
arc
hic
alle
velha
sa na
ppropr
iat
ecommunic
ati
onlev
el,whi
chpl
ace
s
di
ff
ere
ntrequi
rementsonthec
ommunicat
ionnet
work.

Indust
ri
alnet
worksmaybecla
ssi
fi
edinse
veraldif
fe
rentc
ateg
orie
s base
donf unct
iona
li
ty:f
iel
d-l
eve
l
network
s(s
ensor
,act
uat
orordevi
cebus
es)
,contr
ol-
lev
elnet
works(c
ont
rolbus
es)andinf
ormat
ion-l
eve
l
network
s

77
c
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78
 c
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ntonma
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a9@g
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.com

Fi
el
dle
vel

Thelowes
tle
velofthea
utoma
tionhi
era
rchyi
sthef
ie
ldl
eve
l,whi
chi
ncl
ude
sthef
ie
ldde
vic
ess
ucha
s
ac
tua
torsa
ndsensor
s.

Theel
ementar
yfie
lddevic
esares
omet
imescl
ass
if
ie
da stheel
ements
ublev
el.Thet
askofthede
vic
esi
n
t
hefi
el
dle
v e
listot
rans
ferdat
abet
wee
nt hemanuf
act
uredproduc
tandthet
echni
cal
proce
ss.

Theda t
ama ybebothbinar
yanda nalo
gue.Measuredval
uesma ybeavai
la
blef
orashor
tperi
odoft
ime
oroveralongperiodofti
me.Fort hefi
el
dlevelcommunicat
ion,par
all
el
,mult
i-wi
reca
ble
s,andse
ria
l
int
erf
acess
uchasthe20mAc ur
rentloophasbe
enwi del
yusedf
r omthepast
.

Theseri
alcommuni
cat
ions
tandardssuc
ha sRS232C,RS422,andRS485a
remos
tcommonl
yus
ed
pr
otoc
olst
oget
herwi
tht
hepar
a l
le
lc ommuni
cat
ionst
anda
rdIEEE488.

Thos
epoint-
to-
pointcommunic
ati
onmethodshaveev
olv
edtothebusc
ommuni
cat
ionne
twor
ktoc
ope
wi
ththec
a bl
ingcosta
ndtoachi
eveahi
ghqua l
it
ycommunic
ati
on.

Fie
ld-
lev
eli
ndus
tr
ialne
twor
ksa
real
arg
eca
teg
ory
,di
st
ing
uis
hedbyc
har
act
eri
st
ic
ssuc
hasme
ssa
ges
ize
andres
pons
eti
me.

Ingenera
l,thesenetwor
ksconnects
ma r
tdevic
esthatworkcoope
rat
ivel
yinadist
ri
but
ed,t
ime-
cri
ti
cal
net
work.The yoffe
rhigher
-l
eveldi
agnos
tica
ndc onf
igur
ati
oncapabi
li
ti
esgene
ral
lyatt
hecos
tofmore
i
ntel
li
gence,proce
ssi
ngpower,a
ndprice.

Atthei
rmostsophi
st
ic
ate
d,f
ie
ldbusnet
wor
kswor
kwi
tht
rul
ydi
st
ri
but
edc
ont
rola
mongi
nte
ll
ig
ent
de
vice
sli
keFOUNDATI ONFiel
dbus.

Commonne
twor
ksinclude
di nthede v
ice
busandfiel
dbusc
lass
esi
ncl
udeCANOpe
n,De
vic
eNe
t,
FOUNDATI
ONFi e
ldbus,I
nte
rbus
-S,LonWork
s,Pr
ofi
bus-
DP,andSDS.

Nowa da
ys,thefiel
dbusisof
ten usedf orinf
orma
tion t
rans
fer i
nt hef ie
ldlev
el.Duet otiming
r
equir
ements,whi
chha v
etobes t
rict
lyobser
vedinanautomati
onproc
e s
s,theappl
ica
tionsinthefi
eld
l
evelc
ontrol
ler
sre
quir
ecycl
ict
ransportf
uncti
ons
,whi
chtransmi
tsour
ceinfor
ma ti
onatre
g ul
arint
erva
ls.

Theda
tar
epr
ese
nta
tionmus
tbea
sshor
taspos
si
blei
nor
dert
ore
duc
eme
ssa
get
rans
fert
imeont
hebus
.

Cont
rolLe
vel

Att
hec
ont
roll
eve
l,t
hei
nfor
mat
ionf
lowma
inl
ycons
is
tsoft
hel
oadi
ngofpr
ogr
ams
,pa
rame
ter
sandda
ta.

I
nproc
ess
eswit
hshor
tmachi
neidl
etimesandr
eadjus
tment
s,t
hisi
sdoneduri
ngthepr
oduct
ionpr
oce
ss.
I
nsmal
lcont
rol
le
rsi
tmaybenec
e s
sar
ytoloads
ubrout
ine
sduri
ngonema nuf
act
uri
ngcyc
le.

Thi
sde
ter
mine
sthet
imi
ngr
equi
reme
nts
.Itc
anbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo:c
ella
nda
reas
ubl
eve
ls.

79
 c
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i
)Ce
lls
ubl
eve
l:

Forthec e
lll
eve
lopera
tions
,ma c
hinesy
nchroni
zat
ionsandeve
nthandl
ingsmayr
equi
reshor
tre
spons
e
ti
mesont hebus.Thes
er eal
-t
imerequi
rement
sa renotcompati
blewit
htimeexce
ssi
vetr
ans
fer
sof
appl
ica
tionprog
rams,t
husma ki
ngadapt
abl
eme ss
ageseg
me nt
ati
onnece
ssa
ry.

I
nordert
oachi
evethecommuni ca
tionre
quir
eme nt
sinthisl
evel
,loca
la r
eanetwor
kshavebe
enusedas
t
hecommuni
cati
onnetwork.Aft
ertheintr
oduct
ionoftheCI Mc onceptandt
heDCCSc once
pt,many
c
ompanie
sde
v e
lope
dtheirpropr
iet
arynet
worksf
orthecellle
velofanautomat
ionsys
tem.

TheEt
herne
ttog
ethe
rwithTCP/IP(t
ransmis
si
onc ont
rolpr
otocol
/i
nte
rne
tpr
otoc
ol)wasa
cce
pte
dasade
f
act
ost
andar
dforthi
sle
vel
,thoug
hitcannotprov
ideatruereal
-ti
mecommuni
cat
ion.

Ma
nye
ff
ort
sha
vebe
enma
def
ort
hes
tanda
rdi
zat
ionoft
hec
ommuni
cat
ionne
twor
kfort
hec
elll
eve
l.

TheIEEEsta
ndardne
twork
sbasedontheOSIl a
yer
edar
chit
ect
urewer
edevelope
dandtheMini
-MAP
net
workwasdevel
ope
dt orea
li
zeas t
andardcommunic
ati
onbe t
wee
nv a
riousdevi
cesf
rom di
ff
ere
nt
ve
ndors
.Somefi
el
dbuse
scanal
sobeusedfort
hisl
eve
l.

i
i)Ar
eas
ubl
eve
l:

Thearealeve
lcons
is
tsofc
ell
scombi
nedi
ntog
roups
.Ce
ll
sar
ede
sig
nedwi
tha
nappl
ic
ati
on-
ori
ent
ed
f
unct
ional
it
y.

Bythea
reale
velcont
rol
le
rsorproc
essoper
ator
s,thecontr
oll
inga ndi
nte
rve
ningfunc
ti
onsarema
de
suc
hast
hese
tti
ngofpr
oducti
ont
arge
ts,mac
hinest
artupandshutdown,a
ndemerge
ncyacti
vi
ti
es.

Control-
lev
e lnet
worksare t y
pical
lyuse
df orpeer
-to-
peernetwor
ks be t
weencont
rol
le
rssuc
ha s
prog
ra mma blel
ogi
ccontr
oll
ers(
PLCs )
,di
st
ri
bute
dcontrols
yst
ems(DCS),andcomput
ers
yst
emsuse
dfor
human- machinei
nte
rfa
ce(HMI ),hi
st
ori
cal
archi
vi
ng,andsuper
vis
orycont
rol
.

Cont
rolbusesar
e us
edt
ocoor
dina
tea
nd s
ync
hroni
zec
ont
rolbe
twe
en pr
oduc
ti
on uni
tsa
nd
manuf
act
uri
ngce
ll
s.

Typi
cal
ly,Contr
olNe
t,PROFI
BUS-
FMSa
nd(
for
mer
ly)MAPa
reus
eda
sthei
ndus
tr
ialne
twor
ksf
or
cont
rol
le
rbuses
.

I
nadditi
on,wec a
nf re
quent
lyus
eEt
her
netwi
thTCP/
IPa
sac
ont
rol
le
rbust
oconne
ctuppe
r-l
eve
l
c
ont
roldevi
cesa
ndc omput
ers
.

I
nfor
mat
ionl
eve
l

Thei
nfor
mat
ionl
eve
list
het
opl
eve
lofapl
antora
nindus
tr
iala
utoma
tions
yst
em.

80
 c
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ntonma
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Thepla
ntlev
elcontr
oll
erg
athe
rst
hema
nag
eme
nti
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
hea
real
eve
ls,a
ndma
nag
est
he
whol
eautomat
ionsy
ste
m.

Atthei
nformat
ionle
velt
her
eexi
stl
arg
esc
alene
twor
ks,e
.g.Et
her
netWANsf
orf
act
orypl
anni
nga
nd
manage
me nti
nfor
mati
onexc
hang
e.

Et
her
netne
twor
ksa
reus
eda
sag
ate
wayt
oconne
ctot
heri
ndus
tr
ialne
twor
ks.

Wit
hr es
pectt
oma nag
eme
ntI
nfor
mat
ionSy
ste
m Communi
cat
ioni
naut
oma
teds
yst
em,t
her
ear
ethr
ee
t
ypesofnet
worksus
ed:

Loc
alAr
eaNe
twor
k(LAN)

Wi
deAr
eaNe
twor
k(WAN)

Me
tropol
it
ana
reane
twor
k(MAN)

1)Loc
alAr
eaNe
twor
k(LAN)

The
set
ype
sofne
twor
ksc
onne
ctne
twor
kde
vic
esov
erar
ela
tiv
elys
hor
tdi
st
anc
e.

Quit
eof
ten,anet
worke
doff
ic
ebuil
ding
,homeors
choolc
ont
ainsas
ing
leLANa
lthoug
hiti
snor
malt
o
comeac
rossabui
ldi
ngt
hatc
onta
insafe
wsmal
lLANs.

Onaf e
wocc
asi
ons,aLANmaya
lsos
panov
erag
roupofne
arbybui
ldi
ngs
.Suc
hne
twor
ksa
reus
ual
ly
owne
dbyoneor
ganiz
ati
on.

I
tint
erc
onnect
scomput
ersa
ndfil
eddevic
es/
per
ipher
alsov
eracommonme
dium s
ous
ersmi
ghts
har
e
a
cces
stohos
tcomput
ers
,dat
aba
se,f
il
es,
appli
cat
ionsa
ndperi
phe
ral
s.

Thef
oll
owi
ngc
har
act
eri
st
ic
sdi
ff
ere
nti
ateoneLANf
roma
not
her

Topol
ogy–Theg
eome
tri
car
rang
eme
ntofde
vic
esont
hene
twor
ke.
g.s
tar
,ri
nge
tc.

Pr
otocols–Ther ule
sa ndencodi
ngs pe
cifi
cat
ionsf
orsendingda
ta. Thepr
otoc
ola
lsode
ter
mine
s
whet
he rthene
twor
kusespee
rtopeerorcl
ient/
ser
vera
rchi
te
cture
.

Medi
um/medi
a–Dev i
cesca
nbec onne
cte
dbyt wis
tedpai
nwire,c
oax
ialcabl
e,orfi
breopt
icc
abl
es.
Somene
twork
sdowi
thoutc
onne
cti
ngme di
ains
tea
dc ommuni
cat
ethr
oughra
diowa v
es.

2)Wi
deAr
eaNe
twor
k(WAN)

WANi sadat
acommuni c
ati
onne
tworkt
hatcove
rsarel
ati
vel
ybroa
dg e
ogra
phi
cala
reaa
ndof
tenus
es
t
rans
miss
ionf
aci
li
ti
espr
ovi
dedbycommoncar
rie
rse.
gte
lephonec
ompanie
s.

WAN t
echnol
ogi
esg
ene
ral
lyf
unc
ti
ona
tthel
owe
rla
yer
soft
heOSIr
efe
renc
emode
l(Ope
nsy
ste
m

81
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

I
nte
rconne
cti
on)
thephy
sic
all
aye
r,da
tal
inkl
aye
randne
twor
kla
yer
.

I
t’
sus e
dtoconne
ctLANsandotherty
pe sofnet
work
stoget
hers otha
tus
ersa
ndc
omput
ersi
none
l
ocat
ionca
ncommunic
atewi
thus
ersa
ndc ompute
rsi
nothe
rlocat
ion.

LANsar
econne
ctedt
oaWANt hr
oughadevi
cere
fer
redt
oasar
out
er.I
nIPne
twor
king
,bot
htheLAN
andWANaddres
sesa
rema
int
ainedbyther
oute
r.

MostWANse xi
stunde
rdi
st
ri
bute
dorc ol
le
cti
veowne
rshi
pandma
nag
eme
nta
ndunl
ik
etheLANs
,ar
e
notne
ces
sar
il
yownedbyoneor
ganiz
ati
on.

3)Me
tropol
it
anAr
eaNe
twor
k(MAN)

Thi
sisane
two
rkt
hats
pansov
eraphy
sic
ala
real
ik
eac
it
ytha
tiss
mal
le
rtha
naWANbutl
arg
ert
hana
LAN.

Quit
eoft
en,suc
hc ompute
rne
twor
ksa
reowne
dandope
rat
edbys
ing
lee
nti
ti
ess
ucha
sgov
ernme
nt
bodi
eso
rlar
gecorpor
ati
ons

4)
Cont
rol
le
rAr
eaNe
twor
k(CAN)

TheCAN prot
ocoli
sapr
iori
tybase
dbusnet
wor
kus
ingac
are
ers
ens
emul
ti
pleAc
ces
swi
thc
oll
is
ion
Avoi
danc
e(CSMA/CA)me
diuma c
cesss
che
me.

I
nthi
spr
otoc
ol,a
nys
tat
ionc
ana
cce
sst
hebuswhe
nev
eri
tbe
come
sidl
e.

Thisi
sacommunica
tionpro
tocolspeci
fi
cati
ont
hatdefi
nespart
soft
heOSIphys
ica
landdat
ali
nklay
er.
Itmeet
srea
l-t
imerequir
ement
se ncounte
redinanyindust
ries
.Thenetwor
kprotoc
olca
ndetec
tand
cor
rec
ttr
ans
mi s
si
onerror
scaus
edbye lec
tromag
neti
cinte
rfe
rence

I
tiss
uit
abl
efori
ndus
tr
iala
ppl
ic
ati
onsbe
caus
e:

Lowc
ost

Sui
tabi
li
tyf
orha
rshe
lec
tri
cale
nvi
ronme
nt

Goodr
eal
-t
imec
apa
bil
it
ie
s

Ea
seofc
onf
ig
ura
tion

CANispart
ic
ula
rlywe
lls
uit
edt
one
twor
kings
mar
tI/
O de
vic
ess
ens
orsa
nda
ctua
tor
sei
the
rinas
ing
le
mac
hineorpl
ant
.

82
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Ne
twor
ksMode
ls/
Lay
ers

Net
workmodeldef
ine
sasetofne
tworklayerandhowthe
yint
era
ct.The
rea
res
eve
raldi
ff
ere
ntne
twor
k
model
sde
pendingonwha
torgani
zat
ion/
indust
rywant
.

Themos
timpor
tanta
re:

TheTCP/I
Pmode
l

OSIne
twor
kmode
l

1.TheTCP/
IPmode
l

TCP/I
P( Tra
nsmis
sionCont r
olProt
ocol
/Int
erne
tProt
ocol
)isthebasi
cc ommuni
cat
ionlang
ua g
eor
pr
otoc
oloft
heInte
rnet.Itc
ana l
sobeuse
da sacommunic
ati
onspr
otoc
olinapri
vat
enetwor
k(ei
thera
n
i
ntr
anetora
ne x
tra
ne t
).

TCP/
IPisthedefactogl
oba
lst
andardfortheInte
rnet(
net
work)andhos
t–t
o–hos
t(t
rans
por
t)l
aye
r
i
mple
menta
tionofi
nte
rne
tworka
ppli
cat
ionsbec
auseoft
hepopul
ari
tyoft
heI
nte
rnet
.

TheTCP/
IP(
Tra
nsmi
ss
ionCont
rol
Prot
ocol/I
nte
rne
t)i
sal
aye
rpr
otoc
olwhe
rei
tde
fi
nes4l
aye
rs’

i
)Ne
twor
kac
ces
s/
int
erf
acel
aye
r

Itpr
ovi
desacce
sst
othephysi
cal
-net
work.Thepurpos
eo fanet
worki
nte
rfa
cei
stoal
lowy
ourPCt oin
orde
rtoacc
esst
hewir
ele
ssorf
ibe
r -
opt
icnet
work-
inf
ras
truct
ure&se
nddatat
oot
herc
omput
ersy
ste
ms .

I
tsma i
nfunct
ioni
stoc
onne
cthos
tandde
vic
esus
ings
omepr
otoc
ols
otha
tda
taorI
Ppa
cke
tca
n
t
rans
mitove
rit
.

i
i)I
nte
rne
tla
yer

Int
erne
tLa ye
rprovi
desc
onne
cti
onle
ssc
ommunic
ati
ona c
rossoneormorenetwor
ks.I
tisc
once
rne
dwi
th
net
work-t
o-net
workcommuni
cat
ion.Thi
sla
yeri
sresponsi
bleforaddr
ess
ing& rout
ingofda
taont
he
net
work.

Iti
suse
dt oal
lowhos
tst
oins
ertpa
cke
tsi
ntoa
nyne
twor
kandha
vet
hemt
ode
li
veri
nde
pende
ntl
ytot
he
des
ti
nat
ion.

I
tspec
if
ie
sa noff
ic
ialpa
cketformatandprot
ocolk
nownoni
nte
rne
tpr
otoc
ol.Pa
cke
trout
ingi
sve
ry
e
sse
nti
alt
askinor
dertoavoi
dc ong
est
ion.

i
ii
)Tr
ans
por
tla
yer

83
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

I
tpr
ovi
dest
hemeansforthet
rans
por
tofda
tas
egme
ntsa
cros
stheI
nte
rne
t-l
aye
r.I
tisc
onc
erne
dwi
th
e
nd-
to-
endc
ommunic
ation.

Thi
sla
yerse
ndstheda
tat
othei
nte
rne
t-l
aye
rwhe
ntr
ans
mit
ti
ng&s
endsda
tat
otheAppl
ic
ati
on-
lay
er
whe
nrece
ivi
ng.

Itspeci
fi
es2e
nd-
to-
endpr
otoc
ol;TCPa
ndUDP(
Tra
nsmi
ss
ionCont
rolPr
otoc
ola
ndus
erda
tag
ram
protoc
ol)
.

TCPi
sareli
abl
econnec
ti
on–or i
ent
edpr
otocolt
hatper
mit
saby
tes
tr
eam or
igi
nat
ingononema
chi
ne
t
obet
rans
port
edwit
houter
roronanymac
hineinthei
nte
rne
t.

UDPi sanunr
eli
abl
e,c
onnect
ionl
esspr
otoc
olf
ora
ppl
ic
ati
onst
hatdonotwa
ntTCPss
eque
nci
ngonf
low
cont
rola
ndwishtoof
fe
rthe
irown.

i
v)Appl
ic
ati
onl
aye
r

Itpr
ovi
destheus
erwi
ththei
nter
fac
et ocommunic
ati
on.Thi
sAppli
cati
onl
aye
riswherewe
bbrows
er,
TELNET,FTP,e mai
l,orot
hercl
ientappl
ic
ati
onruns.Thi
sla
yersendst
o& rec
eiv
esdat
afr
om t
he
t
rans
port
-l
ayer

Thevi
rt
ualte
rmi
nalpr
otoc
ol(
VTP)pe
rmi
tsaus
erononema
chi
net
ologi
ntoadi
st
antma
chi
nea
nd
wor
kther
e.

Thefi
letr
ansf
erpr
otoc
ol(
FTP)pe
rmitsaus
erononemachi
netol
ogint
oadi
st
antma
chi
nea
ndwor
k
t
here
.Itof
fer
sawaytomor
edat
aeff
ic
ient
lyf
romonemac
hinet
oanot
her.

El
ect
roni
cmail(
si
mpl
ema
ilt
rans
ferpr
otoc
ol(
SMTP)s
endse
mai
lst
oot
herc
omput
erst
hats
uppor
tthe
TCP/I
Pprot
ocol
.

84
 c
li
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rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Adv
ant
age
sTCP/
IPmode
l:

I
tca
nbeus
edt
oes
tabl
is
h/s
etupc
onne
cti
onb/
wdi
ff
ere
ntt
ype
sofc
omput
ers
.

I
tope
rat
es/
wor
ksi
nde
pende
ntl
yoft
heope
rat
ings
yst
em.

I
tsuppor
tfo
ranumbe
rofr
out
ing
-pr
otoc
ols
.

I
tena
ble
sthei
nte
rne
twor
kingbe
twe
ent
heor
gani
zat
ions
.

I
tha
sas
cal
abl
e,c
li
ent
-s
erv
era
rchi
te
ctur
e.

Di
sadv
ant
age
s:

I
tisc
ompl
ext
ose
tup&ma
nag
e.

I
nte
rne
twor
kPa
cke
tEx
cha
nge(
IPX)
isf
ast
ert
hanTCP/
IPmode
l.

Thes
hal
low/
ove
rhe
adofTCP/
IPi
shi
ghe
r-t
hanI
PX.

2.OSIne
twor
kmode
l

Dev
elope
dbyi nte
rna
tiona
lst
anda
rdsor
gani
zat
ion (
ISO)t
ost
anda
rdi
zepr
otoc
olsus
edi
nve
rsi
on
(
TCP/IP)l
aye
rs.

Themodelisknowna
stheOSI(opens
yst
emsint
erc
onnect
ivi
ty)r
efe
renc
emode lbec
ausei
tisr
ela
ted
wi
thconne
cti
ngopens
yst
emi.
e.s
yst
emst
hatar
eopenforc
ommuni c
ati
onwithot
hersy
stem.

I
tde
scr
ibe
sse
venl
aye
rsa
sthe
yre
lat
etoonehos
tcomput
erc
ommuni
cat
ingt
oanot
herhos
tcomput
er.

i
)Phy
sic
all
aye
r

Thi
sist
hel
owe
stl
aye
rwhi
chde
scr
ibe
sthewa
yac
tua
lda
tai
nthef
orm ofs
ymbol
stha
tar
ese
ntov
era

85
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

me di
um suc
ha sc
oppe
rwireorfibr
eopti
cca
bli
ng.It
eml ik
es i
gna
lle
vels
ymbolr
epr
ese
nta
tiona
nd
connect
orpi
nouta
rede
fi
nedatt
hisla
yer
.Themainf
unct
ionsare

Hardwa
respec
if
ic
ati
on–t
hede
tai
lsoft
hephy
sic
alc
abl
es,ne
twor
kint
erf
acec
ards
,wi
rel
essr
adi
ose
tca
re
pa
rtoft
hisl
aye
r.

Enc
odi
nga
nds
igna
ling–Howa
ret
hebi
tse
ncode
dint
heme
diumi
sal
sode
cide
dbyt
hisl
aye
r.

Dat
atr
ansmi
ss
ionandrec
ept
ion:t
het
rans
ferofe
achbi
tofda
taa
nda
ssur
est
het
rans
mis
si
onofe
achbi
t
wi
thahi
ghpr
obabi
li
ty.

Topol
ogyandnetwor
kdesi
gn:t
het
ypeofne
tworkt
opol
ogi
est
obeus
eda
ndwhi
chpa
rtoft
hene
twor
k
i
ntherout
esgoi
ngtobepl
ace
d,whe
ret
heswi
tche
swil
lbeus
edetc
.

i
i)Da
tal
inkl
aye
r

Thisl
ayerprov
idesrel
ia
bletra
nsmi
ss
ionofapac
ketbyusi
ngt
hes
erv
ice
soft
hephy
sic
all
aye
rwhi
ch
t
ransmi
tsbit
sovertheme di
uminanunre
li
abl
efas
hion.

I
tma
int
ainsar
eli
abl
econne
cti
onbe
twe
ena
dja
centnode
sors
tat
ionsov
eraphy
sic
alc
hanne
l

Todi
st
ing
uis
honef
roma
not
her
,ame
thodofnodea
ddr
ess
ingmus
tbede
fi
ned.

Toens
ureonl
yonenodeha
sac
ces
sata
nyonet
ime
,ame
thodofme
dium a
cce
ssc
ont
rol(
MAC)
mus
tbeimpl
ement
ed.

I
nfor
mat
ions
entov
ert
heda
tal
inkl
aye
risc
all
edf
rame
s.Thi
sla
yeri
sconc
erne
dwi
th:

Fr
aming–break
inginputdat
aint
ofr
ame
sandc
ari
nga
boutt
hef
ramebounda
rie
sandt
hes
izeofe
ach
f
rame(af
ewhundre
dby te
s)

Acknowl
edg
eme
nt:s
entbyr
ece
ivi
nge
ndt
oinf
ormt
hes
our
cet
hatt
hef
ramewa
sre
cei
vedwi
thouta
ny
er
ror.

Se
que
ncenumbe
ring–t
oac
knowl
edg
ewhi
chf
ramewa
sre
cei
ved.

Err
ordetec
tion:thef
rame
sma
ybeda
mag
edl
ostordupl
ic
ate
dle
adi
ngt
oer
ror
s.Thee
rrorc
ont
roli
son
l
inktol
inkba s
is
.

Re
tra
nsmi
ss
ion–Thepa
cke
tisr
etr
ans
mit
tedi
fthes
our
cef
ai
lst
ore
cei
vea
cknowl
edg
ment
.

Fl
owc
ont
rol–ne
ces
sar
yforaf
astt
rans
mit
tert
oke
eppa
cewi
thas
lowr
ece
ive
r.

i
ii
)Ne
twor
kla
yer

I
tisc
onc
erne
dwi
thl
ogi
cala
ddr
ess
ingpr
oce
ssofnode
sandr
out
ings
che
mes
.Theba
sicf
unc
ti
onsof

86
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

t
hel
aye
rar
erout
inga
ndc
ong
est
ionc
ont
rol
.

Rout
ingde
alswi
thde
ter
mini
nghowpa
cke
tswi
llber
out
ed(
tr
ans
fer
red)
froms
our
cet
ode
sti
nat
ion.

Conges
ti
onc
ont
roli
nvol
vest
hec
ont
rolofpa
cke
tsmi
nimi
zi
ngdr
oppi
ngofpa
cke
ts,t
rans
mit
ti
ngf
inea
nd
de
lay
s.

I
tisr
equi
redwhe
ncommuni
cat
ionmus
tspa
nmul
ti
plene
twor
ks–i
nte
rconne
cti
ng.

i
v)Tr
ans
por
tla
yer

Thi
sla
yeri
sco
nce
rne
dwi
tht
hev
ari
abl
etr
ans
mis
si
onofme
ssa
gess
entbe
twe
ent
wohos
tcomput
ers
.

Iti
sre
spons
ibl
efortheendtoendcommunica
tioncont
rol
.Thi
sisdi
ff
ere
ntf
rom t
heda
tal
inkl
aye
r
whi
chonlyc
oncer
nedwit
hthetr
ans
miss
ionoff
rames.

Ame
ssa
geus
ual
lyr
equi
resma
ny–f
rame
stobes
entbe
for
ethec
ompl
et
eme
ssa
gec
anber
ece
ive
d.

Thi
sre
quire
sfragment
ingt
hemessa
geint
omanypie
cestobere-a
sse
mbl
eda
ttheot
here
nd.Mi
ss
ing
f
rag
mentsmustbere
-se
nt.Thet
rans
por
tla
yera
ddr
ess
esthi
sis
sue
.

Ot
herf
unc
ti
onsa
re:
-

Mul
ti
ple
xinga
ndde
-mul
ti
ple
xing

Er
rorc
ont
rolme
cha
nis
mone
ndt
oendba
sis

Fl
owc
ont
rol–r
egul
atef
lowo
finf
orma
tion

Conne
cti
one
sta
bli
shme
nt/r
ele
ase
.

v
)Se
ssi
onl
aye
r

Thelaye
risconce
rnedwit
hthee
sta
bli
shme
nta
ndt
ermi
nat
ionofc
ommuni
cat
ions
ess
ionsbe
twe
en
pr
oce
ssor
sinhos
tcomput
ers
.

I
tal
soe
nsur
est
hatt
heda
tat
rans
fers
tar
tsf
romwhe
rei
tbr
eak
s,k
eepi
ngi
ttr
ans
par
entt
othee
ndus
er.

v
i)Pr
ese
nta
tionl
aye
r

Thepr
ese
nta
tionl
aye
rtr
ans
lat
est
hef
orma
tofda
tabe
twe
ens
ende
randr
ece
ive
r.

I
tisre
spons
ibl
efort
heda
tai
nte
rpr
eta
tion,whi
cha
ll
owsf
ori
nte
r-ope
rabi
li
tya
mongdi
ff
ere
nt
e
qui
pment
s.

87
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

v
ii
)Appl
ic
ati
onl
aye
r

Thi
sla
yerpr
ovi
dest
heser
vic
esthatarer
equi
redbys
pec
if
ica
ppl
ic
ati
ons
.Itc
ont
ainsa
ppl
ic
ati
onpr
otoc
ols
wi
thwhic
htheus
ergai
nsacc
esstothenet
work
.

Thechoi
ceofwhic
hspeci
fi
cprot
ocol
sendthei
ras
soc
iat
edfunct
ionsaretobeus
edatt
heappl
ic
ati
on
l
eve
lisuptothei
ndiv
idua
luse
r.Forexampl
ecommonlyus
e dprotoc
olsorHTTP(f
orwebbr
owsi
ng),
FTP(orf
il
etr
ans
fer
)

HTTP–Hy pe
rte
xtt
rans
ferpr
otoc
ol–pe
rmi
tsa
ppl
ic
ati
onss
ucha
sbr
ows
ert
oupl
oada
nddownl
oad
we
bpag
es.

Ope
rat
ionofOSIl
aye
r

From thefi
gure
,ifanodewa nt
stos e
ntada t
apa c
ketfr
om theappl
ic
ati
on,itmus
tfi
rs
tcal
lforthe
sendi
ngservi
ceofit
sa ppl
ic
ati
onlay
erwhichintur
nwi l
lcal
lthes
endi
ngfunct
ioni
nthenex
tla
yer,a
nd
soontil
lthedat
aissentatt
hephysi
calmedi
umtoothernode.

Thi
snodewillrev
ers
ethes
e quenceti
llther
ece
ive
dda
tar
eac
hest
hea
ppl
ic
ati
on.La
yerofi
tsnodet
hen
t
otheappl
ic
ationwhichwi
llusethi
sda t
a.

Anycommunicat
ionsys
temthati
sbas
edont
heOSIs
eve
nla
yerha
shi
ghf
le
xibi
li
tya
ndc
ompa
tibi
l
ity
wit
hproduc
tfr
omdi f
fe
rentv
endor
s.

HoweverOSIs
yst
emisof
tent
oocomple
xforne
twor
kar
chi
te
ctur
ehe
nceha
sac
ons
ide
rabl
eov
erhe
adi
n
bot
hthecommuni
cat
iona
ndtheproc
ess
ing
.

88
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

St
ri
ct
lys
pea
king
,ane
twor
kre
qui
resonl
yla
yer
s1,2,a
nd7oft
hepr
otoc
olmode
ltoope
rat
e.

I
nfact
,manydevi
cebusnetworksus
eo nl
ythesethre
elayer
s.Theothe
rlay
ersareaddedonl
yasmor
e
s
erv
ice
sar
erequi
red(
e.
g.,e
rror-
fr
eedeli
ver
y,routi
ng,se
ssi
oncont
rol
,dat
aconver
si
on,etc
.)
.

Mostoftoday
’sl
ocala
reane
twor
ksc
ont
aina
llormos
toft
heOSIl
aye
rst
oal
l
owc
onne
cti
ont
oot
her
ne
tworksanddev
ice
s.

Adv
ant
age
s:

I
tpr
ovi
deswi
dev
ari
et
yofc
hoi
ce.

I
tdoe
snotde
pendorr
elyonas
pec
if
icc
omput
ers
yst
em.

I
tint
erpr
etst
hepr
oduc
tfunc
ti
ona
li
tya
tea
ch-
st
age
.

I
tenc
rypt
stheda
taf
ors
ecur
it
ypur
pos
e.

I
tise
asyt
oaddmul
ti
ple
-ne
twor
kmode
ls.

Di
sadv
ant
age
s:

Ma
nya
ppl
ic
ati
onsdonotr
equi
re/
nee
dtheda
tai
nte
gri
ty,whi
chi
spr
ovi
dedbyOSI
-mode
l.

I
nor
dert
ofa
sts
etupOSIr
equi
resa
gre
eme
ntbe
twe
ent
hre
e-pa
rti
es:us
ers&s
erv
icepr
ovi
der
.

Compl
ex.

Thi
smode
lisnota
dapt
eda
tal
ltot
el
ecommuni
cat
iona
ppl
ic
ati
onsonc
omput
er.

3.Fi
el
dbusmode
l

Duetoc
omplex
ityoft
heOSImode
l,modi
fi
cat
ionha
sbe
endoneont
hei
ndus
tr
ialne
twor
ks,whe
reonl
y
t
hre
elay
ersa
relef
t.

Ther
esul
ti
ngf
ie
ldbusi
sre
fer
redt
oasa3–l
aye
rar
chi
te
ctur
e.The
sel
aye
rsa
re:
-

Appl
ic
ati
onl
aye
r

Da
tal
inkl
aye
r

89
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Phy
sic
all
aye
r

Seve
ralcharac
ter
ist
ic
sa ndf
unc
ti
onsi
ntheda
tal
inkl
aye
rar
eke
ytot
hedi
st
ri
but
edr
ealt
imec
ont
rol
ca
pabil
it
iesoff
iel
dbus.

Theda
tal
inkl
aye
risba
sedonat
oke
npa
ssi
ngpr
otoc
ol.

TheLi
nkAc
ti
veSc
hedul
er(
LAS)
isac
ent
ral
iz
edde
vic
etha
tac
tsa
sthea
rbi
tr
atoroft
hebus
.

TheLASe
xec
ute
sas
che
dul
etha
tma
kespos
si
blede
ter
mini
st
icc
ommuni
cat
ion.

TheLASdi
st
ri
but
est
imet
othene
twor
ktope
rmi
tal
lde
vic
est
osha
ret
hes
ames
ens
eoft
ime
.

Theus
era
ppl
ic
ati
onl
aye
rde
fi
nesbl
ock
stha
tre
pre
sentt
hef
unc
ti
onsa
ndda
taa
vai
la
blei
nade
vic
e.

Ra t
herthaninter
fac
et oade vi
cet
hroug
hasetofcommandsa
scommonl
yusedwit
hcommunicat
ion
protoc
ols
,fie
ldbususerint
era
ctswi
thdevi
cet
hroug
hasetofbl
ock
stha
tdef
inede
vic
ecapa
bil
it
ie
sina
st
andardiz
edwa y.

Theda
tal
inkl
aye
rha
simpor
tanta
spe
ctwhi
chi
sme
diuma
cce
ssc
ont
rol
.

Me
diumAc
ces
sCont
rol(
MAC)

I
naf i
el
dbusorindus
tr
ialnet
wor
k,s
ever
als
tat
ionsshar
ethesamecommuni
cat
ionsmedi
ainorde
rto
s
avewir
ingc
ost
s.Howeve
r,si
ncet
hemedi
umisshar
ed,notal
lde
vic
escanc
ommunicat
esi
mult
ane
ously
.

Ther
efor
etheremustberul
estogove
rnwhogainsacce
sstothemedi
um andthos
erul
esa
rec
all
ed
medi
uma cc
esscont
rol
(MAC).ThusMACaddr
ess
eside
ntif
ynet
workdev
ice
sinLANS.

Thi
spr oce
ssofmedi
aa c
cessrequi
rest
hate
achnodebea
blet
oshutdowni
tst
rans
mit
terwi
thout
i
nte
rfe
ringwit
hthene
twor
k’sope
rati
on.

90
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Thi
sca
nbedonei
noneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngwa
ys:

wi
thamode
mtha
tca
ntur
nof
fit
sca
rri
er

wi
that
rans
mit
tert
hatc
anbes
ett
oahi
ghi
nde
pende
nces
tat
e

wi
thapa s
si
vec
urr
ent
-l
oopt
rans
mit
ter
,wi
redi
nse
rie
swi
tht
heot
hert
rans
mit
ter
s,t
hats
hor
tswhe
n
i
nact
ive

Al
thoug
hma nya
cce
ssme
thodse
xis
t,t
hemos
tcommonl
yus
edone
sar
epol
li
ng,c
oll
i
sionde
tec
ti
on,a
nd
t
okenpass
ing
.

Pol
li
ng

Thea
cce
ssme
thodmos
tof
tenus
edi
nma
ste
r/s
lav
epr
otoc
olsi
spol
li
ng.

Inpol
li
ng,thema s
teri
nte
rrog
ate
s,orpol
ls
,eac
hsta
tion(sl
ave)i
nse
quencetos
eeifi
tha
sdatat
otrans
mit
.
Thema s
tersendsamessa
getoaspeci
fi
csl
aveandwa i
tsafi
xedamountoft
imefort
hes
lav
etores
pond.

Thes l
aveshouldr
espondbysendi
ngei
the
rda t
aoras
hortme
ssa
gesayi
ngthati
thasnodat
atos
end.I
f
t
hes la
vedoe snotr e
spondwithi
ntheall
ott
edti
me,themas
tera
ssumesthatthesl
avei
sdea
da nd
cont
inuespoll
ingt
heothers
lav
es.

I
nter
sl
avecommuni
cat
ioninamas
ter
/s
lav
econf
ig
urat
ioni
sine
ff
ic
ient
,si
ncepol
li
ngr
equi
rest
hatda
ta
f
ir
stbes
enttot
hemast
erandt
hent
othere
cei
vi
ngsl
ave
.

Si
ncema s
ter
/s
lav
econf
ig
ura
tionsus
ethi
ste
chni
que
,pol
li
ngi
sof
tenr
efe
rre
dtoa
sthema
ste
r/s
lav
eac
ces
s
method.

Ca
rri
erSe
nse
,Mul
ti
pleAc
ces
s(CSMA)

Theba
sicme
diaa
cce
ssme
thodt
hatus
esf
ir
st
-come
-fi
rs
tse
rve
dpr
inc
ipl
e.

Itisprobabi
li
st
icmedi
aac
ces
scont
rol(
MAC)pr
otocoli
nwhic
hanodeve
rif
ie
stheabs
enc
eot
hert
raf
fi
c
beforetra
nsmitt
ingonashare
dtrans
mis
si
onme di
um,suc
ha sa
ne l
ect
ri
calbusorabandofthe
ele
c t
romagnet
icspe
ctr
um.

I
tisba
sedont
hepr
inc
ipl
ese
nsebe
for
etr
ans
mit
ti
ngor‘
li
st
enbe
for
eta
lk’
.

CSMA/CDcoll
isi
ondet
ecti
on–perf
orma
ncebyter
minat
ingt
rans
mis
si
ona
ssoona
sac
oll
is
ionde
tec
ted,
t
huss
hort
eni
ngtheti
merequir
edbe
for
earet
ryca
nbea t
tempt
ed.

