Planning, Analysis, and Design of Hospital Building

PLANNING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN OF HOSPITAL
BUILDING
Bonafide record of work done by
KAVIMUGAN B (17C112)
SASWATH S (17C128)
BALASUBRAMANI N (17C205)
GURU M (17C208)
SHRI RAGAV V S (17C222)
Dissertation (phase II) submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
Branch: CIVIL ENGINEERING
of Anna University
APRIL - 2021
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution)
COIMBATORE – 641004
PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution)
COIMBATORE – 641 004
PLANNING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN

OF HOSPITAL BUILDING
Bona fide record of work done by
KAVIMUGAN B (17C112)
SASWATH S (17C128)
BALASUBRAMANI N (17C205)
GURU M (17C208)
SHRI RAGAV V S (17C222)
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
Branch: CIVIL ENGINEERING
of Anna University
APRIL 2021
...……………………………. ……….…………..……………….
Mr. C G SIVA KUMAR Dr. M. PALANIKUMAR
Faculty guide Head of the Department
Certified that the candidate was examined in the viva-voce

examination held on ………………….
…………………….. …………………………..
(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from our
faculties and we are extremely privileged to have this all along the completion of our
project and we would not forget to thank them.
We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support

and guidance from all teaching staffs of civil engineering department and we heartily
thank our internal project guide Mr. C G Siva Kumar, assistant professor, department
of civil engineering for his constant guidance and suggestions throughout this project
work
CONTENTS
S. NO. TITLE Pg. No.
Abstract …………………………………………………………. 03
List of Figures ………………………………………………….. 04
List of Tables …………………………………………………… 06
1.0. Introduction ……………………………………………………………. 07
1.1. Objectives ……………………………………………………… 07
1.2. Outcome ……………………………………………………….. 08
2.0. Requirements …………………………………………………………. 09
2.1. Circulation area ……………………………………………….. 09
2.2. Floor Height …………………………………………………… 09
2.3. Pharmacy ……………………………………………………… 10
2.4. Clinics ………………………………………………………….. 10
2.5. Side laboratory ………………………………………………… 13
2.6. Injection room …………………………………………………. 13
2.7. Diagnostic services …………………………………………… 13
2.8. Dark room ……………………………………………………… 13
2.9. Blood bank ……………………………………………………... 14
2.10. Bleeding room …………………………………………………. 14
2.11. Intensive Care Unit ……………………………………………. 14
2.12. Operation Theatre …………………………………………….. 14
2.13. Hospital Kitchen ……………………………………………….. 15
2.14. Central Sterile and Supply Department …………………….. 15
2.15. Hospital Laundry ………………………………………………. 16
2.16. Medical and General stores ………………………………….. 17
2.17. Ventilation ……………………………………………………… 17
3.0. Planning of hospital building ……………………………………… 19
3.1. Area requirement per bed ……………………………………. 19
3.2. Calculation of area ……………………………………………. 20
3.3. Floor calculation ……………………………………………….. 21
4.0. Visit to ESIC Tirunelveli Hospital ………………………………… 22
5.0. Drawings and Nomenclatures …………………………………….. 24
5.1. Floor plans ……………………………………………………… 24
5.2. Structural elements layout ……………………………………. 32
5.3. Nomenclature …………………………………………………... 40
6.0. Analysis using STAAD.Pro ………………………………………… 42
6.1. Introduction to STAAD.Pro …………………………………… 42
6.2. Importing drawing from AutoCAD to STAAD ………………. 42
6.3. Assigning member properties ………………………………... 43
6.4. Assigning supports ……………………………………………. 43
6.5. Rendering of structure ………………………………………… 43
6.6. Load definitions ………………………………………………… 44
6.7. Analysis results ………………………………………………… 47
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7.0. Design using STAAD.Pro ………………………………………….. 48
7.1. Material property definition …………………………………… 48
7.2. Design results ………………………………………………….. 48
7.3. Interactive design using STAAD …………………………….. 49
7.4. Foundation design …………………………………………….. 52
8.0. Manual design …………………………………………………………. 54
8.1. Design of one way slab ……………………………………….. 54
8.2. Design of two way slab ……………………………………….. 58
8.3. Design of beam ………………………………………………… 65
8.4. Design of columns …………………………………………….. 68
8.5. Design of footing ………………………………………………. 71
8.6. Design of staircase ……………………………………………. 76
9.0. Sewage treatment plant ……………………………………………. 79
9.1. Population Estimation ………………………………………… 79
9.2. Design of Inlet Chamber ……………………………………… 81
