1st Year Physics Chapter 3 NOTESPK

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Zartash’s
Notes
First Year Physics
Chapter No 3
Motion and Force
By Asim Ghafoor Zartash

Unique science academy
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2020 version
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ASIM GHAFOOR ZARTASH (M.PHIL PHYSICS) CONTACT # 0341-7662601
Questions from Chapter

Q#1: Define the following terms: (i) Displacement (ii) Velocity (iii) Acceleration?
Ans:.
(i) Displacement:
The shortest distance between two points is called displacement.
In other words, Change in position of a body between initial and final points is called
displacement.
It is denoted by d and it is a vector quantity. Its units are meters
Formula: It is represented by formula d=r2-r1
(ii) Velocity:
The time rate of change of displacement of a body is called velocity. It is denoted by v. Its
units are ms-1
∆𝒅
Formula: Mathematically it is denoted by 𝑽𝒂𝒗 = ∆𝑡
(iii) Acceleration:
The time rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration. It is denoted by a. Its
units are ms-2.
∆𝑽
Formula: Mathematically it is denoted by 𝒂𝒂𝒗 = ∆𝑡
Q#2: If a body moves along a straight line then what is the direction of motion with respect to the
path of motion?
Ans: If a body moves along a straight line then the direction of motion coincides with the path of
motion.
Q#3: What is drawback of average velocity about the motion?
Ans: Average velocity does not tell us about the motion between the initial and final positions. The
path may be straight or curved and the motion may be steady or variable.
Q#4: Differentiate between uniform and variable velocities?
Ans:
Uniform velocity Variable velocity
If a body covers equal displacement in equal If a body does not cover equal displacement in
intervals of time then body is said to have equal intervals of time then body is said to have
uniform velocity variable velocity
If the velocity of the body does not change with If the velocity of the body changes with the time
the time then velocity is said to be uniform then velocity is said to be variable
Q#5: What do you know about positive and negative acceleration?
Ans:
Positive acceleration: Negative acceleration
If the velocity of a body is increasing then the if the velocity of a body is decreasing then
acceleration is said to be positive. acceleration is said to be negative.
Q#6: Define uniform acceleration?

Ans:
Uniform acceleration: If the velocity of a body changes by equal amount in equal time of intervals
then, the body is said to have uniform acceleration.
In other words, if the acceleration of the body does not change with time then it is said to be in
uniform acceleration
2

Q#7: Under what condition the average acceleration is equal to instantaneous acceleration?
Ans: When a body is moving with uniform acceleration, then its average acceleration is equal to
instantaneous acceleration.
Q#8: Draw the all possible journeys of velocity-time graphs of an object along a straight road?
Ans: There are three possible journeys of velocity- time graphs.
(i) When the velocity of a car is constant then velocity-time graph is a horizontal line as
shown in fig.
t
(ii) When car moves with constant acceleration then velocity-time graph is a straight line as shown in
fig.
(iii) When the car moves with increasing acceleration then velocity-time graph is a curve as shown in
fig
t
Q#9: Give the significance of velocity time graphs?
Ans: Velocity time graphs are used
(i) To find the distance covered by object
(ii) To calculate the area under the velocity time graphs
(iii) To observe the motion of object
(iv) To measure the acceleration by find the slope of velocity time graph
Q#10: Define the acceleration which is produced due to gravity?
Ans: If there is no resistance then all objects free fall towards the surface of earth with a uniform
acceleration. This acceleration is known as acceleration due to gravity.
Value: It is denoted by g =9.8 ms-2.
Q#11: How the equations for uniformly acceleration motion can be applied to free fall motion of
the objects?
Ans: The equations for uniformly acceleration motion can be applied to free fall motion of the
objects by replacing a by g.
Q#12: What is term inertia?
Ans: The property of an object which tries to maintain its state of rest or state of uniform motion is
called inertia of that object.
Q#13: State law of inertia or Newton’s first law of motion