Thisme t
hodhandl
escol
li
si
ona st
heyoc
cur,buti
fthebusisc
onstantl
ybusy
,col
li
si
oncanoccursooft
en
t
hatpe r
for
mancedropsdra
sti
cal
ly
.Thusthi
sme t
hodworkswella
sl onga
sthenet
workdoesnothavean
ex
ce s
si
veamountoftr
aff
ic
.

91
 c
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a9@g
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.com

CSMA/CAcol
li
si
ona
voi
danc
e–i
sus
edt
oimpr
ovet
hepe
rfor
manc
ebya
tte
mpt
ingt
obel
ess‘
gre
edy
’on
t
hecha
nnel
.

I
fthec
hanne
liss
ens
edbus
ybe
for
etr
ans
mis
si
ont
hent
het
rans
mis
si
oni
sdi
ff
ere
dforar
andomi
nte
rva
l.

I
fthecha
nnel
ssense
d‘ i
dle
’the
nthestat
ioni
spermi
tt
edtotr
ans
mi t
.Oncethecha
nne
lisc
lea
ras
tat
ion
s
endsasi
gna
ltel
li
ngallot
herst
ati
onsnottot
rans
mit
,andthe
nsendsit
spa
cket
.

Tok
enpa
ssi
ngpr
otoc
ol

Wit
hthisa
ppr
oach,e
achpa
rti
ci
pantt
othene
twor
kisg
uar
ant
eeds
omet
imet
otr
ans
mitame
ssa
geona
pe
rmis
si
onbas
is
.

Thi
spermi
ss
ionoc
cur
swhe
napa
rti
ci
pantr
ece
ive
stheo
net
oke
ntha
tex
isti
nthene
twor
k(t
oke
nisa
s
mallf
rame
)

Thet
oke
nispa
sse
dfr
omonepa
rti
ci
pantt
oanot
heri
nac
irc
ula
rfa
shi
oni
nwha
tisc
all
edl
ogi
cal
ring
.

Onceapar
ti
ci
pantr
ece
ive
sthetok
en,t
hepa
rti
ci
pantmus
tini
ti
ateat
rans
mis
si
onorpa
irt
het
oke
ntot
he
ne
xtpar
ti
ci
panti
nanorde
rlyf
ashi
on.

Thetok
eni sus
uall
ypa s
sedfr
om onepa
rti
ci
pantt
oanot
herwi
tht
hehi
ghe
sta
ddr
essr
ega
rdl
essoft
he
nex
tpart
ic
ipant
’sphys
ica
lloc
ati
on.

Thepa
rti
ci
pantwi
tht
hehi
ghe
sta
ddr
esswi
llpa
irt
het
oke
ntoapa
rti
ci
pantwi
tht
hel
owe
sta
ddr
ess
.

I
t’
snotne
ces
sar
ytoha
veonema
ste
rtoha
ndoutt
het
oke
n.

Part
ic
ipa
ntcouldbepeertoonea
not
hera
nds
impl
yag
reet
hatt
heywi
llnotpos
ses
sthet
oke
nfo
rmor
e
ti
methanpr
e v
ious
lyag
reed.

Toke
npa s
si
ngnet
work
saredet
ermi
nis
ti
c,whic
hme ansthati
tspos
si
blet
oca
lcul
atet
hema
ximum t
ime
t
hatwil
lpai
rbe
for
eanyendst
ati
onwi
llbeca
pableoft
ransmit
ti
ng.

Tokenringnet
worksarei
dea
lfora
ppl
ic
ati
on,i
nwhi
chde
lay
smus
tbepr
edi
ct
abl
eandr
obus
tne
twor
k
ope
rati
onisimpor
tant
.

Fa
ctor
yaut
oma
tione
nvi
ronme
nta
ree
xampl
esofs
ucha
ppl
ic
ati
ons
.

Phy
sic
all
aye
r

Phy
sic
all
aye
risc
onc
erne
dwi
tht
rans
mit
ti
ngr
awbi
tsov
erac
ommuni
cat
ionc
hanne
l.

Ty
pesofme
dium

92
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.com

Me
diumc
anbec
las
si
fi
edi
ntot
woc
ate
gor
ies

Guidedmedi
a–me anst
hatsi
gnal
sisgui
dedbythepre
senc
eofphy
sic
alme
diai
.e
.si
gna
lsa
reunde
r
cont
rola
ndrema
insi
nthephy
sic
alwir
ee.g
.coppe
rwir
e

Unguide
dme di
a–meanst
hatt
her
eisnophy
sic
alpa
thf
ort
hes
igna
ltopr
opa
gat
e.Thi
sisdonet
hroug
h
el
ect
romagne
ticwa
ves
.

Communi
cat
ionl
ink
s

I
nane
twor
knode
sar
econne
cte
dthr
oug
hli
nks
.

Thec
ommuni
cat
iont
hroug
hli
nksc
anbec
las
si
fi
eda
s

Si
mpl
ex–c
ommuni
cat
ionc
ant
akepl
aceonl
yinonedi
rec
ti
one
.g.r
adi
o,T.
V

Ha l
fduplex–c ommunicat
ionc
anta
keplacei
nonedi
rec
ti
onatati
me.SupposenodeAandBar
e
connec
ted,the
nha l
fdupl
excommuni
cat
ionmea
nst
hata
tatimeda
taca
nfl
owfromAt oBorf
romBt
o
Abutnots i
multane
ousl
y.

Ful
ldupl
ex–c
ommuni
cat
ionc
ant
akepl
aces
imul
tane
ous
lyi
nbot
hdi
rec
ti
onmobi
lephone
.

Li
nksc
anbef
urt
herc
las
si
fi
eda
s

Poi
ntt
hepoi
nt–i
nthi
scommuni
cat
iononl
ytwonode
sar
econne
cte
dtoe
achot
hers
idea
ndnone
lse
.

Mult
ipoi
nt–Itisaki
ndofs
hav
ingc
ommuni
cat
ioni
nwhi
chs
igna
lsc
anber
ece
ive
dbya
llnode
s.Thi
sis
al
socal
le
dbroadcas
t.

Me
dias
tanda
rd

I
ndus
trystanda
rdforc ommunica
tionsmedi
ade f
inebot
ht hephys
ica
land el
ect
ri
cal(oropti
cal
)
c
hara
cte
ris
ti
csofbot
htheconduc
torsandt
heconne
ctor
sus
edtomat
ethemtocommunic
ati
onport
s.

Somec
ommonne
twor
kconduc
tor
,phy
sic
als
tanda
rdsa
ndt
henc
har
act
eri
st
ic
sar
eli
st
edbe
low:
-

St
andar
d Conduc
tor Conne
cti
on Tra
nsmi
ss
ion Maximum Typi
cal
de
sig
nat
ion t
ype s
peed di
st
ance appl
ic
ati
on

93
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

RS–232 Copper Poi

nt t
o 265k
bps 15m Lapt
op
M/ C wit
h poi
nt comp t
o
a pi
n PLC
conne
ctor

RS–485 Coppe
r Mul
ti
-dr
op 10mbps 1000m PLC tof
ie
ld
UTP or dev
ice
s
STD

CAT5 Coppe
r Mul
ti
-dr
op 100mbps Depends PLCt
oPLC
UTP or on
STD pr
otocol

RG6 Coppe
r Mul
ti
-dr
op 5mbps 1000m PLC t
oPLC
coa
x vi
deo

Si
ngl
e Poi
nt t
o 1Gbps 50k
m No t y
pic
al
modef
ibr
e poi
nt appl
ic
ati
ons

Mult
i- Poi
nt t
o 1Gbps 1000m PLC t
o
modefi
bre poi
nt cont
rol
Room a nd
PLCt oPLC

I
ngui
dedt
rans
mis
si
onme
dia
,twok
indo
fma
ter
ial
sus
ed:

Coppe
r–t
wis
tedpa
ir

Coa
xia
lfi
bre

Opt
ic
alf
ibr
e

Twi
st
edpa
ir

Twi
st
edpai
rcabl
ingisatypeofwir
ingi
nwhic
htwoc onduct
orsofasi
ngl
ec i
rcuita
retwis
tedt
oge
the
rfor
t
hepur
pos
esofca
nc e
lingoutel
ect
romag
net
ici
nte
rfe
rence(EMI )
fromext
ernalsourc
es.

Thewiresaretwi
st
edt
ogethe
rinahe li
calf
orma
ndt
hepur
pos
eoft
wis
ti
ngi
stor
educ
ecr
oss
tal
k
i
nte
rfe
rencebet
wee
nnei
ghbouri
ngpa
irs
.

Twis
tedpai
rismuchc he
apertha
nco
axi
alc
abl
ebuti
tiss
usc
ept
ibl
etonoi
sea
nde
lec
troma
gne
ti
c
i
nfe
rencea
ndatt
enua
tioni
sla
rge
.

Whe
nel
ect
ri
calc
urr
entf
lowt
hroug
hawi
re,i
tcr
eat
esas
mal
l
,ci
rcul
arma
gne
ti
cfi
el
dar
oundt
hewi
re.

Whe
ntwowi
resi
nane
lec
tri
calc
irc
uita
repl
ace
dcl
oset
oge
the
r,t
hei
rma
gne
ti
cfi
el
dsa
ret
hee
xac
t,

94
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

oppos
it
eofe
achot
her
.

Thusthetwomagnet
icfi
el
dscanc
eleac
hot herout
.The
yal
soc
anc
elouta
nyout
si
dema
gne
ti
cfi
el
ds.
Twis
ti
ngthewi
resca
ne nhanc
ethi
sca
ncell
ati
oneff
ect
.

Twi
st
edpa
irc
anbef
urt
herc
las
si
fi
edi
ntot
woc
ate
gor
ies
:

Uns
hie
lde
dtwi
st
edpa
ir(
UTP)

Shi
el
dedTwi
st
edPa
ir(
STP)

Uns
hie
lde
dtwi
st
edpa
ir(
UTP)

UTPc
abl
eisame
diumt
hati
scompos
edofpa
irsofwi
resa
ndus
edi
nva
rie
tyofne
twor
ks.

Eac
hoftheei
ghti
ndiv
idualc
opperwi
resi
nUTPcabl
eisc
ove
redbya
nins
ula
tingma
ter
ial
.Ina
ddi
ti
on
t
hewir
esine
achpairar
etwis
teda
roundeac
hot
her
.

UTPc a
blemus
tfol
lowpr
eci
ses
pec
if
ic
ati
ong
ove
rni
ngho
wma
nyt
wis
tsorbr
aidspe
rmi
tt
edpe
rme
terof
ca
ble

Iti
sof
teni
nst
all
edusi
ngaregi
st
ere
dJack45(RJ45)connec
tor
.TheRJ-
45i
sane
ightwi
rec
onne
ctor
use
dcommonl
ytoconnec
tcomput
ersi
ntoaLANespec
ial
lyEthe
rne
ts.

Whenuse
da sane
twor
ks,UTPc
abl
eha
sfourpa
irsofe
it
her22–or24Ame
ric
anwi
reg
aug
e(AWG)
c
opperwi
re.

UTPus
eda
sane
twor
kingme
diumha
sani
mpe
danc
eof1000ohmswhe
rea
sfort
el
ephonei
s6000.

Commonl
yus
edt
ypeofUTPc
abl
inga
rea
sfol
lows
:-

Ca
teg
ory(
CAT1)us
edf
ort
el
ephonec
ommuni
cat
ion.I
tisnots
uit
abl
efort
rans
mit
ti
ngda
ta.

Ca
teg
ory2(
CAT2)c
apa
bleoft
rans
mit
ti
ngda
taa
tspe
edupt
o4me
gabi
tspe
rse
c(mbps
)

Ca
teg
ory3(CAT3)us
edin10BASE–Tne
twor
k.I
tca
ntr
ans
mitda
taa
tspe
edsupt
o10mbps
,wi
th
aposs
ibl
eba
ndwi
dthof16mhz
.

Ca
tegor
y4(CAT4)usedintokenr
ing
,10BASE–Tne
twor
ks.I
tca
ntr
ans
mitda
taa
tspe
edsupt
o
16mbpsa
ndpe
rfor
ma nceofupt
o20mhz

Ca
teg
ory5(
CAT5)
.Thi
sty
peofc
abl
eisus
edi
nst
ruc
tur
edc
abl
ingf
orc
omput
erne
twor
ksuc
has

95
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Ethe
rne
t.Thec
abl
esta
ndar
dpr ov
idespe
rfor
manc
eofupt
o100mhzands
uit
abl
efor10BASE-
T,
100BASE–TX(fa
stEt
her
net)
and1 000BASE-T(
Gig
abi
tEthe
rne
t)

Ca
tegory5e( CAT5e )–c at
egory5enhance
dus edinnetwor
kr unningats
pe e
dsupt o1000mbps
(1Gbps)inc ateg
or y6(CAT6)–c onsi
stoffourpai
rsof24Ame r
icanwi
reg auge(AWG)coppe
r
wire.Itprovideslowercr
osst
alk
,ahig
hersig
na lt
onois
erat
io,anda r
esui
tabl
ef or10GBASE–T
(10-GigabitEthernet
)

Ca
teg
ory6(
CAT6)pa
tchc
abl
eisnor
mal
lyt
ermi
nat
edi
n8P8Cmodul
econne
ctor
s(RJ45)
.

Ca
teg
ory Spe
ed Us
e

1 1Mbps Voi
ceOnl
y(Te
lephoneWi
re)

2 4Mbps Loc
alTa
lk&Te
lephone(
Rar
elyus
ed)

3 16Mbps 10Ba
seTEt
her
net

4 20Mbps Tok
enRi
ng(
Rar
elyus
ed)

100Mbps(
2pa
ir) 100Ba
seTEt
her
net
5
1000Mbps(
4pa
ir) Gi
gabi
tEt
her
net

5e 1,
000Mbps Gi
gabi
tEt
her
net

6 10,
000Mbps Gi
gabi
tEt
her
net

Connectorsuseei
therT568AorT568Bpinass
ignment
,althoughperf
ormanceiscompa
rabl
eprov
ide
d
bot
he ndsofac ablear
ethesa
me.RJ45or8P8Cc onnect
ori sc
li
ppedfrom l
ef
ttorig
htwit
hthepl
ast
ic
l
atc
hingt a
bf a
cingawayfr
omthevi
ewer.(
8P8C–e i
ghtposi
tions
,ei
ghtconduct
ors
)

PI
N T568A T568B T568A T568B

PAI
R PAI
R COLOUR COLOUR

1 3 2 Whi
teg
ree
n Whi
teor
ang
e

2 3 2 Gr
een Or
ang
e

3 2 3 Whi
teor
ang
e Whi
teg
ree
n

96
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

4 1 1 Bl
ue Bl
ue

5 1 1 Whi
tebl
ue Whi
tebl
ue

6 2 3 Or
ang
e Gr
een

7 4 4 Whi
tebr
own Whi
teg
ree
n

8 4 4 Br
own Br
own

Thef
oll
owi
ngs
umma
riz
est
hef
eat
ure
sofUTPc
abl
e

Spe
eda
ndt
hroug
hput–10–1000mbps

Av
era
gec
ostpe
rnode–l
eas
tex
pens
ive

Me
diaa
ndc
onne
ctors
ize–s
mal
l

Ma
ximumc
abl
ele
ngt
h–100m(
shout
)

i
i)
Shi
el
dedt
wis
tedpa
irc
abl
e(STP)

Thi
sca
blec
ombi
nest
het
echni
queofs
hie
ldi
ngc
anc
ell
ati
ona
ndwi
ret
wis
ti
ng.

Ea
chpa i
nofwi r
eiswrappe
di namet
alf
oil
.Thef
oilpa
irsofwi
resa
ret
henwr
appe
dina
nov
era
ll
met
all
icbr
aidorf
oilus
ual
ly150Rc
abl
e.

Ass
peci
fi
edforuseinEt
herne
tnet
wor
kins
tal
la
tion,STPreduc
esel
ect
ri
calnoi
sebot
hwi
thi
nthec
abl
e
(
pai
rtopai
rcoupl
ingorc
ros
stal
k)a
ndf
romouts
idetheca
ble(EMIorRFI)
.

STPus
ual
lyi
sins
tal
le
dwi
reSTPda
tac
onne
ctorwhi
chi
scr
eat
ede
spe
cia
ll
yfort
heSTPc
abl
e

Howe
ver
,STPc
abl
ingc
ana
lsous
ethes
ameRJc
onne
ctort
hatUTPc
abl
eus
es.

Al
thoug
hSTPpr
eve
ntsi
nte
rfe
renc
ebe
tte
rtha
nUTP,i
tismor
eex
pens
ivea
nddi
ff
ic
ultt
oins
tal
l.

I
na ddi
ti
on,t
hemetal
li
cshi
el
dingmustbegrounde
da tbot
hends
.Ifi
t’
simpr
ope
rlyg
rounde
d,t
hes
hie
ld
a
ctsli
keanant
enna
ea ndpi
cksupunwante
ds i
gnal
s.

Be
caus
eofi
tsc
osta
nddi
ff
ic
ult
ywi
tht
ermi
nat
ion,STPi
sra
rel
yus
edi
nEt
her
netne
twor
k.

Thef
eat
ureofSTPc
abl
ear
e:-

Spe
eda
ndt
hroug
hput–10t
o100mbps

Av
era
gec
ostpe
rnode–mode
rat
el
yex
pens
ive

Me
diaa
ndc
onne
ctt
osi
te–me
diumt
ola
rge

97
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Ma
ximumc
abl
ele
ngt
h–100m(
shor
t)

2.Coa
xia
lca
ble(
coa
x)

I
tcons
ist
sofahol
low ot
herc
yli
ndr
ica
lconduc
tort
hats
urr
oundas
ing
lei
nne
rwi
rema
deoft
wo
c
onduc
ti
ngel
eme
nts
.

Oneofthe
seele
me nts
,locat
edi
nthec
ent
reoft
hec
abl
eisac
oppe
rconduc
tors
urr
oundi
ngt
hec
oppe
ris
al
ayeroff
le
xibl
einsul
ation.

Ove
rthisi
nsul
ati
ngmater
iali
sawove
nc opperbr
aidorme
tal
li
cfoi
ltha
tac
tsbot
hast
hes
econdwi
rei
n
t
heci
rcui
tandasshi
el
dforthei
nne
rconductor
.

Thi
sse
condl
aye
rors
hie
ldc
anhe
lpr
educ
ethea
mountofout
si
dei
nte
rfe
renc
e.

BNCc
onne
ctor

Thecabl
esuppor
ts10to100mbpsandr
ela
tiv
elyc
heap.It
ca
nbec abl
edov erl
ongerdi
st
ance
stha
nt hetwi
st
ed-pa
ir
ca
ble
.

Itl
owerswithv
ari
etyofsi
zes
;thelarg
estdia
meter(1c
m)isspec
if
ie
dforuseasEt
her
netback
bonecabl
e
bec
auseithasg
rea
tertra
nsmis
sionle
ngthandnoiserej
ect
ionc
harac
ter
is
ti
cs.Mos
tl
yref
err
eda st
hic
kne
t
coa
xia
lca bl
ewi
thouts
idedi
ame te
rof0.3c
mi st
hinnet.

Themostcommonc
onne
cto
rsus
edwi
tht
hinne
tar
eBr
it
is
hNa
valConne
ctor(
BNC)or(
Bay
one
tNe
il
l
Conc
elman)

Theba
sicBNCi
sama
det
ypemount
eda
tea
che
ndofac
abl
e.

Thi
sco
nnec
torhasTcent
rePi
nconne
cte
dtot
hec
ent
rec
abl
econduc
tora
ndame
talt
ubec
onne
cte
dto
t
heout
si
decabl
eshi
el
d.

Ar
ota
tingr
ingout
si
det
het
ubel
ock
sthec
abl
etoa
nyf
ema
lec
onne
ctor
s.

Opt
ica
lfi
bre

I
t’
saglassorpl
asti
cfi
bredes
ignedtog ui
deli
ghtal
ongit
sle
ngt
h.Theopt
icf
ibe
rthe
ref
orea
ctsa
sa
c
ondui
t(orwave
-gui
de)f
orpul
sesofl
ightgene
rat
edbyali
ghts
our
ce.

Thelights
ourcei
stypi
cal
lye i
the
raninj
ect
ionl
ase
rdiode(I
LD)orLEDopera
tingatwa
vel
engt
hsof0.
85,
1.2or1.5µm(micrometers
).Theopt
icf
ibe
riscoa
tedwithapr
otec
ti
vec
olor
eds he
atht
oprov
ides
tabi
li
ty
andall
owe as
yidenti
fi
cat
ion.

Fi
breopt
ic
siswi
del
yus
edi
nfi
breopt
icc
ommuni
cat
ion,whi
chpe
rmi
tst
rans
mis
si
onov
erl
ong
erdi
st
anc
e

98
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

a
nda
thi
ghe
rda
tar
ate
s.

Li
ghti
sk e
ptint
hec
oreoft
heopt
ic
alf
ibr
ebyt
ota
lint
erv
alr
efl
ect
ion.Thi
sca
use
sthef
ibr
etoa
cta
sa
waveg
uide.

At
rans
vers
emodeofabea
m ofe
lec
tromagnet
icradi
ati
oninapart
ic
ularint
ens
it
ypatt
ernofr
adi
ati
on
me
asur
einapl
anepe
rpe
ndi
cul
ar(
i
.etr
a ns
ver
se)t
othepropa
gat
iondi
rect
ionoft
hebea
m.

Tr
ans
ver
semode
soc
curbe
caus
eofbounda
ryc
ondi
ti
oni
mpos
edont
hewa
vebyt
hewa
veg
uide
.

Fi
beropt
icc
abl
esof
fe
rthef
oll
owi
nga
dva
nta
gesov
erot
hert
ype
soft
rans
mis
si
onme
dia
:

Li
ghts
igna
lsa
rei
mpe
rvi
oust
oint
erf
ere
ncef
romEMIore
lec
tri
cal
cros
st
alk

Li
ghts
igna
lsdonoti
nte
rfe
rewi
thot
hers
igna
ls

Opti
calfi
bershaveamuc
hwi
der
,fl
att
erba
ndwi
dtht
hanc
oax
ialc
abl
esa
nde
qua
li
zat
ionoft
he
s
igna
lsisnotrequi
red

Thefi
berhasamuchlowera
tte
nuati
on,sosignal
scanbetra
nsmi
tt
edmuc
hfur
the
rtha
nwi
th
coa
xia
lort
wist
edpa
irc
a bl
ebe
forea
mpl i
fi
cat
ionisnec
ess
ary

Opti
calf
ibe
rcabl
esdonotconduc
tel
ect
ri
ci
tya
nds
oel
imi
nat
epr
obl
emsofg
roundl
oops
,
l
ig
htni
ngdamag
eandel
ect
ri
cals
hock

Fi
beropt
icc
abl
esa
reg
ene
ral
lymuc
hthi
nne
randl
ig
hte
rtha
ncoppe
rca
ble
s

Fi
beropt
icc
abl
esha
veg
rea
terda
tas
ecur
it
ytha
ncoppe
rca
ble
s

Fi
bre
swhi c
hsupportonlyasi
ngl
emodear
ec al
le
dsingl
emodefi
brewhi
lef
ibr
eswhi
chs
uppor
tma
ny
pr
opaga
tionpa
thsortra
nsver
semode
sar
ecal
le
dmul t
imodef
ibr
e.

99
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

Si
ngl
emodef
ibr
e

I
tsuppor
tsonec
onf
ine
dtr
ans
ver
semodebywhi
chl
ig
htc
anpr
opa
gat
eal
ongt
hef
ibr
e.

Theyareuse
dformostcommunic
ati
onli
nkslonge
rtha
n200metre
ssing
lemodemfibr
eisus
edi
nma
ny
appl
ic
ati
onswhenda
taissenta
tmult
i-
fr
equent(WDM –wavedi
vi
sionmult
ipl
exi
ng)

Soonl
yonec
abl
eisne
ede
d.

Mul
ti
modef
ibr
e

Mul
ti
modef
ibr
esuppor
tsma
nypr
opa
gat
ionpa
the
ndg
ene
ral
lyha
veal
arg
erdi
ame
terc
ore
.

I
tisus
edf
ors
hor
tdi
st
anc
ecommuni
cat
ionl
ink
sorf
ora
ppl
ic
ati
onwhe
nhi
ghpowe
rmus
tbet
rans
mit
ted.

Aseac
hmodet ra
vel
sati
tsownpr
opagat
ionve
loci
ty,mult
imodefi
bres
uff
ersf
rom moda
ldi
spe
rsi
on
whi
chli
mit
sthemaxi
mumleng
thas
igna
lcanbet
ransmit
tedt
hroughi
t.

The
rea
ret
wot
ype
s:

St
epI
nde
xmul
ti
mode

Gr
ade
dInde
xmul
ti
mode

100
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

i
)St
epI
nde
xMul
ti
modef
ibr
e

Are
frac
ti
veinde
xprof
il
echara
cte
riz
edbyaunif
ormr
efr
act
ivei
nde
xwi
thi
nthec
oreoras
har
pde
cre
ase
i
nref
ract
iveI
ndexa
tthecor
e–c l
adint
erf
ace
.

I
nas
tepi
nde
xmul
ti
modef
ibr
e,r
agsofl
i
ghta
reg
uide
dal
ongt
hef
ibr
ecor
ebyt
ota
lint
erna
lre
fl
ect
ion.

Raysthatmeetthec
ore-
cl
addi
ngbounda
rya
tahi
gha
ngl
e,g
rea
tert
hant
hec
rit
ic
ala
ngl
efort
hes
e
boundar
iesa
recompl
et
el
yref
lec
ted.

i
i)Gr
ade
dInde
xmul
ti
modef
ibr
e

Anopt
ic
alf
ibrewhos
ecorehasare
fra
cti
veindexthatdec
rea
seswit
hincr
eas
ingr
adi
aldi
st
anc
efr
om t
he
f
ibr
eaxi
swhic
hc a
use
sli
ghtra
ystof
oll
owsinusoi
dalpat
hdownt hef
ibr
e.

There
sul
ti
ngcurve
dpa t
hsreducemul
tipat
hdis
per
sionbe
caus
ehi
gha ng
ler
ayspa
ssmor
ethr
oug
hthe
l
oweri
ndexpe
riphe
ryofthec
ore,ra
the
rt ha
nthehi
gh–indexc
ent
re.

Thei
deainde
xpr
ofi
lei
sve
ryc
los
etoapa
rabol
icr
ela
tions
hipbe
twe
ent
hei
nde
xandt
hedi
st
anc
efr
om
t
heax
is.

Wi
rel
essme
dia

Wire
les
smedi
aca
rrye
lect
romagne
ti
csi
gna
latr
adi
oandmi
crowa
vef
reque
nci
est
hatr
epr
ese
ntt
hebi
nar
y
di
gi
tsofda
tac
ommunic
ati
ons.

Wi
rel
essne
twor
ksa
reus
efulf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngs
it
uat
ion:

Spa
ceswhe
rec
abl
ingwoul
dbei
mpos
si
bleori
nconv
eni
ent

Te
mpo
rar
yins
tal
la
tions
.

Tr
a nsmi
ss
ionandrec
epti
onarea
chi
eve
dus
inganante
nnat
rans
mit
ters
endsoutt
heEM s
igna
lint
othe
medium.Rece
iverpi
cksupt
hesi
gna
lfr
omt
hesurr
oundi
ngmedi
um.

Dir
ecti
onalTrans
miss
ion–Tr ans
mit
ters
endsoutaf ocusedEM beam. Trans
mit
tere
ndr
ece
ive
r
ant
ennaemustbecar
eful
lya
li
gne
d.Iti
smoresui
tabl
eforhig
herf
reque
ncys
igna
l.

Omnidir
ecti
onalt
rans
mis
si
on–Tr
ans
mit
teds
igna
lss
pre
adouti
nal
ldi
rec
ti
ons
.Itma
yber
ece
ive
dby
manya
ntennae

101
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

The
rea
res
eve
ralwa
ysoft
rans
mis
si
on

Ra dio–Thi siseff
ecti
veforshortrang
esa ndisinexpe
nsiveande as
ytoinsta
ll
.De pendi
ngonfr
e quency
radioof f
ersdif
ferentbandwidth.Wi r
eles
sl oca
la r
eane t
wor ksuseahig h-
fre
quencyradi
otechnology
s
imi l
a rtodigit
a lcel
lul
ara ndal ow-f
requencyr a
diotechnology.Wire
lessLANsus espre
adspe ctr
um
t
e chnologytoe nablecommuni cat
ionbetweenmul t
ipl
ede vi
cesinalimi
teda rea
.IEEE802.11de f
inesa
commonf lav
orofope n-s
tandardswire
les
sr a
dio-wavet
echnologyknowna sWi f
i.

Someoflimit
ati
onsa
re:c
anc
rea
tei
nte
rfe
renc
ewi
thc
ommuni
cat
ionde
vic
es,s
usc
ept
ibl
eto
eav
esdr
oppi
ng.

Terr
est
ri
almi cr
owa v
e–t woa nt
ennaeareus
edforcommunicat
ion.Afocuse
dbeame merg
esfr
om an
ant
ennaeandisrecei
vedbytheotherant
enna
,prov
idedthata
nte
nna ’
sshoul
dbefa
cingeac
hotherwit
h
noobst
acl
ei nbe t
weenduet ocurvat
ureofear
thter
res
tri
almic
rowavec anbeus
edf r
olongdis
tanc
e
communic
a t
ionwithhig
hbandwidth.

Terre
str
ialmicr
owavec ommunicat
ionus e
sEarth-
base
dt ransmit
ter
sa ndrec
eiv
ersr
esembli
ng
s
a t
el
li
te dis
hes.Terre
stri
almi c
rowa v
esa reint he l
ow-g i
gaher
tzr ang
e,whichlimit
sa ll
communicati
onstol
ine-
of-
sig
ht.Rel
a yst
ati
onsa
respace
da pproximat
ely48km(30mi)apar
t.

Sate
ll
it
es–s at
el
li
teactsasas wit
chins ky.One a
rthVSAT( ver
ysma l
laper
tur
etermi
nal)areusedto
tr
ansmitandrecei
vedatafrom sat
ell
it
e.Sa t
el
li
tescommunic at
ev i
ami c
rowavera
diowaves,whichare
notdef
lect
edbytheEa r
th'
sa t
mosphere.Thesatel
li
tesares
tat
ionedinspace
,ty
pic
all
yingeosynchr
onous
orbi
t35,400km( 22,
000mi )abovethee quat
or.The s
eEarth-or
biti
ngsyst
emsarecapa
bleofr ec
eiv
ing
andrel
ayingv
oice,dat
a,andTVs ignal
s.

Cellularradi
otechnology:de
fi
nedcel
lul
ars e
rvi
ceareasaroundar adi
otransr
ece
ive
ra ndcomputer
ize
d
control.I
tusessever
alradiocommunicat
ionste
chnologi
es.Thes ys
temsdivi
detheregioncove
redint
o
multiplegeog
raphicareas
.Eachare
aha salow-powertra
ns mit
terorradi
or e
layant
ennadevic
etorelay
cal
lsfromonea reatothenextar
ea.

Inf
rar
edcommunicat
ion:cant
rans
mits
ignal
sforsma
lldi
sta
nce
s,t
ypi
cal
lynomoret
han10met
ers
.In
mostcas
es,l
ine
-of
-s
ightpr
opag
ati
onisused,whic
hlimit
sthephy
sic
alposi
ti
oni
ngofc
ommuni
cati
ng
dev
ice
s.

Ty
pesofwi
rel
essne
twor
k

TheIEEEa ndt
el
ecommunic
ati
oni
ndus
tr
yst
anda
rdf
orwi
rel
essda
tac
ommuni
cat
ionsc
ove
rbot
hthe
dat
ali
nkandphy
sic
all
aye
rs.

Forc
ommo
nda
tac
ommuni
cat
ions
tanda
rdst
hata
ppl
ytowi
rel
essme
diaa
re:
-

St
anda
rdIEEE802.
11-Commonl yr
efe
rre
dtoasWi
-Fi
,isawir
ele
ssLAN( WLAN)t
echnolog
ythatuse
s
acont
ent
ionornondeter
minis
ti
csyst
em wit
hacarr
iersens
emul t
ipl
ea c
ces
s/coll
is
iona v
oida
nce
(
CSMA/CA)medi
aacces
sproc
ess

102
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Sta
ndar
dI EEE802:
15–Wi r
ele
ssPers
onne
lAre
aNe t
work(
WPAN)standa
rd,commonlyk
nowna
s
“Bl
uet
oot
h’use
sadev
icepa
iri
ngproc
esst
ocommuni
cat
eove
rdi
sta
nce
sfr
om1t o10metr
es.

St
andar
dI EEE802.
16–CommonlyknownasWi MAX (Worldwi
deInt
erope
rabi
li
tyf
orMi
crowa
ve
Acc
ess
)use
sajoi
ntt
omul
ti
poi
ntt
opol
ogyt
oprov
idewir
ele
ssbr
oadbanda
cces
s.

GlobalSyste
mf orMobileCommunicat
ion(GSM)–incl
udesphy
sic
a ll
ayers
pec
if
ic
ati
ont
hatena
blet
he
i
mpl e
me nt
a t
ionofthela
yer2gene
ralpa
c k
etradi
ose
rvi
ce(GPRS)protoc
oltopr
ovi
dedat
atra
nsf
erov
er
mobilecel
lul
a rt
el
ephoni
ngnet
work.

Thephy
sic
all
aye
rspe
cif
ic
ati
ona
rea
ppl
ie
dtoa
rea
stha
tinc
lude–

Da
tat
ora
dioe
ncodi
ng

Fr
eque
ncya
ndpowe
rtr
ans
mis
si
on

Si
gna
lre
cept
iona
ndde
codi
ng

Ant
ennade
sig
nandc
ons
tr
uct
ion

Wi
rel
essLAN

ACommonwi
rel
essda
tai
mpl
eme
nta
tioni
sena
bli
ngde
vic
est
owi
rel
ess
lyc
onne
ctv
iaaLAN.

I
nge
ner
al,awi
rel
essLANr
equi
rest
hef
oll
owi
ngne
twor
kde
vic
es:
-

Wi
rel
essa
cce
sspoi
nt(
WAP)–c onc
ent
rat
est
hewi
rel
esss
igna
lsf
rom us
ersa
ndconnec
tsus
ual
lyt
hroug
h
ac
opperc
abl
e,t
othee
xis
ti
ngc
opperbas
ednet
wor
kinf
ras
truc
tur
esuchasEt
her
net.

Wi
rel
essNI
Cada
pte
r–pr
ovi
deswi
rel
essc
ommuni
cat
ionc
apa
bil
it
ytoe
achne
twor
khos
t.

The
rea
reanumbe
rofWLANEt
her
net
-ba
seds
tanda
rdsus
ed:

I
EEE802:
11a-Ope r
atesi
nt he5GHZf r
eque
ncyba
nda
tspe
edofupt
o54mbps
.Itc
ove
rss
mal
le
r
a
rea
sandl
esspe
net
rat
ingbui
ldings
tr
uct
ure
s.

I
EEE802:
11b-ope
rat
esint
he2.4GHZf r
eque
ncyba
nda
tspe
edofupt
o11mbps
.Itha
slong
err
ang
e
a
ndabl
etope
net
rat
ebui
ldi
ngst
ruct
ure
s.

IEEE802.
11n–ope
rat
esi
n2.
4GHzf
reque
ncyba
nda
cda
tar
ate
s100t
o210mbpswi
thdi
st
anc
era
nge
of70m.

St
anda
rd Ma
xSpe
ed Ty
pic
alRa
nge

103
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

802.
11a 54Mbps 50m

802.
11b 11Mbps 100m

802.
11g 54Mbps 100m

802.
11n 100Mbps 100m+

Advant
agesofwire
les
snetwor
ks :
Mobili
ty-acces
scanbea vai
labl
ethroughouti
ndus
tr
yoror
gani
zat
ion.Mor
eandmor
ebus
ine
sse
sar
e
al
sooff
eri
ngfre
eWi Fiac
cess(
"Hotspots
")
.

Fasts
etup-Ify
ourcomput
erhasawir
ele
ssada
pte
r,l
oca
tingawi
rel
essne
twor
kca
nbea
ssi
mpl
eorwi
ll
conne
ctaut
omatic
all
ytone
twor
kswi
thi
nr a
nge.

Cos
t-Se
tti
ngupawi
rel
essne
twor
kca
nbemuc
hmor
ecos
tef
fe
cti
vet
hanbuy
inga
ndi
nst
all
ingc
abl
es.

Expanda
bil
it
y-Addi
ngnewnode
stoawirel
essnet
wor
kisa
sea
sya
stur
ningt
henodeon(
asl
onga
syou
donotexc
eedthema
ximumnumberofde
vic
es).

Disadvant
agesofwir
ele
ssnetwork
s:
Securi
ty–s us
cept
ibl
etosecuri
tybrea
ch.Prot
ectsens
it
iv
eda t
awithba
ckups,i
sol
ate
dpr i
vat
enetwor
ks,
st
rongencrypt
ionandpass
words,andmonit
ornetworkacc
esst
raf
fi
ctoa
ndfromwirel
essnet
work
.

I
nte
rfe
renc
e-Be c
ausewire
les
snet
work
suser
adiosig
nal
sandsi
mil
art
echni
que
sfort
rans
mis
si
on,t
hey
a
resus
cept
ibl
etoi
nte
rfe
rencef
romli
ght
sande
lec
troni
cdev
ice
s.

I
ncons
is
tentc
onne
cti
ons-Becaus
eoftheinte
rfer
encecause
dbye l
ect
ri
caldev
icesand/
orit
emsbl
ocki
ng
t
hepat
hoftra
nsmi
ssi
on,wi
rel
essc
onne
c t
ionsarenotne
arlyass
tabl
easthos
ethroug
hade di
cat
edcabl
e.

Speed-Thetr
ans
miss
ionspeedofwi
rel
essne
twor
ksi
simpr
ovi
ng;howe
ver
,fa
ste
ropt
ions(
suc
hasg
iga
bit
Ethe
rnet
)ar
eavai
la
blevi
ac a
bles
.

LOCALAREANETWORKS(
LAN)

LAN int
erconnec
tsc omput
erandde v
ice
sove racommonme
dium s
ous
erss
har
eac
ces
stohos
t
comput
ers
,da t
abas
es,fi
le
s,a
ppl
ic
ati
onsandpe
riphe
ral
.

Thef
oll
owi
ngc
har
act
eri
st
ic
sdi
ff
ere
nti
ateoneLANf
roma
not
her
.

104
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Topol
ogy

Pr
otoc
ol

Me
dia

Thef
ourpr
ima
ryde
vic
esus
edi
nLANa
re:

Hubs

Br
idg
es

Swi
tc
hes

Rout
ers

The
rede
vic
esope
rat
esont
hef
oll
owi
ngl
aye
rs:

OSIl
aye
r1(
phy
sic
al)
–Hubs
,re
pea
ter
s.Hubsa
rec
ons
ide
redt
obemul
ti
-por
tre
pea
ter
s

OSIl
aye
r2(
dat
ali
nk)
bri
dge
sswi
tc
hes

OSIl
aye
r3(
net
wor
k)–r
out
ers
.

LANt
rans
mit
sint
hre
emode
s

Uni
cas
t–as i
ngl
epa c
ketissentf
rom t
hesourc
et oadest
ina
tiononane t
wor
k. Thes
our
cenode
addr
ess
est
hepac
ketbyusi
ngthenet
workaddr
essoft
hede
sti
nati
onnode
.

Mul
ti-
cast–As ingl
epacketi
scopi
edandforwar
dedtoaspeci
fi
csubs
etofnode
sonthenet
work.The
sourc
enodea ddres
sest
hepacke
tbyusi
ngamul t
ic
asta
ddre
ss.Thepacke
tist
hens
entt
othenetwork
,
whichma kescopi
esofthepacke
tandsendsacopytoea
chs eg
mentwit
hanodethati
spartofthe
multi
casta
ddr e
ss.

