In-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns

4.2.2.IN-PLANE STRENGTH
Limit of applicability of the equations is when σ Y is the max. stress
P M
∴σ max = σ Y = + max ← limiting condition
A Sx
P M
∴ + max = 1.0
Aσ Y Sxσ Y
P M max
∴ + = 1.0
PY MY
P M
∴ + φ 0 = 1.0 → (21) Re expressed limitting condition
PY MY
Eq. (21) is also called an interaction equation. Thus for a given P, one
can determine M 0 for the beam-column to limit σ to σ r .
P
Eq. (21) applies for 0 ≤ Fν L ≤ π i.e. 0 ≤ L ≤π
EI x
 In-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns
In Eq. (21) If κ ≤
≥ cos(Fv L) → then φ =1.0
1+ κ 2 − 2κ cos(Fv L)
If κ ≥
≤ cos(Fv L) → then φ =
sin(Fv L)
Plot relationship between φ & Fv L for different κ
In-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns
P M
+ φ 0 = 1.0 → (21)
PY MY
P P × L2 P
φ → f (κ , Fν L) & Fν L = L =π = π
EI x π 2 EI x PE
L σr P
∴ Fν L = ×
rx E PY
∴ The elastic in-plane strength depends on four non-dimentionalized
P M0 L
parameters , ,κ & εy
PY M Y rx
L
Interaction occurs: Slenderness effects ( )
rx
P M0
− interaction curves
PY M Y
L
- Consider the effect of slendernes ε y for beam-columns bent into
rx
single curvatures by equal end moments (κ = 1.0)
−Slender columns deflect more → more Pν effects
In-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns
 In-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns

n Interaction equations: effect of moment gradient κ

L
ε y = 4.0 single curvature κ =1.0
rx
double curvature κ = −1.0
for double curvature case: max moment at member ends
• other cases & approximation
P M
+ φ 0 = 1.0 → (21) Interaction eq.
PY MY
Eq. (21) was derived for linear moment gradient end loads.
However, this form holds for other loading cases.
The evaluation for φ depends on κ & (Fν L). It has to be derived
for each problem. Therefore, an approximation for φ is developed.
φ = Cm × φ κ =1

depends on Fν L
 In-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns
2 − 2 cos(Fv L) 1 1
Now : φ κ =1 = ≈ ≈
sin(Fv L) P FL
1− 1− ( v )2
PE π
And: Cm = 0.3κ 2 + 0.4κ + 0.3
→ Massonet(Europe)
or Cm = 0.6 + 0.4κ
Austin
→ Auotisa(USA)
values are reasonable for
− 0.5 ≤ κ ≤ 1.0
 In-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns

P C M0
∴ + m = 1.0 → (22)
PY 1− P MY
PE
where, Cm = 0.6 + 0.4κ → (23)
The approximate eq. (22) does not a/c for
the case where M max = M 0 at member end.
Therefore need additional condition. Eq. (24)
must also be satisfied.
P M0
+ = 1.0 → (24)
PY M Y
 Out-of-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns
4.2.3 Elastic Lateral-Torsional Buckling Behavior
Most general equations were (8) & (11)
z 2M 0
EI y uiv + Pu''+ M 0 [1− (1− κ )]φ ''− (1− κ )φ '+ Py0φ '' = 0 → (8)
L L
(1− κ )
EI wφ iv − (GKT − Pr02 + M x β x )φ ''+ M 0 β xφ ' + M x u''+Py0 u'' = 0 → (11)
L
The phenomenon will be identical to the lateral-torsional buckling of
beams & columns.
The critical combination of loads producing it are the max. practical
load that can be sustained by the member.
Eq. (8) & (11) can be solved for singly symmetric sections (x0=0) &
unequal end moments (κ≠1) by numerical methods.
 Out-of-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns

For doubly symmetric sections ( y0 = β x = 0) the d.e. become

z 2M 0
EI y uiv + Pu''+ M 0 [1− (1− κ )]φ ''− (1− κ )φ ' = 0 → (25)
L L
z
EI wφ iv − (GKT − Pr02 )φ ''+ M 0 [1− (1− κ )]u'' = 0 → (26)
L
Eq. (25) & (26) are best solved by numerical or energy methods.
Salvadozi used the Rayleigh-Ritz method and presented the results.