Ans: Newton’s first law of motion is also called law of inertia. This law states that a body at rest or
moving with uniform velocity will remain at rest or will remain moving with uniform velocity until no
external force is acting upon it.
Q#14: What is inertial frame of reference?
Ans: A frame of reference in which Newton’s first law of motion holds is called inertial frame of
reference.
Q#15: Explain Newton’s second law of motion?
Ans: When a force is applied on a body then it produces acceleration in its own direction. This
acceleration is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass of
the body. This is also called law of acceleration.
Formula: Mathematically it is expressed as 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Q#16: Explain Newton’s third law of motion
Ans: This law states that action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
This is also called law of action and reaction
Example: For example, when a ball strikes with wall then this ball exerts force on the wall (which is
action) and in the reaction the wall also exerts force on the ball.
Q#17: Define linear momentum? Write down its units and also mention its direction
Ans:
Definition: The product of mass and velocity is called linear momentum. It is a vector quantity and it
has the direction in the direction of velocity.
Formula: It is expressed as 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣
Units: The SI unit of momentum is kgms-1 or Ns.
Q#18: Derive the relationship between momentum and Newton’s second law of motion?
OR Show that change in momentum is equal to the product of force and the time for which
force is applied
Ans: Consider a body of mass m with initially velocity vi and final velocity vf.
𝑽𝒇−𝑽𝒊
Then acceleration produced is a= ------(1)
𝑡
𝑭
By Newton’s second law a=𝑚 -------(2)
By comparing equations (1) and (2) we get
𝐹 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
=
𝑚 𝑡
𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
𝐹=
𝑡
This is Newton’s second law in terms of momentum
Q#19: Prove that 𝑭 × 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
Ans: Consider a body of mass m with initially velocity vi and final velocity vf.
𝑽𝒇−𝑽𝒊
Then acceleration produced is a= 𝑡 ------(1)
𝑭
By Newton’s second law a=𝑚 ----------(2)
=
𝑚 𝑡
𝐹=
𝑡
𝐹 × 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
Hence it is required proof
4

Q#20: Define impulse? Also write down its mathematical expression?
Ans:
Definition: The product of the applied force and time is called impulse or change in momentum is
called impulse.
Formula: Mathematically it is expressed
𝐼 = 𝐹 × 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
Units: Its SI units are Ns.
Q#21: Does moving object have impulse?
Ans: Change in momentum is equal to impulse. If a body moves in such a way that its momentum
changes then this body have impulse and there is no change in momentum of moving object then
there will be no impulse.
Formula: Mathematically it is expressed
𝐼 = 𝐹 × 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
Q#22: State law of conservation of momentum?
Ans:
Statement: It states that total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant. In other
words “Total momentum of two balls before and after collision remains same”
Formula: Mathematically it is expressed as
m1v1+m2v2= m1v1/+m2v2/
Q#23: Differentiate between elastic and inelastic collision?
Ans:
ELASTIC COLLISION INELASTIC COLLISION
The collision in which K.E. and momentum A collision in which K.E. of the system is lost
are not lost is called elastic collision. is called the inelastic collision
It is an ideal collision It is non-ideal collision
In that collision bouncing ball attain its initial In that collision bouncing ball does not attain
height after colliding with earth its initial height after colliding with earth
Q#24: What do you know about momentum and explosive forces?
Ans: There are two common examples where momentum changes are produced by explosive forces.
Explosion of Shell:
When a shell explodes in mid air, its fragments fly off in different directions. Momenta of bomb
fragments after explosion will be equal to the original momentum of bomb before explosion.
Fire from Rifle:
Total momentum of bullet and rifle before fire is equal to total momentum of bullet and rifle after
fire. In other hand we can say that momentum of rifle is equal and opposite to that of bullet.
Q#25: Write few sentences on rocket propulsion?
Ans: There are following important features on rocket propulsion
(i) Rocket move by expelling gas through engines at their rear
(ii) The rocket gains momentum equal to momentum of the gas expelled from engine but
opposite in direction.
(iii) Rocket carries its own fuel in the form of liquid or solid
(iv) 80 % of launched mass of rocket consists of fuel only
(v) In order to provide enough upward thrust to overcome gravity, a typical rocket
consumes about 10000 kgs-1 of fuel and eject the burnt gases at speed of over 4000
ms-1
𝑚𝒗
(vi) The acceleration of rocket is represented as 𝑎 = 𝑀

Q#26: Define projectile motion?
Ans: The two dimensional motion under constant acceleration due to gravity is called Projectile
motion.
Q#27: What are Ballistic Missiles?
An un-powered and un-guided missile is called ballistic missile and the path followed by it is called
ballistic trajectory. These missiles are useful only for short ranges. For long ranges, powered and
remote controlled missiles are used.
Q#28: Shown that range of projectile is maximum when it is thrown at an angle of 45° with the
horizontal?
𝑣𝑖2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
Ans: As range of projectile is 𝑅= 𝑔
𝑣𝑖2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(45 𝑜 )
If angle is 45o then 𝑅= 𝑔
2
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛90𝑜
𝑅=
𝑔
Hence it is maximum range of projectile
𝑣𝑖2
𝑅=
𝑔
Exercise Questions
Q#3.1: What is the difference between uniform and variable velocity? From the
explanation of variable velocity, define acceleration. Give SI units of velocity and acceleration?
Ans :
Uniform velocity Variable velocity