9.3. Design of Screen Chamber …………………………………… 82
9.4. Design of Grit Chamber ……………………………………….. 83
9.5. Design of Aeration tank ……………………………………….. 85
9.6. Design of Secondary Clarifier ………………………………… 88
9.7. Return sludge pump house …………………………………… 89
9.8. Design of sludge drying beds …………………………………. 90
9.9. Filtration pump house and sump ……………………………... 91
9.10. Design of rapid sand filters ……………………………………. 92
9.11. Design of activated carbon filters …………………………….. 95
10.0. Water supply …………………………………………………………. 96
10.1. Tank 1 – Exclusively for people ………………………………. 96
10.2. Tank 2 – Fire Safety …………………………………………… 97
10.3. Tank 3 – Gardening ……………………………………………. 97
11.0. Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 98
12.0. References ……………………………………………………………… 99
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ABSTRACT
The main objective of this project was to plan, analyse and design a hospital
building by using various software techniques. Nowadays, the software approach
plays a vital role in the construction field to attain quick and better accuracy in
planning, analysis and design of a building, that is of any size or shape. This method
also helps speed-up the execution of the project and hence successfully complete it
in an efficient manner. The planning was done using the Indian standard (IS) codes
in order to achieve a systematic and an efficient structure. In this project, the
structure planned was a multi-speciality hospital building having G+3 floors. The
RCC structure has three blocks consisting of 90 beds overall and a total area of
24,954 sq m. The architectural and structural drawings were done using the
AutoCAD software, followed by analysis and design of the structure in STAAD.Pro
software. Furthermore, the manual design of slabs, beams, columns and footings
were done in MS Excel spreadsheet software. Finally, design and provisions were
made for a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) and a water supply system which are the
prime requirements a hospital building.
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List of Figures
Figure No. Title Pg. No.
3.1. Final Proposed design ……………………………….. 21
4.1. Air and Water purifier ………………………………… 22
4.2. Power supply ………………………………………….. 22
4.3. OT Complex ……………………………………………. 23
5.1. Ground floor layout …………………………………… 24
5.2. First floor layout ………………………………………. 26
5.3. Second floor layout …………………………………… 28
5.4. Third floor layout ……………………………………… 30
5.5. Column Layout ………………………………………… 32
5.6. Plinth beam layout ……………………………………… 33
5.7. First floor beam layout …………………………………. 34
5.8. Second floor beam layout ……………………………. 35
5.9. Third floor beam layout ………………………………. 36
5.10. First floor slab layout …………………………………. 37
5.11. Second floor slab layout ……………………………… 38
5.12. Third floor slab layout …………………………………. 39
5.13. Nomenclature ………………………………………….. 40
6.1. Final AutoCAD plan …………………………………… 42
6.2. Exported model to STAAD …………………………… 42
6.3. Sectional Properties …………………………………… 43
6.4. 3d Rendering of Structure ……………………………. 44
6.5. Seismic parameters …………………………………… 44
6.6. Live load application ………………………………….. 45
6.7. Shear force …………………………………………….. 47
6.8. Bending moment ………………………………………. 47
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7.1. Beam results …………………………………………… 48
7.2. Column results ………………………………………… 49
7.3. Member formation …………………………………….. 50
7.4. Beam detailing ………………………………………… 50
7.5. Column calculations ………………………………….. 51
7.6. Column detailing ……………………………………… 51
7.7. Footing layout …………………………………………. 53
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List of Tables
Table No. Title Pg. No.
2.1. Spaces to be ventilated in a hospital ………………. 18
3.1. Arear allotted for each services …………………….. 19
3.2. Area calculation ………………………………………. 20
5.1. Ground floor details ………………………………….. 25
5.2. First floor details ……………………………………… 27
5.3. Second floor details ………………………………….. 29
5.4. Third floor details …………………………………….. 31
6.1. Auto generated load combinations …………………. 45
9.1. Loading Parameters …………………………………. 80
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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER !
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A hospital is an establishment that specializes in healthcare for patients using