Consider Eq.(25) & (26) with κ =1.0

∴ EI y uiv + Pu''+ M 0φ '' = 0
EI wφ iv − (GKT − Pr02 )φ ''+ M 0 u'' = 0
Out-of-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns
Assume s.s. boundary conditions
u(0) = 0, u''(0) = 0, u(L) = 0, u''(L) = 0
φ (0) = 0, φ ''(0) = 0, φ (L) = 0, φ "(L) = 0
πz πz
∴u = C1 sin( ) & φ = C2 sin( )
L L
π 2 EI y π2 πz
∴[( 2 − P)C1 − M 0C2 ]× 2 sin( ) = 0
L L L
π 2 EI w 2 π2 πz
[−M 0C1 + ( 2 + GKT − P r0 )C2 ]× 2 sin( ) = 0
L L L
$ 2 '
& π EI y )*
−P −M 0 .
& L 2
), C1 ,
∴&
2 )+ C / = 0
& π EI w 2
) ,- 2 ,0
−M 0 + GK T − P r0
&% L2 )(
∴ det = 0
Out-of-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns
# 2 &
% π EI y − P −M 0 () -
% L2 (+ C1 +
∴%
2 (* C . = 0
% π EI w 2
( +, 2 +/
−M 0 + GK T − P r0
%$ L2 ('
∴(Py − P)(r02 Pz − Pr02 ) − M 02 = 0

∴ M 0 = (Py − P)(Pz − P)r02 → (27)

π 2 EI w
π 2 EI y 2
+ GKT
where, Py = 2
and Pz = L 2
L r0
• Eq. (27) gives the P − M 0 cr relationship for a doubly
symmetric elastic member with κ =1.0
(I x + I y )
∴ M0 cr = (Py − P)(Pz − P)
A
 Out-of-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns

∴Consider the member with x0 = 0; y0 ≠ 0; β x ≠ 0

(singly symmetric) with κ =1.0
Py − P −(M 0 + Py0 )
then =0
−(M 0 + Py0 ) (r02 Pz − Pr02 + M 0 β x )

∴ ( Py − P ) (r02 Pz − Pr02 + M 0 β x ) = (M 0 + Py0 )2 → (28)

Eq. (28) gives the critical relations between P − M 0
leading to elastic lateral-torsional buckling.
 Out-of-Plane Behavior of Beam-Columns

n Effect of lateral-torsional buckling on W8X31 for

L L
ε y = 1.99 & ε y = 3.98
rx rx
−Lateral-torsional buckling controls
L
everywhere for ε y = 3.98
rx
−Lateral-torsional buckling governs
L
for small portion of ε y = 1.99
rx
Design of Beam-Columns
 In-Plane Behavior

n Beam strength --> Plastic moment capacity

Fy Fy

Fy Fy

Yield Moment Plastic Moment

Mp
= Fy Zx
 Plastic Moment Capacity for Beam-Columns

n Axial Force has an influence on the plastic moment capacity of

steel beam-columns, but it is not like that on RC columns.

Mpc When P > 0.15 PY

Mpc/Mp = 1.18 (1-P/PY) < 1
P

When P < 0.15 PY

Mpc/Mp = 1
Fy
Taken from Commentary to
Chapter H of AISC
Plastic Moment, Mpc Specification 360-16
 Plastic Moment Capacity of Beam-Columns
Taken from Commentary to
Chapter H of AISC
Precise formulation: Specification 360-16
In-Plane Interaction of Steel Beam-Columns

Taken from Commentary to

Chapter H of AISC
Specification 360-16
 In-Plane Interaction of Steel Beam Columns

n How is slenderness and axial force effect brought into the

interaction equation… Same as before! Through the
amplification factor in front of the moment demand (Mu or Mr)
n AISC Specification Appendix 8
 In-Plane Interaction of Steel Beam Columns

Minor axis P-M interaction à somewhat irrelevant

Out-of-Plane Interaction of Steel Beam-Columns
Out-of-Plane Interaction of Steel Beam-Columns

<0.05

<0.05
Out-of-Plane Interaction of Steel Beam-Columns
Out-of-Plane Interaction of Steel Beam-Columns
Interaction Design of Steel Beam-Columns
 General Interaction of Steel Beam-Columns

n Without separate consideration of in-plane and out-plane

behavior
n Conservative – quite, but still works
General Interaction of Beam-Columns