If a body covers equal displacement in equal If a body does not cover equal displacement in
intervals of time then body is said to have equal intervals of time then body is said to have
uniform velocity variable velocity
If the velocity of the body does not change with If the velocity of the body changes with the time
the time then velocity is said to be uniform then velocity is said to be variable
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity with time is called acceleration.
Units :
SI units of velocity are m/s.
SI units of acceleration are m/s2
Q#3.2: An object is thrown vertically upward. Discuss the sign of acceleration due to gravity,
relative to velocity, while the object is in air
Ans: When an object is thrown vertically upward then velocity of object will opposite to the gravity
so the sign of acceleration is taken as negative and when an object is falling downward then velocity
of object will be in the direction of gravity so the sign of acceleration is taken as positive.
Q#3.3: Can the velocity of an object reverse direction when acceleration is constant? If so, give an
example
Ans : Yes velocity of an object can reverse direction. For example when a body is thrown vertically
upward its velocity decreases due to opposite direction of acceleration and at highest point it stops
and then reverse its direction and falling downwards due to downward acceleration

Q#3.5: A man standing on the top of a tower throws a ball straight up with initial velocity vi and at
the same time throws a second ball straight downward with the same speed. Which ball will have
larger speed when it strikes the ground? Ignore air friction
Ans: Both the balls have the same speed on striking the ground because extra distance covered by
upward ball will be cancelled by its motion in reverse direction. So they will considered to be start
their motions from the same point. Due to constant acceleration, they have same speeds on striking.
Q#3.6: Explain the circumstances in which the velocity v and acceleration a of a car are:
(i) Parallel (ii) Anti-parallel (iii) Perpendicular to one another (iv) v is zero but a is not
zero (v) a is zero but v is not zero
Ans :
i Parallel If v of the car is increasing in a straight line then v and a will be parallel.
ii when breaks are applied to stop the moving car the v and a will be anti-
Anti-parallel
parallel
iii Perpendicular to When the car will move along circle then v and a will be perpendicular to
one another each other
iv v is zero but a is not When breaks are applied to stop a car then it slows down and then stops
zero: due to negative acceleration then the v will be zero but a will not be zero
V a is zero but v is not When car is moving with uniform velocity in a straight line then a will be
zero zero but v will not be zero
Q#3.7: Motion with constant speed is a special case of motion with constant acceleration. Is this
statement true? Explain
Ans : Yes it is true statement. Because in this case velocity is constant then acceleration will be
zero and zero is also a constant value. Hence motion with constant speed is a special case of motion
with constant acceleration.
Q#3.8: Find the change in momentum for an object subjected to a given force for a given time and
state law of motion in terms of momentum.
Ans : This law states that applied force is equal to rate of change of momentum with time.
Consider a body of mass m with initially velocity vi and final velocity vf.
𝑉𝑓−𝑉𝑖
Then acceleration produced is 𝑎 = 𝑡 ------(1)
𝐹
By Newton’s second law 𝑎 = 𝑚 -------(2)
=
𝑚 𝑡
𝐹=
𝑡
This is Newton’s second law in terms of momentum
Q#3.9: Define impulse and show that how it is related to linear momentum?
Ans :
Impulse: The product of the applied force and short interval of time is called impulse.
Mathematically it is expressed 𝐼 = 𝐹 × 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
Relation with momentum: Impulse is equal to the change in momentum
Q#3.10: State law of conservation of linear momentum, pointing out the importance of isolated
system. Explain why under certain conditions, the law is useful even though the system is not
completely isolated?
Ans :

Law of conservation of momentum: It states that the total linear momentum of two balls before
collision is equal to the total linear momentum of two balls after collision.
Mathematically Relation:
It is expressed mathematically as
m1v1+m2v2= m1v1/+m2v2/.
Importance of isolated system: Isolated system is that system at which no external force is applied
so that bodies in that system can collide and applied force on each other without any external
disturbance.
Conditions: Motion of rocket and fire of gun are cases in which friction acts and system is not
isolated but we get almost accurate results.
Q#3.11: Explain the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions. Explain how would a
bouncing ball behave in each case? Give plausible reasons for the fact that K.E is not conserved in
most cases?
Ans :
ELASTIC COLLISION INELASTIC COLLISION
The collision in which K.E. and momentum A collision in which K.E. of the system is lost
are not lost is called elastic collision. is called the inelastic collision
It is an ideal collision It is non-ideal collision
BEHAVIOUR OF BOUNCING BALL
It that collision bouncing ball attain its initial It that collision bouncing ball does not attain
height after colliding with earth its initial height after colliding with earth
PLAUSIBLE REASONS:
In most of cases during collision, sound and heat energies are produced. These energies came from
kinetic energy of the body. So in most cases kinetic energy is not conserved
Q#3.13: At what point or points in its path a projectile have its minimum speed, its maximum
speed?
Ans:
Minimum Speed: A projectile has its minimum speed at the maximum height where vertical
component of velocity becomes zero
Maximum Speed: It has maximum speed at the point of
projection and point of landing as described in the figure