effective medical treatment. They consist of medical professionals such as doctors
and surgeons, whom with the assistance of nursing staff and medical equipment
provide diagnosis and relief to the patient. Generally, there are two types of patients
in a hospital. They are in-patients and out-patients respectively. A medical institution
is always well-equipped to handle large number of patients at any given time with a
sense of providing immediate diagnosis and relief. The hospital that takes care of
such urgency is normally a general hospital. It has an emergency section that takes
care of victims who undergo accidents due to fire, traffic, domestic incidents etc and
also sudden illnesses. For the care of in-patients there are various specialized wards
for the patients to rest and recover. There are also rooms for performing various
surgeries and operations. Hospitals are generally funded by the local government,
various health organizations and sometimes even private donations from
entrepreneurs. Sometimes, when there is a need for a single type of treatment or
specialization, there are various hospitals that provide these kinds of care.
They are generally categorized as:
i. Cardiac hospitals
ii. Oncology hospitals
iii. Women’s hospitals
iv. Children’s hospitals
v. Psychiatric hospitals
vi. Trauma centers
vii. Cancer treatment centers
All the above types of exclusive healthcare are found in multi-speciality hospitals.
They are mostly large in size and have a major patient flow daily.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The main objectives of this project are:
0 To plan, design and analyze a hospital building.
1 To study the requirements in and around a hospital building.
2 To learn about the code provisions involved in designing a hospital building.
3 To study and understand the various components of hospital building.

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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER !
4 To design various structural elements of the building manually by checking

several safety conditions.
5 To get hands on experience to use various design and analysis software.
1.3 OUTCOME
The various outcomes of this project are as follows:
6 The necessity of an efficient hospital building.
7 The modelling of building using structural and architectural software.
8 Efficient methods to use manpower, cost and time to complete a hospital

building.
9 Application of various theoretical knowledge gained to design a hospital

building.
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REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
2.0. REQUIREMENTS OF VARIOUS ROOMS, UNITS AND DEPARTMENTS
The basic requirements and planning of a hospital building was taken from IS
12433-2(2001). This code gave the provisions for a hospital building having up to
100 beds.
2.1 CIRCULATION AREA
Circulation area are the spaces in a hospital building that is used by patients
and people for movement in and around the building. They give access to other parts
of the built environment and also passages leading outdoors. These spaces give a
means of orientation within the building. Visitors, patients and staffs can also find
their way by looking at the well-directed routes overhead that are illuminated using
lights. Circulation spaces include entrances, waiting areas, corridors, stairs, lifts,
landings, foyers etc. According to hospital codes, corridors having breadth less than
8 feet are undesirable. A protective corner beading must be provided in hospital
corridors for impact collisions and to reduce wear and tear on the wall.
Corridors facilitate horizontal circulation, whereas the vertical circulation is in

the form of structures such as stairs and lifts. In a hospital building there are some
spaces like operation theatres, laboratories etc which may be restricted to public
access. They are circulation spaces that can be used only by doctors and medical
staffs.
The circulation space area is determined by considerations such as:
i. The number of people using them

ii. The type of usage
iii. The direction of flow of traffic
iv. Crossing flows.
Open spaces include atriums, courtyards and in some cases verandahs that
may have several functions. The more the open space area there is in a hospital
building, there can be more accommodation for patients during emergency situations
and severe crises such as breakout of diseases.
2.2 FLOOR HEIGHT
The height of floors of every building varies with the client and standard codes
of different countries. According to IS codes, the floor height is generally measured
at any point from the floor surface to the lowest point of the slab or ceiling. It must
not be less than a height of 3 m. This includes the minimum head-room from the
bottom of beams. With the exception of doors, the minimum aggregate areas of
9
openings are kept at a minimum of 20% of the floor area. For rooms with appliances
such as fans and lights, the floor height is measured to be 2.5 m from the floor to the
appliance. HVAC system requirements are also taken into account while fixing the
height of the room.
2.3 PHARMACY OR DISPENSARY
A Dispensary is a small setup in a hospital that has medical supplies and