Br
oadcas
t.Thi sisthet er
m use
dt ode s
cri
bec ommunic
a t
ionwhereapie
ceofi nformat
ionisse
ntfrom
onejointtoallothe rpoi
nts
.I nthi
sc a
sethereisj
ustonesender
,buttheinformati
oni ss
enttoa l
l
connecte
dr e
ceiver
s .Broa
dcasttr
ansmiss
ioniss
upport
edonmos tLANSa ndma ybeusedtose
ndt he
sameme ssa
get oallcomputer
sont heLAN.

LANTopol
ogi
es

Ane
twor
ktopol
ogyi
stheba
sicde
sig
nofac
omput
erne
twor
k.

Ne t
worki
ngisacol
lec
ti
onofcomput
ersorot
herhardwa
redev
icest
hata
reconnec
tedtoge
the
re i
ther
physi
cal
lyorl
ogi
cal
ly
,usi
ngspe
cia
lhar
dwareandsof
twar
e,t
oall
owthemtoe
x c
hangeinf
ormat
iona nd
cooper
ate.

Topol
ogywhi
chi
sapa
tte
rno
fint
erc
onne
cti
ona
mongnode
sinf
lue
nce
sane
twor
ksc
osta
ndpe
rfor
manc
e.

105
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

The
rea
res
eve
ral
topol
ogi
esus
ed:

Poi
ntt
opoi
ntt
opol
ogy

Bust
opol
ogy

St
art
opol
ogy

Ri
ngt
opol
ogy

Me
sht
opol
ogy

St
art
opol
ogy

Itisaphys
ica
ltopologyi
nwhi chamulti
plenodesa
reconnect
edtoace
ntralc
omponentknownas
Hub.Signal
saretrans
mitt
eda ndr
ecei
vedthrought
hehub.Thehubma ya ct
ual
lybeafi
leser
ver
,
centr
alcompute
rt hatcont
ainsacentr
ali
zedf i
lea
ndc ont
rolsy
ste
m wit
ha l
lit
snodesa t
tac
hed
dir
e c
tl
ytot
heserver.

Adv
ant
age
s

Ne
twor
krunse
veni
fonehos
tfa
il
s

Mor
esui
tabl
eforl
arg
erne
twor
k

I
tise
asi
ert
oaddorr
emov
enode
s,a
ndt
omodi
fyt
hec
abl
ela
yout

Ne
twor
kadmi
nis
tr
ati
ona
nde
rrorde
tec
ti
oni
sea
sie
rbe
caus
eisi
sol
ate
dtoc
ent
ral
node
.

Di
sadv
ant
age
s

I
nst
all
ati
onc
ost
sar
ehi
ghbe
caus
eea
chnodene
edst
obec
onne
cte
dtot
hec
ent
ral
swi
tc
h

I
fthehubf
ai
lst
hee
nti
rene
twor
kfa
il
s

Br
oadc
ast
inga
ndmul
ti
cas
ti
ngi
snote
asy
.

106
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Bust
opol
ogy

Busconsi
st
sofas
ing
lec
abl
eca
ll
edaba
ckbonet
hatc
onne
ctsa
llwor
kst
ati
onont
hene
twor
kus
inga
si
ngl
eline
.

Al
ltr
ans
mis
si
onsmus
tpa
sst
hroug
hea
choft
hec
onne
cte
dde
vic
est
ocompl
et
ethede
sir
edr
eque
st.

Eachwork
stat
ionhasit
sownindi
vi
dua
lsi
gna
ltha
tide
nti
fi
esi
tanda
ll
owsf
ort
her
eque
ste
dda
tat
obe
re
turne
dtothecorr
ectori
gi
nat
or

Adv
ant
age
s

Br
oadc
ast
inga
ndmul
ti
cas
ti
ngi
smuc
hsi
mpl
er

I
tiss
impl
eandf
le
xibl
e

I
tise
asyt
oex
tendabust
opol
ogybya
ddi
ngorr
emov
ingnode
sfr
omabus

Le
aste
xpe
nsi
ves
inc
ele
ssa
mountofc
abl
ingi
sre
qui
reda
ndnone
twor
kswi
tc
hesa
rer
equi
red.

Di
sadv
ant
age
s

Li
mit
edi
nsi
zea
nds
pee
d

Ther
ec a
nbeas e
curi
typrobl
em,s
inc
eev
erynodema
yse
eev
eryme
ssa
ge–e
vent
hos
etha
tar
enot
de
sti
nedfori
t,s
nif
fi
ngisea
sier

Di
agnos
is/t
roubl
eshoot
ing(
fa
ult
-i
sol
ati
on)
,ca
nbedi
ff
ic
ult
,si
ncet
hef
aul
tca
nbea
nywhe
rea
longt
hebus
.

Ther
eisnoautomat
icac
knowledg
mentofme
ssa
ges
,si
nceme
ssa
gesg
eta
bsor
beda
tthee
ndoft
hebus
anddonotr
etur
ntothes
ender
.

Thebuscablecanbeabott
le
neckwhe
nnetwor
ktr
aff
icg
etshe
avy
.Thi
sisbe
caus
enode
sca
nspe
nd
muchoft
heirti
metr
yingt
oacce
sst
hene
twor
k.

107
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Ringtopology-Allt
henodesi
nari
ngnet
workar
econne
cte
dinacl
ose
dc i
rcl
eofc
abl
eme s
sag
est
hatar
e
tr
ansmitt
edt r
avelar
oundtheri
ngunt
ilt
heyre
achthecomput
ert
hatthe
ya rea
ddr
ess
edtothesi
gnal
bei
ngr e
freshe
dbye ac
hnode.

I
nar i
ngtopol
ogy,t
hene
two
rks
igna
lispa
sse
dthr
oug
hea
chne
twor
kca
rdofe
achde
vic
eandpa
sse
don
t
othenetdevi
ce

Adv
ant
age
s

Ha
smi
nimumc
abl
ere
qui
reme
nt

Ea
chnodec
anr
ege
ner
atet
hes
igna
l

Br
oadc
ast
inga
ndmul
ti
cas
ti
ngi
ssi
mpl
esi
ncey
ouj
ustne
edt
ose
ndoutoneme
ssa
ge.

Theme
ssa
gec
anbea
utoma
tic
all
yac
knowl
edg
ed.

Di
sadv
ant
age
s

Fa
il
ureofonenodebr
ing
sthewhol
ene
twor
kdown

Di
agnos
is
/t
roubl
eshoot
ing(
fa
ulti
sol
ati
oni
sdi
ff
ic
ult
)

Addi
ngorr
emov
ingnode
sdi
sr
upt
sthene
twor
k

Me
sht
opol
ogy

Thi
sisatopol
ogywhereea
chnodemustnotonl
ycapt
ureanddi
ss
emi
nat
eit
sownda
tabuta
lsos
erv
eas
are
layf
orothernode
si.
e.i
tmus
tcol
la
boratet
opropag
atet
hedat
aint
henet
wor
k.

Ame
shne
twor
kwhos
enode
sar
eal
lconne
cte
dtoe
achot
heri
saf
ull
yconne
cte
dne
twor
k.

Adv
ant
age
s

Poi
ntt
opoi
ntl
inec
onf
ig
ura
tionma
kesi
dent
if
ic
ati
ona
ndi
sol
ati
onoff
aul
tse
asy
.

108
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Ne
two
rkc
anbee
asi
lye
xpa
nde
d

I
fonenodef
ai
ls
,ot
herc
ont
inuet
owor
k

I
tismor
ese
cur
e

Di
sadv
ant
age
s

Qui
tee
xpe
nsi
veduet
oca
bli
nga
ndi
nst
all
ati
onc
osti
shi
gh.

LANNe
twor
kde
vic
es

The
sede
vic
esi
nte
rconne
cti
ndi
vi
dua
lcomput
ersa
nde
nsur
etha
tthe
ycommuni
cat
eef
fi
ci
ent
ly.

Networ
kint
erf
aces
,hubs,br
idg
es,s
wit
ches
,route
rsa
ndf
ir
ewa
ll
swor
ktog
ethe
rinanumbe
rofwa
yst
o
cr
eatet
hes
edif
fer
entki
ndsofnet
workr
oadways.

Thef
unc
ti
onsofne
twor
kde
vic
esa
re:

Tor
egul
atet
hes
pee
datwhi
cht
hene
twor
kinf
orma
tiont
rav
els

Toma
nag
ethef
lowoft
raf
fi
c,ope
ning
,cl
osi
ngordi
rec
ti
ngi
ttos
pec
if
ics
tr
eet
sast
hene
eda
ris
es.

Tohe
lppr
ote
cts
ens
it
ivei
nfor
mat
ionwi
thi
nthene
twor
k.

i
)Ne
twor
kInt
erf
acec
ard(
NIC)

Thi
sisac
hips
etonPCBt
hatpr
ovi
dephy
sic
ala
cce
ssf
romt
henodet
otheLANme
dium.

It
sres
pons
ibl
eforfr
agme
nti
ngt
heda
tat
rans
mis
si
ona
ndf
orma
tti
ngt
heda
tapa
cke
tswi
tht
hene
ces
sar
y
heade
randtr
ail
er.

Itf
uncti
ona tthel
owe rt
wolay
e r
sofOSImode l
,thati
sbotha nOSIlaye
r1(phy s
ica
llay
er)andl
ayer2
(
datali
nklay e
r)devi
ce,asi
tprovi
desphy
sic
alacces
stoane twor
kingmedium andprovi
desalow-l
eve
l
addre
ssi
ngsy s
temthrought
heuseofMACa ddr
esses
.Ital
lowsuserst
oconnecttoeachothe
reit
herby
usi
ngcable
sorwi r
ele
ssly

I
tcont
ainsami
cropr
oce
ssort
hatc
anr
eli
evet
hea
tta
che
dde
vic
eofs
omer
out
ine
.

109
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

i
i)Br
idg
es

Abri
dgei
sade
vic
etha
tconne
ctst
woo
rmor
eloc
ala
reane
twor
kort
woormor
ese
gme
ntsoft
hes
ame
ne
twor
k.

Bri
dgeconne
ctstwonet
work
s(e.
g10BASETEt
her
neta
ndLoc
alTa
nkConne
cti
on)s
otha
tthe
yca
n
sha
reinf
ormat
ionwit
heacho
the
r.

Inaddi
ti
ont oconne
cti
ngne twork
s,theyf
il
terinf
ormat
ions
otha
tne
twor
ktr
aff
ici
nte
nde
dforone
por
ti
onofthene
tworkdoesnotconges
tther
estofne
twor
k.

Br
idg
esma
yco
nsi
ste
it
hers
tanda
loneha
rdwa
rede
vic
esorofs
oft
war
erunni
ngonac
li
entors
erv
er.

Li
keswit
che
s,br
idge
sle
arntheMAC a ddr
ess
esofal
lconnect
edc
li
ent
s,s
erv
ersa
ndpe
riphe
ral
sand
as
soc
iat
eeac
haddre
sswi
thabri
dgepor
t(net
workc
onnec
ti
on).

Whe
nabr
idg
e(ors
wit
ch)
rec
eiv
esa
ninc
omi
ngf
rame
,ito
pensa
ndr
eadsi
tsde
sti
nat
ionMACa
ddr
ess
.

I
fthepor
ttha
twi
llr
ece
ivet
hef
ramei
sdi
ff
ere
ntf
romt
hepor
tconne
cte
dtot
hes
ende
r,t
hebr
idg
edr
ops
t
hefra
me.

I
fthebri
dgecannotde
ter
minewhi
chpor
tisa
ssoc
iat
edwi
thade
sti
nat
iona
ddr
ess
,itpa
sse
sthef
rame
a
longt
oallpor
ts
.

i
ii
)Hubs

110
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Thisisas
ma l
lboxt
hatgat
herst
hesig
nalfrom ea
chindi
vidua
lde
vic
eopt
iona
ll
yampl
if
ie
sea
chs
igna
l
andthens
endst
hesi
gna
louttoal
lot
herconnec
teddev
ices
.

Ampli
fi
cat
ionhel
pst oensuret
hatde
vic
esont
hene
twor
kre
cei
vev
ari
abl
einf
orma
tion.Hubsa
rea
lso
ca
ll
edconcent
rat
orsorr
e pea
ter
s.

Theycomei
nvari
oussi
zes,12por
tor24por
tet
c.Allt
hecl
ie
nt,s
erve
rsandperi
pher
alsconnec
tedtoa
hub(ort
oas
etofi
nte
rconnect
edhubs
)sha
ret
hebandwi
dth(
dat
adeli
ver
ycapac
it
y)oft
ha tnet
work.

Theyfor
m asi
ngl
ec ol
li
si
ondomai
n–onareaofanEther
netne
twor
kinwhi
chda
tas
entt
oorf
rom a
de
vicemaypot
ent
ial
lycol
li
dewi
tht
heda
taf
romotherde
vic
es.

i
v)Swi
tche
s

Lik
eahub,anEther
nets
wit
chisadev
icetha
tg a
the
rst
hes
igna
lsf
rom de
vic
est
hata
rec
onne
cte
dtoi
t,
andthe
nre
gene
rate
sanewcopyofe
achsig
nal.

Swi
tc
hesa
remor
epowe
rful
tha
nhubsa
ndc
ans
ubs
tant
ial
lyi
ncr
eas
ethene
twor
kpe
rfor
manc
e

Mostcommonswit
che
soperat
ebylearni
ngtheMAC a ddre
sse
sofa
llc
onne
cte
dcl
ie
nts
,se
rve
rsa
nd
pe
riphe
rala
nda
ssoc
iat
inge
achaddr
esswit
honeofi
tspor
ts.

Whe
nas
wit
chr
ece
ive
sani
ncomi
ngs
igna
litc
rea
tesat
empor
aryc
irc
uitbe
twe
ent
hes
ende
randr
ece
ive
r.

Thet
empor
aryc
irc
uitpr
ovi
dest
woi
mpo
rta
ntbe
nef
it
s.

Thecir
cui
ta l
lowst
hesende
ra ndr
ece
ive
rmome
nta
ril
ytoe
xcha
ngei
nfor
mat
ionwi
thouti
ntr
usi
onf
rom
ot
herdevi
cesonthene
twork.

Thec
irc
uite
nsur
est
hei
nfor
mat
iont
rav
elsdi
rec
tl
ybe
twe
ent
hec
ommuni
cat
ingc
omput
ers
.

Thes
wit
chi
nst
all
eds
houl
dbec
ompa
tibl
ewi
thphy
sic
alne
twor
kandda
tal
inkpr
otoc
ols
.

v
)Rout
ers

Li
kebr
idg
es,r
out
ersa
rede
vic
eswhos
epr
ima
rypur
pos
eist
oconne
ctt
woormor
ene
twor
ksa
ndt
ofi
lt
er

111
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

ne
twor
ksi
gna
lss
otha
tonl
yde
sir
edi
nfor
mat
iont
rav
elsbe
twe
ent
hem.

Rout
ersr
egul
atenet
worktr
affi
cmorepr
eci
sel
ya ndareawar
eofma
nypo
ssi
blepa
thsa
cros
sthene
twor
k
andc
anchoosethebes
toneforea
chdat
apackettot
rave
l.

The
yope
rat
epr
ima
ril
ybye
xami
ningi
ncomi
ngda
taf
ori
tsne
twor
krout
inga
ndt
rans
por
tinf
orma
tion.

Thi
sinf
orma
tioni
ncl
ude
sthes
our
cea
ndde
sti
nat
ionne
twor
krout
inga
ddr
ess
es.

Router
sca
nbepr og
rammedtopre
ventinf
orma
tionfr
ombe i
ngsentt
oorr
ece
ive
dfr
omc
ert
ainne
twor
ks
orcomput
ersba
sedonal
lorpar
tofthe
irnet
workrout
inga
ddres
ses.

v
i)Mul
ti
ple
xer
s

Multi
ple
xer
s(mux
)actsa
sbot
hconc
ent
rat
orsa
ndcontent
iondevic
esthatena
blemul
ti
pler
ela
tive
lyl
ow
spe
edtermi
nalde
vic
estosha
reasi
ngl
ehighcapa
cit
yc i
rcui
t(physi
calpa
th)bet
wee
nt wopoint
sina
net
work.

v
ii
)Mode
ms

The
sea
rede
vic
est
hata
ll
owdi
gi
talda
tas
igna
lst
obet
rans
mit
teda
cros
sana
nal
oguel
ink
.

Mode
ms t
andforModul
atorDe
modul
ator
,andi
tcha
nge
ssi
gna
ltoa
nana
log
uef
reque
ncya
nds
endt
his
t
oneac
ros
stheana
log
ueli
nk.

Att
heot
here
nd,a
not
hermode
mre
cei
vest
hes
igna
landc
onv
ert
sitba
ckt
odi
gi
tal
.

112
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.com

v
ii
i)Wi
rel
essAc
ces
sPoi
nt(
WAP)

WAPisade
vic
ethata
ll
owswir
ele
ssc
ommuni
cat
ionde
vic
est
oconne
ctt
oawi
rel
essne
twor
kus
ingWI
-FI
,
bl
uet
oot
horrel
ate
dsta
ndar
d.

TheWAPusual
lyconne
ctst
oawi
redne
twor
k,a
ndc
anr
ela
yda
tabe
twe
ent
hewi
rel
essde
vic
esa
ndwi
red
de
vic
esort
henet
work.

i
x)Ampl
if
ie
rsa
ndr
epe
ate
rs

Elec
tromagnet
icener
gyatt
enuat
esove
radist
a nc
ewhethert
heenerg
ypasse
sthroughaconduc
torora i
r.
Inaddit
iontoatt
enuat
ing
,thesi
gnalac
cumulate
snois
easitt
rans
vers
ethenet
wor k
,theampli
fi
erboosts
t
henoi seal
ongwi t
hthesigna
l.Ther es
ult
ingsig
naltonois
erati
o(SNR)c a
npr oduc
euna c
ceptabl
e
res
ult
s.

Thes
eboost
inguni
tsr
ecei
veawe
ake
nedincomingsi
gnala
ndt r
ans
mi tas
tr
ongerout
goi
ngs
igna
l,whi
ch
pr
opaga
tesa
c r
osst
henet
work
,we
ake
ningunti
litr
eac
hesothe
rboost
inguni
t,a
ndsoon.

Ana
logne
twor
ksma
keus
eofde
vic
esk
nowna
sampl
if
ie
rs.Di
gi
tal
net
wor
kse
mpl
oyr
epe
ate
rs

Ampli
fi
ersar
espac
edeve
ry6km orsoinatypi
calanal
ogvoi
ce. Thee x
actspaci
ngiss
ens
iti
vet o:
t
rans
miss
ionmedi
umandcar
ri
erf
reque
ncywhi
chaff
ect
sbandwi
dth,t
rans
miss
ionspe
edandat
tenuat
ion
l
evel
.

Ther epeate
resse
ntial
lygener
a t
esthebi
naryva
lue(10r
O)oftheweaki
ncomingsi
gnalbas
edonits
rel
ati
vev olt
agele
v e
la ndregenera
tesast
rongsi
gna
lofthes
amev a
luewit
houtnoi
se. Thi
sproc
ess
enhancesthesi
gnalquali
ty.

Re
pea
ter
sar
espa
ceda
tappr
oxi
mat
el
ythes
amei
nte
rva
lsa
sampl
if
ie
rs.

Beca
userepe
ate
rsworkwit
htheac
tualphysi
calsi
gnal
,anddonotat
temptt
oint
erpr
ett
heda
tabe
ing
t
ransmi
tt
ed,t
heyope
rateont
hephy
sic
allay
er,thef
irs
tla
yeroft
heOSImodel
.

113
 c
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ntonma
rang
a9@g
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l
.com

x
)Fi
rewa
ll

Afir
ewa l
lispar
tofacomput
e rs
yst
em orne
twor
ktha
tisde
sig
nedt
obl
ockuna
uthor
ize
dac
ces
swhi
le
pe
rmitt
ingactua
lcommuni
cat
ion.

I
tisals
oade v
iceorse
tofdevi
cesc
onfi
gur
edtope r
mit
,deny,encr
ypt
,dec
ryptorpr
oxya
llc
omput
er
t
raf
fi
cbetwe
endif
fi
cul
tsec
uri
ty
.Doma i
nbaseduponase
tofrul
esandot
hercr
ite
ria
.

I
tca
nbei
mpl
eme
nte
dinbot
hha
rdwa
reors
oft
war
eorac
ombi
nat
ionofbot
h.

Fir
e wal
lscanbea
ne f
fe
cti
vemea
nsofpr
otec
ti
ngaloc
alsy
stemornet
wor
kofsy
ste
msf r
omnet
wor
kbased
securi
tythr
eat
swhil
eatthes
ameti
mea f
for
dinga
cces
stotheout
si
deworl
dvi
awi deare
ane
two
rksa
nd
theinter
net
.

Fi
rewa
llpr
ovi
desa
naddi
ti
ona
lla
yerofde
fens
e,i
nsul
ati
ngt
hei
nte
rna
lsy
ste
msf
rome
xte
rna
lne
two
rks
.

Fi
rewa
llha
sthef
oll
owi
ngc
apa
bil
it
ie
s.

Af ir
ewal
ldefi
nesasingl
ec hokepointt
ha tk
eepsunaut
hor
ize
dus e
routoft
hepr
ote
cte
dne t
work,
prohi
bit
spote
ntia
ll
yvulne
rableser
vic
esfr
om enter
ingorl
eav
ingthenet
wor
kandpr
ovi
despr
otec
ti
on
fr
omv ari
ouski
ndsofI
PSpootingandrout
ingat
tac
ks.

Afi
rewa
llprov
ide
ral oc
ati
on formoni
tor
ings
ecur
it
yre
lat
ede
vent
s. Audi
tand a
lar
m c
an be
i
mpl
emente
donthefi
rewal
lsys
tem.

Af
ir
ewa
lli
sac
onv
eni
entpl
atf
ormf
ors
eve
rali
nte
rne
tfunc
ti
onst
hata
renots
ecur
it
yre
lat
ed.

Howe
verf
ir
ewa
ll
sha
vet
hei
rli
mit
ati
onsi
ncl
udi
ng:
-

I
tca
nnotpr
ote
cta
gai
nsta
tta
ckst
hatbypa
sse
sthef
ir
ewa
ll

I
tma
ynotpr
ote
ctf
ull
yag
ains
tint
erna
lthr
eat
ssuc
hasadi
sgr
unt
le
dempl
oye
e.

Ani
mpr
ope
rlys
ecur
edwi
rel
essLANma
ybea
cce
sse
dfr
omout
si
det
heor
gani
zat
ion.

Af
ire
wallma yac
ta sapac
ketf
il
te
r.Itca
noperat
easaposi
ti
vefi
lt
er,a
ll
owingpas
si
ngonlypa
cke
tst
hat
me
etspe
c i
fi
ccri
te
riaorasaneg
ati
vef
it
ter
,re
jec
ti
nganypac
kettha
tme e
tsce
rtai
ncr
ite
ria
.

114
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rang
a9@g
mai
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Ty
pesoff
ir
ewa
lls

Pa
cke
tfi
lt
eri
ngf
ir
ewa
lls

I
tappl
ie
sasetofrule
stoeac
hincomingandoutg
oingIPpack
eta
ndthenf
orwa
rdsordis
car
dst
hepa
cke
t.
I
tist
ypi
cal
lyconf
iguredt
ofi
lt
erpack
e t
sgoi
nginbothdi
rec
ti
on(f
romandt
otheint
erna
lnet
work
)

I
tge
ner
all
yfa
ll
sint
otwos
ubc
ate
gor
ies
;st
ate
fula
nds
tat
el
ess
.

Stat
efulf
ir
ewall
sma i
nta
incontex
ta bouta
cti
vese
cti
on,anduset
ha ts
tat
einf
ormat
iontos
peedpacke
t
proce
ssi
ng.Ifapac
ketdoesnotwatc
hone xi
st
ingc
onnect
ion,i
twi
llbeeva
luat
edac
cordi
ngt
otherul
ese
t
fornewconnec
ti
ons.

Stat
ele
ssfir
ewal
lsr
equi
rel
essme
mor
yandc
anbef
ast
erf
ors
impl
efi
lt
erst
hatr
equi
rel
esst
imet
ofi
lt
er
the
mt olookupases
si
on.

Themajoradv
anta
geofpa
cketfi
lt
eri
ngf
ir
ewa
ll
sisi
tss
impl
ic
it
y. Al
so,pa
cke
tfi
lt
erst
ypi
cal
lya
re
t
rans
par
entt
ousere
ndar
ever
yfas
t.
.

Howe
verpa
cke
tfi
lt
eri
ngf
ir
ewa
llha
sthef
oll
owi
ngwe
akne
sse
s:-

Mos
tdonots
uppor
tadv
anc
edus
era
uthe
nti
cat
ions
che
mes

I
tisv
ulnera
bletoa
tta
cksandex
ploi
tsthatt
akeadv
anta
geofpr
obl
emswi
thi
ntheTCP/
IPs
pec
if
ic
ati
on
a
ndprotoc
olst
acks
uchasnet
workla
yeraddr
esss
poof
ing
.

I
tiss
usc
ept
ibl
etos
ecur
it
ybr
eac
hesc
aus
edbyi
mpr
ope
rconf
ig
ura
tion.

I
tdoe
snote
xami
neuppe
rla
yerda
ta,he
ncei
tca
nnotpr
eve
nta
tta
ckst
hate
mpl
oya
ppl
ic
ati
on

2)
Appl
ic
ati
on–l
eve
lfi
rewa
ll

Al
soc
all
eda
ppl
ic
ati
onpr
oxy
,ac
tsa
sar
ela
yofa
ppl
ic
ati
on–l
eve
ltr
aff
ic
.

Theuse
rc ont
actst
hegat
ewayus
ingTCP/
IPa
ppl
ic
ati
ona
ndt
heg
ate
waya
skst
heus
erf
ort
hena
meof
t
heremotehottobeac
ces
sed.

I
twor
ksonthea
ppl
ic
ati
onl
eve
loft
heTCP/
IPs
tac
kandma
yint
erc
epta
llpa
cke
tst
rav
eli
ngt
oorf
roma
n
a
ppl
ic
ati
on.

The
ybl
ockot
herpa
cke
ts(
usua
ll
ydr
oppi
ngt
hemwi
thouta
cknowl
edg
eme
ntt
othes
ende
r)

I
tfunct
ionsbyde
ter
miningwhet
heraproc
essshouldacce
ptanygi
venconnec
ti
on.I tac
compli
shesthe
ir
f
uncti
onbyhooki
ngint
os oc
ketc
auset
ofil
te
rthec onne
cti
onbetwe
entheappl
ica
tionla
yerandthelower
l
ayeroftheOSImodel
.

115
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

Itworkmuc hasli
keapa cketf
il
terbutappl
ic
ati
onfi
lt
ersappl
yfi
lt
eri
ngr
ule
s(a
ll
ow/
bloc
k)onape
r
proc
essba
sisi
nst
eadoff
il
te
ringconnec
ti
onsonaperpor
tbasi
s.

Thema
jora
dva
nta
gesoft
hes
efi
rewa
ll
sar
e:

I
tismor
ese
cur
etha
npa
cke
tfi
lt
ers

I
tise
asyt
ologa
nda
udi
tal
linc
omi
ngt
raf
fi
catt
hea
ppl
ic
ati
onl
eve
l.

Howe
vert
hedi
sadv
ant
agei
s:

Thea
ddi
ti
ona
lpr
oce
ssi
ngov
erhe
adone
achc
onne
cti
on.

3)Pr
oxi
es

Aproxyser
vermayactasf
ir
ewallbyre
spondi
ngt
oputpa
cke
ts(
conne
cti
onr
eque
sts
)int
hema
nne
rofa
n
appl
ic
ati
on,whi
lebl
ocki
ngothe
rpa c
ket
s.

I
tisagat
ewa
yf r
om onenet
worktoanot
herforas
pec
if
icne
twor
kappl
ic
ati
oni
nthes
ens
etha
tit
f
unc
ti
onsa
saprox
yonbehal
foft
henet
workus
er.

Prox
iesmaketampe
ringwit
ha ninte
rnals
yst
emf
rom t
hee
xte
rnalnet
workmoredi
ff
icul
tandmis
useof
oneint
erna
lsy
stemwouldnotnec
e s
sar
il
ycaus
eas
ecur
it
ybr
eache
x pl
oit
abl
efr
omouts
idethef
ir
ewal
l.

116
c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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 c
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ntonma
rang
a9@g
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.com

Pr
otoc
olsa
nds
tanda
rds

Prot
ocolisak
indofagr
eeme nta
bouttheex
chang
eofi
nfor
mat
ioninadi
st
ri
but
edsys
tem.I
tisas
etof
rul
esthatt
woormoredevi
cesmustf
oll
owift
heyar
etoc
ommuni
c a
tewi
the
achot
her
.

Pr
otoc
oli
ncl
ude
sev
ery
thi
ngf
romt
heme
ani
ngofda
tat
othev
olt
agel
eve
lsonc
onne
cti
onwi
res
.

Ane
twor
kpr
otoc
olde
fi
nesho
wane
twor
kwi
llha
ndl
ethef
oll
owi
ngpr
obl
emsa
ndt
ask
s:

c
ommuni
cat
ionl
inee
rror
s

f
lowc
ont
rol(
tok
eepbuf
fe
rsf
romov
erf
lowi
ng)

a
cce
ssbymul
ti
plede
vic
es

f
ai
lur
ede
tec
ti
on

da
tat
rans
lat
ion

i
nte
rpr
eta
tionofme
ssa
ges

Ne
twor
kings
tanda
rdsc
anbec
las
si
fi
eda
spr
opr
iet
ary
,ope
nordef
act
o

Pr
opr
iet
arys
tanda
rdsa
reowne
dbyonepa
rti
cul
aror
gani
zat
ion.

I
ftha
torgani
zat
ionhassuf
fi
ci
entmark
etc
loutandt
hei
ndus
tr
yla
cksa
lte
rna
tiv
etoi
tss
tanda
rd,i
tma
ybe
a
doptedt
hewholeindus
try
,becomi
ngadefact
osta
nda
rd.

Openstanda
rda r
enotowne
dbya nyone–t he
yarec
reat
edbyne utr
alorg
aniza
tionst
oens
uret
hat
compa
tibl
eproduc
tsc
anbedes
igne
da nddev
elope
dbymanydif
fe
rentcompani
es.

Se
ria
lInt
erf
aceSt
anda
rds

Manydev
icesus
edinindus
tr
iala
ppl
ic
ati
onsus
eEI
Ast
anda
rdsRS–232,RS422orRS485t
oconne
ct
t
ocomput
ersandtooneanot
her.

TheEI
ARS–XXXs
tanda
rds
pec
if
ie
sonl
ythee
lec
tri
calc
har
act
eri
st
ic
s–nott
hes
oft
war
epr
otoc
ol

Thewholepur
pos
eofas
eri
ali
nte
rfa
cei
stopr
ovi
deas
ing
lepa
thf
orda
tat
rans
mis
si
onwi
rel
ess
lyora
ov
eracable
.

Seri
ali
nter
fac
escanbeus
edtoprovi
dest
andar
diz
edlogicl
evel
sfrom t
rans
mit
tert
ore
cei
ver
,de
fi
ne
tr
ansmi
ss
ionme di
umandc
onne
ctor
sands
peci
fyt
iminganddat
arate
s.

118
 c
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ntonma
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a9@g
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Thedef
ini
ti
onoflog
icl
evel
s,me
dium andconnec
tor
sispar
tofla
yer1ofOSImode
l(phy
sic
all
aye
r)
whi
leda
tahandl
ingi
spa
rtofMACl a
yerorl
ayer2(
Datal
inkl
aye
r)

Ty
peoft
rans
mis
si
onl
ine
s unba
lanc
ed Di
ff
ere
nti
al Di
ff
ere
nti
al

Ma
xnumbe
rofdr
ive
rs 1 1 32

Ma
xnumbe
rofr
ece
ive
rs 1 10 32

Ma
xca
blel
eng
th(
m) 15m 1.
5km 1.
2km

Ma
xda
tar
ate 20k
bps 10mbps 10mbps

i
)Rs232

TheRS-232i
nter
facest
andar
d(offi
ci
all
ycal
ledTIA-232)
def
ine
sthee
lec
tri
cal
andme cha
nic
alde
tai
lsof
t
heint
erf
acebet
wee nDataTerminalEqui
pme nt(
DTE) a
ndDa t
aCommunicat
ionsEqui
pment(
DCE) ,
whi
chemployse
rialbi
narydat
ainterc
hange.

Thec
urr
entv
ers
ionoft
hes
tanda
rdr
efe
rst
oDCEa
sDa
taCi
rcui
t-
ter
mina
tingEqui
pme
nt.

I
tsus
edf
orma
nypur
pos
ess
ucha
sconne
cti
ngmous
e,pr
int
era
swe
lla
sindus
tr
iali
nst
rume
nta
tion

RS–232i
sli
mit
edt
opoi
ntt
opoi
ntc
onne
cti
onsbe
twe
enpcs
eri
alpor
tsa
ndde
vic
es.

TheRS-
232s
tanda
rdc
ons
is
tsoft
hre
ema
jorpa
rts
,whi
chde
fi
ne:

•El
ect
ri
cals
igna
lcha
rac
ter
is
ti
cs

•Me
cha
nic
alc
har
act
eri
st
ic
soft
hei
nte
rfa
ce

•Func
ti
ona
lde
scr
ipt
ionoft
hei
nte
rcha
ngec
irc
uit
s

Thes
tanda
rdde
fi
nesal
ogi
c1a
ndv
olt
agebe
twe
en-
3va
nd-
25va
ndal
ogi
c0a
sav
olt
agel
eve
lbe
twe
en
+3Va
nd+25v

119
 c
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ntonma
rang
a9@g
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.com

ManyRS232connecti
onsareone-
wayorsimple
xHowe ver,us
ingt
hes
pec
ials
igna
li
nga
ndc
ont
rol
v
olt
age
sav
ail
abl
e,t
hiswayorhal
fdupl
exope
rati
onispos
si
ble
.

Thet
woc
onne
cte
dde
vic
esa
lte
rna
tet
rans
mit
ti
nga
ndr
ece
ivi
ngope
rat
ions
.

Thec
ent
rals
igna
lint
hei
nte
rfa
cede
fi
nest
hepr
otoc
olf
ort
rans
mit
ti
nga
ndr
ece
ivi
ngda
ta.

The
ses
igna
lst
iet
het
woc
ommuni
cat
ingde
vic
eswhe
nthe
yar
ebus
y,t
rans
mit
ti
ng,r
eadya
ndr
ece
ivi
ng.

Thetr
ans
mitt
ingde
vic
ei st
heDTE(
dev
ice
stha
tar
eei
the
rthes
our
ceorde
sti
nat
ionofda
taf
rame
s)s
uch
asc
ompute
r,works
tat
ion.

Therece
ivi
ngdev
icei
stheDCE(
dev
icet
hatr
ece
ivea
ndf
orwa
rdf
rame
sac
ros
sthene
twor
k)–s
ucha
s
pr
int
er,modem,i
nter
fac
ecar
d.

Thec
ont
rols
igna
lus
edont
hec
ommonni
ne-
pinc
onne
cto
rar
e:-

Da
tac
arr
ierde
tec
t(DCD)
–theDCEt
el
lst
heDTEi
tisr
ece
ivi
ngav
ali
dinputs
igna
l(Pi
n1)

Da
tas
etr
eady(
DSR)
–TheDCEt
el
lst
heDTEi
tisc
onne
cte
dandr
eadyt
ore
cei
ve(
pin6)

Re
cei
vedda
ta(
RD)
:Thi
sist
hea
ctua
lsi
gna
lre
cei
vedf
romDTE(
Pin2)
.

Re
que
stt
ose
nd(
RTS)
–Thi
ssi
gna
lfr
omt
heDTEt
el
lst
heDCEi
tisr
eadyt
otr
ans
mit(
pin7)

Si
gna
lgr
ound:
-Thi
sist
hec
ommong
roundc
onne
cti
onf
ora
lls
igna
ls(
pin5)

Tr
ans
mitda
ta(
TD)
–Thi
sist
het
rans
mit
teds
igna
lfr
omt
heDTE(
pin3)

Dat
atermi
nalrea
dy(
DTR)–Thi
sli
nei
sfr
om t
heDTEt
otheDCEi
ndi
cat
ingr
eadi
nes
stos
endor
r
ece
ivedat
a(pi
n4)

Cl
eart
ose
nd(
CTS)
–Thi
sli
nef
romt
heDCEt
el
lst
heDTEi
tisr
eadyt
ore
cei
veda
ta(
pin8)

Ri
ngi
ndi
cat
or(
R1)
–Thi
sli
newa
sus
edi
nor
dermode
mconne
cti
onbuti
tisnotus
eda
nymor
e(pi
n9)

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 c
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a9@g
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.com

He
rea
res
omet
ypi
calwi
ri
ngdi
agr
amsf
ore
achi
nte
rfa
cet
ype
:

Li
mit
ati
onsofRS-
232

Li
mit
eddi
st
anc
e–c
abl
ele
ngt
hli
mit
edt
o1.
5me
ter

Notmul
ti
-dr
op–i
tca
nonl
yconne
ctonRS–232de
vic
epe
rpor
t.

Susc
epti
blet
onois
e–RS232issi
ngl
e-e
nde
d,whi
chme
anst
hatt
heyt
rans
mita
ndr
ece
ivel
ine
s
arer
efe
rence
dtoacommong
round.

(
ii
)RS–422(
EIA–422)

I
tiss
imi
la
rtoRS232,a
ndc
anbepr
ogr
amme
dint
hes
amewa
y.Thi
sisat
echni
cals
tanda
rdt
hat

122
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s
pec
if
ie
del
ect
ri
calc
har
act
eri
st
ic
sofadi
gi
tals
igna
li
ngc
irc
uit
.

Di
ff
ere
nti
als
igna
li
ngc
ant
rans
mitda
taa
tra
tesa
shi
gha
s10mbpsa
longac
abl
eof1500m.

Theadvant
ageof
fe
redbyt
hiss
tanda
rdi
ncl
ude
sthedi
ff
ere
nti
alr
ece
ive
r,adi
ff
ere
nti
aldr
ive
randhi
gh
dat
arat
es.

LongDist
anceRuns-Upt
o1500m i
sge
ner
all
ysuppor
ted,a
ndwi
thr
epe
ate
rs,e
venf
urt
herdi
st
anc
es
canbea
chiev
ed.

Mul
ti
-Dr
op-Us
ual
ly
,upt
o32de
vic
esc
anbec
onne
cte
dpe
rpor
t,a
nde
venmor
eus
ingr
epe
ate
rs.

Nois
eResi
st
ant-Si
ncei
tus
esas epa
rat
eFLOATI
NG t
rans
mita
ndr
ece
ivepa
ir(
fourwi
res
),i
tof
fe
rs
be
tte
rnoi
sei
mmunit
ytha
nRS-232.

HoweverRS422c
annoti
mpl
ementatr
ulymult
ipoi
ntc
ommuni
cat
ionne
twor
ksuc
haswi
thRS4
85,but
onedr
iverc
anbec
onnect
edt
ouptote
nrecei
ver
s.

(
ii
i)RS485(
TIA485)

I
tdef
inesnotonlyasing
ledevi
cet
ode v
icei
nte
rfa
cebuta
lsoac
ommuni
cat
ionbust
hatc
anbeus
edt
o
f
ormsimpl
ene t
worksofmult
ipl
ede
vic
es.

I
tspe
cif
ie
sdi
ff
ere
nti
als
igna
li
ngont
wol
ine
sra
the
rtha
nsi
ngl
eende
dwi
thav
olt
ager
efe
renc
edt
ogr
ound

Al
ogi
c1i
sal
eve
lgr
eat
ert
han-
200mva
ndal
ogi
c0i
sal
eve
lgr
eat
ert
han+200mv

Thesta
nda
rdt
ransmi
ssi
onmedium i
stwi
st
ed-
pai
rca
bleof22or24AWG s
oli
dwi
re.Twol
ine
sar
e
mini
mumbutr
efe
renc
ewi r
eca
nbeused.