Long Questions
3.7 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
CONSERVATION:
Principle by which the total value of a physical quantity remains constant in a system is called
conservation
MOMETUM:
Product of linear velocity and mass of the object is called linear momentum and it is denoted as
𝑷 = 𝑚𝒗
LAW OF CONSERVATION MOMENTUM:
It states that “Total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant”. In other words “Total
momentum of two balls before collision is equal to the total final momentum of balls after collision’
FORMULA:
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1′ + 𝑚2 𝑣2′
ISOLATED SYSTEM:
Isolated system is a system on which no external force acts. For example gas molecules enclosed in a
vessel on which no agency can exert a force on them.
EXPLANATION:
Consider an isolated system of two smooth interacting balls of masses m 1 and m2 moving along the
same straight line in the same direction with velocities v1 and v2 respectively. Both the balls collide
and after collision, first ball of mass m1 moves with velocity v1/ and second ball of mass m2 moves
with velocity v2/ in the same direction as shown in fig.
CHANGE IN MOMENTUM OF FIRST BALL:

We know that change in momentum is given as
𝑭 × 𝑡 = 𝑚𝒗𝒇 − 𝑚𝒗𝒊
To find the change in momentum of mass m1 we use above equation
𝑭/ × 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝒗′𝟏 − 𝑚1 𝒗𝟏
CHANGE IN MOMENTUM OF SECOND BALL:
We know that change in momentum is given as
𝑭 × 𝑡 = 𝑚𝒗𝒇 − 𝑚𝒗𝒊
9

To find the change in momentum of mass m2 we use above equation
𝑭 × 𝑡 = 𝑚2 𝒗′𝟐 − 𝑚2 𝒗𝟐
TOTAL MOMENTUM:
By adding these above two expressions we get
𝑭/ × 𝑡 + 𝑭 × 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝒗′𝟏 − 𝑚1 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑚2 𝒗′𝟐 − 𝑚2 𝒗𝟐
(𝑭/ + 𝑭) × 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝒗′𝟏 − 𝑚1 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑚2 𝒗′𝟐 − 𝑚2 𝒗𝟐
Since the action force F is equal and opposite to the reaction force F/.
Hence 𝑭/ = −𝑭
/
By putting the value of F in above equation we get
(−𝑭 + 𝑭) × 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝒗′𝟏 − 𝑚1 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑚2 𝒗′𝟐 − 𝑚2 𝒗𝟐
(0) × 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝒗′𝟏 − 𝑚1 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑚2 𝒗′𝟐 − 𝑚2 𝒗𝟐
Hence we get 0 = 𝑚1 𝒗′𝟏 − 𝑚1 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑚2 𝒗′𝟐 − 𝑚2 𝒗𝟐
Hence by re-arranging we get
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1′ + 𝑚2 𝑣2′
CONCLUSION:
 Hence it is concluded that “Total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant”.
In other words “Total momentum of two balls before collision is equal to the total final
momentum of balls after collision’
 Hence it is also concluded that if one object within group experiences as force, there must
exists an equal but opposite reaction force on some other object in the same group which
results change in momentum of the group zero.
 By applying the conservation law, it is noticed that momentum of the body is a vector
quantity
3.8 ELASTIC COLLISION IN ONE DIMENSION
ELASTIC COLLISION:
A collision in which kinetic energy and momentum of the system is conserved is called elastic
collision.
EXPLANATION:
Consider two smooth interacting balls of masses m1 and m2 moving along the same straight line in
the same direction with velocities v1 and v2 respectively. Both the balls collide and after collision, first
ball of mass m1 moves with velocity v1/ and second ball of mass m2 moves with velocity v2/ in the
same direction as shown in fig.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM:

We take the positive direction of the velocity and momentum to the right side. By applying the law of
conservation of momentum we get
10

