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12 + 22 + · · · + (n − 1)2 + n2.
12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 = 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 = 55, and
7 6 7×6×5 6×5×4
+ = + = 35 + 20 = 55.
3 3 1×2×3 1×2×3
n
2 n+2 n+1
r = +
r=1
3 3
n(n + 1)
= (n + 2) + (n − 1)
6
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= . (4)
6
4. Squares on a Chessboard
In passing, we note that the expression for the sum of
the squares of the first n natural numbers arises in con-
nection with the following chessboard problem:
8
b
7
b b b
4
b
3
b
2
b b
+ .
6 5
3 3
Hence we have:
2 2 2 2 n+2 n+1
1 + 2 + 3 + ··· + n = + .
3 3
Hence:
3 n n n
n = 6· +6· + . (8)
3 2 1
Using exactly the same reasoning as used above, we get
a new formula for the sum of the cubes of the first n
positive integers:
n
3 n+1 n+1 n+1
k = 6· +6· + . (9)
4 3 2
k=1
ak,1 = 1,
ak,2 = 2k − 2,
ak,3 = 3k − 3 · 2k + 3,
ak,4 = 4k − 4 · 3k + 12 · 2k − 4, ...
k!(k − 1)
ak,k−1 = ,
2
ak,k = k!.
• n = 1 yields ak,1 = 1;
• n = 2 yields ak,2 = 2k − 2;
• n = 3 yields ak,3 = 3k − 3 · 2k + 3;
1 1
P1 (n) = n2 + n,
2 2
1 1 1
P2 (n) = n3 + n2 + n,
3 2 6
1 1 1
P3 (n) = n4 + n3 + n2 ,
4 2 4
1 1 1 1
P4 (n) = n5 + n4 + n3 − n,
5 2 3 30
1 1 5 1
P5 (n) = n6 + n5 + n4 − n2 .
6 2 12 12
There are lots of There are lots of patterns to be found in this algebraic
patterns to be maze (a good many of which are visible to the eye), but
found in this it is possible that they are not accessible using purely
algebraic maze. combinatorial arguments. But it is certainly a lot of fun
and highly instructive to see how far the combinatorial
approach can take us.
Suggested Reading
[1] Shailesh A Shirali, Combinatorial Proofs and Algebraic Proofs (in two
parts), Resonance, (pub: Indian Academy of Sciences), July 2013 &
Address for Correspondence August 2013 (available at verb+ http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Vol-
Shailesh A Shirali umes/18/07/0630-0645.pdf and http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Volumes/
Sahyadri School 18/08/0738-0747.pdf respectively)
Tiwai Hill, Rajgurunagar [2] Richard P Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics, Volume I, Cambridge
Pune 410 513, India. Studies in Advanced Mathematics 49, Cambridge University Press,
Email: pp.11–12, 1997, ISBN 0-521-55309-1. Available as a free download,
shailesh.shirali@gmail.com courtesy of the author: http://www-math.mit.edu/~rstan/ec/ec1.pdf
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_proof