Fourwi
rec
anbeus
edi
fful
ldupl
exope
rat
ioni
sde
sir
ed.

Ma
ximumc
abl
ele
ngt
hisde
fi
neda
s1.
2kma
tma
ximumda
tar
ateof100mbps

Ac
ommonc
onf
ig
ura
tioni
sbusne
twor
ktopol
ogywi
thmul
ti
pledr
opsorc
onne
cti
ons
.

Thes
tanda
rds
pec
iesama
ximumof32dr
ive
rs(
tr
ans
mit
ter
s)a
nd32r
ece
ive
rs.

Li
nedri
ver
saredis
connec
tedf
rom t
heli
newhennottr
ans
mit
ti
ng.Al
lre
cei
ver
sar
eful
lyc
onne
cte
dand
t
hebusl
inei
ster
minatedi
naloadmatc
hingr
esi
st
anc
e.

Appl
ic
ati
onsofs
eri
ali
nte
rfa
ce

RS232s
tanda
rdi
sde
ploy
edi
nawi
der
ang
eofl
owda
tar
ates
hor
tra
ngea
ppl
ic
ati
ons
.

I
tispa
rti
cul
arl
yef
fe
cti
vei
nequi
pme
ntus
edi
nnoi
sye
nvi
ronme
nts
ucha
sfa
ctor
ies
,pr
oce
ssc
ont
rola
nd

123
 c
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a9@g
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.com

ut
il
it
ie
ssi
te
s.

Commone quipmenti
ncludel
ow-s
peedmodems,indus
tri
alcont
rolequi
pmentli
kePLC,comput
er,
numer
icalc
ontrol
le
d(CNC)ma chi
netool
s,r
obot
s,embeddedcontr
olcomput
ers
,medi
cali
nst
rument
ande
quipmentandembeddedc
ontr
oll
erde
vel
opmentsys
tems.

TheRS485–Int
erf
acei
sal
sowi
del
yus
edi
nindus
tr
iala
ppl
ic
ati
onswhe
rehi
ghe
rspe
edsa
ndl
ong
er
di
st
anc
esa
rene
ede
d.

I
tisusedi
nthes
amet ypeofequi
pmenta
sdefi
nedfort
heRS232int
erf
aceput
sde
vic
esl
ik
epoi
ntofs
ale
(
pos)t
ermi
nal
,mete
ringins
trument
s,a
ndlar
gespe
ciala
utoma
tedmac
hines
.

Et
her
net

Thet
ermr
efe
rst
othefami
lyofLANmodul
ecov
ere
dbyt
heI
EEE802.
3st
anda
rdt
hatde
fi
neswha
tis
t
heCSMA/
CISprot
ocol

TheEt
her
netst
anda
rdsc
ompr
is
ese
ver
alwi
ri
nga
nds
igna
li
ngv
ari
ant
soft
heOSIphy
sic
all
aye
rint
he
us
ewit
hEthe
rnet
.

Thr
eeda
tar
ate
sar
ede
fi
nedf
orope
rat
ionov
eropt
ic
alf
ibr
eandt
wis
ted-
pai
rca
ble
s.

10BASE–TEt
her
net

Fa
stEt
her
net(
100BASE–TEt
her
net
)

Gi
gabi
tEt
her
net1000BASE-
TEt
her
net

Thepr
otoc
olha
sthef
oll
owi
ngc
har
act
eri
st
ic
s:

Ea
syt
ounde
rst
and,i
mpl
eme
nt,ma
nag
eandma
int
ain

Al
lowsl
owc
ostne
twor
kimpl
eme
nta
tion

Pr
ovi
dese
xte
nsi
vet
opol
ogi
esf
le
xibi
li
tyf
orne
twor
kins
tal
la
tion

Guara
nte
essuc
ces
sf
ul,i
nte
rconne
cti
ona
ndope
rat
ionofs
tanda
rd–c
ompl
ia
ntpr
oduc
ts,r
ega
rdl
essof
manuf
act
ure

Twis
ted-pai
rEthe
rnetst
andar
dsaresuc
ht ha
tthemaj
ori
tyofc
abl
esca
nbewi
red‘st
rai
ghtthr
ough’pi
n1
t
opin1pi n2t opin2a ndsoon,butother
sma yne
edtobewiredi
nthe‘
cros
sove
r’for
m( re
cei
veto
t
rans
mi tandtr
ansmitt
orece
ive
)

I
ndus
tri
alEt
her
net

Thi
sre
fer
stot
heus
eofs
tanda
rdEt
her
netpr
otoc
olswi
thr
ugg
edc
onne
ctor
sande
xte
nde
dte
mpe
rat
ure

124
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

s
wit
che
sina
nindus
tr
iale
nvi
ronme
ntf
ora
utoma
tionorpr
oce
ssc
ont
rol
.

Compo nent
sus
edi nplantproces
sareasmustbede
sig
nedtoworki
nha r
shenvi
ronmentoft
emper
atur
e
ex
tremes,humi
dit
ya ndv i
bra
tionthate
x c
eedst
herang
esf
orinf
orma
tiont
echnol
ogyequi
pmenti
nte
nded
f
orinst
all
ati
oni
nc ontr
olle
denv i
ronment.

Theuseoffi
breEthe
rne
treduc
est
hepr
obl
em ofe
lec
tri
calnoi
sea
ndpr
ovi
dese
lec
tri
cali
sol
ati
ont
o
pr
eve
ntequi
pmentdamag
e.

Someindust
ria
lnet
worksempha
sisdete
rmi
nis
ti
cdel
iv
eryoftra
nsmit
teddat
a,wher
easEt
herne
tus
ed
col
li
si
onde t
ect
ionwhic
hma detrans
portt
imefori
ndiv
idua
lda t
apacket
sdif
fi
cul
ttoes
ti
ma t
ewi
th
i
ncreas
ingnet
workt
raf
fi
c.

I
na ddi
ti
ontophysi
calc
ompa ti
bil
it
yandlow l
eve
ltra
ns por
tpr
otoc
olsapr
act
ic
ali
ndus
tr
ialEt
her
net
s
yst
emmus ta
lsopr
ovi
deint
eroper
abil
it
yofhi
ghl
evel
softheOSImodel.

Anindust
rialne
tworkusenet
workswi
tc
hest
ose
gme
ntal
arg
esy
ste
mint
olog
ica
lsub-
net
wor
ks,di
vi
ded
bya
ddr e
ss,prot
ocolora
ppli
cat
ion.

Us
ingne
twor
kswi
tc
hesa
ll
owst
hene
twor
ktobebr
oke
nupi
ntoma
nys
mal
lcol
li
si
ondoma
ins
.

Thi
sre
duc
est
her
is
kofaf
aul
tyormi
sconf
ig
ure
dde
vic
ege
ner
ati
nge
xce
ssne
twor
ktr
aff
ic
.

Be
nef
it
sofi
ndus
try
-st
anda
rdne
twor
ks

Mode
rnc
ont
rola
ndbus
ine
sss
yst
emsr
equi
reope
n,di
gi
tal
communi
cat
ions
.

I
ndust
ri
alnet
worksrepl
aceconv
enti
onalpoi
nt-
to-
poi
ntRS-
232,RS-48
5,and4-20mAwir
ingbetwe
en
e
xis
ti
ngme a
sure
me ntde
vice
sandautomat
ionsy
ste
mswit
hanall
-di
gi
tal
,2-
waycommuni
cat
ionne
twork.

I
ndus
tr
ialne
twor
kingt
echnol
ogyof
fe
rss
eve
ralma
jori
mpr
ove
ment
sov
ere
xis
ti
ngs
yst
ems
.

Wit
hindust
ry-
st
anda
rdnetworks
,wec
ans
ele
ctt
her
ighti
nst
rume
nta
nds
yst
emf
ort
hej
obr
ega
rdl
essof
t
hecont
rols
yst
emma nuf
actur
er.

Ot
herbe
nef
it
sinc
lude
:

Re
duc
edwi
ri
ng-
-re
sul
ti
ngi
nlowe
rov
era
lli
nst
all
ati
ona
ndma
int
ena
ncec
ost
s

I
nte
ll
ig
entde
vice
s- -l
eadi
ngt
ohi
ghe
rpe
rfor
manc
eandi
ncr
eas
edf
unc
ti
ona
li
tys
ucha
s
a
dvance
ddi
agnos
tic
s

Dis
tr
ibutedcontr
ol-
-wit
hinte
lli
gentdevi
cespr
ovi
dingt
heflex
ibi
li
tyt
oappl
ycont
role
it
her
ce
ntral
lyordis
tr
ibut
edf
orimprovedper
for
ma nc
eandrel
iabi
li
ty

Si
mpli
fi
edwi ri
ngofanewinst
all
ati
on,r
esul
ti
ngi
nfe
wer
,si
mpl
erdr
awi
ngsa
ndov
era
ll
re
duc
edc ont
rolsy
ste
meng
ine
eri
ngcost
s

125
 c
li
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rang
a9@g
mai
l
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Lowe
rins
tal
la
tio
ncos
tsf
orwi
ri
ng,ma
rsha
ll
ing
,andj
unc
ti
onbox
es

126
c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

127
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

I
/OBUSNETWORKS

I/
O busnet
work
sa l
lowPLCstoc
ommuni
cat
ewithI/
O devi
cesi
nama
nne
rsi
mil
art
ohowl
oca
lar
ea
net
worksl
ets
uper
vis
oryPLCsc
ommuni
cat
ewit
hindi
vi
dualPLCs.

Thi
sconf
ig
ura
tionde
cent
ral
iz
esc
ont
rol
int
hePLCs
yst
em,y
iel
dingl
arg
era
ndf
ast
erc
ont
rols
yst
ems
.

Thet opol
ogy,orphys
ica
la r
chit
ect
ure
,ofanI/O busnet
workfol
lowsthebusorex
tende
dbus(tr
ee)
conf
igurat
ion,whi
chl
etsfi
el
dde vi
ces(
e.
g.
,li
mit
,photoe
lec
tri
c,a
ndpr ox
imi
tyswi
tc
hes
)connec
tdi
rec
tly
t
oe i
theraPLCort oaloc
alareanet
workbus
.

Remembert
hatabusi
ssi
mplyacol
lec
ti
onofl
ine
sthatt
rans
mitda
taand/
orpowe
r.Fi
gur
eil
lus
tr
ate
sa
t
ypi
calc
onnec
ti
onbet
weenaPLC,aloc
alar
eanet
work
,andanI/Obusnet
wor
k

128
 c
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rang
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Thebas
icf
unct
ionofa
nI/Obusnet
workist
ocommuni
cat
einf
orma
tionwi
th,a
swe
lla
ssuppl
ypowe
rto,
t
hefi
el
ddevi
cestha
tar
econne
cte
dtothebus.

Ina nI /
O busne
twork
,thePLC dr
ive
sthefi
el
ddevi
cesdi
rec
tl
y,wit
houttheuseofI/
O modul
es;
ther
efore,t
hePLC c
onnect
stoa
ndc ommuni
cat
eswi
theachfi
el
dI/O dev
iceac
cordi
ngtot
hebus’
s
prot
oc ol
.

I
ness
enc
e,PLCsconnec
twit
hI/
O busnet
worksi
nama nnersi
mila
rtothewa
ythe
yconne
ctwi
th
r
emot
eI/
O,exc
eptt
hatPLCsi
nanI/
Obususea
nI /
Obusnet
worksca
nner
.

AnI/O busnet
worksca
nnerreadsandwri
test
oe ac
hfi
el
dde
vic
eaddr
ess
,aswe
lla
sde
code
sthe
i
nfor
mati
oncont
aine
dinthene
tworki
nfor
mat
ionpac
ket
.

129
 c
li
ntonma
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a9@g
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Ala
rge,t
reetopol
ogybusnet
work(
i
.e.
,ane
twor
kwi
thma
nybr
anc
hes
)ma
yha
veupt
o2048ormor
e
c
onnec
teddis
cret
efi
eldde
vic
es.

Thefi
el
dde v
icest
hatc
onnecttoI
/O busnet
workscont
aini
nte
ll
ig
enceinthefor
mofmicroproc
ess
orsor
ot
herci
rcui
ts
).Thes
edevi
cescommunicat
enotonlytheON/OFFs t
ateofi
nputandout
putcontr
ols
,but
al
sodi
agnos
tici
nfor
mati
onaboutt
heiroper
ati
ngsta
tes.

I/O busnetworkscanbesepara
tedintotwodif
fer
entca
tegori
es—onetha
tde a
lswi
thlow-
leve
ldevi
ces
thataret
ypicalofdi
scr
etemanuf
act
uringoper
ati
onsandanothe
rthatha
ndleshi
gh-
lev
eldev
ice
sfoundi
n
proces
sindust
ries
.

The
sebusne
twor
kca
teg
ori
esa
re:

•De
vic
ebusne
twor
ks

•Pr
oce
ssbusne
twor
ks

Devi
cebusnetwor
ksint
erf
acewithlow-l
eveli
nfor
mationdevi
ces(
e.
g.,pus
hbuttons
,li
mi ts
wit
ches
,et
c.)
,
whi
chprimar
il
ytra
nsmitdat
ar e
lati
ngtothest
ateofthedev
ice(ON/OFF)andit
soperat
ionals
tat
us(e
.g.
,
ope
rat
ingOK).Thesenet
worksgenera
ll
yproces
sonlyafewbitst
osever
albyt
esofdat
aa tati
me.

Processbusne
tworks,ontheotherhand,connec
twithhig
h-lev
elinformat
ionde vi
ces(e.
g.
,smartproc
ess
val
v e
s,fl
owme te
rs,etc.
)
,whicha retypi
cal
lyuse
dinpr oc
esscontrolappl
icat
ions.Proces
sbusne t
works
handlelarg
eamountsofda t
a(s
e v
eralhundredbyt
es)
,cons
ist
ingofinforma
tiona bouttheproc
ess
,aswe l
l
asthefie
lddev
icest
hems el
ves
.

Themajor
it
yofdevi
cesus
edi
npr
oce
ssbusne
twor
ksa
rea
nal
og,whi
lemos
tde
vic
esus
edi
nde
vic
ebus
net
wor
ksaredi
scr
ete
.

Howeve
r,devi
cebusnetwor
kss
omet
imesi
ncl
udeanal
ogde
vic
es,s
ucha
sthe
rmoc
oupl
esa
ndv
ari
abl
e
s
peeddri
vest
hatt
rans
mitonl
yafe
wbyte
sofi
nfor
mati
on.

Devi
cebusnet
workst
hatincl
udedi
scr
etede
vic
es,aswel
lass
mallana
logdevi
ces
,arecal
le
dby
te-
wide
busnet
work
s.The
senetwork
scantr
ansf
erbe
tween1and50ormorebyt
esofda
taatati
me.

Devi
cebusnet
wor
ksthatonl
yinterf
acewit
hdis
cre
tedevi
cesa
recal
le
dbit-widebusnetwor
k s
.Bit-
wide
ne
twork
stra
nsf
erl
esst
han8bitsofdat
afromsi
mpledi
scr
etede
vic
esoverr
elat
ivel
yshor
tdis
tances
.

130
 c
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rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

Pr
otoc
olSt
anda
rds

Nei
therofthetwoI/
Obusne t
work
shases
tabl
is
hedprotoc
olst
anda
r ds
;however
,ma
nyor
gani
zat
ionsa
re
wor
kingtowardsde
velopi
ngbot
hdis
cre
teandproc
essbusnet
workspeci
fi
cat
ions
.

Intheproces
sbusa r
ea,t
woma inorg
a ni
zati
ons,t
heFieldbusFoundati
on(
whichi
sthere
sul
tofame r
ger
bet
we e
nt heInter
oper
ableSys
temsProject
,ISP,Foundati
ona ndtheWorl
dFIPNor t
hAme r
ica
ng r
oup)
andthePr of
ibus(
Proces
sFie
ldBus)Tr a
deOr gani
zati
on,a r
ework i
ngtoe
sta
bli
shnet
workandprot
ocol
st
andards.

Ot
herorgani
zat
ions
,s uc
hastheI
nstr
umentSoc
iet
yofAmeri
ca(I
SA)andtheEur
ope
anI
nte
rna
tiona
l
El
ect
roni
csCommi t
tee(I
EC)
,area
lsoi
nvol
vedi
ndevel
opi
ngt
heses
tanda
rds
.

Thi
sisthere
asonwhysomema nufa
cturer
ss pe
cif
ythatthe
irana
logpr
oduc
tsa
rec
ompa
tibl
ewi
th
Pr
ofi
bus
,Fi
el
dbus,ora
not
hert
ypeofprot
ocolcommunica
tions
che
me .

131
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Al
thoughnopr oc
lai
medst
andar
dsexis
tfordevi
cebusnet
workappl
ic
ati
ons,se
ver
aldefact
ost
andar
ds
ar
ee mergi
ngduetothea
vail
abi
li
tyofcompanyspe
cif
icpr
oto
cols
peci
fi
cat
ionsf
rom de
vic
ebusnet
work
manufa
cturer
s.

Thes
enetwor
kma nuf
act
ure
rsora
ssoc
iat
ionsprov
ideI
/Ofi
el
ddevi
cemanuf
actur
erswi
ths
pec
ifi
cat
ions
i
nordert
odevel
opopennet
workar
chi
tec
ture,(
i
.e.
,anet
wor
ktha
tcani
nter
fac
ewithmanyt
ypesoff
ield
de
vic
es)
.

I
nthi
swa
y,e
achma
nuf
act
ure
rhope
stoma
kei
tspr
otoc
olt
hei
ndus
tr
yst
anda
rd.

Oneofthes
edef ac
tost
anda r
dsfort
hebyt
e-wi
dede
vic
ebusne t
workisDevi
ceNet
,ori
gi
nall
yfr
om PLC
manuf
actur
erAlle
n-Br
adleya ndnowprov
idedbyaninde
pendents
pin-
offa
ssoc
iat
ionca
ll
edtheOpen
Devi
ceNetVendorAss
oci
ation.

Anot
herisSDS(SmartDis
tr
ibut
edSy s
tem)fr
omHone y
well
.Bothofthe
sedev
icebusprot
ocols
tandar
ds
ar
ebasedonthecont
rolar
eanetworkbus(CANbus),deve
lope
dfortheaut
omobil
eindust
ry,whi
c hus
es
t
hecomme rc
ial
lya
vai
labl
eCANc hi
pinitspr
otoc
ol.

Int
erBus
-Sf
rom Phoe
nixCont
acti
sanot
here
mer
gingdef
act
ost
anda
rdf
orby
te-
widede
vic
ebus
net
work.

Thedefa
ctost
andardsf
orlow-end,bi
t-
widede
vicebusnet
wor
ksi
ncludeSer
ipl
ex,devel
ope
dbySquar
e
D,andASI(Ac
tuat
orSensorInt
erfa
ce)
,asta
ndar
dde ve
lope
dbyaconsor
ti
umofEur ope
ancompa
nie
s.

Again,thi
siswhyI /
O busnet
worka ndfiel
dde v
icemanuf
act
urer
swi l
lspec
if
yc ompa
tibi
li
tywit
ha
part
icul
arprot
ocol(
e.
g.,ASI
,Se
ripl
ex,Int
erBus-
S,SDS,orDevi
ceNet)e
venthoughnooff
ici
alpr
otocol
st
anda r
dexis
ts
.

1.By
te-
WideDe
vic
eBusNe
twor
ks

Themostc
ommonby
te-
widede
vic
ebusne
twor
ksa
reba
sedont
heI
nte
rBus
Sne
twor
kandt
heCANbus
net
wor
k.

i
)Int
erBus
-S

Int
erBus
-Sisasensor/
act
uat
orde
vic
ebusne
tworktha
tconnec
tsdi
scr
etea
nda
nal
ogf
ie
ldde
vic
est
oa
PLCorc omput
er(s
oftPLC)vi
aari
ngnet
wor
kconfi
gur
ati
on.

TheInt
erBus
Sha sbuil
t-
inI /
Oi nt
erf
ace
sini t
s256pos
si
blenodec
ompone
nts
,whi
cha
lsoi
ncl
ude
t
ermi
nalbl
ockconne
cti
onsforeas
yI/
Oi nt
erf
aci
ng.

Thi
sne
twor
kca
nha
ndl
eupt
o4096f
ie
ldI
/O de
vic
es(
depe
ndi
ngont
hec
onf
ig
ura
tion)a
tas
pee
dof500

132
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

k
baudwi
thc
ycl
icr
edunda
ncyc
hec
k(CRC)
err
orde
tec
ti
on.

APLCorc omput
eri
nanInt
erBus
-Sne
twor
kcommuni
cat
eswi
tht
hebusi
nama
ste
r/s
lav
eme
thodv
iaa
hos
tcont
rol
le
rormodul
e.

Thetopol
ogyofthene
tworki
sar
ing,wi
thda
tabe
ings
eque
nti
al
lys
hif
tedf
rompoi
ntt
opoi
ntont
her
ing
unde
rthecont
rolofanet
workma
ste
r.

Ea
chde
vic
eist
her
inga
ctsa
sas
hif
tre
gis
ter
,tr
ans
mit
ti
nga
ndr
ece
ivi
ngda
tas
imul
tane
ous
lya
t500KHz
.

Thea
ctua
lse
ria
lda
tat
rans
mis
si
onbe
twe
ens
tat
ionsc
onf
ormst
oRS-485.

I
nte
rbus–S(
int
erbus–SremoteBus
)hasa
lsobe
ene
xte
nde
dtoi
ncl
udeas
ub-
prot
ocolc
all
edi
nte
rbus–
s
ens
orloop(
orint
erbus–Sloc
alBus
).

Thi
ssubprot
ocolpr
ovi
desanal
te
rnat
ephys
ica
lla
yer
,wit
has i
ngl
etwi
st
edpai
rca
rry
ingpowera
nddata
onthesa
mel i
nesandareduc
ti
oninthemini
mum s
izeoft
heshi
ftr
egi
st
eri
neachst
ati
onfr
om 16t
o4
bi
ts
.

Eachi
nte
rbuss
ensorloopsys
temcanactasas
ing
les
tat
ionona
nint
erbus
-Sne
twor
k,ont
hes
ens
orl
oop
ca
nbeconnect
eddire
c t
lyt
oac ont
rol
le
rormas
ter
.

I
nte
rbus
–Sde
vic
esa
reus
ual
lyi
mpl
eme
nte
dwi
thas
pec
ialASI
C(a
ppl
ic
ati
ons
pec
if
ici
nte
gra
tedc
irc
uit
).

i
i)CANbusne
twor
ks

CANbusnetwor
ksar
eby t
e-widede
vic
ebusnet
worksbas
edonthewidel
yusedCAN e
lec
troni
cchip
t
echnol
ogy
,whichi
suse
di nsi
deaut
omobi
le
stocont
roli
nte
rna
lcompone
nts,s
ucha
sbra
kesa ndot
her
s
yste
ms.

A CANbusne t
worki sanopenpr ot
ocols
yst
emf e
aturi
ngvari
abl
elengt
hme s
sag
es(upt o8byte
s),
nondest
ruct
ivear
bit
rati
on,andadvanceder
rormanagement
.Afour-
wirecabl
eplusshi
el
d— twowir
es
forpower,t
woforsignalt
rans
miss
ion,anda“fi
ft
h”shie
ldwir
e—provi
dest
hec ommunicat
ionl
inkwi
th
fie
lddevi
ces
.

Thisco
mmunicati
oncaneit
herbema s
ter
/s
laveorpee
rtope
er.Thes
pee
doft
hene
twor
k(da
ta
t
ransmi
ss
ionr
ate
)depe
ndsonthel
eng
thoft
hetrunkc
abl
e.

133
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

TheDe
vic
eNe
tby
te-
widene
twor
kca
nsuppor
t64node
sandama
ximumof2048f
ie
ldI
/Ode
vic
es.

TheSDSne t
wor
kc anal
sosupport64nodes
;howe
v e
r,t
hisnumberi
ncr
eas
est
o126a
ddr
ess
abl
e
l
oca
tionswhe
nmulti
por
tI/
Ointe
rfac
esar
eusedt
omult
ipl
ext
henodes
.

Usi
nga4-to-
1mult
ipor
tI/
Oi nt
erf
acemodul
e,a
nSDSne
twor
kca
nconne
ctt
oupt
o126noni
nte
ll
ig
ent
I
/Odevi
cesinanyc
ombinat
ionofi
nput
sandout
put
s.

Thi
smult
ipor
tinte
rfa
c etononi
nte
ll
igentfi
el
ddevi
cesconta
insasla
veCAN chi
pins
idet
hei
nte
rfa
ce,
whi
chpr
ovide
ssta
tusinfor
mati
onaboutthenode
sconne
ctedtothei
nte
rfa
ce.

I
naDe vi
ceNetnet
work,t
hePLCconnect
stothefi
el
dde vi
cesi
nat r
unkl
inec
onf
igura
tion,wi
the
it
her
s
ing
ledr
opsof
fthet
runkorbr
anc
heddropst
hroughmult
ipor
tint
erf
ace
satt
hedevi
celocati
ons
.

134
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Bec
aus
ea nSDSne t
workcantr
ans
mitmanyby t
esofinfor
ma ti
oninthef
ormofv
ari
abl
ele
ngthmess
ag e
s,
i
tcana
lsosuppor
tma nyi
nte
ll
ig
entde
vic
esthatcantransl
ateone,t
wo,ormor
ebyte
sofi
nfor
mati
onfrom
t
henet
workinto16or32bit
sofON/OFFinfor
ma t
ion.

Ane
xampl
eoft
hist
ypeofi
nte
ll
ig
entde
vic
eisas
ole
noi
dva
lvema
nif
old.

Thi
ski
ndofmani
fol
dcanhaveupto16c onnec
ti
ons,t
her
ebyr
ece
ivi
ng16bi
ts(
twoby
tes
)ofda
taf
rom
t
henet
wor
kandcont
rol
li
ngt
hesta
tusof16valv
eoutput
s.

Howev
er,t
hisde
vic
eusesonlyoneaddr
essoft
he126poss
ibl
eaddr
ess
es.Thus
,int
hisc
onf
ig
ura
tion,t
he
SDSnet
workcanact
ual
lyconnectt
omorethanjus
t126a
ddress
abl
edevi
ces
.

135
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

TheCANbusdevi
cebusnet
workusesthr
eeoft
heISO l
ayer
sanddefi
nesboththemedi
aac
ces
scont
rol
methodandt
hephys
ica
lsi
gnal
ingofthenet
wor
k,whi
leprovi
dingc
ycl
icredundanc
yche
ck(
CRC)e r
ror
de
tecti
on.

Theme
diaa
cce
ssc
ont
rol
func
ti
onde
ter
mine
swhe
nea
chde
vic
eont
hebuswi
llbee
nabl
ed.

2.Bi
t-
widede
vic
ebusne
twor
ks

Bit
-wi
dedevi
cebusne
twor
ksa
reus
edf
ordi
scr
etea
ppl
ic
ati
onswi
ths
impl
eON/
OFFde
vic
es(
e.
g.
,se
nsor
s
andact
uat
ors
).

The
seI
/O busne
twor
k sc
anonl
ytra
nsmi
t4bi
ts(
oneni
bbl
e)ofi
nfor
mat
iona
tat
ime
,whi
chi
ssuf
fi
ci
ent
t
otr
ans
mitdataf
romthes
edev
ice
s

Thes
mal
le
stdi
scr
etes
ens
orsa
nda
ctua
tor
sre
qui
reonl
yonebi
tofda
tat
oope
rat
e.

Bymi nimi
zingthei
rdatatr
ans
miss
ionca
pabi
li
ti
es,bi
t-
widedevi
cebusne
twor
ksprov
ideopti
mum
per
formanceateconomi
calc
ost
s.Themostc
ommonbi t
-widede
vic
ebusne
twor
ksar
eASI ,I
nter
Bus
Loop,andSeri
ple
x

i
)ASIBi
t-
WideDe
vic
eBusNe
twor
k.

ASI(
Actua
torse
nsorint
erf
ace)wa sdev
elope
df orlow-
cos
t,f
le
xibl
eme
thodf
orc
onne
cti
ngs
ens
ora
nd
ac
tua
tor
satthel
owestl
eve
lsofindust
ri
alcont
rolsy
stem.

TheASIne
tworkpr
otoc
oli
sus
edi
nsi
mpl
e,di
scr
etene
twor
kappl
ic
ati
onsr
equi
ri
ngnomor
etha
n124
I/
Ofi
el
ddevi
ces
.

Thes
e124input
sandoutputdev
icescanbec
onnec
tedtoupto31nodesinei
theratr
ee,s
tar
,orri
ng
t
opol
ogy.TheI/
Odevi
cesconne
cttothePLCorpe
rsona
lcomput
erv
iathebust
hroughahos
tcont
rol
le
r
i
nte
rfa
ce.

I
tprovide
sat wo-
wire
,non-
twi
s t
edcabl
eforint
erc
onne
cti
onofdevic
es.Devi
cesmaydra
wc ur
rentfrom
t
hetwowi re
sforpoweri
ngci
rcui
try
,andda t
acommunic
ati
onsar
emodul a
tedontopofthenomi nald.c
l
eve
la tabitrat
eof167KHZ,unde rcont
roloft
hemaste
r.Onesingl
eparit
ybitpe
rsta
t i
onisus e
df or
e
rrordete
cti
on.

Thema
ximumc
abl
ele
ngt
his100me
ter
s(330f
t)f
romt
hema
ste
rcont
rol
le
r.

TheASInet
workpr
otoc
olisba
sedont
heASIpr
otoc
olc
hip,t
hust
heI
/Ode
vic
esc
onne
cte
dtot
hist
ype
ofnet
workmustc
ont
ainthi
schi
p.

Typic
alASI-compat
ibl
edev
ice
sincl
udepr
oxi
mit
yswi
tc
hes
,li
mits
wit
che
s,phot
oel
ect
ri
cse
nsor
s,a
nd
s
tandardof
f-
the-
she
lffi
el
dde
vic
es.

136
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

However
,ina na
ppli
cat
ionus
inganoff-
the-
she
lfde
vic
e,theASIc
hipi
sloc
ate
dint
henode(
i
.e.
,an
i
nte
ll
ig
entnodewi
thasl
aveASIchi
p),i
nst
eadofi
nthedevi
ce.

Fi
gurebel
owill
ustr
ate
sanI/
O busnet
workt
hatusesbot
htheASIbit
-wi
dene
twor
kandtheby
te-
wide
CANbusne t
work.Notet
hattheASInet
wor
kc onnect
stotheby
te-
wideCANbusne
twor
kthr
ougha
ga
teway.

i
i)I
nte
rBusLoopBi
t-
WideDe
vic
eBusNe
twor
k

TheI
nte
rBusLoopfr
omPhoe
nixCont
actInc
.isa
not
herbi
t-
widede
vic
ebusne
twor
kus
edt
oint
erf
acea
PLCwit
hsi
mplesens
ora
ndact
uat
orde
vice
s.

TheInter
BusLoopusesapowerandc
ommuni
cat
ionste
chnol
ogycal
le
dPower
Comtosendt
heInt
erBus
-
Spr ot
ocols
igna
lthr
oughthepowers
uppl
ywi
res(i
.e
.,t
heprot
ocoli
smodul
ate
dont
othepowe
rsupply
l
ine
s).

Thisre
duce
sthenumberofc
abl
esre
quir
edbyt
henetwor
ktoonl
ytwoc
onduc
tor
s,whi
chc
arr
ybot
hthe
powerandcommuni
cat
ionsi
gna
lst
othefi
el
dde
vic
es.

137
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
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l
.com

Si
ncet
heInt
erBus
-Sa ndI
nter
BusLoopnet
worksus
ethes
amepr
otoc
ol,t
heyc
anc
ommuni
cat
ewi
th
ea
chot
hervi
aanInte
rBusLoopte
rmi
nalmodul
e.

TheInte
rBusLoopc
onnec
tstothebuste
rmi
nalmodul
e,l
oca
tedi
ntheI
nte
rBus
-Sne
twor
k,whi
ch
at
tac
hest
othef
iel
dde
vic
esvi
atwowir
es.

AnInt
erBusLoopnetworkc
analsoi
nter
fac
ewithnon-
inte
ll
ig
ent
,of
f-t
he-
she
lfde
vic
esbyme
ansof
modul
eint
erf
ace
scont
aini
ngani
nte
ll
ig
entsl
avene
twor
kchip.

i
ii
)Se
ripl
exBi
t-
WideDe
vic
eBusNe
twor
k.

TheSer
ipl
exdev
icebusne
twor
kca
nconne
ctupt
o510f
ie
ldde
vic
est
oaPLCi
nei
the
rama
ste
r/s
lav
eor
pe
er-
to-
peerc
onf
igur
ati
on.

TheSer
ipl
exnet
workisba
sedontheappl
ic
ati
ons pe
cifi
cinteg
rat
edc
irc
uit
,orASI
Cchi
p,whi
chmus
t
bepr
ese
ntinal
lI/
Ofie
lddevi
cest
hatc
onne
cttothenetwork.

I
/O de
v i
cesthatdonothav
etheASICchi
pembeddedinthei
rci
rcui
tr
y(i.
e.
,off
-t
he-
shel
fde
vic
es)c
an
c
onnectt
ot henet
workvi
aaSeri
ple
xI/
Omodul
einte
rfa
cethatc
ont
ainsasl
aveASICchip.

TheASI CI/
Ointerf
acecont
ains32bui
lt
-i
nBooleanl
ogi
cfunct
ionusedtocre
atel
ogi
cthatwi
llpr
ovi
de
thecommuni
cat
ion,addr
essa
bili
ty,a
ndi
ntel
li
genc
enec
ess
arytocont
rolthef
ie
lddev
ice
sconnec
tedtot
he
networ
kbus.

ASe
ripl
exne
twor
kca
nspa
ndi
st
anc
esofupt
o5,
000f
eeti
nas
tar
,loop,t
ree
,ormul
ti
dropc
onf
ig
ura
tion.

Thisbi
t-
widebusnetworkcanal
soope r
atewit
houtahos
tcontr
oll
er.Unli
ketheASIne
twor
k,the
Ser
ipl
exdevi
cebusnet
workcani
nte
rfac
ewithanal
ogI/
Odevi
ces
;however
,thedi
git
iz
eda
nal
ogsi
gna
lis
re
adorwrit
tenonebi
tatati
meineachsca
nc y
cle

Pr
oce
ssBusNe
twor
k

Aproces
sbusne
tworkisahi
gh-
lev
el,ope
n,di
gi
talc
ommuni
cat
ionne
twor
kus
edt
oconne
cta
nal
ogf
ie
ld
de
vice
stoacont
rol
syst
em.

I
tisusedinpr
oces
sa ppl
ic
ati
ons,wheretheanal
oginput
/out
puts
ens
orsa
nda
ctua
tor
sre
sponds
lowe
r
t
hanthos
eindi
scr
etebusappl
ic
ations(
dev
icebusnet
works
).

Thesiz
eoftheinf
ormati
onpac
ket
sdeli
vere
dtoandfrom t
hes
eana
logf
ie
ldde
vic
esi
sla
rge
,duet
othe
nat
ureoft
heinf
ormati
onbei
ngcol
le
cte
da tt
hepr
oces
sleve
l.

Thet
womos
tcommonl
yus
edpr
oce
ssbusne
twor
kpr
otoc
olsa
reFi
el
dbusa
ndPr
ofi
bus
.

Al
thought
hes
enet
wor
kprot
ocol
sca
nt r
ansmi
tdat
aataspeedof1to2megabit
s/
sec
,thei
rres
pons
eti
me
i
sconsi
der
eds
lowt
omedi
umbe c
auseoft
hela
rgeamountofi
nfor
mati
ont
hatist
ransf
err
ed.

Ne
ver
the
les
s,t
hiss
pee
disa
dequa
tef
orpr
oce
ssa
ppl
ic
ati
ons
,be
caus
eana
logpr
oce
sse
sdonotr
espond

138
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

i
nst
ant
ane
ous
ly,a
sdi
scr
etec
ont
rol
sdo.

Proc
e s
sbusnet
worksca
nt r
ansmi
tenormousa
mount
sofi
nfor
mat
iont
oaPLC s
yst
em,t
husg
rea
tly
enhanci
ngt
heoper
ati
onofapla
ntorpr
oces
s.

Fore x
ampl e
,as mart
,pr
oces
sbus
–compa ti
blemotorsta
rtercanprovi
dei
nformati
ona bouttheamount
ofcurrentbeingpul
le
dbythemotor,sothat
,ifc
urrentrequir
ementsi
ncr
easeoral oc
k e
d-rotorc
urre
nt
si
tuati
onoc curs
,thesys
temcana l
erttheopera
tora nda voi
dapot ent
ialmotorfai
lureinac r
it
ical
product
ionli
ne .

I
mpl
ementa
tion ofthi
stypeofs y
ste
m wi t
houtapr oc
essbusnetwor
kwoul d betoo cos
tl
yand
c
umber
somebecauseoft
heamountofwir
erunsnec
ess
arytot
rans
mitt
hist
ypeofpr
oc e
ssda
ta.

Proc
essbusnet
work
swil
levent
ual
lyre
pla
cet
hec
ommonl
yus
eda
nal
ogne
twor
ks,whi
cha
reba
sedont
he
4–20mAs ta
ndardf
ora
nalogdevi
ces
.

Thiswil
lprovidegre
ateraccura
cyandrepeat
abili
tyinproc
essappl
ica
tions,aswel
lasa
ddbidire
cti
onal
communicati
on betweent he fi
el
d de
vice
sa nd the c
ontrol
le
r(e.g.
,PLC) .A PLC orc ompute
r
communicate
swi thapr ocessbusnet
workt hroughahos tcontr
oll
eri nte
rfa
cemoduleus
inge i
the
r
Fie
ldbusorProfi
busprot
ocolfor
ma t
.

Bl
ocktr
ansf
erins
truc
ti
onsrel
ayinf
ormat
ionbet
weent
hePLC a ndthepr
oce
ssbuspr
oce
sso
r.The
pr
oce
ssbuspr
oces
sori
sgene
ral
lyi
nse
rtedi
nsi
det
hera
ckenc
los
ureoft
hePLC.

i
)Fi
el
dbusPr
oce
ssBusNe
twor
k

TheFiel
dbusproces
sbusne
tworkfr
om theFi
el
dbusFoundat
ion(FF)isadig
ita
l,s
eri
al
,mul
tipor
t,t
wo-
waycommunicati
onsys
temtha
tconnec
tsfi
el
dequi
pment,suc
ha sint
el
lig
entse
nsor
sandact
uator
s,wi
th
cont
rol
le
rs,
suchasPLCs.

Thi
spr
oce
ssbusne
twor
kof
fe
rst
hede
sir
abl
efe
atur
esi
nhe
renti
n4–20mAa
nal
ogs
yst
ems
,suc
has
:

•as
tanda
rdphy
sic
alwi
ri
ngi
nte
rfa
ce

•bus
-powe
redde
vic
esonas
ing
lepa
irofwi
res

•i
ntr
ins
ics
afe
tyopt
ions

Howe
ver
,theFi
el
dbusne
two
rkt
echnol
ogyof
fe
rst
hef
oll
owi
nga
ddi
ti
ona
ladv
ant
age
s:

•r
educ
edwi
ri
ngduet
omul
ti
dropde
vic
es

•Compa
tibi
li
tya
mongFi
el
dbuse
qui
pme
nt

•r
educ
edc
ont
rol
rooms
pac
ere
qui
reme
nts

•Di
gi
tal
communi
cat
ionr
eli
abi
li
ty

139
 c
li
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rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Fi
el
dbusPr
otoc
ol

TheFi
eldbusnetworkpr
otoc
oli
sbase
donthre
elayer
softheI
SO’sseve
n-la
yermode
l.The
set
hre
ela
yer
s
ar
elay
er1( phy
sica
lint
erf
ace
),l
aye
r2(da
tal
ink)
,andlay
er7(appl
ic
ati
on).