′ ′
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
𝑚1 𝑣1 − 𝑚1 𝑣1′ = 𝑚2 𝑣2′ − 𝑚2 𝑣2
or 𝑚1 (𝑣1 − 𝑣1′ ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2′ − 𝑣2 )-------(i)
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:
As the collision is elastic, so the kinetic energy is also conserved. From the conservation of kinetic
energy we get
1 1 1 2 1 2
𝑚1 𝑣1 2 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1′ + 𝑚2 𝑣2′
2 2 2 2
2 2
𝑚1 𝑣1 2 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1′ + 𝑚2 𝑣2′
Or
2 2
𝑚1 (𝑣1 2 − 𝑣1′ ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2′ − 𝑣2 2 )
By using mathematical formula
𝑚1 (𝑣1 − 𝑣1′ )(𝑣1 + 𝑣1′ ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2′ − 𝑣2 ) (𝑣2′ + 𝑣2 )------(ii)
By dividing equations (ii) by (i) we get
𝑚1 (𝑣1 − 𝑣1′ )(𝑣1 + 𝑣1′ ) 𝑚2 (𝑣2′ − 𝑣2 ) (𝑣2′ + 𝑣2 )

=
𝑚1 (𝑣1 − 𝑣1′ ) 𝑚2 (𝑣2′ − 𝑣2 )
(𝑣1 + 𝑣1′ ) = (𝑣2′ + 𝑣2 )
By rearranging we get
𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = −(𝑣1′ − 𝑣2′ )…….(iii)
Where v1-v2 is the velocity of the first ball relative to second ball before collision and v 1/-v2/ is the
velocity of first ball relative to second ball after collision. Its mean relative velocities before and after
collision having the same magnitude but are reversed in direction.
In other words the magnitude of relative velocity of approach is equal to the magnitude of relative
velocity of separation.
By solving the equations (i) and (iii) we find the values of v1/ and v2/ which are known. Hence the
results are
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 2𝑚2
𝑣1′ = 𝑣1 + 𝑣
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 2
2𝑚1 𝑚2 − 𝑚1
𝑣2′ = 𝑣1 + 𝑣
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 2
CASES:
(i) When m1=m2
By putting this in above equations we get
𝑚1 − 𝑚1 2𝑚1
𝑣1′ = 𝑣1 + 𝑣
𝑚1 + 𝑚1 𝑚1 + 𝑚1 2
/
𝑣1 = 𝑣2
2𝑚1 𝑚1 − 𝑚1
𝑣2′ = 𝑣1 + 𝑣
𝑚1 + 𝑚1 𝑚1 + 𝑚1 2
/
𝑣2 = 𝑣1
Its means if masses will equal, the velocities of two balls after collision will interchange.
(ii) When m1=m2 and second ball is at rest v2=0
𝑚1 − 𝑚1 2𝑚1
𝑣1′ = 𝑣1 + (0)
𝑚1 + 𝑚1 𝑚1 + 𝑚1
𝑣1′ = 0
11

2𝑚 1 𝑚 1 − 𝑚 1
𝑣2′ = 𝑣 + (0)
𝑚1 + 𝑚1 1 𝑚1 + 𝑚1
𝑣2′ = 𝑣1
Its means if masses will equal and the second ball is at rest then first ball after collision will stop and
second will move with the same velocity with which first ball was moving initially.
(iii) When a lighter body collides with a massive body at rest then
m2>>>m1 i.e m1=0and v2=0
0 − 𝑚2 2𝑚2 −𝑚2
𝑣1′ = 𝑣1 + 0 = 𝑣
0 + 𝑚2 0 + 𝑚2 𝑚2 1
𝑣1′ = −𝑣1
2(0) 𝑚2 − 0
𝑣2′ = 𝑣1 + 0 =0
0 + 𝑚2 0 + 𝑚2
𝑣2′ = 0
Its means first ball will bounce back with the same velocity while second ball remains at rest.
(iv) When a massive body collides with a lighter body at rest then
m1>>>m2 i.e m2=0and v2=0
𝑚1 − 0 2(0)
𝑣1′ = 𝑣1 + (0)
𝑚1 + 0 𝑚1 + 0
/
𝑣1 = 𝑣1
2𝑚1 𝑚1 − 0 2𝑚1
𝑣2′ = 𝑣1 + 0 = 𝑣
𝑚1 + 0 𝑚1 + 0 𝑚1 1
𝑣2′ = 2𝑣1
Its means that practically there is no change in the velocity of massive body but the lighter body
bounces off in the forward direction with approximately twice the velocity of incident body.
3.12 PROJECTILE MOTION

DEFINATION
Two dimensional motion under the constant acceleration due to gravity is called projectile motion.
EXAMPLES:
 A football kicked by a player
 A bal thrown by a cricketer
 A missile launched from a launching pad
HEIGHT OF PROJECTILE:
Definition:
The maximum vertical distance covered by the body during projectile motion is called height of the
projectile. It is denoted by H as shown in the figure
Derivation:
In order to determine the height of the projectile, we use the third equation of motion.
2𝑎𝑆 = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2
As the body moves upward, so a=-g , the initial vertical velocity viy=vi sinθ because the body comes to
rest after reaching the highest point
Since S=H. by putting these values in above equation we get
−2𝑔𝑕 = 0 − 𝑣𝑖2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
12

Hence the height is given as
𝑣𝑖2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑕=
2𝑔
The height will maximum if the projectile makes 90o with the horizontal.
TIME OF FLIGHT:
Definition:
The time taken by the body to cover the distance from the place of projection to the point of landing
is called time of flight. It is denoted by t.
Derivation:
This can be obtained by taking S=h=0 because the body goes upward and comes back to the same
level. Thus it does not cover any vertical distance. By using the second equation of motion we get
1
𝑆 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2
As the body moves along upward initially so vi having the value vi sinθ and value of g is taking
negative. Putting these values in above mentioned equation we get
1
0 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
1 2
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 = 𝑔𝑡
2
Hence the time of flight is given as
2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡=
𝑔
RANGE OF PROJECTILE:
Definition:
Maximum horizontal distance covered by the body during projectile motion is called range of
projectile.
Derivation:
To determine the range of the projectile, we multiply the horizontal component of the velocity of
projection with time taken by the body from point of projection to point of landing. Hence
𝑅 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 × 𝑡
2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑅 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ×
𝑔
2
𝑣𝑖 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑅=
𝑔
Hence
13

2
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑅=
𝑔
If the θ=45o then range will be maximum as given
𝑣𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(45𝑜 )
𝑅=
𝑔
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛90𝑜
2
𝑅=
𝑔
𝑣𝑖 2
𝑅=
𝑔
CONCLUSION:
Projectile is two dimensional motion. It follows parabolic path. Practical example of projectile motion
is also a ballistic missile. Range will be maximum at 45o and height will be maximum at 90o. And both
ranges and heights are equal at 76o.
14

NUMERICALS
Numerical 3.1: A helicopter is ascending vertically after the spring has been released.
upward at a rate of 19.6 m/s. When it is at a Solution:
height 156.8 m above the ground, a stone is 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑒𝑚𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
dropped. How long does the stone take to reach A the two masses are at rest before releasing so
the ground? 0 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 (−𝑣2 )
Solution: 0 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 − 𝑚2 𝑣2
𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑣2
𝑣𝑖 = 19.6 𝑚/𝑠 𝑆 = 𝑕 = −156.8𝑚 𝑣1 𝑚2
𝑡 =? =
1 𝑣2 𝑚1
𝑆 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2 Numerical 3.6: A boy places a fire cracker of
2
1 negligible mass in an empty can of 40 g mass. He
−156.8 = (19.6)𝑡 + (−9.8)𝑡 2 plugs the end with a wooden block of mass 200 g.
2
−156.8 = 19.6𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2 after igniting the fire cracker; he throws the can
By dividing 4.9 with whole equation we get straight up. It explodes at the top of its path. If the
−32 = 4𝑡 − 𝑡 2 block shoot out with a speed of 3.0 m/s, how fast
𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 − 32 = 0 the can be going?
2
𝑡 — 8 + 4𝑡 − 32 = 0 Solution:
𝑡(𝑡— 8 + 4(𝑡 − 8) = 0 Data of Can:
𝑡— 8 𝑡 + 4 = 0 𝑚1 = 40 𝑔 = 40 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔
𝑡 = 8 𝑠 𝑜𝑟 (𝑡 = −4) 𝑣1 = 0
/
𝑣1 =?
Time can never b negative so Data of Wooden block:
𝑡 =8𝑠 𝑚2 = 200 𝑔 = 200 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔
====================================== /
𝑣2 = 0 𝑣2 = 3.0 𝑚/𝑠
Numerical 3.3: A proton moving with a speed of
Law of conservation of momentum:
1.0 × 107 𝑚𝑠 −1 passes through a 0.020 𝑐𝑚 thick / /
sheet of paper and emerges with a speed of 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
/
2.0 × 106 𝑚𝑠 −1 . Assuming uniform deceleration, 0 = (40 × 10−3 )𝑣1 + (200 × 10−3 )(−3)
/
find retardation and time taken to pass through 40 × 10−3 𝑣1 = 600 × 10−3 𝑚/𝑠
paper. /
40𝑣1 = 600𝑚/𝑠
Solution: /
𝑣1 = 15𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑖 = 1.0 × 107 𝑚𝑠 −1 𝑣𝑓 = 2.0 × 106 𝑚𝑠 −1
Numerical 3.7: An electron (m=9.1×10-31 kg)
𝑆 = 0.020 𝑐𝑚 = 0.020 × 10−2 𝑚
traveling at 2.0×107 m/s undergoes a head on
𝑎 =? 𝑡 =?
2 2 collision with a hydrogen atom (m=1.67×10-27 kg)
2𝑎𝑆 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
which is initially at rest. Assuming the collision to
2𝑎 0.020 × 10−2 = 2.0 × 106 2 − (1.0 × 107 )2
be perfectly elastic and motion to be along a
𝑎 0.040 × 10−2 = −9.6 × 1013
𝑎 = −2.4 × 1017 𝑚𝑠 −2 straight line, find the velocity of hydrogen atom.
Solution:
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 Data of electron:
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑚1 = 9.1 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 2.0 × 106 − 1.0 × 107 𝑣1 = 2.0 × 107 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡= = 𝑠 Data of hydrogen atom:
𝑎 −2.4 × 1017
𝑡 = 3.3 × 10−11 𝑠 𝑚2 = 1.67 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔
/
Numerical 3.4: Two masses m1 and m2 are initially 𝑣2 = 0 𝑣2 =?
at rest with a spring compressed between them. / 2𝑚1 𝑚2 − 𝑚1
𝑣2 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣
What is the ratio of magnitude of their velocities 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 2
15