I
thasopti
miz
edt
heOSIa
rchit
ect
uref
orproc
e s
scont
rolbyremovi
ngt
hemi
ddl
ela
yer
stha
tar
ege
ner
all
y
a
ssoc
iat
edwit
hnon-
ti
mec
rit
ic
alappl
ic
ati
onssuchasf
il
etrans
fer
.

Thes
ect
ionc
ompr
is
ingl
aye
rs2a
nd7oft
hemode
lar
ere
fer
redt
oast
heFi
el
dbusc
ommuni
cat
ions
tac
k.

Inaddi
ti
ontot
heI
SO’
smode
l,Fi
el
dbusa
ddsa
nex
tral
aye
ront
opoft
hea
ppl
ic
ati
onl
aye
rca
ll
edt
he
use
rlay
er.

Thi
sus
erl
aye
rpr
ovi
dess
eve
ralk
eyf
unc
ti
ons
,whi
cha
ref
unc
ti
onbl
ock
s,de
vic
ede
scr
ipt
ions
erv
ice
s,a
nd
s
yst
emmanag
ement
.

Phy
sic
alLa
yer(
Lay
er1)

Thephys
ica
lla
yeroft
heFi
el
dbuspr
oce
ssbusne
twor
kconf
ormswi
tht
heI
SASP50a
ndI
EC 1152-
2
s
tanda
rds
.

Thes
est
anda
rdss
pecif
ythet
ypeofwi
ret
hatc
anbeus
edi
nthi
sty
peofne
twor
k,a
swe
lla
showf
astda
ta
ca
nmovethr
oughthenet
work
.

More
over
,the
ses
tandardsdef
inet
henumbe
roff
iel
ddevi
cesthatc
anbeont hebusa
tdi
ff
ere
ntne
twor
k
s
pee
ds,wi
thorwi
thoutbeingpowe
redf
romt
hebuswit
hint
rinsi
csaf
ety(
IS)
.

I
ntr
ins
ica
ll
ys a
feequipmenta
ndwir
ingdoe
snote
mite
noug
hthe
rma
lore
lec
tri
cale
ner
gyt
oig
nit
e
mat
eri
al
sinthesur
roundi
ngat
mos
phere
.

Thus,i
ntr
ins
ica
ll
ys a
fede
vic
esa
res
uit
abl
eforus
einha
zar
douse
nvi
ronme
nts
(e.
g.
,thos
econt
aini
ng
hydr
oge
nora ce
tyl
ene)
.

TheFie
ldbusha
stwospee
ds—al owspe
edof31.
25kbaud,ref
err
edtoa sH1,andahighspe
edof1
Mbaudor2.5Mbaud(
depe
ndingonthemode
—ACc ur
rentorDCv ol
tag
emode),ca
ll
edH2.

Atas
peedof31.
25k
baud,t
hephy
sic
all
aye
roft
heFi
el
dbuspr
oce
ssne
twor
kca
nsuppor
tex
ist
ing4–20
mAwir
ing.

Thisi
ncr
eas
escost
-ef
fe
ctiv
enes
swhenupgr
adi
ngaplantorpr
oces
s’sne
tworkc
ommunic
ati
onsc
heme.At
thi
sH1s pe
ed,theFieldbusnet
wor
kc a
na l
sosupporti
ntr
ins
ica
llysaf
enetwor
kse
gmentswit
hbus-
power
eddevi
ces
.

140
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Communi
cat
ionSt
ack(
Lay
ers2a
nd7)

Thecommuni
cat
ionst
ackporti
onoft
heFi
el
dbuspr
oce
ssbusne
twor
kcons
is
tsofl
aye
r2(
theda
tal
i
nk
l
aye
r)andl
aye
r7(thea
ppli
cat
ionla
yer
).

Theda
tal
inkl
aye
rcont
rol
sthet
rans
mis
si
onofme
ssa
gesont
otheFi
el
dbust
hroug
hthephy
sic
all
aye
r.

I
tma na
gesacc
esst
ot hebust
hroug
hali
nkac
tivesc
hedul
er,whi
chi
sade
ter
mini
st
ic
,ce
ntr
ali
zedbus
t
rans
miss
ionr
egul
atorbas
edonIECandI
SAs
tandar
ds.

Theappl
ic
ati
onlaye
rcont
ainst
heFie
ldbusme s
sagi
ngspeci
fi
cat
ion(FMS)s
tanda
rd,whi
che
ncode
sand
de
codesc
omma ndsf
romtheuse
rla
yer,Fi
eldbus
’sa
ddit
iona
l8thlaye
r.

TheFMSi sbas
edontheProf
ibusproc
essbusst
andard.Laye
r7a ls
oc onta
insanobj
ectdi
ct
iona
ry,
whi
chal
lowsFi
el
dbusne
twor
kda t
atoberet
ri
evedbyei
therta
gna meorindexrec
ord

Us
erLa
yer(
Lay
er8)

Theus
erl
aye
rimpl
eme
ntst
heFi
el
dbusne
twor
k’sdi
st
ri
but
edc
ont
rols
tr
ate
gy.

141
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

I
tc ont
ainst
hre
eke
yel
eme
nts
,whi
cha
ref
unc
ti
onbl
ock
s,de
vic
ede
scr
ipt
ions
erv
ice
s,a
nds
yst
em
management
.

Theuserl
aye
r,av i
tals
egmentoft
heFi
el
dbusne
twor
k,a
lsode
fi
nest
hes
oft
war
emode
lforus
er
i
nte
rac
ti
onwit
hthenet
worksy
ste
m.

Func t
ion Blocks:aree nc
a psula
tedc ont
rolfunctionst hatall
ow thepe r f
orma nceofi nput/
output
operat
ions
,suc ha sanaloginput s
,analogoutputs
,PI Dc ontr
ol,di
scr
eteinputs/
out puts
,signalsel
ect
or s
,
ma nuall
oade r
s,bias
/gai
ns t
a ti
ons,andrati
ostat
ions.Thef unc
ti
onblockc a
pa bi
li
ti
e sofFieldbusnetworks
all
ow Fiel
dbus -
compa t
iblede vicestobepr ogramme dwithblockscontai
ninga nyoft hei ns
truct
ions
avail
ableint hesy s
tem.Thr ought hes
efunctionbl ock
s,userscanc onf
igurec ontrola l
gorit
hmsa nd
implementthemdi rect
lythroug hfi
elddevi
ces.

De vi
ceDe s
cri
ptionSe rvi
ces.De vi
cedes c
ript
ions(DD)a reFiel
dbussoft
waremechanismsthatletahost
obtai
nme ss
ageinf orma t
ion,sucha svendorna me ,avai
la
blefunct
ionblocks
,anddiagnost
iccapabil
it
ies
,
fr
om fie
lddevic
e s.De vicede sc
ript
ionscanbet houghtofas“dri
vers”forf
iel
dde v
ice
sc onnect
edtot he
network
,me ani
ngt hattheya ll
owt hede vi
cetoc ommuni c
atewiththehostandthenetwork.Alldevi
ces
connect
edtoaFi e l
dbuspr oc e
ssne t
wor kmus tha veade vi
cedescri
pti
on.Whenane wf i
eldde v
iceis
addedtothenetwor k,thehos tmustbes uppli
edwi thit
sdevi
cedescri
pti
on.

Sy s
tem Manager
.Thes ys
tem managementpor
tionoftheuse
rla
yerschedul
est
hee x
ecuti
onoffunct
ion
blocksatpre
cise
lydefi
nedinter
va l
s.Ital
socontrol
sthecommunic
a t
ionofalltheFiel
dbusnetwork
parameter
susedbythefunct
ionblocks
.Moreove
r ,t
hesys
temmanagerautomat
ic
all
ya s
si
gnsfi
el
dde v
ice
address
es.

Pr
ofi
busPr
oce
ssBusNe
twor
k

Profi
bus(PROces
sFIel
dBUS)i sadigi
talproc
essbusnetwor
kcapa
bleofcommuni
cat
inginf
orma
tion
betweenamast
ercont
rol
le
r(orhos
t)a
nda ninte
ll
ige
nt,s
lav
eproce
ssf
iel
ddev
ice,a
swe
llasf
romonehost
toanothe
r.

Pr
ofibusact
uall
yconsi
st
softhr
eeint
er-
compat
ibl
enet
workswi
thdif
fe
rentprot
ocol
sdesi
gne
dtoserv
e
di
st
incti
veappli
cat
ionre
qui
rement
s.Thethr
eetype
sofPr
ofi
busne
tworksar
e:Profi
bus
-FMS,Pr
ofi
bus-
DPa ndProf
ibus-
PA

Prof
ibus
-FMSnet
workist
heuni
ver
s a
lsol
uti
onforcommuni
cat
ingbe
twe
ent
heuppe
rle
vel
,thec
elll
eve
l,
andthef
iel
dde
vic
ele
veloft
heProf
ibushi
erar
chy.

Cel
llev
elcontrolocc
ursatindi
vi
dual(orc
ell
)ar
eas
,whic
he xe
rci
setheact
ualcont
roldur
ingpr
oduc
ti
on.
Thecontr
oll
ersatthecel
lle
v e
lmustcommunica
tewit
hothe
rsuperv
isor
ysys
tems.

The Prof
ibus-
FMS util
iz
est he Fi
eldbusme ssa
ges
pec
if
ic
ati
on (
FMS)t
oex
ecut
eit
sex
tens
ive
communic
a t
ionta
sksbe
tweenhie
rarc
hicall
eve
ls.

142
 c
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.com

Thi
scommuni
cat
ioni
spe
rfor
medt
hroug
hcy
cli
cora
cyc
li
cme
ssa
gesa
tme
diumt
rans
mis
si
ons
pee
ds.

Profi
bus-
DP(Dece
ntr
ali
zedPer
iphera
ls)networ
kisaperf
or manc
e-opti
miz
edv e
rsi
onoftheProf
ibus
network
.Iti
sde
sig
nedtohandl
et i
me-cri
ti
calcommuni
cat
ionsbet
we endevi
cesi
nfact
oryaut
omation
sy
stems.

ThePr
ofi
bus
-DPi
sas
uit
abl
ere
pla
ceme
ntf
or24-
Vpa
ral
le
land4–20mAwi
ri
ngi
nte
rfa
ces
.

Profi
bus-
PA(Pr oce
ssAut oma ti
on)ne
tworkistheproces
sautomati
onver
si
onoftheProfi
busne t
work.I
t
provi
desbus-
powe r
eds t
ationsandint
rins
ics
a f
etyac
c or
dingtothetr
ans
miss
ions
pe c
if
ic
ationsoftheI
EC
1158-2st
andard.ThePr ofibus-
PAnetworkhasdevi
c edesc
ript
ionandf
unct
ionblockcapabil
it
ie
s,al
ong
withfi
el
ddeviceint
eroperabili
ty.

Prof
ibus
-PAisde
sig
ne dforuseinane x
plosi
on/haza
rdousa
reas
.Thephy si
call
aye
r(c
a ble
)all
owspower
tobedeli
ver
edoverthebustof i
el
di ns
trument
s,whi
leli
mit
ingcur
rentf
lowssotha
texplosi
vecondi
ti
ons
arenotcr
eat
ed,e
veni fama l
funct
ionoccurs
.

Pr
ofi
busnetwork
ss uppor
tbot
hpe
er-
to-
pee
randmul
ti
pee
rcommuni
cat
ioni
nei
the
rbr
oadc
astor
mult
ic
astc
onfi
gura
tions
.

143
 c
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.com

I
nbr
oadc
astc
ommuni
cat
ion,a
nac
ti
ves
tat
ions
endsa
nunc
onf
ir
medme
ssa
get
oal
lot
hers
tat
ions
.

Anyoft hes
es ta
tions(i
ncl
udingbot
h mast
ersandsl
ave
s)canta
kethi
sinf
ormat
ion.I
n mult
ic
ast
communica
tion,ana c
ti
vest
ati
onse
ndsanunconf
ir
medmess
aget
oapar
ti
cul
argr
oupofmast
erors
lave
st
ati
ons
.

Thephysi
call
ayerorla
yer1,oft
heI
SO mode
lde
fi
nest
hene
twor
k’st
rans
mis
si
onme
dium a
ndt
he
phy
sic
albusi
nte
rfa
ce.

TheProf
ibusnet
worka dherest
otheEI
ARS-
485s
tanda
rd,whi
chus
esat
wo-
conduc
tor
,twi
st
ed-
pai
r
wi
rebuswithopt
iona
lshiel
ding.

Themaximum numbe
rofs
tat
ionsorde
vic
enode
spe
rse
gme
nti
s32wi
thoutr
epe
ate
rsa
nd12
7wi
th
re
pea
ter
s.

Thenet
wor
ktra
nsmis
si
onspeedissel
ect
abl
efr
om 9.
6kbaudto12Mba ud,depe
ndi
ngont
hedi
st
anc
e
andc
abl
ety
pe.Wit
houtr
epea
ters
,themaximumbusl
eng
this100mat12Mba ud.

Thet
ypeofc
onne
ctorus
edi
sa9-
pin,D-
subc
onne
ctor
.

ModbusNe
twor
k

I
tisas
eri
alc
ommuni
cat
ionpr
otoc
olpubl
is
hedbyModi
consf
orus
ewi
thi
tsPLCs
.

Simpl
eandrobust
,ithassi
ncebecomeadef act
ostandardc
ommuni
cat
ionpr
otoc
ol,a
ndi
tisnow
commonl
yav
a i
labl
emeansofconne
cti
nge
lec
troni
cdev
ices.

Thema
inr
eas
onsf
ort
heus
eofModbusi
nthei
ndus
tr
ial
env
ironme
nta
re:

De
vel
ope
dwi
thi
ndus
tr
iala
ppl
ic
ati
oni
nmi
nd

Ope
nlypubl
is
heda
ndr
oya
ltyf
ree

144
 c
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rang
a9@g
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Ea
syt
ode
ploya
ndma
int
ain

Mov
esr
awbi
tsorwor
dswi
thoutpl
aci
ngma
nyi
nst
ruc
ti
ons
.

I
tal
lowsf
orc
ommuni
cat
ionbe
twe
enma
ny(
appr
ox240)
dev
ice
sconne
cte
dtot
hes
amene
twor
k.

I
tisus
edt
oconne
ctas
upe
rvi
sor
ycomput
erwi
thar
emot
ete
rmi
naluni
t(RTU)
inSCADAs
yst
ems
.

A Modbuscommandc onta
instheModbusa ddr
essofthedev
iceitisi
nte
ndedfor
. Al
lModbus
c
omma ndsc
onta
inche
ckinginf
ormat
ion,e
nsur
ingt
hatacommandarr
ive
sundama
ged.

Thebas
icModbuscommandca
nins
truc
tanRTU toc
hangeav a
lueinoneofit
sregi
st
ers
,cont
rolor
re
adan1/0por
taswel
lasc
ommandt
hedevi
cet
ose
ndbackoneormoreval
uesc
ontai
nedinit
sreg
ist
ers
.

ModbusMessag
ingpr
otoc
olisanAppli
cat
ionl
ayer(OSIla
yer7)prot
ocolt
hatpr
ovi
desc
li
ent
/s
erv
er
c
ommunica
tionbet
wee
nde vi
cesc
onne
cte
dtodif
fe
rentt
ype
sofbus
esornetwor
ks.

TheModbusMe s
sagi
ngpr otocoli
sonlyapr ot
ocoland doesnotimpl
ya nyspeci
fi
chardwa
re
i
mple
me nt
ati
on.Al
sonotet
ha ttheModbusMe
ssa
g i
ngprot
ocolus
edwit
hModbusSer
iali
sthes
ameone
us
edwit
hModbusPlusandModbusTCP.

Modbusme
ssa
gingi
sba
sedo
nac
li
ent
/s
erv
ermode
lande
mpl
oyst
hef
oll
owi
ngme
ssa
ges
:

Modbusreques
ts,i
.e.t
heme s
sag
e ss
entonthenet
workbythecl
ient
stoi
nit
iat
etr
ans
act
ions
.
The
seser
vea si
ndic
ati
onsoft
hereque
ste
dser
vic
esonthes
erv
ers
ide

Modbusres
ponse
s,i
.e
.ther
espons
eme
ssa
gess
entbyt
hes
erv
ers
.The
ses
erv
easc
onf
ir
mat
ions
ont
hecli
entsi
de.

Modbus(ortobemor
eexac
t;theModbusMess
agingprotocol
)isj
ustaprot
ocol
,ModbusPl
usi
sa
c
omplet
es y
ste
mwit
hapre
def
ine
dmediumandPhysi
call
ayer(OSIlay
er1)i
mplement
ati
on.

4t
o20mACur
rentLoop

The4to20mAc urr
entloopi
sawidel
yus e
dme t
hodfortr
ansf
err
inginf
ormat
ionf
rom onesta
tion(
the
t
rans
mit
ter
)toa
nothe
rsta
t i
on(
ther
ece
ive
r).The
ref
ore
,thiss
yst
ema l
lowsf
oronl
ytwost
ations
.

Aty
pic
alc
urr
entl
oops
yst
ema
ssi
gnsas
ens
ingr
ang
e(e
.g.
,0t
o100°
C)t
othec
urr
entr
ang
ebe
twe
en4
a
nd20mA.

Al
oope
xis
ts(
i
.e.
,twowi
res
)be
twe
ent
het
rans
mit
tera
ndr
ece
ive
r.

Thetr
ansmit
tercanimpressacer
tai
nc urrentinthel
oop(usi
ngacont
rol
ledcur
rentsourc
e)s
othatt
he
re
cei
vercanme as
urethecurr
entintheloop( e
.g.
,bypla
cingasma
llre
sis
tori
nserie
swi t
hthel
oopand
meas
uringt
hev ol
tag
edropa c
ros
stheresi
stor)
.

Af
termea
sur
ingthec
urr
ent,t
her
ece
ive
rca
nthe
nde
ter
minet
hepr
ese
ntl
eve
loft
hes
ens
eds
igna
lwi
thi
n
t
hedefine
dsensi
ngra
nge.

145
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Thi
sme thodusescur
rents
ignal
ing,inst
eadofvol
tag
esigna
li
ng,a
ndt
her
efor
eisr
ela
tiv
elyuna
ffe
cte
dby
pot
ent
ialdif
fe
rence
sbetwee
nt hetr
a nsmit
tera
ndtherec
eive
r.

Thi
siss
imi
la
rtot
hebe
nefitofdi
ff
ere
nti
al(
vol
tag
e)s
igna
li
ng,whi
cha
lsor
equi
rest
wowi
res
.

Anot
hercha
ract
eri
st
icofthisme
thodi
stha
titi
snotpr
ima
ril
ydi
gi
tali
nna
tur
e,a
sma
nyot
hers
ens
or
communi
cat
ionsy
ste
msa r
e .

Themeasur
e dv
aluecanv
aryc
ont
inuousl
yint
her a
ngeof4-20mA,a
ndt her
eforec
a neas
il
yrepres
entan
anal
ogse
nsingrange
,rat
hert
hanas etofdi
gi
talsi
gna
ls.Als
o,t
hesig
na li
sc ont
inuous
lyva
r i
ableand
ava
il
abl
e.

Anot
herc
har
act
eri
st
icoft
hisme
thodi
stha
tthei
nte
gri
tyo
fthel
oopc
anbev
eri
fied.

Aslongasthel
oopisunbr
oke
nandt
het
rans
mit
teri
sing
oodwor
kingor
der
,thec
urr
enti
nthel
oop
shoul
dne
v e
rfal
lbe
low4mA.

I
fthecur
renta
ppr
oac
hes0mA,t
hent
her
ece
ive
rca
nde
ter
minet
hataf
aul
tex
ist
s— pe
rha
psabr
oke
n
c
able
.

The
sesys
temsarewide
lyuse
di nvari
ousproc
essc
ont
roli
ndus
tr
ies(
e.
g.
,oi
lre
fini
ng)f
orc
onne
cti
ng
s
ens
ors(
tr
ansmi
tt
ers
)wit
hcont
rolcomput
ers
.

Bec
auseonest
ati
oni
sal
waysthetr
ans
mit
tera
ndones
tat
ioni
sal
way
sther
ece
ive
r,t
hisi
sauni
dir
ect
iona
l,
ha
lfdupl
excommuni
cat
ionsy
stem.

HART(
Hig
hwa
yAddr
ess
abl
eRe
mot
eTr
ans
duc
er)

TheHARTsys
tem(a
nditsa
ssoc
iate
dprot
ocol
)wasor
igi
nal
lyde
vel
ope
dbyRos
emounta
ndi
sre
gar
ded
asa
nope
nst
andar
d,ava
il
abl
etoallmanuf
act
ure
rs.

It
sma i
nadvant
agei
sthati
tena
blest
her
ete
nti
onoftheexi
st
ing4-
20mAi ns
tr
ume
nta
tioncabl
ingwhi
ls
t
usi
ng,s
imul
tane
ousl
y,t
hesamewir
est
ocar
rydi
git
ali
nfor
mati
onsuper
impose
dont
heanalogsi
gnal
.

HARTi
sahy
bri
dana
loga
nddi
gi
tals
yst
em,a
soppos
edt
omos
tfi
el
dbuss
yst
ems
,tha
tar
epur
elydi
gi
tal
.

HART product
sg ener
all
yfal
lint
o one oft
hre
eca
teg
ori
es:f
ie
ld de
vic
es,hos
tsy
ste
ms,a
nd
communi
cat
ions
upporthar
dwa
re.

Fi
e l
dde v
ice
sincl
udetra
nsmi
tte
rs,v
alv
e s
,andcont
rol
le
rs.Therea
reHARTt ra
nsmit
ter
sforal
mos
tany
st
andardproces
sme a
sureme
ntincl
udingpres
sur
e,te
mpe r
atur
e,l
eve
l,f
low,a
nda nal
yti
cal(
pH,ORP,
densi
ty)
.

146
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Hosts
yst
emsr a
ngefrom smal
lhandhel
dc ommuni
cat
orst
oPC ba
sedma
int
ena
ncema
nag
eme
nt
s
oft
war
etola
rgesca
ledi
st
ri
bute
dcont
rols
yst
ems.

Communic
ati
ons uppor
thardwarei
ncl
ude
ssimpl
esi
ngl
eloopmodemsaswellasanas
sor
tme
ntof
mul
ti
ple
xer
sthata
llowahos
tsyst
emtocommuni
cat
ewi
thala
rgenumbe
roff
ie
lddev
ice
s.

I
tus
esaFr
eque
ncyShi
ftKe
ying(
FSK)
tec
hni
queba
sedont
heBe
ll202s
tanda
rd.

HARTc
anbeus
edi
nei
the
roneoft
het
wone
twor
kconf
ig
ura
tion:

Poi
nt-
to-
poi
ntmode

Mul
ti
-dr
opmode

TheHARTpr
otoc
olha
stwof
orma
tsf
ordi
gi
talt
rans
mis
si
onofda
ta:

Pol
l/
res
pons
emode

Bur
st(
broa
dca
st)
mode

HARTfoll
owsthebas
icOpenSyst
emsInt
erc
onnect
ion(
OSI)r
efe
renc
emode l
.TheOSImode
lde
scr
ibe
s
t
hest
ruc
tureandel
ementsofacommunic
ati
onsy
stem.TheHARTpr ot
ocolus
esare
duc
edOSImodel,
i
mple
menti
ngonlyla
yers1,2and7

Fr
eque
ncyShi
ftKe
ying(
FSK)

TheHARTc ommunica
tionprotoc
olisbase
dont heBell202t
el
ephonec
ommuni
cat
ions
tanda
rda
nd
ope
rat
esus
ingthef
requencys
hiftkeyi
ng(FSK)pr
inci
ple
.

Thedig
ita
lsi
gna
lisma
deupoft
wof
reque
nci
es— 1,
200Hza
nd2,
200Hzr
epr
ese
nti
ngbi
ts1a
nd0,
re
spe
cti
vel
y.

Si
newav
esofthe
setwofr
equenc
iesaresupe
rimpos
edonthedi
rec
tcur
rent(
dc)a
nal
ogs
igna
lca
ble
sto
pr
ovi
des
imul
tane
ousana
loganddigi
talc
ommunicat
ions
.

Beca
usetheave
rageval
ueofthe1200/
2400Hzsinewaves
uperi
mposedont
he4-
20mAs
igna
l(FSK
si
gnal
)i
salwa
yszer
o,he
nce,t
he4-20mAanalogi
nfor
mat
ioni
snotaf
fe
cte
d.

TheHARTFSKs i
gnal
inge
nabl
est
wo-
waydig
ita
lc ommuni
cat
iona
ndma ke
sitpos
si
blef
oraddi
ti
onal
i
nfor
mat
ionbe
yondjus
tthenor
malproc
essv
ariablet
obec ommuni
cat
edtoorfrom asmartfi
el
d
i
nstr
ume
nt.

TheHARTpr otocolcommunic
atesa
t1200bi
tspers
econdwit
houti
nte
rrupt
ingthe4-20mAsi
gnala
nd
al
lowsahos
tappli
cati
on(mas
ter
)togett
woormoredi
git
alupda
tespe
rsec
ondf r
omaf i
eldde
vic
e.

Ami
nimuml
oopi
mpe
danc
eof230W i
sre
qui
redf
orc
ommuni
cat
ion.

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HARTNe
twor
ks

HARTde
vic
esc
anope
rat
einoneoft
wone
twor
kconf
ig
ura
tions
—poi
nt-
to-
poi
ntormul
ti
drop.

Thec
onne
cti
onc
anbei
nfor
mof
:

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I
nconj
unc
ti
onwi
tht
he4-
20mAc
urr
ents
igna
linpoi
nt-
to-
poi
ntmode
,

i
nconj
unc
ti
onwi
thot
herf
ie
ldde
vic
esi
nmul
ti
-dr
opmode

i
npoi
nt-
to-
poi
ntmodewi
thonl
yonef
ie
ldde
vic
ebr
oadc
ast
ingi
nbur
stmode

i
)Poi
nt-
To-
Poi
nt:

Inpoi
nt-to-
pointmode
,thetr
a di
ti
onal4–20mAsig
nali
susedtoc
ommuni
cat
eonepr
oces
svari
abl
e,
whi
lea ddit
ionalpr
oce
ssvar
iable
s,confi
gur
ati
onpar
amet
ers
,andothe
rde
vic
edataar
etrans
fer
red
di
gi
tal
lyus i
ngtheHARTprot
oc ol
.

The4–20mAa
nal
ogs
igna
lisnota
ffe
cte
dbyt
heHARTs
igna
landc
anbeus
edf
orc
ont
roli
nthenor
mal
way.

TheHARTc ommunic
ati
ondigi
tals
ignalgi
vesa
cces
stosec
ondaryvar
iabl
esa
ndot
herda
tat
hatc
anbe
us
edf
orope
rati
ons
,commiss
ioni
ng,ma i
nte
nance
,anddia
gnost
icpur
poses

i
i)Mul
ti
drop:

Themul
ti
dropmodeofopera
tionre
qui
resonl
yasingl
epa
irofwi
resa
nd,i
fappl
ic
abl
e,s
afe
tyba
rri
ers
anda
nauxi
li
arypowe
rsuppl
yforupto1
5f i
el
ddev
ices
.

Allproc
essval
uesaret
rans
mit
teddig
ita
ll
y.I
nmul
ti
dropmode,a
llfi
el
dde v
icepol
li
nga
ddr
ess
esa
re>0,
andthecurr
entthr
ougheac
hdevic
eisfi
xedt
oami
nimumvalue(
typi
cal
ly4mA).

Thus
,se
tti
ngt
hes
mar
tde
vic
epol
li
nga
ddr
esst
oanumbe
rgr
eat
ert
hanz
eroi
mpl
ie
samul
ti
-dr
opl
oop.

Obvious
lythe4-20mAconceptonl
ya ppl
iest
oaloopwit
has i
nglet
rans
ducer
;henc
eforamult
i-
drop
conf
igur
ati
onthesmar
tdevi
cesetsi
tsa
na l
ogout
putt
oaconst
ant4mAandc ommuni
cat
esonl
ydi
gi
tal
ly.

149
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Communi
cat
ionMode
s

TheHARTpr ot
ocolcanbeuse
dinva
riousmodesf
orcommuni
cat
ingi
nfor
mat
iont
o/f
rom s
mar
tfi
el
d
i
nst
rume
ntsa
ndc ent
ral
cont
rol
ormoni
tori
ngequi
pment

The
sepr
otoc
olsa
re:Pol
l/
res
pons
emodea
ndBur
st(
broa
dca
st)
mode
.

i
)Pol
l/
Res
pons
eMode(
Mas
ter
/Sl
aveMode
)

HARTisamast
er-
sl
avecommuni
cati
onpr
otoc
ol,whic
hmeanst
ha tduri
ngnor
malope
rat
ion,e
achs
lav
e
(
fi
el
dde
vic
e)c
ommuni c
ati
oni
sini
ti
atdbyama
e st
ercommuni
cat
ionde v
ice
.

Thema
ste
rpol
lse
achoft
hes
mar
tde
vic
esont
hehi
ghwa
yandr
eque
stst
her
ele
vanti
nfor
mat
ion.

Twomast
erscanconne
cttoea c
hHARTl oop.Thepri
maryma s
teri
sgener
all
yadist
ribut
edcont
rol
s
yste
m(DCS),pr
ogr
amma bl
elogiccontr
oll
er(PLC)
,oraper
sona
lcompute
r(PC).Thes
econdarymas
ter
ca
nbeahandhel
dtermi
naloranotherPC.

Sl
avedevi
cesi
ncl
udetr
ans
mit
ter
s,a
ctua
tor
s,a
ndc
ont
rol
le
rst
hatr
espondt
ocomma
ndsf
romt
hepr
ima
ry
ors
econdar
yma s
ter
.

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Thi
smode
,al
lowsdig
ita
linfor
mati
onfromthesl
avede
v i
cet
obeupdat
edtwi
ceperse
condinthema
ste
r.
The4-
20mAa na
logsi
gnalsar
econt
inuousandc
ansti
llc
arr
ythepr
imar
yvar
iabl
eforcont
rol
.

i
i)Bur
stMode(
Broa
dca
stmode
)

Thi
smodei
sanopt
iona
lcommuni
cat
ionmode
.

I
nburstmode
,thema s
terins
tr
uctsthesl
avedev
icet
ocont
inuous
lybr
oadc
astas
tanda
rdHARTr
epl
y
mes
sag
e(e.
g.
,thev
alueoftheproc
essvar
iabl
e)
.

Thema
ste
rre
cei
vest
heme
ssa
gea
tthehi
ghe
rra
teunt
ili
tins
tr
uct
sthes
lav
etos
topbur
st
ing
.

Thismodefree
st hema
ste
rfr
om ha
vingt
ose
ndr
epe
ate
dcomma
ndr
eque
stst
oge
tupda
tedpr
oce
ss
va
riabl
einf
ormat
ion

Da t
aupdat
era
tesof3-
4pers
econdaret
ypi
calwi
th“burs
t”modec
ommunic
ati
onandwi
llv
arywi
tht
he
chosenc
ommand.Burs
tmodeshoul
dbeuse
donlyinsi
ngl
esl
avede
vic
ene
twork
s.

HARTComma
nds

TheHARTc
omma
nds
etpr
ovi
desuni
for
mandc
ons
is
tentc
ommuni
cat
ionf
ora
llf
ie
ldde
vic
es.

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Lay
er7,t heAppl
ica
tionla
yer
,cons
is
tsoft
hre
ecl
ass
esofHART c
omma
nds
:Uni
ver
sal
,Common
Pr
acti
ce,a
ndDevic
eSpe c
if
ic

Hos
tappl
ic
ati
onsma
yimpl
eme
nta
nyoft
hene
ces
sar
ycomma
ndsf
orapa
rti
cul
ara
ppl
ic
ati
on.

i
)Uni
ver
sal

Al
lde
vic
esus
ingt
heHARTpr
otoc
olmus
tre
cog
niz
eands
uppor
ttheuni
ver
salc
omma
nds
.

Univ
ersa
lcomma ndspr
ovi
dea
cce
sst
oinf
orma
tionus
efuli
nnor
malope
rat
ions(
e.
g.
,re
adpr
ima
ry
va
ria
bleanduni
ts
).

i
i)CommonPr
act
ice

Commonpra c
ti
cecommandspr
ovi
def
unc
ti
onsi
mpl
eme
nte
dbyma
ny,butnotne
ces
sar
il
yal
l,HART
communi
cat
iondev
ice
s.

i
ii
)De
vic
eSpe
cif
ic

De
vic
e-s
pec
if
icc
omma
ndsr
epr
ese
ntf
unc
ti
onst
hata
reuni
quet
oea
chf
ie
ldde
vic
e.

Thes
ecomma ndsacc
essse
tupa
ndc a
li
brat
ioni
nfor
ma ti
on,aswel
lasi
nfor
ma t
iona
boutt
heconst
ruc
ti
on
oft
hedev
ice
.Infor
ma t
iononde
vic
e-s
peci
fi
ccomma ndsi
sa v
ail
abl
efr
omde vi
cemanuf
act
ure
rs.

152
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Be
nef
it
sofHARTCommuni
cat
ion

TheHARTpr ot
ocoli
sapowe
rfulc
ommuni
cat
iont
echnol
ogyus
edt
oex
ploi
tthef
ullpot
ent
ialofdi
gi
tal
f
iel
dde
vic
es.

Pr
ese
r v
ingt
hetr
aditi
ona
l4–20mAs i
gna
l,theHARTpr
otoc
ole
xte
ndss
yst
emc
apa
bil
it
ie
sfort
wo-
way
di
gi
talcommuni
cat
ionwit
hsmar
tfi
el
dins
trument
s.

TheHARTpr ot
ocolof
fer
sthebes
tsol
utionf
orsmar
tfi
el
dde
vic
ecommuni
cat
ionsa
ndha
sthewi
des
t
bas
eofs
uppor
tofanyfi
el
ddevic
eprot
ocolwor
ldwi
de.

Moreinst
rume
ntsa
rea
vai
la
blewi
tht
heHART pr
otoc
olt
hana
nyot
herdi
gi
talc
ommuni
cat
ions
t
echnol
ogy
.

Almostanypr
oce
ssa
ppl
ic
ati
onc
anbea
ddr
ess
edbyoneoft
hepr
oduc
tsof
fe
redbyHARTi
nst
rume
nt
suppl
ie
rs.

Unli
keot
herdi
gi
talcommuni
cat
ionte
chnolog
ies
,theHARTprot
ocolpr
ovi
desauni
quecommuni
cat
ion
s
olut
iont
hati
sbac
k war
dcompat
ibl
ewiththei
nst
alle
dbas
eofi
nst
rument
ati
oninus
etoda
y.

Thi
sbac
kwar
dcompa
tibi
li
tyensure
stha
tinv
est
ment
sine
xis
ti
ngc
abl
inga
ndc
urr
entc
ont
rols
tr
ate
gie
s
wi
ll
remai
nse
cur
ewel
lint
othefutur
e.

Ot
herbe
nef
it
sinc
lude
:

Improv
edplantoperat
ions:HART-communica
tingdevi
cespr
ovi
deacc
ur a
tei
nformat
iontha
t
hel
psimprovet
hee f
fi
ci
e ncyofpl
antoper
ati
ons
.Dur i
ngnormalope
rat
ion,de
viceope
rati
onal
val
uescanbeea
sil
ymoni t
oredormodi
fi
edremot
ely.

Ope r
ati
onalfl
exi
bil
it
y:TheHART pr ot
oc olal
lowstwoma st
ers(pr
imarya ndse
condary
)to
communicat
ewi t
hslavedevi
cesandpr
ov i
deadditi
onalope
rat
ionalfl
exi
bil
it
y.Ape r
ma ne
ntl
y
connect
edhosts
yst
emc anbeusedsi
mul
taneous
ly,whil
eahandheldte
rminalorPCcontr
oll
eri
s
communicat
ingwit
haf i
el
ddevic
e

Ins
trumentat
ioninves
tmentpr
otecti
on:.HARTf i
eldinst
rumentspr
otectt
heinvest
ment(
exi
st
ing
pla
ntsa nd proce
sse
se .g
.wiring,ana l
og cont
rol
lers
,s martins
trumenta
tion)by pr
ovi
ding
compati
bleproduct
swithenha
nc e
ddi g
italc
apabi
lit
ie
s.The s
eenhancedcapabil
it
ie
scanbeused
i
ncremental
ly.

Di
git
alc
ommuni
cat
ion:Adi
gi
talde
vic
epr
ovi
desa
dva
nta
gess
ucha
simpr
ove
dac
cur
acya
nd

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s
tabi
li
ty.TheHART pr ot
ocolenhancest
hec
apa
bil
it
ie
sofdi
gi
tali
nst
rume
ntsbypr
ovi
ding
c
ommuni ca
tiona
cce
ssa
ndne twor
king.

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TOPI
C5:CALI
BRATI
ONSYSTEM

Cal
ibr
ati
on
Cal
ibr
ati
onist
heactorr
esul
tofqua
nti
tat
ivec
ompa
ris
onbe
twe
enak
nowns
tanda
rda
ndt
heout
putof
t
heme as
uri
ngs
yst
em.

I
ftheout
put
-i
nputr
espons
eoft
hes
yst
emi
sli
nea
r,t
henas
ing
le-
poi
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ali
bra
tioni
ssuf
fi
ci
ent
.

Howeve
r,ifthe s
yst
emr e
sponseis non-l
ine
ar,t henas et of knownst
anda
rdi
nput
stot
he
meas
uri
ngs
yst
emareempl
oyedforca
li
brat
ingt
hec or
respondi
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putsofthes
yst
em.

Cali
bra
tionre
fer
stot
hea
ctofe
val
uat
inga
nda
djus
ti
ngt
hepr
eci
si
ona
nda
ccur
acyofme
asur
eme
nt
equi
pment.

I
nst
rumentcal
ibr
ati
onisi
nte
nde
dtoe
li
mina
teorr
educ
ebi
asi
nani
nst
rume
nt'
sre
adi
ngsov
erar
ang
efor
a
llc
onti
nuousval
ues.

Pr
eci
si
oni
sthede
gre
etowhi
chr
epe
ate
dme
asur
eme
ntsunde
runc
hang
edc
ondi
ti
onss
howt
hes
ame

155
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r
esul
t

Ac
cur
acyi
sthede
gre
eofc
los
ene
ssofme
asur
eme
ntsofaqua
nti
tyt
oit
sac
tua
ltr
uev
alue
.

Inge
ner
alus
e,c
ali
brat
ioni
sof
tenreg
arde
dasinc
ludi
ngthepr
oces
sofadj
ust
ingtheoutputorindi
cat
ion
onameas
ure
mentins
tr
umentt
oa g
reewit
hval
ueofthea
ppli
edst
andar
d,wit
hinaspeci
fi
eda c
curacy
.

The
rea
ret
hre
ema
inr
eas
onsf
orha
vingi
nst
rume
ntsc
ali
bra
ted:

Toe
nsur
ere
adi
ngsf
roma
nins
tr
ume
nta
rec
ons
is
tentwi
thot
herme
asur
eme
nts
.

Tode
ter
minet
hea
ccur
acyoft
hei
nst
rume
ntr
eadi
ngs
.

Toe
sta
bli
sht
her
eli
abi
li
tyoft
hei
nst
rume
nti
.e
.tha
titc
anbet
rus
ted.

Ca l
ibrati
onisc arr
iedoutbya g
enc i
esoft hemetr ol
ogic
alser
v i
ce,usingrefe
rencest
andardsandba se
st
anda rds.
Gov ernme nt
alc al
ibra
tioni sobligat
oryf orme a
s uri
ngde vi
cesus edi nreport
ingma t
eria
lv al
ue,for
governme nttes
tsande x pertexaminati
ons,andforr ecor
dingnationalandinter
nati
onalsport
srecor
ds,
anda lsoforcal
ibrat
ionoft heori
ginalbasesta
ndards .
Allotherme as
ur i
ngde v
ic e
sa r
ecalibr
atedbyt heappropri
atedepartments.

Ca
libr
ati
onSt
anda
rds

Cali
brat
ion St
anda
rdsofme
asur
eme
ntsc
an bec
las
si
fi
eda
ccor
dingt
othe
irf
unc
ti
on a
ndt
ypeof
appl
ic
ati
ona s:

I
nte
rna
tiona
lst
anda
rds

I
nter
nat
iona
lst
anda
rdsa
rede
vic
esde
sig
neda
ndc
ons
tr
uct
edt
othes
pec
if
ic
ati
onsofa
nint
erna
tiona
l
f
orum.

The
yr e
pres
e ntt
heuni
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asur
ement
sofv
ari
ousphy
sic
alquant
iti
est
othehi
ghe
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ibl
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cur
acy
t
hatisatt
ainabl
ebytheuseofadva
ncedte
chni
quesofproduct
ionandmeas
ure
me ntt
echnol
ogy
.

Theses
tandardsarema int
ainedbytheInte
rna t
ionalBureauofWe i
ght
sandMe a
suresa
tSev
res
,Fr
ance.
Forexa
mpl e,theInternati
onalProt
otypekilogram,wa v
elengt
hofKr 86ora
nge-r
edlampandces
ium
cl
ockar
et heint
ernat
iona l
standa
rdsformass,le
ng t
ha ndti
me ,r
espe
cti
vel
y.

Howeve
r,t
he sest
anda
rdsa
renota
vai
la
blet
oanor
dina
ryus
erf
orpur
pos
esofda
y-t
o-da
ycompa
ris
ons
andc
ali
bra
tions.

Pr
ima
rys
tanda
rds

156
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l
.com

Pr
imaryst
anda
rdsar
ede
vic
esma
int
aine
dbys
tanda
rdsor
gani
zat
ions/na
tiona
lla
bor
ator
iesi
ndi
ff
ere
nt
pa
rtsoft
heworl
d.

Thesedev
icesr
epr
ese
ntthef
unda
ment
ala
ndde
riv
edqua
nti
ti
esa
nda
rec
ali
bra
tedi
nde
pende
ntl
yby
abs
olut
eme a
sur
ement
s.

Thesearethemos
tpr
eci
sea
nda
ccur
atephy
sic
als
tanda
rds
,whi
cha
rede
riv
edf
rom i
nte
rna
tiona
l
s
tandar
ds.

Theyspeci
fythemosts
tr
ing
entc
ondi
ti
onsa
nda
reus
edonl
yatr
arei
nte
rva
lsf
orc
ompa
ris
onwi
th
s
econdar
ystanda
rds
.

Oneofthemai
nfunct
ionsofma
int
aini
ngpr
ima
rys
tanda
rdsi
stoc
ali
bra
te/c
hec
kandc
ert
if
yse
conda
ry
r
efe
renc
esta
ndar
ds.

Li
keint
erna
tio
nals t
andar
ds,the
ses t
anda
rdsals
oa renote a
sil
ya vai
la
bletoan or
dinar
yus
erof
i
nst
rume
ntsf
orv e
rif
ic
ati
on/cal
ibr
ati
onofwork
ingst
andar
ds.Theses
tandar
dsar
enotpor
tabl
e.

Se
conda
rys
tanda
rds

Se
conda
rys
tanda
rdsa
reba
sicr
efe
renc
est
anda
rdse
mpl
oye
dbyi
ndus
tr
ialme
asur
eme
ntl
abor
ator
ies
.

The
sea
rede
riv
edf
rompr
ima
rys
tanda
rds
.The
yar
epor
tabl
eanda
reof
tenus
eda
sna
tiona
lst
anda
rds
.

The
yar
ele
sspr
eci
set
hanpr
ima
rys
tanda
rdsbuta
res
ti
llv
erypr
eci
se.

Theyareus
edatrarei
nte
rva
lst
oca
li
bra
tet
ert
iar
yandwor
kings
tanda
rds
.The
sea
rema
int
aine
dbyt
he
conc
ernedl
abor
ator
y.

Oneofthei
mport
antf
unct
ionsofani
ndus
tri
all
aborat
oryist
hemai
ntenanc
eandpe r
iodiccal
ibr
ati
onof
s
econda
ryst
anda
rdsag
ains
tpri
ma r
yst
anda
rdsofthenat
ional
sta
nda
rdsla
borat
ory/organiz
ati
on.

I
naddit
ion,se
condarys
tanda
r dsar
efr
eel
yav
ail
abl
etot
heor
dina
ryus
erofi
nst
rume
ntsf
orc
hec
kinga
nd
c
ali
bra
tionofworki
ngst
andards.

Wor
kings
tanda
rds

Thesear
ehigh-
acc
ura
cydev
ice
sthatarec
omme rc
ial
lya
vai
la
blea
nda
re dul
yche
cke
dand c
ert
if
ie
d
ag
ainstei
the
rthepri
maryorseconda
rys
tanda
rds.

Fore
xample,as
tanda
rdc
ella
ndas
tanda
rdr
esi
st
ora
ret
hewor
kings
tanda
rdsofv
olt
agea
ndr
esi
st
anc
e,
re
spe
cti
vel
y.

Wor
kingst
anda
rdsareve
rywide
lyusedforcal
ibr
ati
nggene
rall
abora
toryi
nst
ruments
,forc
arr
yingout
c
ompari
sonmeasur
ement
sorf
orchec
kingthequal
it
y(ra
ngeofac
cura
cy)ofi
ndust
ri
alpr
oduct
s.

157
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Ca
libr
ati
onPr
oce
dur
e

Thepr
oces
sofcal
ibra
tioninv
olve
sthees
ti
mati
on ofunc
ert
aint
y be
twe
ent
he v
alue
sindi
cat
ed by
t
hemeasur
ingi
nst
rumentandthetr
ueva
lueoft
hei
nput
.

Cal
ibr
ati
onmaybec
all
edf
or:
anewins
trume
nt

a
fte
rani
nst
rume
ntha
sbe
enr
epa
ire
dormodi
fi
ed

whe
nas
pec
if
ie
dti
mepe
riodha
sel
aps
ed

whe
nas
pec
if
ie
dus
age(
ope
rat
inghour
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sel
aps
ed

be
for
eand/
ora
fte
rac
rit
ic
alme
asur
eme
nt

a
fte
rane
vent
,fore
xampl
e

af
tera
ni ns
tr
umenthashadas hock,vi
brati
on,orhasbe
ene
xpos
edt
oana
dve
rsec
ondi
ti
onwhi
ch
pot
ent
ial
lymayha
veputi
toutofcal
ibra
tionordamag
eit

s
udde
ncha
nge
sinwe
athe
r

whe
neve
robs e
rva
tionsa
ppe
arque
sti
ona
bleori
nst
rume
nti
ndi
cat
ionsdonotma
tcht
heout
putof
s
urr
oga
teins
tr
ument s

Ass
pec
if
ie
dbyar
equi
reme
nt,e
.g.
,cus
tome
rspe
cif
ic
ati
on,i
nst
rume
ntma
nuf
act
ure
rre
comme
nda
tion.

The
rea
ref
ourt
ype
sofc
ali
bra
tion:

Pri
ma ryc al
ibr ation,whichisperf
ormedwhename a
suri
ngde vi
ceisputintoc
irc
ulat
ionfrompr oduct
ion
orre
turne df romr epai
r;
Per
iodicc alibration,whichisconduct
edduri
nguseorstora
g eofadevi
ce;
Specia
lc a
libr a
tion,whi c
hr esul
tsfr
om thenee
df orimme diat
everi
fi
cationofthegoodc onditi
onofa
dev
ice;a nd
Ins
pe c
tionc a li
bra ti
on,whichisperf
ormedduri
ngme tr
ologi
calins
pecti
onsofenter
pris
es,suppl
yc ent
ers
,
warehous e
s,a ndc omme r
cia
l org
aniz
ati
ons.

Ca
libr
ati
onConc
ept
s

The
rea
ret
wof
unda
ment
alope
rat
ionsi
nvol
vedi
nca
li
bra
tinga
nyi
nst
rume
nt:

Te
sti
ngt
hei
nst
rume
ntt
ode
ter
minei
tspe
rfor
manc
e,

Adj
ust
ingt
hei
nst
rume
ntt
ope
rfor
mwi
thi
nspe
cif
ic
ati
on.

158
 c
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Te
sti
ngt
hei
nst
rume
ntr
equi
resc
oll
ect
ings
uff
ic
ientda
tat
oca
lcul
atet
hei
nst
rume
nt'
sope
rat
inge
rror
s.

Thi
sisty
pica
ll
yac
compl
is
hedbype
rfor
mingamul
ti
plepoi
ntt
estpr
oce
dur
etha
tinc
lude
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f
oll
owi
ngst
eps.

Usi
ngaproc
essv
ari
abl
esi
mul
atort
hatma
tche
sthei
nputt
ypeoft
hei
nst
rume
nt,s
etak
nowni
nputt
othe
i
nst
rume
nt.

Us
inga
nac
cur
atec
ali
bra
tor
,re
adt
hea
ctua
l(orr
efe
renc
e)v
alueoft
hisi
nput
.

Rea
dt heinst
rument
'
sint
erpr
eta
tionoft
hev
aluebyus
inga
nac
cur
atec
ali
bra
tort
ome
asur
ethe
i
nst
rumentout
put.

Byrepe
ati
ngthi
sproc
essforas e
rie
sofdi
ff
ere
nti
nputv
alue
s,y
ouc
anc
oll
ects
uff
ic
ientda
tat
o
de
ter
minethei
nst
rume
nt'
saccur
acy.

De
pendi
ngupont
heint
endedcali
bra
tiong
oal
sandt
hee
rrorc
alc
ula
tionsde
sir
ed,t
het
estpr
oce
dur
e
mayr
equi
ref
rom5to21inputpoi
nts
.

Thefi
rs
ttes
ttha
tisc
onduc
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nins
tr
ume
ntbe
for
eanya
djus
tme
ntsa
rema
dei
sca
ll
edt
heAs
-
Foundt
est
.

I
ftheaccur
acycal
cul
ati
onsfr
om theAs
-Foundda
taa
renotwi
thi
nthes
pec
if
ic
ati
onsf
ort
he
i
nst
rume
nt,t
heni
tmustbeadj
ust
ed.

Adjust
me nti
stheproces
sofma ni
pula
tingsomepartofthei
nst
rumentsot
hati
tsi
nputt
ooutput
re
lati
onshipi
swit
hinspe
cif
ic
ati
on.Forconve
nti
ona
linst
rument
s,t
hismaybez
eroa
ndspans
cre
ws.

ForHART ins
trument
s,thi
snormal
lyre
qui
rest
heus
eofac
ommuni
cat
or(
handhe
ldorPC)t
o
conv
eys
pec
if
icinfor
mat
iontothei
nst
rume
nt.

Aft
eradj
ust
ingt
heins
tr
ument,asecondmult
ipl
epoi
nttes
tisr
equir
edtocha
ract
eri
zethei
nst
rument
andveri
fyt
hati
tiswit
hins
pecif
ic
ationov
erthedef
ine
dope r
ati
ngrange
.Thisi
scall
edtheAs-Le
ft
t
e s
t.

Er
rorCa
lcul
ati
ons

Er
rorc
alc
ula
tionsa
ret
hepr
inc
ipa
lana
lys
ispe
rfor
medont
heAs
-Founda
ndAs
-Le
ftt
estda
ta.

Ther
ea r
es e
ver
aldi
ff
ere
ntty
pesoferr
orc
alc
ula
tions
,mos
tofwhi
cha
rede
fi
nedi
nthepubl
ic
ati
on
"
Proce
ssIns
tr
ument
ati
onTer
minol
ogy
".

The
yar
eus
ual
lye
xpr
ess
edi
nte
rmsoft
hepe
rce
ntofi
dea
lspa
nwhi
chi
sde
fi
neda
s:

%s
pan=(
rea
ding-l
owr
ang
e)/(
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hra
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e)x100

Thef
ir
sts
tepi
ntheda
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nal
ysi
sist
oconv
ertt
hee
ngi
nee
ringuni
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lue
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ndout
puti
nto

159
 c
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perc
entofspa
n.Thenf
ore
achpoi
nt,c
alc
ula
tet
hee
rror
,whi
chi
sthede
via
tionoft
hea
ctua
lout
putf
rom
theexpe
cte
doutput
.

TheMa xi
mum err
orist
hemos tcommonv a
lueus e
dtoe val
uatea
ninst
rume
nt'
sperf
ormanc
e.Ifa
comput
erprogr
amisnotusedtoa na
lyz
et hetestdata,i
tisoft
entheonl
yer
rorcons
ider
edandis
t
a k
entobethel
arg
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via
tionfr
omt heidealoutput.

Byits
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imum err
ordoesnotgi
veacomplet
eindic
ati
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rument'
sper
for
manc e
.
Withthea v
ail
abi
lit
yofcompute
rsof
twaret
ofaci
li
tat
ecalc
ulat
ions
,othererrorv
alue
saregai
ning
popul
ari
tyincl
udingze
roerr
or,s
panerr
or,l
ine
ari
tyerr
or,a
ndhy st
ere
siser
ror.

Ze
roe
rrori
sde
fi
neda
sthee
rrorofade
vic
ewhe
nthei
nputi
satt
hel
owe
rra
ngev
alue
.

Spane
rrori
sde
fi
neda
sthedi
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
ent
hea
ctua
lspa
nandt
hei
dea
lspa
n,e
xpr
ess
eda
sa
pe
rce
nta
geoft
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dea
lspa
n.

Li
near
it
yer
rori
same
asur
eofhow c
los
ethee
rroroft
hei
nst
rume
ntov
eri
tsope
rat
ingr
ang
e
approache
sastrai
ghtl
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unatel
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her
ea r
ethr
eedif
fer
entmethodsusedtocal
cul
atethi
s,
res
ulti
ngina nindepe
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inear
it
y,at e
rminalbase
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ari
ty,andaz eroba s
edli
near
ity
.In
prac
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oc hooseoneme thodanda ppl
yitcons
is
tent
ly.Notethattheca
lcul
ati
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l
ineari
tyerr
orisal
sogreat
lyfa
cil
it
ate
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v efi
toft
heerr
ordata.

Hys
ter
esi
ser
rori
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eoft
hede
pende
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ive
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sthemos tdi
ff
icul
te r
rortome as
uresi
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esfor
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ectatl
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ivedat
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f
ollowedbya tl
eastfourmorei
nt heopposit
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ti
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ivepoints
,incl
uding
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lect
ionpoint.

I
fanyoft
hes
eerror
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eda
ccur
acyf
orat
est
,the
nthei
nst
rume
ntha
s
f
ai
le
dandmustbeadjus
ted.

Ha
nd-
Hel
dDe
vic
e

Thi
sisamobil
e/
portabl
edevi
cewhic
hi sasmal
l,handhe
ldcomput
ingdevi
ce,ty
pical
lyha
vingadi
spl
ay
s
cre
enwit
htouchinputand/
oramini
aturek
eyboardandwei
ghingl
esst
han0.91kg.

Ahandhel
dcomput
ingde
vic
eha
sano
per
ati
ngs
yst
em(
OS)
,andc
anr
unv
ari
oust
ype
sofa
ppl
ic
ati
on
s
oft
ware
.

Mos thandhe
lddev
ice
sc a
na l
sobeequi
ppe
dwithWi-
Fi,Bl
uet
oot
h,andGPSc
apabi
li
ti
est
hatc
ana l
low
connect
ionst
otheInt
erneta
ndothe
rBluet
oot
h-c
apa
bledev
ice
s,s
uchasa
naut
omobi
leoramic
rophone
headset
.

I
tde
li
ver
sme
ssa
gesa
nd pe
rfor
manc
eda
tat
otheope
rat
ora
nd i
sus
edt
osuppor
tins
tal
la
tion,

160
 c
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a9@g
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c
onf
ig
ura
tion,pr
ovi
si
oni
ng,c
ali
bra
tiona
ndma
int
ena
ncea
ndne
twor
kpe
rfor
manc
e.

Adv
ant
age
sofha
ndhe
ldc
ali
bra
tion
Nopr
oce
ssi
nte
rrupt
ion
Thema ina dvant
ageofha ndheldc a
li
brati
onov erothe rtradi
ti
onalme t
hodsi sthati
ta l
lows
me t
erveri
ficat
ionstobecarri
edoutdirect
lyint
hepr ocesswithoutaddit
ionalcostsf
orremovalof
theinst
rume ntorproces
sinte
rrupti
ons.
Asar es
ult,downtimeisminimizedandcrit
ic
alprocess
esc anbev er
if
ieda ndoptimiz
e def
fi
ci
ently
.
Bys upporti
nga ndf a
cil
it
ati
ngr egul
aron-si
tev e
rif
icat
ion,ha ndheldequipme nthe l
psuser
st o
quic
k l
ydiagnoseanyfail
uresandtoswift
lyremedythesituati
on.

Ti
meandc
osts
avi
ngs
De v
icev eri
ficati
on us i
ngha ndhelde quipme ntrequiresama xi
mum of15- 30mi nutesper
i
nstrument .
Thede vicedoe snotne edtobes entawa ytothec al
ibrat
ionc entreandproduct
ioncan,there
for
e,
res
umef a s
terthanwi t
ha nyot herme thod.
Afte
rthepr oc e
sshasbe enc ompl et
ed,thedi r
ectuploadingoft hedev i
cepara
me te
rsavoidst
ime-
consumingc onfigur
ation.
Thisme thodhe lpsachieveoptimuma vail
abil
it
yo fplantequipme nt
.
Thepr oductiondoesnotne e dtobes uspendedr e
sulti
nginc onsider
a bl
esavi
ngs.
Wha t’
smor e,frequenttestf
unc ti
onsa l
lowc os
tlycal
ibrati
onc yclest
obee xte
nded.

Compl
eteon-
si
teve
rif
ic
ati
on
Handhel
del
ect
roni
cver
if
ic
ati
onnotonl
ychec
kst
heaccura
cyoft
hede
vic
eunde
rte
st,buta
lso
pe
rfor
msacomplet
eche
ckoft
heent
iremea
sur
ementc
hain.

Si
mul
ati
onoft
hepr
oce
ss
Assafet
ydur i
ngope rat
ioni sc ons i
de r
eda‘ mus t’forpla ntope rat
ors
,testi
ngt hesafet
ya nd
f
uncti
onali
tyofequipme ntint hepr ocessisof
tenindis
pe nsable.
Si
mulati
onoft heme asuringsignalsdur i
ngc a
li
brationorv erif
icat
ionproces
sesc a
na chi
evethat
.
Handheldcal
ibratorscans i
mul a t
epr ocessst
ates
,i nfl
owa ppl i
cationsf
orexampl e,e
v e
nwi t
hout
re
alfl
ow.
Handheldveri
fic
ationde vic
esc ans imulatedif
fer
e ntfl
owr a t
esint heproce
ss;highandl owli
mit
val
ues
,recei
vingsignalc hai
ns( operationofv a
lvesorc ontrolloops)anddif
ferentfl
owbe havi
our
i
npiping,f
orex a
mpl e,sucha sflowc urvesinbott
lingma c
hines.

Ca
libr
ati
onMe
thodsus
ingHa
ndhe
ldEqui
pme
nt

Cali
brat
ionisanimport
antas
pectofanins
tr
ument
’sl
if
ecycl
e.However
,itc
anbedi
ff
ic
ultt
ochoos
ethe
cor
rectc
a l
ibr
ati
onmethodtos
uityourre
quir
eme
ntsandspe
cif
ic
ati
on.

Ha
ndhe
ldde
vic
esa
ret
ypi
cal
lyus
edt
oca
li
bra
tepa
rame
ter
sinc
ludi
ngf
low,pr
ess
ure
,te
mpe
rat
urea
nd

161
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c
onduc
ti
vi
ty.

Tak
ena sawhol
e,t
hebe
nef
it
soft
hes
esy
ste
msa
renume
rousa
ndobv
iousi
nte
rmsoft
ime
,cos
tand
c
onve
nie
nce.

Handheldequi
pmentall
owse
lec
troni
cveri
fi
cat
iona
ndc
ali
bra
tioni
nsi
tua
tionswhe
rei
nli
nec
ali
bra
tioni
s
es
sent
ialbutmobi
ler
igsmaybeimpract
ic
al.

Inter
nalpr
oce
duresoroff
ic
ialr
equi
rement
sandconf
ormi
tyreas
onsmightal
sos
ti
pula
tethatce
rta
in
i
ns t
rument
smustbeche
ckedmorefr
eque
ntl
ytha
nother
stove
rif
ytha
tthe
ya r
ewor
kingcor
rec
tlyi
nthe
proces
s.

Ca
libr
ati
ngaConv
ent
iona
lIns
trume
nt

Foraconve
nti
onal4-
20mAi nst
rument
,amulti
plepoi
nttes
ttha
tst
imulat
est
hei
nputa
ndme
asur
est
he
out
puti
ssuf
fi
ci
enttocha
rac
teri
zetheov
era
lla
ccurac
yofthetr
ansmi
tt
er.

Thenormalc
ali
bra
tionadj
ust
mentinvol
vesse
tti
ngonlythezer
ovalueandthespanval
ue,s
inc
ethe
rei
s
ef
fe
cti
vel
yonl
yoneadjus
tabl
eoper
ationbet
weentheinputandout
putasil
lus
tr
atedbe
low.

Thispr
ocedureisof
tenref
erre
dtoasaZeroa ndSpanCali
brat
ion.I
ftherel
ati
onshi
pbe t
weenthei
nput
andout
putr a
ngeoftheins
trumenti
snotl
inear,t
henyoumustknowthetr
ansf
erfunct
ionbef
oreyoucan
cal
cul
atee
x pect
edoutput
sforeac
hinputv
a l
ue.

Wi
thoutk
nowi
ngt
hee
xpe
cte
dout
putv
alue
s,y
ouc
annotc
alc
ula
tet
hepe
rfor
manc
eer
ror
s.

Ca
libr
ati
ngaHa
rtI
nst
rume
nt

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I
tisi
mpor
tantt
onotetha
tinmostc
ase
s,pr
opercal
ibr
ati
onofaHARTinst
rumentr
equi
rest
heus
eofa
c
ommunic
ator(
handhe
ldorPC)t
hati
scapa
bleofi
ss
uingdev
ices
pec
if
icc
omma nds(
i
nlaye
r7).

Acc
ordi
ngtoint
ernat
ionalst
anda
rds,cal
ibrat
ioni
sacompa r
is
onoft hedevi
ceunde
rte
sta
gai
nsta
t
rac
eabl
ere
fer
enceins
trument(
acal
ibra
tor
) a
nddocume
nta
tionofthi
scompar
is
on.

I
norde
rtodoacal
ibr
a t
ionofaHARTde
vic
e,at
rac
eabl
eme
trol
ogi
calr
efe
renc
ede
vic
eisne
ede
d,whi
ch
c
anbeahandhe
ldcal
ibrat
or

Conf
igur
ati
onme
ansus
ingt
hedi
gi
talc
ommuni
cat
ionpr
otoc
ola
sawa
ytoc
hang
ese
tti
ngsi
nsi
det
he
f
ie
ldde
vic
efr
omt
hede
vic
eorf
romar
emot
eloc
ati
on.

Conf
ig
ura
tionc
anbedonewi
thaPCa
ndc
onf
ig
ura
tions
oft
war
eoraha
ndhe
ldc
ommuni
cat
or.

Iti
si mpor
tanttor
emembe rthata
lthoughacommunic
atorcanbeusedforc
onfi
gur
ati
onandche
cking
dia
g nos
ti
cinfor
mati
on,itcannotbeus e
dformetr
olog
icalc
ali
bra
tiontochec
ktheme as
ure
ment(PV)
accurac
yofafie
lddevi
ce.

Confi
guri
ngpara
me t
ersofaHARTt
rans
mit
terwi
thac
ommuni
cat
ori
snotme
trol
ogi
calc
ali
bra
tiona
nd
doe
sno ta
ssur
eaccur
acy.

Forar
ealme
trol
ogi
calc
ali
bra
tion,at
rac
eabl
ere
fer
enc
est
anda
rdi
sal
way
sne
ede
d.

Cal
ibr
ati
on proc
edur
ef oraHART i nst
rumentissi
gni
fi
cant
lydif
fer
enttha
nforac
onv
ent
iona
l
i
nst
rument.Thes
peci
fi
ccal
ibr
ati
onr
equi
rement
sdepe
ndupontheappl
ic
ati
on.

I
ftheappl
ic
ati
onuse
sthedig
italr
epre
senta
tionoftheproce
ssv
ari
abl
eformoni
tor
ingorc
ont
rol
,the
nthe
s
ensori
nputse
cti
onmustbeexpli
ci
tl
ytest
eda ndadjus
ted.

Notet
hatthi
sre
a di
ngi
scompl
et
el
yinde
pende
ntoft
hemi
ll
ia
mpout
put
,andha
snot
hingt
odowi
tht
he
ze
roorspa
nsett
ings
.

ThePVa sr
eadv
iaHARTc
ommuni
cat
ionc
ont
inue
stobea
ccur
atee
venwhe
niti
sout
si
det
hea
ssi
gne
d
out
putr
ange.

I
fthecur
rentloopout
putisnotuse
d(tha
tist
het
rans
mit
teri
sus
eda
sadi
gi
talonl
yde
vic
e),t
hent
hei
nput
s
ecti
oncal
ibra
tionisa
llt
hatisre
quire
d.

I
fthea ppl
ic
ati
onus
est
hemi
ll
ia
mpout
put
,the
ntheout
puts
ect
ionmus
tbee
xpl
ic
it
lyt
est
eda
nd
c
ali
bra
ted.

Notethatt
hisca
li
bra
tioni
sinde
pende
ntoft
hei
nputs
ect
ion,a
nda
gai
n,ha
snot
hingt
odowi
tht
hez
ero
andspanse
tti
ngs.

I
fther
eisade
sir
etoval
idat
etheove
ral
lpe
rfor
manc
eofaHARTt
rans
mit
ter
,runaZe
roa
ndSpa
nte
st
j
ustl
ik
eaconv
enti
ona
linst
rument
.

Howe
ver
,pa
ssi
ngt
hist
estdoe
snotne
ces
sar
il
yindi
cat
etha
tthet
rans
mit
teri
sope
rat
ingc
orr
ect
ly.

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Pa
stpa
per
s

KENYANATI
ONALEXAMI
NATI
ONCOUNCI
L

PASTPAPERS

2521/
202 I
NDUSTRI
ALCONTROLSYSTEMS

J
une
/Jul
y2013

6.a)i
)St
atet
hef
ours
tepsi
ntheope
rat
ionofpr
ogr
ammabl
elogi
ccont
rol
le
r(PLC)

Therearefourba si
cst
epsint heope r
a t
ionofa l
lPLCs;InputScan,Progr
amSc a
n,OutputScan,
andHous e
k e
e ping.Theses t
epscontinua l
lytakepl
acei
nar e
peat
ingloop.
InputScan:De t
ectsthes tat
eofa l
linputde vi
cestha tar
econne
ctedtothePLC
Prog r
amSc an:Executest heusercreate
dpr ograml ogic
Out putScan:Energi
z esorde -
energizealloutputde vi
cest
hatar
ec onne
ctedtothePLC.
Hous ekeepi
ng:Ope rationalcomma ndst othec ontr
oll
eddevi
ces.Thisstepincl
udescommunicat
ions
withprogrammingt e
r mi nal
s,i
nternaldiagnosti
cs,etc.
..

i
i)Expl
ainwi
thai
dofe
xampl
est
hef
oll
owi
ngPLCpr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguage
s

Func
tionalbl
ockdi
agr
ams

I
nst
ruc
tionl
is
ts

Func
tionBloc
kDi a
g r
am(FBD)-Ag r
aphi
callangua
gefordepi
ct
ings
ignalanddataf
lowst
hroughre
-
usabl
efunct
ionblock
s.FBD i
sver
yusefulforexpr
ess
ingt
heint
erconnect
ionofcont
rols
yst
em
a
lgori
thmsandlogi
c

165
 c
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rang
a9@g
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La
dderDi agr
am (LD):Tradit
ionalla
dderlogi
cisgraphi
c a
lpr og
rammi nglang
uage.Ini
ti
all
y
pr
ogrammedwithsi
mpl
ec ontac
tst
hatsi
mula
tedt
heopeningandclosi
ngofrel
ays
,LadderLogi
c
pr
ogramminghasbe
enexpandedtoinc
ludes
uchf
unct
ionsascounte
rs,t
imers
,shi
ftr
egi
st
ers
,and
mathope
rati
ons

I
nst
ruct
ionLis
t(I
L):Alowlev
el“as
sembl
erli
ke”l
ang
uag
etha
tisba
sedons
imi
la
rins
tr
uct
ionsl
is
t
lang
uagesf
oundinawider
ang
eoftoda
y’sPLCs
.

St
ruct
ure
dTe xt(
ST)–Ahi ghleve
ltextl
angua
getha
tencour
age
sst
ruc
tur
edprogr
amming
.Ithasa
la
nguagest
ructur
e( s
ynt
ax)thatst
rongl
yrese
mblesPASCAL andsuppo
rtsawiderangeof
st
andar
dfunct
ionsandoper
ator
s.Forexa
mple;

I
fSpe
ed
Fl
Els
e
Fl
End

Se
que ntialFunc
tionCha rt(SFC):Ame thodofprogrammi ngcomplexcont
rolsys
temsa tamor e
highlystr
uct
uredlevel
.ASFCpr ogra
mi sanov e
rvie
woft hecontr
olsys
tem,inwhicht hebasi
c
buildi
ngblocksareent
ireprogra
mf i
les
.Ea c
hprogramf i
lei
screa
tedusi
ngoneoft heothert
ypes
ofpr ogra
mmi nglanguages.TheSFC a pproa
chc oordi
nate
slarge,c
ompl i
cat
edpr og
r amming
ta
sk sint
osmalle
r,morema nageabl
etasks
.

166
 c
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b)Wr
it
eani
nst
ruc
ti
onl
is
tfort
hel
adde
rdi
agr
ampr
ovi
dedi
nfi
gbe
low

c
)De
signal
adde
rpr
ogr
amf
orani
ndus
tri
alc
ont
rols
yst
emt
hat
:

-c
ount
ste
nobj
ect
spas
si
ngal
ongac
onve
yerbe
lt;

-c
los
esade
fl
ect
inggat
ewhe
nthatnumbe
rhasbe
ende
fl
ect
edi
ntoac
art
on;

-Al
lowsat
imeof5s
econdsbe
twe
ent
het
ent
hobj
ectc
ount
edandt
hec
los
ingoft
hede
fl
ect
or.

7.a)De
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngc
ompone
ntsus
edi
naSCADAs
yst
em

i
)Re
mot
eTe
rmi
naluni
t(RTU)

167
 c
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i
i)HumanMac
hineI
nte
rfac
e(HMI
)

ASCADAs
yst
emus
ual
lyc
ons
is
tsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngc
ompone
nts
:

RemoteTe r
mi nalUnit(
RTU) :
-RTUi sadevi
cei
nst
all
edataremot
eloc
ati
onthatcol
le
ctsda t
a,
code
sthedataintoaformatthati
str
ansmi
tt
abl
eandtrans
mitst
hedat
abacktoacentr
alsta
tion,
orma s
ter(
supe r
vis
orysys
tem).AnRTU a l
socol
le
ctsi
nformat
ionf
rom t
hema s
terdevi
cea nd
impl
ementsprocess
estha
taredire
cte
dbythemast
er

Ahuma n–machineinterf
aceorHMIi stheapparat
usordevic
ewhichpresentsproce
sse
dda tat
o
ahumanoperator,andthroughthis
,thehuma no pe
rat
ormoni t
orsandcontrol
stheproces
s.The
HMIo faSCADAs yst
emi swheredataisproces
sedandpr e
sent
edtobev ieweda ndmonitore
d
byahuma nope r
a t
or.Thisint
erf
aceus ual
lyinc
ludescont
rolwheretheindivi
dualcanint
erface
wit
htheSCADAs yst
em

Asupe r
v i
sor
y( c
ompute
r)syst
em/Ma st
erTe rminalUnit(MTU) :
-gather
ing(acqui
ri
ng)dataon
t
hepr ocessands e
ndi
ngc omma nds(c
ontrol
)t otheproces
s.Thisisthese r
versands of
twa
re
r
esponsibl
eforcommunicat
ingwitht
hefie
lde qui
pme nt(
RTUs ,PLCs,et
c),andthentotheHMI
s
oftwarerunningonworks
tati
onsint
hecontrolroom,orel
sewhere.

Progra
mma bl
elogicc
ontr
oll
er(PLCs)use
da sfi
el
ddevi
cesbe
caus
ethe
yar
emor
eec
onomi
cal
,
ve
r s
ati
le
,fl
exi
ble
,andconf
ig
urabl
etha
ns pec
ial
-pur
pos
eRTUs .

Communi cat
ionNe twork:Communi cati
oninfra
struc t
ureconnect
ingthesupervis
orysys
temto
t
heremotet e
r minalunit
s.Thec ommuni c
a t
ionequi pmentneededtot r
ansf
ert hedatatoand
f
rom dif
fe
rents i
testothecent
ralsta
tion.Theme dium usedc a
ne it
herbec ableortel
ephone
.
Remotesareus ual
lynotAccess
iblebyt el
ephonel i
ne s
.Theus eofr adi
ooffe
r sane c
onomica
l
s
olut
ion.Mode msa r
eus e
dtoconnecttheremotesitestothehost
.

Fi
eldI
nst
rument
ati
on:ref
erst
othedevi
cestha
tareconne
c t
edtotheequi
pmentormachi
nes
be
ingc
ontr
oll
edandmonit
oredbytheSCADAs ys
tem.The
sea r
esens
orsf
ormoni
tor
ingc
ert
ain
pa
ramet
ers
;andact
uat
orsf
orcont
rol
li
ngce
rta
inmodule
softhesys
tem.

b)Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngs
trat
egi
esus
edt
ode
vel
opSCADAs
ecur
it
y

i
)Bor
derr
out
erFi
rewal
ls

i
i)Pr
oxys
erve
r

Bor
derroute
ri saroutert hatisusuall
yde pl
oyedinf rontoftheor ganizat
ion'
sma inf i
rewall
sand
perf
ormssomeba s
icc he cksonne tworkacti
vi
ty,sucha singres
sa nde gr
essfi
lter
ingtha tmaybe
hel
pfulins t
oppi
ngs omeI nter
net-
based wormsf rom reachingt heor ganiz
a t
ion'
sf i
rewal
l.
Alt
hought hefi
rewallshoul da l
soblocksuchworms ,ha v
ingtheInternetborderroutersdosocan
tak
es omel oadofft hef irewal
l.Dur i
ngama j
orwor mincident,organiza
tionsmi ghtneedto
rec
onfig
ures omeoft he i
rInternetborderrout
e r
st oblockincomi ngwor ma ct
ivi
tys othatt
he

168
 c
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f
ir
ewa
ll
sdonotbe
comeov
erl
oade
d.

Pr
ox ys e
rveri sas erve
r(ac omput ersyst
em ora na ppl
icat
ion)thata ct
sasa ninter
me dia
ryf or
request
sfrom c l
ie
ntsseek
ingr es
ourcesfr
om otherserv
e r
s.Ac li
entconnect
stotheprox yser
ver,
request
ings omeservi
ce,sucha safi
le,connect
ion,webpa ge,orotherres
ourc
ea vai
labl
efrom a
dif
fere
nts erverandthepr oxys e
rverevaluat
estherequestasawa ytosimpl
ifyandc ontr
olits
complexity.A proxys e
rveri sass
ociat
edwi thorpa rtofag at
eways er
verthatseparat
esthe
enter
prisene t
workf r
om theout si
dene tworkandaf ire
wa l
lserverthatprot
ectst
hee nter
prise
networkfromout si
deintr
usion.Proxyserver
shavetwoma inpurposes:

I
mprovePerf
ormanc
e:Pr
oxys
erv
ersi
mpr
oveperf
ormanc
eforg
roupsofus
ers
.Thi
sisbe
caus
eits
ave
s
t
her
esult
sofal
lre
ques
tsf
orac
ert
aina
mountoft
ime.

Fi
lt
erReques
ts:Pr
oxyse
r v
ersc
anal
sobeus
edtofi
lt
err
eques
ts
.Forex
ampl
e,acompa
nymi
ghtus
ea
pr
oxyse
rvert
opr e
venti
tsempl
oye
esfr
omacce
ssi
ngaspec
if
icse
tofWebs
it
es.

c
)Amanuf
act
uri
ngcompanywantst
odeve
lopasupervi
soryc
ontr
olanddataacqui
si
ti
on(SCADA)
s
yst
emi
nit
ses
tabl
is
hment.De
scri
bet
hefi
vephase
sofc r
eat
ingafunc
ti
onalSCADAs ys
tem.

Pha s
e1:TheDESI GNoft hes yste
ma r
c hit
ectur ei ncludesthec ommuni ca t
ions y
stem.Al soinvolvedi n
thi
siniti
alpha sewillbea nys iteinstr
ume ntati
ont ha tisno tcur rentl
yine xist
enc e,butwi llberequiredt o
moni t
orde sir
edpa rame ters.De si
g nsta
get r
ans latet hede si
g nba s
isdocume nti ntoas y
stem de s
igna nd
docume ntt hede signc lea r
lya ndc ompl etel
ys ot hati tca nbec onst
ruc t
e dpr ope r
ly,c ommi ssi
one d
completel
y ,andope rat
e da ndma int
ainedr el
iablya nde ff
icie
nt ly.
Pha s
e2:TheSUPPLYofRTU,c ommuni cat
ion,a ndHMIe quipme nt
,whi chc onsis
tsofaPCs y st
em
andther equiredpowe rful graphicanda l
a rms oftwa repr ograms .
Pha s
e3:ThePROGRAMMI NGoft hec ommuni c ati
one qui pme ntandt hepowe r
fulHMIg ra
phi ca nd
alarmsoftwa r
epr ograms .
Pha s
e4:TheI NSTALLATI ON oft hec ommuni cati
one quipme nta ndt hePC s ystem.Thes tage
i
nv ol
vesins t
all
inga ndpl ac i
ngi ntooperationt heSCADAs y stem hardwa rea nds oftwareinc ompl iance
withthede si
gndoc ume nt s.
Pha s
e5:TheCOMMI SSI ONI NG oft hes y st
e m,whe r
ec ommuni cati
ona ndHMIpr ogrammi ng
problemsa res ol
ved,a nd thes yst
em i spr ov e
nt ot hec li
ent,a nd ope ratort rai
ninga nd sy st
em
docume ntati
oni sprovide d.Commi ssi
oningi st hef or malpr oc es
sofv eri
fyinga nddoc ume nti
ngt ha tthe
i
ns t
all
edSCADAs yst
emc omplieswitha ndpe r formsi na c
cor danc ewiththede signintent,asdefinedi n
thedesigndoc ume nta
tion

8a)St
ateanyt
wodi
sadvant
age
sofus
ingne
twor
kbr
idge
sine
xte
ndi
ngne
twor
ks

Br
idg
ingdoe
snotac
qui
reanyaddres
spl
ace
mentre
lat
edt
othephy
sic
ala
ddr
essoft
hec
onne
cte
d
t
ermi
nals
.Thusada
tapac
keti
ssenttoe
ver
yaddr
ess
.

169
 c
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Al
lbr
idg
esa
reuna
blet
ore
ads
pec
if
icI
Paddr
ess
;the
yar
emor
econc
erne
dwi
tht
heMACa
ddr
ess
es.

Br
idg
esc
annothe
lpt
obui
ldac
ommuni
cat
ionne
twor
kbe
twe
ent
hene
twor
ksofdi
ff
ere
nta
rchi
te
ctur
es.