/2
−31 2 = 𝑣1
/ 2 9.1 × 10
𝑣2 = 2.0 × 107 + 0 /2
9.1 × 10−31 + 1.67 × 10−27 𝑣1 = 2 𝑚𝑠 −1
/
𝑣2 = 2.2 × 104 𝑚 𝑠 −1 /
Numerical 3.8: A truck weighing 2500 kg and 𝑣1 = 1.41𝑚𝑠 −1
moving with velocity of 21 m/s, collides with By putting it in equation (1) we get
/
stationary car weighing 1000 kg. The truck and car 𝑣2 = −4 (1.41)𝑚𝑠 −1
/
move together after the impact. Calculate their 𝑣2 = −5.6 𝑚𝑠 −1
common velocity. Numerical 3.10: A football is thrown upward with
Solution: an angle of 30o with respect to the horizontal. To
𝑚1 = 2500 𝑘𝑔 𝑣1 = 21𝑚/𝑠 throw a 40 m pass what must be the initial speed
/ /
𝑚2 = 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑣2 = 0 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 𝑣 =? of the ball?
Law of conservation of momentum: Solution:
/
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
/ 𝜃 = 30𝑜 𝑅 = 40 𝑚 𝑣𝑖 =?
2
2500 21 + 1000 0 = 2500 𝑣 + 1000𝑣 𝑣𝑖
𝑅= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
52500𝑚/𝑠 = (2500 + 1000)𝑣 𝑔
52500𝑚/𝑠 = 3500 𝑣 𝑅𝑔
𝑣𝑖2 =
𝑣 = 15𝑚/𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
Numerical 3.9: Two blocks of masses 2.0 kg and 𝑅𝑔
0.50 kg are attached at the ends of a compressed 𝑣𝑖 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
spring. The elastic potential energy stored in the
spring is 10 J. Find the velocities of the blocks if 40 (9.8) 𝑚 392
the spring delivers its energy to the blocks. 𝑣𝑖 = = 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛2(30𝑜 ) 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝑜
Solution:
𝑣𝑖 = 21 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚1 = 2.0 𝑘𝑔 𝑣1 = 0 𝑃. 𝐸 = 10 𝐽
/ / Numerical 3.11: A ball is thrown horizontally from
𝑚2 = 0.50 𝑘𝑔 𝑣2 = 0 𝑣1 =? 𝑣2 =? a height of 10 m with velocity 21 m/s. How far off
Law of conservation of momentum: it hit the ground and with what velocity?
/ /
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 Solution:
/ /
2 0 + 0.50 0 = 2 𝑣1 + 0.50𝑣2 𝑦 = 10 𝑚 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑓𝑥 = 21 𝑚/𝑠
/ / 𝑋 =? 𝑣 =?
0 = 2 𝑣1 + 0.50𝑣2
/ / 𝑋 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 × 𝑡 ---------(i)
0.50𝑣2 = −2 𝑣1
2 As
/ /
𝑣2 = − 𝑣1 1
0.50 𝑦 = 𝑔𝑡 2
/ / 2
𝑣2 = −4 𝑣1 − − − (𝑖) 1
Law of conservation of energy: 10 = (9.8)𝑡 2
2
1 /2 1 /2 20
𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 𝑡2 =
2 2 9.8
1 /2 /2 𝑡 = 1.43 𝑠𝑒𝑐
10 = (𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 )
2 By putting in equation(i) we get
/2 /2
20 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 𝑋 = 21 × 1.43 𝑚 = 30 𝑚
/2 / Velocity is given as
20 = 2 𝑣1 + (0.5)(−4 𝑣1 )2
/2 /2 𝑣= 2
𝑣𝑓𝑥 2
+ 𝑣𝑓𝑦 --------(ii)
20 = 2 𝑣1 + (0.5)(16) 𝑣1
/2 /2 As 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
20 = 2 𝑣1 + 8𝑣1
/2 So 𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡
20 = 10𝑣1
𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 0
16

𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 0 + 9.8 1.43 𝑚/𝑠 =14 m/s Numerical 3.14: Prove that for angles of
By putting in equation (ii) we get projection, which exceed of fall short of 45𝑜 by
𝑣 = 212 + 142 m/s equal amounts, the ranges are equal.
𝑣 = 25 𝑚/𝑠 Solution:
Numerical 3.12: A bomber dropped a bomb at a 𝑣𝑖2
𝑅= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
height of 490 m when its velocity along the 𝑔
horizontal was 300 kmh-1 𝜃 = 45𝑜 + 15𝑜 = 60𝑜
(a) How long was it in air?
(b) At what distance from the point vertically 𝑣𝑖2
𝑅= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(60𝑜 )
below the bomber at the instant the bomb 𝑔
was dropped, did it strike the ground? 𝑣𝑖2 𝑜
𝑣𝑖2
𝑅= 𝑠𝑖𝑛120 = 0.866
𝑔 𝑔
Solution:
𝑦 = 490 𝑚 𝜃 = 45𝑜 − 15𝑜 = 30𝑜
𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 300
𝑘𝑚
=
300×1000 𝑚
= 83.3 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣𝑖2
𝑕 3600 𝑠 𝑅= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(30𝑜 )
𝑡 =? 𝑋 =? 𝑔
As 𝑣𝑖2 𝑜
𝑣𝑖2
𝑅= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 = 0.866
1 𝑔 𝑔
𝑦 = 𝑔𝑡 2
2 Hence ranges are equal for both angles
1 Numerical 3.15: A SLMB (submarine launched
490 = (9.8)𝑡 2
2 ballistic missile is fired from a distance of 3000 km.
490 ×2 If the earth is considered flat and the angle of
𝑡2 = = 100
9.8 launch is 45𝑜 with horizontal, find velocity with
𝑡 = 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐
which the missile is fired and the time taken by
𝑋 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 × 𝑡
SLBM to hit the target.
𝑋 = 83.3 × 10 𝑚 = 833 𝑚
Solution:
Numerical 3.13: Find the angle of projection for
𝑅 = 3000 𝑘𝑚 = 3000000 𝑚
which its maximum height and horizontal range
𝜃 = 45𝑜 𝑣𝑖 =? 𝑡 =?
are equal 2
𝑣𝑖
Solution: 𝑅= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝜃 =? 𝑔
𝑅𝑔
According to condition of question 𝑣𝑖2 =
𝑅=𝐻 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑣𝑖2 𝑣2 𝑅𝑔
𝑔
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑔𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑣𝑖 =
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2 3000000 (9.8) 𝑚 29400000
1 𝑣𝑖 = = 𝑚/𝑠
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(45 ) 𝑜 𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛90𝑜
2
4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑚
𝑣𝑖 = 5422.17 = 5.42 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠
=4 2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑡=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 4 𝑔
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 4 = 76𝑜 2(5422 .17)𝑠𝑖𝑛 45 𝑜
𝑡= = 782.45 𝑠= 13 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
9.8
17

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First Year Physics

By Asim Ghafoor Zartash

Questions from Chapter

Q#6: Define uniform acceleration?

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Uniform velocity Variable velocity

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CHANGE IN MOMENTUM OF FIRST BALL:

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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM:

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𝑚1 (𝑣1 − 𝑣1′ )(𝑣1 + 𝑣1′ ) 𝑚2 (𝑣2′ − 𝑣2 ) (𝑣2′ + 𝑣2 )

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3.12 PROJECTILE MOTION

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