Br
idgest
rans
fera
llt
ype
sofbr
oadc
astme
ssa
ges
,thusbr
idg
esa
reuna
blet
oli
mitt
hes
copeoft
hes
e
mess
ages
.

Extr
emel
ylar
genet
work
sca
nnotr
elyonbr
idg
es;t
her
efor
ethel
arg
ene
twor
ksa
sWANwhi
cha
reI
P
addr
esss
pec
if
icc
annotmak
euseofit
.

I
tisuna
blet
oha
ndl
emor
ecompl
exa
ndv
ari
abl
eda
tal
oads
ucha
soc
cur
ri
ngf
romWAN.

b)De
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngHARTc
ommuni
cat
ionmode
s:

i
)Mas
ters
lavemode

i
i)Bur
stmode

170
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Ma s
terSlaveMode :Thisme a
nstha tduri
ngnor ma loper
ati
on,eahs
c lave(f
iel
dde vi
c e)c
ommuni c
ation
i
sinit
iatedbyama ste
rc ommunicationde v
ice.Twoma ste
rscanc onnecttoe a
chHART l oop.The
pri
maryma ste
risgeneral
lyadist
ri
but edcontrolsys
tem(DCS),progr
a mma blelogiccontr
oll
er(PLC),or
apersonalcomputer(PC).Thes econdaryma st
erc a
nbeaha ndheldtermina lora not
herPC.Sl ave
devi
cesincl
udetransmit
ters
,act
uators,andc ontr
oll
e r
sthatre
spondtoc omma ndsf r
om t hepri
maryor
se
condaryma s
ter
.

BurstMode :Itenable
sfas
tercommunic a
tion(
3–4dataupdat
esperse
c ond)
.Inburs
tmode ,thema ste
r
i
ns t
ructst
heslavedevi
cet
oc ont
inuous
lybroadca
stas
tandar
dHARTr eplyme s
sag
e(e
.g.
,thevalueofthe
processvar
iabl
e )
.Thema s
terrecei
vestheme s
sagea
tthehigherr
ateunt i
liti
nst
ruc
tsthesla
v etos t
op
bursti
ng.Useo fbur
stmodeenablesmorethanonepass
iveHARTde vi
cet oli
st
entocommunic at
ionson
theHARTl oop.

c
)Cargohandli
ngCompanyLi mitedislocate
di nindus
tri
alare
aofNairobi.Inthe
irne i
ghbourhood
areothercompaniesdeali
ngwi t
hmot orrewindi
ngandl at
hemachining.Thec ompanyi nt
ends
toimplementane t
workintheiroff
ic
e sandyouhavebe encons
ult
edtoadvi c
ethemont heme r
it
s
ofeachofthefol
lowingtypesofcabl
e sinordertohel
pthemmakei nf
or meddeci
s i
onont heri
ght
cabl
es e
lec
tionfr
omt hefoll
owing:

i
)UTP

i
i)STP

i
ii
)Fi
bre

Whatadvi
cewoul
dyouof
fer
?

UTP
PRO:Mos
tfl
exi
ble
;che
ape
stc
abl
e(butr
equi
rese
xpe
nsi
ves
uppor
tcompone
nts
);e
asyt
oins
tal
l;e
asy
t
oaddus
ers
;ma
ybea
blet
ous
eex
ist
ingphonec
abl
eifda
tag
rade

CON:Shor
tes
tus
abl
eca
blel
eng
th;s
usc
ept
ibl
etoe
lec
tri
cali
nte
rfe
renc
e;uns
ecur
e;g
ene
ral
lynot
g
oodf
orus
ebe
twe
enbui
ldi
ngs

Shi
el
dedt
wis
tedpai
r(STP)i
ssi
mil
art
oUTPe
xce
pti
tcont
ainsac
oppe
rbr
aidj
ack
ett
o‘s
hie
ld’
thewi
res
f
rome
lec
tri
cali
nte
rfe
renc
e.I
tca
nsuppor
ttr
ans
mis
si
onsov
erg
rea
terdi
st
anc
est
hanUTP.
Fi
ber-
Opti
c
PRO:Fas
tes
ttr
ans
mis
si
onr
ate
;nots
usc
ept
ibl
etoe
lec
tri
cali
nte
rfe
renc
e;s
ecur
e;g
oodf
orus
e
be
twe
enbui
ldi
ngs

CON:Mos
tex
pens
ive
;re
lat
ive
lydi
ff
ic
ultt
owor
kwi
th

Coaxi
alCabl
e

171
 c
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PRO:Fl
exi
blea
nde
asyt
oins
tal
l
;re
lat
ive
lyg
oodr
esi
st
anc
etoe
lec
troni
cint
erf
ere
nce
;el
ect
roni
c
s
uppor
tcompone
ntsa
rer
ela
tiv
elyi
nex
pens
ive

CON:Shor
tca
blel
eng
th;mor
eex
pens
ivet
hanUTP;uns
ecur
e;ha
rdt
ocha
ngec
onf
ig
ura
tion;
t
hinne
tge
ner
all
ynotg
oodf
orus
ebe
twe
enbui
ldi
ngs

d)Wi t
haidofadi
agr
am,de
scr
ibet
heme
sht
opol
ogyus
edi
nindus
tri
alne
twor
ksands
tat
eit
s
advant
age
.

I
name
shne
twor
k,de
vic
esa
r ec
onnec
tedwithmanyredundanti
nte
rconnect
ionsbetwe
ennet
worknode
s.
Inatrueme s
htopol
ogyeverynodehasac onnec
tiontoeve
ryot
hernodei
n
thenet
work.Therea
retwotypesofmes
ht opol
ogie
s :

Fullme shtopologyoccurswhene ve
rynodehasac ir
cuitconnect
ingi tt
o
everyothernodei nanetwor
k.Fullmeshisv
eryexpe
nsivetoimplementbut
yi
eldstheg r
eatestamountofredundancy
,sointheeventthatoneo fthos
e
nodesfail
s,networktraf
fi
ccanbedi rec
tedtoanyoftheot hernodes.Full
me
shi
sus
ual
lyr
ese
rve
dforbackbonenetworks.

Part
ialmeshtopologyisl
essex
pensi
vetoimpl
ementandyi
eldsles
sredunda
ncythanful
lme shtopol
ogy
.
Withparti
almesh,somenodesa r
eorgani
zedi
nafullmes
hsc he
mebutot he
rsareonlyconnect
edtoone
ortwointhene t
wor k.Pa
rti
almeshtopol
ogyi
scommonlyfoundi nperi
pher
alnetwork
sc onne
c t
edtoa
ful
lme s
hedbackbone.

Adv
ant
age
s
Poi
nt-
to-
poi
ntl
inec
onf
ig
ura
tionma
kesi
dent
if
ic
ati
ona
ndi
sol
ati
onoff
aul
tse
asy
.

Mes
sag
est
rav
elt
hroug
hade
dic
ate
dli
ne,di
rec
tl
ytot
hei
nte
nde
dre
cipi
ent
;pr
iva
cya
nds
ecur
it
yar
ethus
e
nhanc
ed.

Shouldafa
ultoc
curinag i
venli
nk,onl
ythos
ecommuni
cat
ionsbe
twe
ent
hats
pec
if
icpa
iro
fde
vic
es
shar
ingt
heli
nkwil
lbeaf
fe
cted.

Dedi
cat
edlink
se ns
uretha
te a
chconne
cti
oncar
ri
esit
sownda
tal
oad,t
her
ebypr
eve
nti
ngt
hes
ortof
t
raf
fi
cprobl
emsthatmayari
seins
har
ed-
li
nkar
chi
tec
tur
es.

Di
sadv
ant
age
s
Themor eexte
nsivet
hene t
wor k
,inter
msofs copeorofphysic
alare
a,thegre
atertheinv
est
ment
nece
ssa
rytobuil
ditwillbe,due,amongotherconsi
der
ati
ons
,totheamountofc
abl
ingandthenumber
ofhar
dwareport
sitwi
llrequi
re.Fort
hisr
eason,suchnet
work
sareuncommon.

Be
caus
eev
eryde
vic
emus
tbec
onne
cte
dtoe
ver
yot
herde
vic
e,i
nst
all
ati
ona
ndr
econne
cti
ona
redi
ff
ic
ult
.

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2521/
202 I
NDUSTRI
ALCONTROLSYSTEMS

Oc
t/Nov2012

6a)Drawal abel
edblockdiagr
am oft
heinte
rnalar
chi
tec
tur
eofaPr
ogr
ammabl
eLogi
cCont
rol
le
r
(PLC)andstat
ethefunc
tionofe
achbloc
k

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b)De
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngPr
ogr
ammabl
eLogi
cCont
rol
le
r(PLC)s
yst
ems
tyl
es

i
)Uni
tar
y

i
i)Modul
ar

i
ii
)Rac
kMount
ing

Uni
tar
y:TheUni t
aryPLC i stypica
ll
yt hes mall
esta ndleas
te xpensi
ve.Itwouldbeus edi nas ma l
l
ma chi
neorfix
eda ppl
ica
tions uc
ha soverheaddoorc ontr
olsoras t
and-al
onepart
sinspect
ionsyste
m.
The yarenotexpandables otheapplicat
ionislimi t
edtoon- boar
dI /
O.The r
ea re,howe ver
,some
verypowerf
ulunitsavai
lablewithbui l
tinGSM,c olors
creens,andwe bser
vers
.Mos tha ve1or2
analogI/
Oc hannelsa
swe llasahighspeedinputa ndpulsetr
a inout
putfors
implemot i
onc ontr
ol.

Modul
a r:TheModul arPLCsstartwit
haprocess
orwithaf ewornoon-boardI/O.Theytypic
all
ymount
toaDI Nr aila nds ometi
me srequi
reaseparatepo wersuppl
y.Addit
ionalI/Oaswe llasspec
ial
ty
modul esals
os na pont ot
heDI Nr ai
landplugint
ot heproces
sororadj
acentmodule.ModularPLCs
areus edinappl i
c at
ionswhereahigherI/
Oc ountisne e
dedorwhe nusi
ngs pec
ial
tymodulessuchas
qua drat
ureenc ode rs
,ther
moc oupl
einput
s,etc.Theya reals
ousef
ulinsma lla
ppli
cat
ionsthathave
optionsor“ upg rades”avail
abletotheendus er.Sy s
temscanbee xpanded(wit
hinc er
tai
nl i
mit
s)
withoutaddinga ddit
iona
lrackspace.

Ra
ckMount ingPLCsa reus uall
ymor ee x
pensi
v e,expa ndabl
e,andpowe rf
ult
ha nuni t
aryormodul ar
PLCs.Ther ac
kpr ovide sapowe ra nd communi c
ati
on ba c
kplanet ha
tg r
ea t
lyinc r
easest he
communic at
ionra t
ebe twe enthepr oces
sora ndt hemodul e
sa swe llasall
owi ngsomes pe c
ial
ty
modulestocommuni catewi theachotherwithoutthepr oces
sor.Insomebr ands,multi
plepr ocess
ors
canbeint hesamer acka nds haretheinput
s .Racksa ls
oa l
lowforre dunda
ntpr ocess
orsforc ri
tic
al
sys
temssucha swa st
ewa te rpumpsorf i
recont r
ols yst
ems.Thet ypesofmodul esavail
ablef orrack
sys
temsar efarmor eexte nsi
vethanmodul ars ys
tems .Thenumbe rofa va
ilabl
eI /O pointsisa l
so
muchhi g
he rintheracks y s
tems.Around1000f ors omemodul arPLCsv er
susov er100,000f orthe
samebrandofr acksys
tem

c
)St
ateanyt
wopr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguage
sus
edi
nPLC

Part3ofIEC61131de
alswi
thpr
ogr
ammingl
ang
uag
esa
ndde
fi
nest
wog
raphi
cal
andt
wo
te
xtualPLCprogr
ammingla
ngua
gest
anda
rds
:

La
dde
rdi
agr
am(
LD)
,gr
aphi
cal

175
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Func
ti
onbl
ockdi
agr
am(
FBD)
,gr
aphi
cal

St
ruc
tur
edt
ext(
ST)
,te
xtua
l

I
nst
ruc
ti
onl
is
t(I
L),t
ext
ual

Se
quent
ialf
unc
ti
onc
har
t(SFC)
,ha
sel
eme
ntst
oor
gani
zepr
ogr
amsf
ors
eque
nti
ala
ndpa
ral
le
lcont
rol
pr
oce
ssi
ng.

7a)Wi
tht
heai
dofabl
ockdi
agr
am,e
xpl
ainhowaPLCpr
oce
ssi
nputf
romt
hes
ens
ors

I
nputscan:Duringtheinputsc
a n,thecurr
entst
atusofev
eryinputmodul eisst
oredi
nthei
nput
i
ma g
e(me mor
y)table
,bringi
ngitup-to-
dat
e.Thusa l
lthes
tat
usoft heinputdev
ice
s(whi
chi
nturn
i
sconne
ctedtotheinputmodule)isupdat
edinthei
nputme mor
yt able.

176
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Programscan:Fol
lowingthei nputsc
an,t
heCPU e ntersi
tsuserprogr
ame xecut
ion,orprogr
am
sc
a n.Thee xe
cuti
oni nv
olvess t
art
ingatt
hepr ogra
m' sfi
rs
tinstr
ucti
on,thenmov ingont othe
se
condi ns
tr
ucti
ona ndc ar
ryingouti t
sexe
cut
ions equence.Thiscont
inuestothel a
stprogr
am
i
nstruc
ti
on.Throughouttheus er-
prog
ramexec
ut i
on,theCPU c onti
nual
lykeepsit
soutputimage
(
me mory)t
ableup-t
o-dat
e.

Outputs
can:Dur
ingpr
ogr
ams
can,t
heout
putmodul
est
hems
elv
esa
renotk
eptc
ont
inua
ll
yupt
o
da
te.

Ins
tead,theenti
reout
putima
geta
bleistr
ansf
erre
dtotheout
putmodul
esduri
ngtheout
puts
can
whichc omesaft
ert
heprog
ramex
ecuti
on.Thustheout
putdev
ice
sar
eact
iva
tedacc
ordi
ngl
yduri
ng
t
heout putsca
n.

b)i
)De
fi
neaSCADAs
yst
em

SCADAr e
fer
stot hec ombina
tionoft ele
me tr
ya ndda t
aa cquis
iti
on.SCADAe ncompass
esthe
col
lec
ti
ngofthei nformati
on,t
ra nsfe
rri
ngi tbacktothec e
ntralsit
e,car
ryi
ngoutanynecess
ary
anal
ysi
sandc ontrolandthendi splay
ingthatinfor
ma ti
ononanumbe rofoper
atorsc
reensor
dis
pla
ys.Therequiredcontr
olactionsarethenconveyedbackt otheproc
ess
.

i
i)St
ateanyt
hre
eadvant
age
sofus
ingPLCi
naSCADAs
yst
em

Thea
dva
nta
gesoft
hePLC/DCSSCADAs
yst
ema
re:

Cos
tef
fe
cti
vef
orc
ont
rol
li
ngc
ompl
exs
yst
ems
.

Fl
exi
blea
ndc
anber
eappl
ie
dtoc
ont
rol
othe
rsy
ste
msqui
ckl
yande
asi
ly
.

Comput
ati
ona
labi
li
ti
esa
ll
owmor
esophi
st
ic
ate
dcont
rol
.

Tr
oubl
eshoot
inga
idsma
kepr
ogr
ammi
nge
asi
era
ndr
educ
edownt
ime
.

Re
li
abl
ecompone
ntsma
ket
hes
eli
kel
ytoope
rat
efory
ear
sbe
for
efa
il
ure
.

Thec
omput
erc
anr
ecor
dands
tor
eav
eryl
arg
eamountofda
ta.

Theda
tac
anbedi
spl
aye
dina
nywa
ytheus
err
equi
res
.

Thous
andsofs
ens
orsov
erawi
dea
reac
anbec
onne
cte
dtot
hes
yst
em.

177
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Theope
rat
orc
ani
ncor
por
ater
ealda
tas
imul
ati
onsi
ntot
hes
yst
em.

Ma
nyt
ype
sofda
tac
anbec
oll
ect
edf
romt
heRTUs
.

Theda
tac
anbev
iewe
dfr
oma
nywhe
re,notj
ustons
it
e.

Thedi
sadv
ant
age
sar
e:

Thes
yst
emi
smor
ecompl
ic
ate
dtha
nthes
ens
ort
opa
nelt
ype
.

Di
ff
ere
ntope
rat
ings
kil
lsa
rer
equi
red,s
ucha
ssy
ste
mana
lys
tsa
ndpr
ogr
amme
r.

Wi
tht
hous
andsofs
ens
orst
her
eiss
ti
llal
otofwi
ret
ode
alwi
th.

Theope
rat
orc
ans
eeonl
yasf
ara
sthePLC.

c
)De
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngc
ommuni
cat
ions
yst
emsus
edi
naSCADAs
yst
em.

i
)Et
her
net

i
i)De
vic
eNe
t

i
ii
)Pr
ofi
bus

Ethe r
ne twor ksontheprincipl
eofme diaa cc
esscontr
olle
dbyac ol
li
si
onde t
e c
ti
onme chani
sm.Ea ch
st
ationi sidenti
fi
edbyauni quek e
y ,orMAC a ddres
s,toe nsuret
hate v
eryc omput
erona nEt hernet
networkha sadiff
ere
ntaddre s
s.Thistechnologyknowna sCa rri
erSenseMul t
ipl
eAcces
swi t
hCol l
is
ion
Dete c
tion(CSMA/ CD)ensuresthatonlyones t
ati
oncant ransmitame ss
ageont hemedium atatime .
Succ e
ssiveEt her
netupgrade shaveg i
venr is
et otheI EEE 802.3s t
andardwhi chonlyde f
inest he
characteri
stic
softhephysi
c a
ll ay
ers;thewa ythedataaccessesthenet
worka ndthedatafra
memus tbe
defi
ne dbyf urt
herlaye
rs.

Devic
eNetisane tworksys
tem use
dint heaut
omati
oni ndust
rytoint
erconnectcontr
oldevi
cesforda t
a
ex
change.ItusesControl
le
rAreaNe tworkast
hebackbo netec
hnol
ogya ndde f
inesanappli
cat
ionl a
yer
t
oc ov
erara ng
eofde vi
ceprof
il
es.Typic
a la
ppl
ic
ati
onsincludei
nfor
ma t
ione x
cha nge
,saf
etydevi
ces,and
l
argeI/
Oc ontr
olne t
works
.

PROFIBUS( Proce
ssFie
ldBus
)isast
andar
dforfie
ldbusc
ommunica
tionwhi
chi
sawidel
yacce
pted
i
nte
rnat
ionalnet
worki
ngsta
ndar
d,commonlyfoundinproce
sscont
rolandinl
arg
ea s
sembl
ya nd
mat
eri
alhandl
ingmachi
nesi
naut
omati
onte
chnol
ogy.

I
tsuppor
tss
ing
le-
cabl
ewir
ingofmult
i-
inputsens
orbloc
ks,pne
uma
ticv
alv
es,c
ompl
exi
nte
ll
ig
entde
vic
es,
s
ma l
lers
ub-
net
works(
suc
ha sASi
),a
ndope ra
torint
erf
aces
.

I
tisa
nope
n,v
endori
nde
pende
nts
tanda
rd.I
tadhe
rest
otheOSImode
l,e
nsur
ingt
hatde
vic
esf
rom a

178
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

v
ari
et
yofdi
ff
ere
ntv
endor
sca
ncommuni
cat
eea
sil
yande
ff
ect
ive
ly.

Thebusi nte
rfa
cinghardwar
eisimpl
eme
ntedonASI
C( Appl
ic
ati
onSpe
cif
icInte
gra
tedCi
rcui
t)c
hips
producedbymul ti
plev
endor
s,andar
ebase
donRS-485aswellast
heEuropea
nEN50170Elect
ri
cal
speci
fi
cat
ion.

Pr
ofiBususes9-
PinD- t
ypeconnect
ors(i
mpedancet
ermi
nat
ed)or12mm r
ound(
M12-
st
yle
)qui
ck-
di
sconnec
tconne
ctor
s.Thenumberofnode
sisl
imit
edt
o127.

Thedist
ancesuppor
tedi
supto24k
m( wit
hr e
peat
ersa
ndfibe
ropti
ctr
ansmis
si
on),wit
hspee
dsva r
ying
fr
om 9600bpsto12Mbps.Themes
sagesi
zecanbeupt o244byte
sofdatapernodepermessa
g e(12
byte
sofov er
headforama xi
mum me s
sageleng
thof256by t
es)
,whi
letheme dium a
cces
sc ont
r ol
mechani
smsarepoll
inga
ndtoke
npas
si
ng.

Pr
ofi
Buss
uppor
tst
woma
int
ype
sofde
vic
es,na
mel
y,ma
ste
rsa
nds
lav
es.

Ma s
terde
vic
escont
rolt
hebusandwhenthe
yhavetheri
ghtt
oacc
essthebus,t
heyma
y
t
ransf
ermess
age
swit
houtanyr
emot
ere
ques
t.The
sear
eref
err
edt
oasa
cti
vest
ati
ons

Sla
vedevic
esarety
pica
ll
yperiphera
ldevi
cesi
.e
.t rans
mit
ter
s/
sens
orsandact
uat
ors
.Theymay
onl
ya ck
nowledger
ecei
vedme ssa
gesor
,atther eques
tofama st
er,t
rans
mitmess
age
stotha
t
maste
r.Thesear
eals
orefe
rre
dt oaspas
si
vesta
tions.

The
rea
ret
wov
ari
ati
onsofPROFI
BUSi
nus
e:

PROFIBUSDP( Decent
ral
i
zedPer
iphe
ral
s)i
susedtoope
rat
ese
nsor
sanda
ctua
tor
svi
aac
ent
ral
iz
ed
cont
rol
le
rinpr
oduct
ion(f
act
ory
)aut
omati
onappl
ic
ati
ons
.

PROFI BUSPA( Proces

sAut oma t
ion)i susedtomoni torme as
uri
nge qui
pme ntv i
aapr oces
sc ontr
ol
sys
teminpr oce
s sa utomat
iona ppli
cations.Thisvari
antisdesi
gnedforuseinex pl
osion/haza
rdousa re
as
(
Ex -
zone0a nd1) .ThePhy si
ca lLayer(i.
e.thecable)
conformstoIEC61158-2,whi cha l
lowspowe rtobe
del
iver
edov erthebust ofi
el
di ns
tr
ume nts,whi
leli
mi t
ingcurre
ntfl
owss othate x
plosiv
ec ondi
tionsare
notcrea
ted,eveni fama lf
unctionoc curs.Thenumbe rofde v
icesat
tac
hedtoaPAs egme nti
sli
mi te
dby
thi
sfeat
ure.PAha sada t
atransmissi
onr a t
eof31.25kbps.

d)Di
ff
ere
nti
atebe
twe
enc
ent
ral
iz
edanddi
st
ri
but
iveappr
oac
hesus
edi
nde
signi
ngaSCADAs
yst
em.

The
reha
vebe
ent
woma
ina
ppr
oac
hest
ofol
lowi
nde
sig
ningt
heSCADAs
yst
em:

Centr
ali
zed,whe
reasi
ngl
ecomputerormai
nfr
ameper
for
msa
llpl
antmoni
tor
inga
nda
llpl
antda
ta
i
sstor
edononedata
basewhi
chre
sidesont
hisc
omput
er.

Di
st
ri
but
ed,whe
ret
heSCADAs
yst
emi
ssha
reda
cros
sse
ver
als
mal
lcomput
ers(
usua
ll
yPCs
).

179
 c
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.com

8.a)De
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngne
twor
kconne
cti
ongi
vi
nge
xampl
esi
neac
hcas
e.

i
)LAN

i
i)I
nte
rne
t

Loc
alAr
eaNetworkLAN–i sacomputernet
wor
kthati
nterc
onnec
tsc
omput
ersi
nali
mit
eda
reas
uch
a
sahome
,school
,compute
rlabor
atory
,orof
fi
cebui
ldi
ngusi
ngnet
wor
kme di
a.

I
nternetisag lobalsys
tem ofint e
rconnectedcomputerne twork
st hatus ethes t
a ndardI nternet
protocolsuit
e( TCP/I
P)tos er
v esever
albi l
li
onusersworldwide
.I tisane twor
kofne twork sthat
consist
sofmi l
li
onsofprivat
e,publ i
c,a c
ademic,busi
ness
,a ndg overnmentne t
wor ks
,ofl oc a
lt o
globals c
ope,t hatareli
nk e
dbyabr oada r
rayofe l
ectroni
c,wi r
elessandopt icalne t
wor king
technologi
es.TheI nt
ernetcar
riesane x
t e
nsi
verangeofinf
or mat
ionr esour
cesands ervi
ces,sucha s
thei nter
-l
inkedhy per
textdoc umentsoft heWor ldWi deWe b( WWW) ,thei nfras
truct
ur et o
supportema il
,andpeer-t
o-peernetworks.

b)UsingOSIrefe
rencemodeldiagram i
ndi
cat
edif
fer
entenc
aps
ulat
ionpr
oce
ssateve
rypeer
-t
opeer
communicat
ionlayeroft
woRe moteTer
minalUnit(
RTU)ofaSCADAs ys
temst
art
ingwit
hthe
topmostdowntothelowes
tlayers.

180
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

c
)AnAl ar
ms yst
emisusedi
nconj
unc
tionwithanaut
omatedbot
tl
ingsyst
eminami l
kbott
li
ngplant
.
Aconveye
rbe l
tcar
rie
sempt
ybott
lesthatar
etobefi
ll
edwithmilk.Theal
arm goesof
finanyof
t
hecondit
ionsoc
curs
.

Mi
lkt
anki
sempt
yandbot
tl
esar
einc
onve
yorbe
lt.

The
rear
enobot
tl
esi
nthec
onve
yerandt
her
eismi
lki
nthet
ank.

The
rei
smi
lki
nthet
ankandbot
tl
esont
hec
onve
yorbe
ltbute
lec
tri
cpowe
risof
f.

The
rei
snomi
lki
nthet
ank,nobot
tl
esont
hec
onve
yorbe
ltande
lec
tri
cpowe
risof
f.

Wr
it
edownaBool
eane
xpr
ess
ionf
ort
heal
arms
yst
em.

I
mpl
eme
ntt
hiss
yst
emus
ingaPLCl
adde
rdi
agr
am.

Ta
nkwi
thno–0,Bot
tl
esi
nconv
eye
r–1 A.
B=X

Ta
nkwi
thmi
lk–1,Nobot
tl
einc
onv
eye
r–0 A.
B=X

181
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
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.com

Ta
nkwi
thMi
lk–1,Bot
tl
esi
nconv
eye
r–1,Powe
rof
f–0 A.
B.C=X

Ta
nkwi
thMi
lk–0,NoBot
tl
esi
nconv
eye
r–0,Powe
rof
f–0

A.
B.C=X

A.
B+A.
B+A.
B.C+A.
B.C =X

2601/
201 CONTROLSYSTEMSANDPROGRAMMABLELOGI
CCONTROLLERS

Oc
t/Nov2012

5a)De
fi
net
het
erm‘
Progr
ammabl
eLogi
cCont
rol
le
r’

A Pr
ogr
amma
ble Log
icCont
rol
le
r(PLC)i
sani
ndus
tr
ialc
omput
erc
ont
rols
yst
em t
hat

182
 c
li
ntonma
rang
a9@g
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.com

cont
inuous
lymonit
orst
hes t
ateofinputdevi
cesandma ke
sde
cis
ionsba
seduponac
ust
om
prog
ram,tocont
rol
thes
tat
eofdevi
cesconne
cte
da sout
put
s.

b)St
atet
woadvant
age
sofPr
ogr
ammabl
eLogi
cCont
rol
le
r

Cos
tef
fe
cti
vef
orc
ont
rol
li
ngc
ompl
exs
yst
ems
.

Fl
exi
blea
ndc
anber
eappl
ie
dtoc
ont
rol
othe
rsy
ste
msqui
ckl
yande
asi
ly
.

Comput
ati
ona
labi
li
ti
esa
ll
owmor
esophi
st
ic
ate
dcont
rol
.

Tr
oubl
eshoot
inga
idsma
kepr
ogr
ammi
nge
asi
era
ndr
educ
edownt
ime
.

Re
li
abl
ecompone
ntsma
ket
hes
eli
kel
ytoope
rat
efory
ear
sbe
for
efa
il
ure
.

c
)Wi
tht
heai
dofabl
ockdi
agr
am,de
scr
ibet
hec
ons
truc
ti
onofaPr
ogr
ammabl
eLogi
cCont
rol
le
r

I
nthefi
gur
e,t
hehe
artoft
he“
PLC”i
sint
hec
ent
er,i
.e
.,t
hePr
oce
ssororCPU(
Cent
ralPr
oce
ssi
ng
Uni
t)
.

TheCPUr
egul
ate
sthePLCpr
ogr
am,da
tas
tor
age
,andda
tae
xcha
ngewi
thI
//
Omodul
es.

183
 c
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rang
a9@g
mai
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.com

I
nputandoutputmodul
esaret
hemedi
afordat
ae xc
hangebet
weenf
ie
ldde
vic
esa
ndCPU.I
tte
ll
sCPU
t
heexa
c ts
tat
usoff
ie
lddevi
cesa
ndal
soact
sasatoolt
ocontr
olt
hem.

Aprogra
mmi ngde
vic
eisacompute
rloa
dedwit
hpr
ogr
ammi
ngs
oft
war
e,whi
cha
ll
owsaus
ert
ocr
eat
e,
t
rans
ferandmakec
hangesi
nthePLCsof
twar
e.

Me
mor
ypr
ovi
dest
hes
tor
ageme
diaf
ort
hePLCpr
ogr
ama
swe
lla
sfordi
ff
ere
ntda
ta.

OR

CPU orproce
ssor:Thema i
nproc
esso
r(Ce
ntr
alPr
oce
ssi
ngUnitorCPU)isamicr
oproc
ess
or-
based
s
y s
temthatexecut
esthecontr
olprogr
amaft
erre
adi
ngt hes
tat
usoffi
el
dinput
sa ndthensends
commandst
ofie
ldoutput
s.

I
/Osect
ion:I
/Omodulesa
cta
s“RealDataInte
rfa
ce”betwe
enfiel
da ndPLCCPU.ThePLCk
nowst
he
r
eals
tat
usoff
ie
ldde
vic
es,a
ndcont
rol
sthefi
elddevi
cesbymeansofthere
lev
antI
/Oca
rds
.

Prog
ramming devi
ce:A CPU ca
r dcan be conne
cte
d wi
th a pr
ogr
ammi
ng de
vic
ethr
oug
ha
communi
cati
onli
nkviaapr
ogr
ammingpor
tontheCPU.

Oper
atingst
ation:Anope
rati
ngstat
ioniscommonl
yusedtoprov
idea
n"Oper
ati
ngWindow"tothe
pr
oce
ss.Iti
susuall
yase
par
atedev
ice(ge
nera
llyaPC)
,l
oade
dwithHMI(Huma
nMa chi
neSof
twar
e).

6.a)De
fi
net
het
erm‘
Comput
erne
twor
king’

Compute rnet
wor ki
ngistheinter
connect
ion,asovercommuni
cat
ionli
nes,ofc
omputersy
ste
ms.
Thisinvolv
esc onnect
ingcomput er
sandpe r
ipher
alsusi
ngpi
ecesofequipment
;swit
chesand
rout
ersetctoena bl
ethede v
icesthata
rec onnect
edtoyourne
tworktocommunicat
ewitheach
othe
r,aswe l
laswi t
hothernetworks
.

b)De
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ype
sofc
omput
erne
twor
ks

i
)LAN

i
i)WAN

i
ii
)MAN

Loc
alAreaNe twor
kLAN–The setypesofcompute
rnetwork
sconnectnet
workdevi
cesoverare
lat
ivel
yshort
dis
tanc
e.Quiteoft
en,anetworkedoff
ic
ebuil
ding
,homeors choolcontai
nsasi
ngleLANa l
thoughiti
s
normaltocomea c
rossabuil
dingtha
tcontai
nsafewsma l
lLANs .Onaf ewoc
casi
ons,aLANma yals
o
spanoveragroupofnea
rbybuildi
ngs
.Suchcomputernet
worksareusua
ll
yownedbyoneorganiz
ati
on.

Wi
deAre
aNe t
workWAN –Ast henamesugge
sts
,aWAN spa
nsoveralarg
ephys
icaldi
st
ance
.Itmaybe
r
egar
dedasacol
le
cti
onofLANsdi
spe
rse
doverag
eog
raphi
cala
rea.Thei
nte
rne
tisaveryg
oodexa
mple

184
 c
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ofaWAN.LANsa r
econnect
edtoaWAN throughadev
iceref
err
edtoasar
outer
.InIPnet
work
ing
,
bot
ht heLANa ndWANa ddr
ess
esar
emaint
aine
dbytherout
er.MostWANsexi
stunde
rdi
st
ri
but
edor
col
lec
tiv
eowne rs
hipand managementa
nd unlik
etheLANs ,arenotnec
essar
il
yowned byone
org
anizat
ion.

Wi
rel
essLoc
alAre
aNetwor
kWLAN–The
set
ype
sofc
omput
erne
twor
ksr
efe
rtoLANst
hata
reba
sedonWi
-
Fiwire
les
snet
wor
ktec
hnol
ogy
.

Me
tropol
it
anAreaNetworkMAN–Thi sisanet
workthats
pansoveraphys
ica
lar
eal
ikeaci
tyt
hati
ssmal
le
r
t
hanaWANbutl ar
gerthanaLAN.Qui t
eoften,s
uchcomputernet
worksa
reownedandope
rat
edby
s
ing
leent
it
ie
ssuc
ha sgov
e r
nmentbodie
sorla
rgecor
porat
ions

c
)Wi
tht
heai
dofdi
agr
am,e
xpl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngt
opol
ogi
es:

i
)Bus

i
i)St
ar

BusTopol
ogy

Abustopol
ogycons
ist
sofama inrunofca
blewi
t hate
rminat
ora
tea
che
nd.Al
lnode
s(f
il
ese
rve
r,
wor
kst
ati
ons
,andper
ipher
als
)ar
econnec
tedt
othel
inea
rcabl
e.

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Advanta
g esofaBusTopol
ogy
Eas
yt oconnectacomput
erorpe
riphe
ral
toal
ine
arbus
.

Re
qui
resl
essc
abl
ele
ngt
htha
nas
tart
opol
ogy
.

Dis
advant
age
sofaBusTopol
ogy
Ent
irenet
wor
kshut
sdownift
her
eisabr
eaki
nthema
inc
abl
e.

Te
rmi
nat
orsa
rer
equi
reda
tbot
hendsoft
heba
ckbonec
abl
e.

Di
ff
ic
ultt
oide
nti
fyt
hepr
obl
emi
fthee
nti
rene
twor
kshut
sdown.

Notme
antt
obeus
eda
sas
tand-
alones
olut
ioni
nal
arg
ebui
ldi
ng.

StarTopol ogy
As t
art opologyisdesi
gnedwi the achnode( fi
lese
rver
,workst
ati
ons,andperiphe
ral
s)connecte
ddi r
ect
ly
toac entralnet
workhub,s witch,orconcentrat
or.
Da t
aonas tarnetworkpa ss
est hrought hehub,s wi
tch,orc oncent
rat
orbe f
orec onti
nuingtoits
dest
ination.Thehub,s witch,orc oncentr
atorma nage
sandc ont
rolsal
lfuncti
onsofthenetwork.Ital
so
act
sa sar epeate
rfortheda tafl
ow.Thi sconfig
urati
onisc
ommonwi thtwis
tedpai
rcable;however,i
tcan
als
obeus edwithcoaxia
lc ableorfiberopti
cc abl
e.
Adv antag
esofaSt arTopol ogy
Easytoinst
allandwi re.

Nodi
sr
upt
ionst
othene
twor
kwhe
nconne
cti
ngorr
emov
ingde
vic
es.

Ea
syt
ode
tec
tfa
ult
sandt
ore
mov
epa
rts
.

Di
sadv
ant
a g
esofaSt
arTopol
ogy
Requir
esmor
ecabl
ele
ngt
htha
nal
ine
art
opol
ogy
.

I
fthehub,s
wit
ch,orc
onc
ent
rat
orf
ai
ls
,node
sat
tac
heda
redi
sabl
ed.

Mor
eex
pens
ivet
hanl
ine
arbust
opol
ogi
esbe
caus
eoft
hec
ostoft
hehubs
,et
c.

RingNe tworkTopology:Al ocal

-ar
eanet
work(LAN)whosetopologyisaring.Thati
s,al
lofthe
nodesareconnect
edinac l
ose
dloop.Mess
agest
rave
lar
oundthering,witheachnodere
adi
ngthose
me s
sag
esa ddre
ssedtoi t.Oneoft headvant
agesofr
ingnetwork sistha
tt heycanspa
nl a
rger
di
stanc
est hanothert y
pe sofne t
work
s,suchasbusnetworks,be c
auseea chnoderege
nerat
es
me s
sag
esa st
heypassthroughit
.

MeshnetworkTopology:Theme shnetwor
ktopol
ogye mploysei
theroft
wos che
me s
,call
edful
l
mes
ha ndpart
ialmesh.Int
heful
lme s
htopol
ogy,eac
hwor kst
ati
onisconne
cte
ddi r
ect
lytoeachof
t
heother
s.I
nt hepa
rtia
lmesht
opology
,someworkst
ati
onsareconnect
edtoal
ltheothe
rs,a
nds ome

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areconnect
edonlyt
ot hoseot
hernode
swithwhichtheye
xchanget
hemostdat
a.
TreeNe tworkTopolog y
:Thet re
enetworktopolog
yusestwoormores t
arnet
work
sc onne
cte
d
toget
her.Thec e
ntr
alc omputer
softhestarnetwork
sareconnec
tedt
oama i
nbus.Thus,atree
networkisabusnet
wor kofst
arnet
work
s.

7a)De
scr
ibe‘
SCADA’s
yst
em

ASCADA( orsuper
vis
oryc ont
rolanddataacqui
sit
ion)sy
ste
m me a
nsas y
ste
mc onsi
st
ingofa
numberofre
mot et
ermina lunit
s(orRTUs )coll
ect
ingfie
lddataconne
ctedbac
kt oama st
er
st
ati
onviaacommunicationssyste
m.Thema st
erstati
ondispl
aystheac
quir
edda t
aa ndal
so
al
lowst
heoper
atort
operformr emotecont
rolt
asks
.

b)De
fi
net
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ermsi
nre
fer
enc
etoSCADA

i
)Humanmac
hineI
nte
rfac
e

i
i)Pr
ogr
ammabl
eLogi
cCont
rol
le
r

A huma n–machi
neinterf
aceo rHMIi sthea pparat
usorde vi
cewhi chpres
entsproces
seddat
atoa
huma noper
ator
,andthroughthi
s,t
hehuma nope r
atormonit
orsandc ont
rol
stheproces
s.TheHMIofa
SCADA s ys
temiswhe redataisproce
sse
da ndpr esent
edtobev ie
we dandmoni tor
edbyahuma n
opera
tor.Thi
sinter
fac
eus ual
lyinc
ludescont
rolwhe retheindi
vidualcaninte
rfac
ewi ththeSCADA
sys
tem

Pr
ogrammabl
elogi
ccont
rol
ler(PLCs)us
edasf
ie
ldde
vic
esbe
caus
ethe
yar
emor
eec
onomi
cal
,ve
rsa
til
e,
f
le
xibl
e,a
ndconf
ig
urabl
etha
ns peci
al
-pur
pos
eRTUs.

c
)Expl
aint
hef
unc
tionsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
tsofaSCADAs
yst
em:

i
)Re
mot
eTe
rmi
naluni
t

i
i)Supe
rvi
sor
yst
ati
on

RemoteTe r
minalUnit(RTU):
-RTUi sadevicei
nsta
ll
eda tar
emoteloc
ati
onthatcol
le
ctsdat
a,codes
t
heda t
aintoaformatthatist
rans
mitt
a bl
eandt r
ansmit
sthedat
aba c
ktoac ent
ralst
ati
on,orma s
ter
(
supe
rvis
orysys
tem)
.AnRTUa ls
oc ol
le
ctsinf
ormati
onfro
mt hemast
erdevi
ceandimple
me nt
sproc
e s
ses
t
hataredir
ect
edbythema st
er

As uperv
isory(computer)sys
tem/Ma s
terTermi
nalUnit(MTU):-gather
ing(
acquiri
ng)dat
aont he
proce
ssands endingcomma nds(c
ontrol
)tothepr
oces
s.Thisi
stheser
versands
oftwareres
ponsi
blef
or
communi c
a t
ingwi t
hthefie
ldequipment(RTUs,PLCs,et
c)
,andthentotheHMIs of
twar
erunningon
workst
ati
onsinthec ont
rolr
oom,ore l
sewher
e.

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d)Wit
htheaidofaladde
rprogr
amandaproc
esscontrolf
igure
,expl
ainhowac onve
rte
rc anbeus
ed
in a machi
neto dire
ct6 produc
tst
o a packaging box and 12 pr
oductsto anothe
rbox
si
multane
ousl
y.

Thecont
rolofamachi
newhic
hisre
quir
edtodi
rec
t6product
salongonepa
thf
orpa
cka
gingi
nabox
andt
hen12produc
tsal
onga
nothe
rpatht
hepac
kagi
ngi
na not
herbox.

Adefl
ectorpl
atemightbecont
roll
edbyaphot
oce
llse
nsorwhichgi
vesanout
putev
e r
yt i
meaproduct
pa
sse
sit.Thusthenumbrodpulsef
romthes
ens
orhast
obec ount
edanduse
dtocont
rolthede
fl
ect
or.

Onrung1,eachti
met hephot
osens
orist
ri
ggere
ditcaus
esC1’
scountt
oinc
rea
se.Whe
nC1,t
hes
ix
pr
oduc
tcount
er,r
eache
ssixi
tcaus
est
hedef
le
ctort
oact
ivat
e.

Onr
ung3,whilet
hedef
le
ctorisa
cti
vat
edC2,the12pr
oduc
tsc
ount
er,a
nds t
art
scount
ingt
hepr
oduc
ts.
Onr
ung4,af
ter12pr
oduct
sa r
ecount
edthec
ounter
sar
eres
eta
ndtheproc
essst
art
saga
in.

Thepr
oce
ssc
ana
lsober
ese
tata
nyt
imeus
ingt
hes
tar
tbut
ton.

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8)a)Expl
ainhowf
aul
t-
fi
ndi
ngi
scar
rie
douti
nPLCs
yst
ems

Wit
hanyPLCc ontr
oll
edpla
nt,byfart
hegrea
terper
cent
ageoft
hef
aul
tsa
rel
ik
elyt
obewi
th
s
ens
ors
,ac
tua
tor
sa ndwiri
ngrat
hert
hanwit
hinthePLCits
elf
.

Ofthefa
ult
swi
thi
nthePLC,mos
tar
eli
kel
ytobei
nthei
nput
/out
putc
hanne
lsorpowe
rsuppl
y
r
athert
hanint
heCPU.

Thea ct
ua lf
a ul
tfi
ndingsta
rtsonc
ethea c
tualstat
ushasbeenest
abl
is
heda ndcomparedwiththe
re
quireds t
atus.Thiscomparis
onfre
quentlylea
dstothedis
cover
yoftheerrors
ource
,ifthefaul
t
i
sv i
sible(e.g.me chani
caldamaget oas i
gnalgener
ator
),audi
ble(e.
g.leak
ageonav al
ve)
,
det
ectablebys mell(e
.g.ca
bleburntout
).Ifthisi
snotthecas
e,thefa
ultcanonlybefounda nd
el
iminatedbyme ansofasys
temat
icprocedure.

ManyPLCspr ovidebuil
t-infaul
ta naly
sispr
ocedure
swhichcarr
youts e
lf
-te
sti
nga nddi s
pla
y
f
aul
tcodes,wit
hpos si
blyabr i
efmessage,whic
hca nbetr
ans
lat
edbylooki
ngupt hecodei nali
st
t
ogiv
et hesour
c eofthefaultandpos s
ibl
eme t
hodsofrec
over
y.Forexample
,thefaul
tc odemay
i
ndi
catethatt
hes ourc
eoft hefaul
tisinapa r
ti
cul
armodulewit
htheme t
hodofrecoverygive
na s
r
epl
acethatmodul eorperhapsswit
cht hepoweroffa
ndthenon.

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b)De
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngf
aul
tde
tec
tiont
echni
que
sinr
efe
renc
etoPLCs
:

i
)ti
mec
hec
ks

i
i)Re
pli
cat
ion

Faul
tDe
tec
tionTe
chni
que
s

Ti
mingc
hec
ks:Thet
erm wa
tchdogi
sus
edf
orat
imi
ngc
hec
ktha
tisc
arr
iedoutbyt
hePLCt
oche
ck
thatsomef unc ti
onha sbeenc ar
ri
e doutwi t
hinthenor malt
ime.Ifthefunctionisnotc a r
rie
dout
withinthenor maltimet henaf aul
tisa s
sume dtoha veoccurr
eda ndt hewa t
c hdogt i
me rtrips
,
set
tingoffa na l
arma ndperhapsc l
osi
ngdownt hePLC.Aspa r
toft heinternaldi a
g nost
icsof
PLCs ,wa t
c hdogt ime rsareusedtode t
ectforfault
s.Thewa tchdogt imerispr esettoat i
me
sli
ghtl
ylong e rthanthes c
ant i
mewoul dnor ma l
lybe.Theya r
ethense tatthebe ginningofe ach
programs cana ndifthecyclet
imei sasnorma lt
he ydonottimeouta nda r
er esetatthee ndofa
cyclere
a dyf orthene xtcycl
e.Howe ver,i
fthec ycl
etimeisl
ongerthani twouldnor mallybe,the
wa t
chdogtime rti
me soutandindicatethatthesyst
emha safaul
t.

Timec he
cksca
na ls
obebui l
tint
ot heladderlog
icprog
ram.Thi
siswhereaddi
ti
ona
lladde
r
rung
smi g
htbeincl
udess
othatwhenaf uncti
onstar
tsati
meri
sst
art
ed.I
fthef
unct
iondoe
snot
comple
tewhentheti
merfi
nis
hesafaulti
ssi
gnale
d.

Las
tout
puts
et:Thi
ste
chni
quei
nvol
vest
heus
eofs
tat
usl
ampst
oindi
cat
ethel
astout
putt
hatha
s

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bee
ns etduri
ngapr oces
swhichhascometoahalt
.Suc
hl ampsarebui
lti
ntot
hepr
ograms otha
t
aseac
hout putoccursalampcomeson.Thelampsonthusindi
cat
ewhichout
put
sareoccurr
ing.
Theprog r
amha st
obede si
gnedtot
urnoffpr
evi
ousst
atuslampsandtur
nonanews t
atuslamp
aseac
hne wout puti
sturnedon.

Re
pli
cat
ion:Wher
ethe
reisconcer
nre
gar
dings
afe
tyinthecas
eofafa
ultde
velopi
ng,chec
ksmaybe
cons
tantl
yus
edtodet
ectfaul
ts
.Onet
echni
queisre
plic
ati
onche
ckswhichinvol
vesdupl
ic
ati
ng,
i
.e
.repl
ica
ting,t
hePLCs yst
em.Thi scoul
dme ant
hatthesys
temr epe
atseve
ryoper
ati
ontwice
a
ndi fi
tgetsthesameres
ulti
tisassumedther
eisnofaul
t.Thisproce
durecandet
ectt
rans
ient
f
ault
s.Amor ee x
pensi
vealt
erna
tiv
ei stohav
edupli
catePLCs ys
temsa ndcompar
etheresult
s
g
ivenbythet wosyst
ems.Intheabs e
nceofafaul
tthetworesul
tsshouldbethes
ame,afa ul
t
s
howingupa sadif
fer
ence
.

Expe
cte
dval
uec
hec
ks:Sof
twa
ree
rror
sca
nbede
tec
tedbyc
hec
kingwhe
the
rane
xpe
cte
dva
luei
s
obta
ine
dwhe naspec
if
ici
nputoc
cur
s.I
fthee
xpe
cte
dva
luei
snotobt
aine
dthe
naf
aul
tis
ass
umedtobeoc
cur
ri
ng.

c
)i)De
fi
net
het
ermc
ali
brat
ionwi
thr
efe
renc
etoPLCs
.

Cal
ibrat
ioni
stheproc
essofchecki
ngPLC/fi
e l
dde vi
cesandma ki
ngsur
etha
tv al
uesus
edin
measur
ement
sremai
na ts
tanda
rdpoints
.Iti
sthepr oc
essofve
rif
yi
ngthePLCa ndI/
O devi
ces
wor
ka ndper
for
mancewit
hinasetofs
peci
fi
cat
ions.

Cali
brati
oni sdef
inesasdeter
minati
onoftheexper
iment
alr
elat
ionshi
pbe t
weenthequanti
ty
bei
ngme asuredandtheoutputofthede
vic
ewhichme a
sur
esi
t;whe r
ethequant
it
yme as
uredis
obtai
nedthroughar e
cogni
zedsta
ndardofmeas
urement
.Ther
earet wofundame
ntalope
rat
ions
inv
olvedi
nc ali
bra
tinganyi
nstr
ume nt
:

Te
sti
ngt
hei
nst
rume
ntt
ode
ter
minei
tspe
rfor
manc
e,

Adj
ust
ingt
hei
nst
rume
ntt
ope
rfor
mwi
thi
nspe
cif
ic
ati
on.

i
i)De
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngc
har
act
eri
st
icsofc
ali
brat
ion:

Tol
eranc
e

Ac
cur
acy

Tole
rance:Per
miss
ibl
edevi
ati
onfr
omaspe
cif
ie
dva
lue
;ma
ybee
xpr
ess
edi
nme
asur
eme
ntuni
ts
,
per
centofspa
n,orper
centofr
eadi
ng.

Accur
acy:Ther
atiooft
heer
rortot
heful
lsc
aleout
putorther
ati
ooft
hee
rrort
otheout
put
,
ex
press
edinper
centspa
norperc
entre
adi
ng,res
pect
ive
ly.

191
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d)Expl
ainhowz
eroands
pane
rror
sar
ecor
rec
tedi
nme
asur
ingi
nst
rume
nts

Zer
oa nds
panerror
sa r
ecorr
ect
edbype
rfor
mingaca
libra
tion.Mos
tins
trumentsareprov
ide
dwit
h
ame a
nsofadj
ust
ingtheze
roandspa
noftheins
tr
ument,al
ongwit
hinst
ruct
ionsforper
for
mingt
his
adj
ust
ment.

Thez
eroa
djus
tme
nti
sus
edt
opr
oduc
eapa
ral
le
lshi
ftoft
hei
nput
-out
putc
urv
e.

Thes
pana
djus
tme
nti
sus
edt
ocha
nget
hes
lopeoft
hei
nput
-out
putc
urv
e.

Li
neari
zat
ionerrorma
ybecorre
ctedift
heinst
rumentha
sal ine
ari
zat
ionadj
ust
me nt
.Ift
he
magnit
udeofthenonl
ine
are
rrorisunacc
epta
bleanditcannotbeadj
uste
d,theinst
rume
nt
mustbere
plac
e d.

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2601/
201 CONTROLSYSTEMSANDPROGRAMMABLELOGI
CCONTROLLERS

Oc
t/Nov2011

5.a)i
)De
fi
neapr
ogr
ammabl
eLogi
cCont
rol
le
r(PLC’
s)

A programma bl
el ogi
cc ontr
oll
er(PLC)isami cr
ocomput e
r-base
dc ontroll
erthatusesstore
d
i
nstruc
tionsinpr ogr
amma bleme morytoimple
me ntlogic
,se que
ncing,timing,count
ing,and
ari
thme t
icfunct
ionsthr
oug hdig
ita
loranal
ogueinput/
outputmodul e
s,forcontrol
li
ngma chines
andpr oces
ses.PLCsa reus e
di nal a
rgevari
et
yofs cenari
os,bothi npr oces
sindust
rie
sa nd
dis
cret
ema nufactur
ing.

i
i)Di
st
ingui
shbe
twe
ens
upe
rvi
sor
ycont
rolanddat
aac
qui
si
ti
onanddi
st
ri
but
edc
ont
rols
yst
em

ADCSi saproc
ess
-or
ient
edsys
temandittre
atst
hecontroloft
heproc
ess
,(t
hec
hemi
calpl
ant
,re
fi
ner
y
orwha
teve
r)a
sit
sma i
ntask
,anditpr
ese
ntsdat
atooper
atorsaspar
tofi
tsj
ob.

ASCADAs yst
emisdat
agat
heri
ngori
ent
ed;a
ndthec
ont
rolc
ente
randoper
atorsa
reit
sfoc
us.Howe
ver,
theremoteequi
pmentismer
elythe
retocol
le
ctt
hedat
a-thoughitmayalsodosomev er
ycomple
x
proc
esscont
rol
.

ADCSope rat
orsta
tionisi
ntimate
lyconnect
edwithit
sinput
/outputs
ignal
s(I/
O)throughlocalwi
ri
ng,
communicati
onbuses(e.
g.Fiel
dBus ,net
works
)etc.WhentheDCSope r
ato
rwa ntst
os e
ei nf
ormat
ion
he/
sheusuall
yma kesarequestdir
ectl
ytothefie
ldI/Oa ndgetsar e
sponse.Fi
eldevent
sc andir
ectl
y
i
nterr
uptthesys
tema ndadv
isetheoperat
or.

ASCADAs
yst
emmus
tcont
inuet
oope
rat
ewhe
nfi
el
dcommuni
cat
ionsha
vef
ai
le
d.The‘
qua
li
ty
’ofda
ta

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s
howntotheopera
torisa
nimpor
tantf
ace
tofSCADAs y
stem ope
rat
ion.SCADAsyst
emsofte
npr ov
ide
s
peci
al‘
eve
nt’pr
ocess
ingmec
hani
smstohandl
econdi
ti
onsthatocc
urbetweenda
taa
cquis
it
ionper
iods.

The
rea
rema
nyot
herdi
ff
ere
nce
s,butt
heyt
endt
oinv
olv
eal
otofde
tai
l
.Theunde
rly
ingpoi
ntsa
re:

ASCADAs y s
tem nee
dstotra
nsf
ers e
curedataandcontrolsi
gna
lsove
rapote nt
ial
lysl
ow,unrel
ia
ble
communicationsme di
um,andne edstoma i
ntai
nada t
a baseof‘
las
tknowng oodv al
ues
’forprompt
oper
atordisplay
.Itfre
quent
lynee
dst odoeventproc
ess
inga nddat
aquali
tyv
alidat
ion.Redunda
ncyis
usua
ll
yha ndledinadist
ri
but
edma nner.

ADCSi sal
wa ysconnec
tedtoi
tsdat
asour
ce,soi
tdoe
snotneedtomaintai
nada t
aba
seof‘
cur
rent
va
lues
’.Redundancyisusua
ll
yhandl
edbypara
ll
ele
qui
pment
,notbydi
ff
usionofi
nfor
mati
onar
ounda
di
st
ri
buteddatabas
e.

b)Wi
tht
heai
dofadi
agr
am,e
xpl
ainhowPLC’
scanbeus
edt
ocont
rolwat
erl
eve
linat
ank

c
)Expl
ainwhyus
eri
nte
rfac
eisne
ces
sar
yinPLC’
s

Auseri
nter
facei
sthes
yst
em bywhichpeople(
user
s)i
nte
rac
twit
hama c
hine.Theuse
rint
erf
ace
i
ncl
udeshardwar
e(phy
sic
al)andsof
twa
re(logi
cal
)compone
nts
.Use
rint
erfa
cesexi
stf
orvari
ous
s
yst
ems,andprov
ideameansof:

194
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I
nput
,al
lowi
ngt
heus
erst
oma
nipul
ateas
yst
em

Out
put
,al
lowi
ngt
hes
yst
emt
oindi
cat
ethee
ff
ect
soft
heus
ers
'ma
nipul
ati
on

6)i
)De
fi
nel
adde
rlogi
ccont
rols
yst
em

Itisacontrolsys
tem whis
husesla
dderl
ogi
ctoma
nag
e,c
omma
nd,di
rec
tsorr
egul
ate
sthe
behav
iorofothe
rde v
ice
(s)
orsy
ste
m(s)
.

i
i)Wi
thai
dofal
abe
ledbl
ockdi
agr
am,e
xpl
aint
hehar
dwar
ear
chi
tec
tur
eofaSCADAs
yst
em

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Basiclayersi
naSCADAs ys
temc anbeclas
si
fi
edintwopart
sg eneral
ly:t
he“ cl
ientlayer
”whi ch
cater
sf orthema nma chi
nei nt
eract
ionandthe“datase
rverlayer”whichha ndlesmos tofthe
processdatacontr
ola ct
ivi
ti
es.Theda t
aserve
rscommunicat
ewi thdev i
cesi
nt hef i
eldthrough
processcontr
oll
ers
.
Processcontr
oll
ers,e.
g.PLCs ,ar
econnect
edtothedatas
erv
e r
se i
therdir
ectl
yorv ianetworksor
fi
eldbuses.Dat
aser v
ersar
ec onnect
edtoeachothe
randtocli
entstati
onsviaanEt hernetLAN.
TheRTU c onnect
st ophy sic
ale quipme nt.Typicall
y,anRTU c onvertsthee lectr
icalsignal
sf rom the
equipme nttodigi
talvaluessucha stheo pen/c
losedstat
usf romas witchorav alve ,orme a
sureme ntssuc h
aspr e
ssure,f
low,voltageorc urrent.Byc onverti
nga nds endingthe seelect
r i
ca lsignalsoutt oe quipme nt
theRTUc ancontrolequipme nt,sucha sopeningorc losi
ngas witchorav alve ,ors e
ttingthes pee dofa
pump.
Supe r
visoryStat
ion;Thet erm“ Supe rvis
oryStation”r e
ferstot hes e
rversa nds oft
wa rer es
pons i
blef or
communi cat
ingwiththef ie
lde quipme nt(RTUs ,PLCs ,e t
c )
,a ndt hentot heHMIs oftwa r
er unningon
wor ks
tati
onsinthec ontrolr
oom,ore lsewhere.
Ins mallerSCADAs ystems,thema sterstat
ionma ybec ompos e dofas ing l
ePC.I nl argerSCADA
sys
tems ,thema st
ers t
ationma yi ncludemul ti
ples er
vers,dist
ribute dsoft
wa rea ppli
cations,anddi sa
ster
recoverysit
es.
Toi ncreaset
heintegrit
yoft hesystemt hemul ti
pleserver
swi l
lof t
enbec onfigure dinadua l-
redunda ntor
hot-st
andbyf or
ma t
ionpr ovidi
ngc ontinuouscontrolandmoni tori
ngi nthee v entofas er
v erfai
lure.

bi
)St
ateande
xpl
ainf
ourus
erc
onf
igur
abl
eope
nsys
tem(
UCOS)c
ompone
nts

UCOSi sac ontr

ols y
ste
mt hate mploysobject
-ori
ente
dt echniquesate ve
rylevelofit
ssyst
em
ar
chitect
ure
.Itincl
udesanumbe rofs ubsys
temswhi chsegme ntthefuncti
onal
it
yofUCOS.Thi s
i
ncludesanEng i
neeri
ngWor ks
tat
ionSubs y
ste
m,a nOpe r
atorWor k
stat
ionSubs
yste
m,a ndaField
ControlUnit(
FCU) Contr
oll
erSubsys
tem.Thes ubsys
temscommuni c
ateviaaContr
olNetwork
.

196
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Engineer
ingWor ks
tati
on(EWS)us e
df orproj
ectdevel
opment.TheEWSi sthedevelopme nttoolwhere
cont
rolschemesa r
ec onfi
guredthendo wnloadedtotheOWS,FCU,a ndSDS.Thee ntireproje
ctis
conf
igure
dus i
ngas i
nglei
ntegrat
edtoolba se
dong r
aphic
alWi ndowss t
andar
ds.Gr aphicaltechni
ques
areals
ousedtodefi
net helogi
calre
lat
ionshi
psa mongthedevi
cesinapr oce
ssare
a.Pr oje
c tconfi
gurat
ion
begi
nsbyde f
ini
ngt hesyst
ema rchi
tect
ure:workst
ati
ons,f
ie
ldcontrolunit
s(FCUs),I
/O,ne t
wor ki
ng,etc
.
Graphica
ltechni
que sarea l
sousedtode fi
net helog
icalr
ela
tionshi
psa mongthec ontrole l
eme nt
sfor
multi
pledevi
ces.

OperatorWor kst
ati
on( OWS)foroperat
orinte
rfa
ce.Thisisus
edtomonit
orandcontr
oltheproce
ss.I
t
use
sthepr oj
ectscre
ensc r
eat
edduringproj
ectdevel
opmentandanimat
esthe
m base
donr eal-
ti
meda t
a
re
ceiv
edf rom fie
ldc ont
rolunit
sandf i
elddataserver
s. Aut
hori
zedopera
torsc
anmoni tordet
ail
ed
act
ivi
ti
esforma nytypesofdev
icesa
nds e
ndc omma ndsusi
ngst
andardf
ace
plat
ecomma ndwindowsand
gr
oupdi s
plays
.

FieldCont r
olUni t(FCU)f orcontr
ollogi
cexecut
ionanddir
ectscanni
ngofI /
O.TheFCUpr ov i
desI/
O
servi
cesbymo nit
oringa ndcontrol
li
ngI /
Oacrossst
andar
dne twor
k sa
ndda tahi
ghways.TheFCU c an
providesimultaneoussupportformultipl
eve
ndor s
’I/
Oa ndI/O networks.Thevar
iet
yofplat
forma nd
form-fa
ctoro pt
ionss upport
edbyt heFCU a l
lowsincor
porat
ionofdistr
ibute
d,di
st
inctI/
Os ubsys
tems
i
ntoc ommonc ontrolstr
ate
g i
es.

197
 c
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Contr
olNe twork
.System suppor
tsr edundantand non-re
dunda ntfi
beroptica nd Ethe
rnetlocal
net
worksusi
ngtheTCP/IPnetwork
ingpr ot
ocolf
orst
andardi
zed,advanc
eda ppl
ic
ati
onc onnec
ti
vi
ty.The
LAN/WANc anbeext
endedtoothersit
esinsi
deorouts
idetheplantusi
ngsuchremot ecommunic
a t
ions
te
chnol
ogie
sa ssat
el
li
te
,r a
dio,microwav e
,a nddi
al-
upr unningsuchstandar
dpr otocol
sasTCP/ IP,
Modbus,OPC,DDE

I/
O Subsyste
ms upport
ingI/
Of rom alli
ndus
tryst
andar
dsuppl
ier
s.Thes a
mel og
icca
nbes ol
vedto
ma ni
pul
atedif
fer
entI/
Os ubsy
stemsfr
om dif
fe
rentmanuf
act
urer
swithoutha
vingtochang
eanyofthe
progr
ammi ngoroper
ati
onalpara
me t
ersoft
heconfi
gur
edsys
tem.

SCADA Da taSer
ver(
SDS)f
orinte
rfa
cingdatafr
om int
el
li
gentde
vic
es,s
ucha
sPLCs
,Fi
el
dbus
te
chnol
ogi
es,RTUs
,PLCI/
O,a
ndothert
hird-
par
tyde
vic
es

Proce
ssHis
tori
calArchi
ver(PHA)f
orstor
inga
ndr
etr
iev
inghi
st
ori
calda
tac
oll
ect
edbyt
heFCU,SDS
oranyot
herint
el
lig
entdevi
ceint
hesys
tem

mi
croFCU:i
sas
mal
l,l
ow-
powe
redPLCt
hate
xec
ute
sse
que
nti
ala
ndr
egul
ator
ylog
ica
nddi
rec
tl
ysc
ans
onboardI/
O.Itc
anrepl
aceRTUsa tasigni
fi
cantr
educ
ti
onincosta
ndpowe
rcons
umpt
ion–pl
usi
tca
n
provi
deloc
ali
nte
ll
ig
entcont
rolofde
vic
es,whic
hRTUsc an'
tdo.

i
i)Di
st
ingui
shbe
twe
endat
ahac
kingandc
rac
king

Hacki
ng,i
stheactofs
teal
ingpers
onalorpri
vat
eda t
a,wit
houttheowner
'sk
nowl
edgeorc
ons
ent
,
i
tcoul
da l
soinc
ludeotherthi
ngsli
keste
ali
ngpasswords
,creat
ingabotnet
,orpr
ett
ymuchany
ac
tthatbre
achessomeone'
spri
vacy,wit
houtt
heirknowl
edge,orcons
ent
.

Hac
kingi
sanyt
echni
cale
ff
ortt
oma
nipul
atet
henor
malbe
hav
iorofne
twor
kconne
cti
onsa
nd
c
onne
cte
dsy
ste
ms

Cracki
ngi swher
eeditaprogra
m'ss our
cec ode,oryouc oul
dcrea
teapr ogram,li
keak ey
gene
rator(mor
ecommonl
yk nownasa' ke
ygen')
,pat
ch,orsomesor
tofappl
ic
a t
iontha
ttri
cksa
n
appl
ic
ationint
othi
nki
ngtha
tapa rt
ic
ularproces
shasoccur
red.

7a)i
)De
fi
net
het
ermc
omput
erne
twor
k

Ac
omputernetworkorda t
anetworkisat
e l
ecommunicat
ionsnetwor
kthatall
owscomput
erst
o
ex
change((
da t
a.I
nc omputernet
works
,network
edc omputingdevi
ces(
((
networ
knodes
)pas
s
dat
atoe ac
hot he
ra l
ongda t
aconnect
ions.Theconnecti
ons(net
workli
nks)bet
weennode
s
ar
ee s
tabli
shedusinge i
the
rc a
bleme diaorwi r
eles
sme di
a.Thebe st
-knowncompute
r
net
workistheInt
ernet
.

198
 c
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Ac
omputernet
workisagroupofcomput
ersy
stemsandothercomputi
nghar
dwaredevi
cestha
t
ar
el i
nke
dt oget
herthroug
hc ommunica
tio
nc hannelstof a
cil
it
atec
ommunicat
ion and
re
sour
ce-
shari
ngamongawi dera
ngeofus
ers
.Network
sa recommonlyc
ateg
ori
zedbasedon
t
heirc
harac
teri
st
ic
s.

i
i)Di
st
ingui
shbe
twe
eni
nte
rne
tandEt
her
net

Ethernetisaloc alareane t
workus edtoc onnectcomput ersnearoneanother
.Ethernetisa
fa
mi l
yoff r
ame -basedc omputerne t
workingtechnologie
sforlocalare
anetworks(
LANs ).The
namec omesf romt hephy si
calc once
ptoft hee t
her.Et her
netisas etofs t
andardsfor
physi
c a
llyconne cti
ngc omputersinal oc alareane t
work .IntermsofOSIne t
workla y
ers
,
Ethernetprovidesonl ythephy si
c all
ayera ndt heda t
al inklayer
.Itdefi
nesanumbe rof
wiri
nga ndsigna l
ings t
andardsforthePhy sic
alLa y
e roftheOSIne twork
ingmode l
,through
me a
nsofne tworka c ces
sa ttheMe di
aAc cessCont r
ol( MAC)/ DataLinkLa yer
,a nda
commona ddressi
ngf ormat.Etherneti
sstandardize
da sIEEE802. 3.

I
nter
netisag l
obalne t
worko finte
rconnecte
dc omputer
s,enablinguserst
oshareinformat
ion
a
longmul t
iplecha nnel
s.Ty pical
ly,ac omputerthatconne ctstotheI nt
ernetca nacces
s
i
nfor
mati
on f rom a v asta rr
a y ofava i
la
bles er
versa nd otherc omputersby mov ing
i
nfor
mati
onf rom the mtot hec omputer'
slocalme mory.Thes ameconnecti
ona ll
owsthat
c
omputertos endinfor
ma ti
ont oserver
sont henetwork;thatinfor
ma t
ionisi
nt urna c
ces
sed
a
ndpotenti
a l
lymodi f
ie
dbyav a r
iet
yofotherinte
rconnect
e dcomput e
rs

i
ii
)De
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngc
abl
esus
edi
nne
twor
king

Coaxi
alc
abl
e

Fi
breopt
icc
abl
e

Ne t
workingc ablesareuse
dt oc onnectonene tworkde v
icetootherne t
workde vi
cesorto
connectt
woormor ec
omputerstoshareres
ources
.Diff
erentty
pesofnetworkcabl
esli
keCoaxia
l
cabl
e,Opt ic
alfibercabl
e,TwistedPaircablesareusedde pe
ndingont henetwork
'stopol
ogy
,
prot
ocola ndsize.Thedevice
sc anbes eparat
edbyaf e
wme te
rs(e
.g.viaEtherne
t)ornearl
y
unli
miteddist
ances(e.
g.v
iatheinter
connect
ionsoftheInt
ernet
).

Twi
ste
dpa ircabli
ngisaf orm ofwi r
ingi nwhi c
hpa irsofwire
s(thef orwarda ndr et
urn
c
onductorsofas i
ng l
ec ir
cuit)ar
et wiste
dt oge
therforthepur posesofc anceli
ngout
e
lect
romagneti
cinte
rfer
e nce(EMI)from otherwirepair
sandfrom e xt
ernals
our c
es.This
t
ypeofc a
bleisusedforhomea ndc orporat
eEthernetnetwor
ks.The rearetwot ypesof
t
wist
edpa i
rcabl
es:shi
elded,unshi
elded.STPi scommonl yuse
di nTok enRi ngnetworks
a
nd UTP i n Ethernetne tworkswhe r
ei tisr ef
err
edt oa s" 10baseTa nd a bove.
"

199
 c
li
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rang
a9@g
mai
l
.com

Tr
ans
mis
si
onr
ate
sva
rybe
twe
en10-
1000Mbps
.

Fi
ber
-opti
cc a
bleconsi
st
sofat
hincyl
inderofgla
sssur
roundedbygla
ssc
laddi
ng,e
ncase
din
pr
otect
iveout
ersheat
h. Fi
ber
-opt
iccableisver
yfast(
100-1000Mbps)
.Itcantr
ansmi
t
ov
erlongdist
ances(
2km+)butise
x pe
nsive
.

Coaxialcabl
ehasas i
nglecopperconductorati
tscent
er.Aplast
iclayerprovi
desins
ulat
ion
betweenthecent
erconductorandabr aidedmeta
lshi
e l
d.Theme talshi
eldhel
pstoblock
anyout si
dei
nter
ference.Coaxialcabl
ec omesintwov ers
ions:ThinnetandThi cknet
.
Thinnetisabout1/4i nchindiame te
ra ndisveryfle
xibl
ea nde asytowor kwith.In
contra
st,Thi
ckneti
sa bout1/2inchindi a
meterandnotv e
ryflex
ible.Coaxtrans
mi t
sat
10Mbps .

b)Wi
tht
heai
dofdi
agr
am,de
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ype
soft
opol
ogi
es

i
)St
ar

i
i)Bus

St
artopology:Thisi
stheEtherne
ttopol
ogy,themostc o
mmona tma nagementandshopfl
oorlev
els
.It
hast
hea dvantag
eofbe i
ngv e
ryflex
ibl
etor una ndrepai
r.Thee ndstat
ionsareli
nkedtog
ethe
rv i
aa n
i
nter
me di
atedevice(
repe
ate
r,switc
h).Fai
lur
eofanodedoe snotpr eve
ntt henet
workasawholef r
om
work
ing,t
houg hthei
nter
mediatedevi
cel
inki
ngt henodestog
ethe
ri sapointofweak
ness
.

Bust opology:Thisisoneoft hesimpl

estlayouts;alltheelementsarewiredtogethera l
ongthes a
me
tr
ansmi s
sionline.Thewor dbusref
erst
ot hephy sic
all i
ne.Thist
opologyiseasi
lyimpl e
me nt
eda ndthe
fa
il
ureofanodeore l
eme ntdoesnotpr
ev e
ntt heothe rdevi
cesfr
om working.Ma c
hi neandsensorleve
l
networks,otherwis
eknowna sfiel
dbuses,uset hi
ssystem.Thebust opologyisimple ment
edbyl ink
ing
devic
e st
og e
therinachainortothema i
nc abl
ev i
aac onnect
ionbox(TAP)

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8a)De
fi
net
hef
oll
owi
ngne
twor
kcompone
nts
:

i
)Re
peat
er

i
i)Swi
tch

i
ii
)Br
idge

Repea
ter
:adev
icewhi
champli
fi
esorre
gene
rat
esdig
ita
lsi
gna
lsr
ece
ive
dwhi
les
endi
ngt
hemf
rom one
pa
rtofanet
wor
kint
oanot
her
.Itwork
sonOSIlaye
r1.

Swit
ch:adevic
ethatall
ocat
estra
ffi
cfr
om onenet
works egmenttoce
rta
inli
nes(
int
endeddest
inat
ion(
s)
)
whic
hc onne
ctthesegmenttoa
nothernetwor
kseg
me nt.Unli
keahub,as wi
tc
hspli
tsthene
tworktraf
fi
c
andsendsi
ttodif
fe
rentdes
ti
nat
ionsrat
hertha
ntoalls
yste
msont henet
work.I
tworksonOSIlayer2.

Br
idge:ade
vic
etha
tconnect
smult
ipl
ene t
workse
gment
salongthedatali
nkla
yer
.Its
epa
rat
est
woor
morenet
wor
ksegment
swit
hinonel
ogi
calnet
work(
e.g
.asi
ngleI
P-subne
t).I
twor
ksonOSIl
aye
r2.

Hub:ade vic
ethatconnectsmul t
ipleEthernetsegments,ma ki
ngt hema c
ta sas i
ng l
es egment.Whe n
usi
ngahub,e veryatt
achedde vic
es haresthesamebr oadcastdoma inandthes amec olli
siondoma i
n.
Theref
ore,onl
yonec omput erconne ct
edtot hehubi sa bl
et otransmitatat i
me.De pendingont he
net
worktopolog
y,thehubpr ov
idesaba s
iclevel1OSImode lconnect
iona mongt hene tworkobject
s
(
workst
ati
ons,se
rver
s,etc.
)
.I tprovidesbandwidthwhichi sshareda mongalltheobjects,i
nc ontr
astto
swi
tches
,whichprovi
deac onnecti
onbe tweenindiv
idualnodes.ItworksonOSIl ayer1.

b)i
)St
atet
hre
efac
tor
swhi
chne
ces
si
tat
ecal
ibr
ati
on

Cali
brati
onisdefi
neda s“atestduri
ngwhi chknownv a
lue
sofme as
urandar
eappl
iedtothe
tr
ansducerandcorre
spondingoutputreadi
ngsarerec
ordedunderspec
ifi
edc
ondi
ti
ons.
”The
def
init
ionincl
ude
sthec apabi
li
tytoa dj
ustthei
nstr
umenttozer
oa ndtosett
hedes
ir
eds pa
n.
Therea r
ethr
eema i
nreasonsf
orha v
inginst
rume
ntscal
ibr
ate
d:

Toe
nsur
ere
adi
ngsf
roma
nins
tr
ume
nta
rec
ons
is
tentwi
thot
herme
asur
eme
nts
.

Tode
ter
minet
hea
ccur
acyoft
hei
nst
rume
ntr
eadi
ngs
.

Toe
sta
bli
sht
her
eli
abi
li
tyoft
hei
nst
rume
nti
.e
.tha
titc
anbet
rus
ted.

i
i)De
scr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ngc
ommuni
cat
ionde
vic
es:

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 c
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RS232

HART

RS-232isas ta
nda rdc ommuni c
ati
onpr otocolforl inki
ng
computera ndit
spe r
ipheraldevi
cestoallow seri
a lda t
ae xcha
nge.Itisanint
erf
acebet
weenDa t
a
ter
minale quipment( DTE)a ndDa tacommuni cat
ione quipment(DCE).Itde
fi
nesthev
olt
agefort
he
pathus
edf ordatae x
cha ng
ebe twee
nthede vic
e s
.Itspe ci
fi
escommonv ol
tagea
ndsig
nall
eve
l,common
pinwir
ec onf i
gur
a t
iona ndmi ni
mum,a mountofc ontrolsi
gnals
.

HART ( HighwayAddr es
sableRe moteTr ansducer
)i sama s
ter
-sla
vecommuni cati
onpr ot
ocol,whic
h
meansthatduringnorma loperat
ion,eachs l
ave(fi
el
dde vi
ce)communi ca
tionisinit
iat
edbyama s
ter
communicati
ondevic
e.Twoma ste
r sca
nc onnecttoeachHARTl oop.Thepr i
maryma st
erisgener
all
ya
dis
tr
ibut
edc ont
rolsys
tem( DCS),pr ogra
mma blelogiccontroll
er(PLC),orape rs
onalcomputer(PC).
Thes ec
ondaryma s
tercanbeaha ndheldterminalora notherPC.Sl av
ede vic
ei nc
ludetransmit
ter
s,
act
uator
s,andcontr
oll
ersthatre
spondt ocomma ndsfromt heprima r
yorsecondarymaster
.

c
)Wi
thai
dofadi
agr
ame
xpl
aint
hei
mpor
tanc
eofc
ali
brat
ionofe
qui
pme
ntandpr
oduc
ts.

Toe
nsur
ere
adi
ngsf
roma
nins
tr
ume
nta
rec
ons
is
tentwi
thot
herme
asur
eme
nts
.

Tode
ter
minet
hea
ccur
acyoft
hei
nst
rume
ntr
eadi
ngs
.

Toe
sta
bli
sht
her
eli
abi
li
tyoft
hei
nst
rume
nti
.e
.tha
titc
anbet
rus
ted.

d)Expl
ainhowCANwor
ks

CAN (Cont
rol
le
rAreaNet
work
)isas er
ialbusbas
edonapublis
her
/s
ubscr
ibermodeli
nwhi
cha
publ
is
hers
endsame
ssa
get
osubs
cri
ber
s.CANwa sde
velo
pedwi
thbr
oadc
asta
rchit
ect
ure
.

Thesender(publi
she
r)sendst
hemess
agewit
hani
denti
fi
er.Ther
eci
pie
nts(s
ubscr
ibe
rs)f
il
te
rmess
age
s
f
rom t
hebusba s
edont hei
rse
ndcri
te
rias
oifame
ssa
geisinte
nde
dforthem,the
yr e
adandproc
essi
t.
There
c i
pie
ntthenbe c
ome sas
ende
r.

Thediag
ramshowst
hepus
h(s
end)mo
deoft
hepubl
is
her
/s
ubs
cri
bermode
l.CAN a
lsos
uppor
tit
spul
l
(
rec
eiv
e)mode
.

Acl
ie
ntcansendame s
sag
ebase
donar emotetr
ansmis
si
onr e
quest(
RTR),whi
chisaCANf r
amewi
th
RTRfl
ags(
st
atusbi
ts
).Whent
heproduc
erre
ceiv
essuchareques
t,i
ttr
ans
mitst
here
lat
edans
wer.

I
nabr oa
dc as
tarc
hit
ect
ure
,thenet
worknode
sc a
ntr
ansmita
tthesa
meti
me.CANhave2mecha
nis
ms
t
odealwi t
hthis
:fi
rs
t,asende
rsurve
ysthecommuni
cat
ionart
eryt
oche
ckifa
not
hernodei
sal
ready
t
rans
mitt
ing.

202
 c
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a9@g
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I
ftheart
eryi
sfr
ee,t
henodest
art
stot
rans
mit
.Seve
ralnode
sca
nst
artt
rans
mit
ti
ngbutne
vera
tthes
ame
t
ime.Thispr
obl
emisove
rcomebyapri
ori
tys
yst
em.

203