medical equipment. It is set-up by a pharmacist to give medications as per
prescriptions from a doctor.
10 Location: The dispensary must be located in an area that can be easily
accessed by all the clinics in the hospital.
11 Size: The size of the dispensary must be good enough to contain 5% of the
total clinical visits to the OPD in one session at a rate of 0.8 m² per patient.
Generally, for every 200 OPD patients daily, one dispensing counter is
provided. The dispensary and the compounding room have many dispensing
windows, compounding counters and shelves. The patterns of arranging these
shelves and counters depend on the size of the room.
Dispensaries in hospitals have standard procedures for activities such as

stocking, preventing stock out of important drugs, receiving, inspecting, handing
over, storage and retrieval of drugs, inventory management, storage of narcotic
drugs, checking of pilferage, date of expiry and pest and rodent control. A checklist is
often kept by a pharmacist for medicines and medical equipment, so that it is not
easy to lose track off.
Independent dispensaries are provided for the access of both in-patients and out-
patients in a hospital.
Recommended size of a dispensary:
12 In-Patient Dispensary – 2m x 1m
13 Out-Patient Dispensary – 3m x 3m
2.4 CLINICS
Clinics are healthcare facilities in a hospital that mainly focuses on the care of
out-patients that are run by multiple practitioners. A Clinic’s aims are to deliver
primary service in health education and also providing health care services.
A meagre number of small procedures like dressing and administering

injections are done in clinics. The treatment and dressing rooms have to be spacious
enough to accommodate a medicine chest, a work counter and pedal operated bins
for effectively disposing used cotton, bandages, plasters etc. Importantly, rooms for
treating infectious and communicable diseases are kept isolated from the rest of the
hospital at a remote corner.
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A doctor’s consultation room must accommodate a maximum of 4-5 people.

All consultation rooms are to be provided with items such as examination table, X-
ray view box, screens and wash basin facilities with also having enough numbers of
wheelchairs and stretchers.
Required spaces in clinics:
1. Reception
2. Waiting Lobby
3. Consultation rooms (or) Cubicles
4. ECG rooms
5. Toilets
Minimum area requirements of a clinic:
14 Reception and Waiting lobbies – 14 sq m
15 Consultation rooms – 14 sq m
16 ECG room – 10.5 sq m
17 Toilets – 3.5 sq m
2.4.1 OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGICAL CLINIC
This clinic is headed by a doctor who specializes in women’s health. An

obstetrician-gynecologist is also known as an OB-GYN. The reception and
registration areas are separate. There is a waiting area near the reception and the
registration section. There are important rooms in this clinic such as rooms for
treatment, consulting-cum examination and a laboratory. This clinic is planned in
such a way that it provides easy access to in-patients, thus enabling them to use the
clinics for antenatal and postnatal care. There is also an additional provision of a
toilet-cum-changing room close to the treatment room.
For the purpose of out-patients, the clinic is conveniently placed near the
OPD. Patients in antenatal care have to undergo a small procedure before being
checked by the doctors. For this reason, a clinical laboratory is provided with a toilet-
cum-changing room attached to it.
Minimum room dimension required: 3m x 4m
Minimum area requirement:
 Consultation or examination room -15.40 sq m

 Examination and treatment room - 10.40 sq m
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2.4.2 PEDIATRIC CLINIC
For children aged 12 years and below, a pediatric clinic provides them with
healthcare and medical treatment. The doctor that specializes in pediatrics is known
as a Pediatrician. Due to high risk of infection, this clinic is often placed at a safe
distance from the rest of the clinics in the hospital. A separate treatment room is
provided for immunization in a Pediatric clinic. A children’s play area is also provided
in the clinic.
Minimum dimension required: 3m x 4m
Minimum area requirement for the patient - 14 to 19 sq m
Minimum area for a cubicle with at least one wash basin for two beds - 19 to 24
sq m.
2.4.3 ORTHOPEDIC CLINIC
Orthopedic clinics mainly focus on the care of the skeletal structure and
system. The doctor who practices this type of medicine is known as an Orthopedist.
The skeletal system is majorly made up of muscles, bones and it also consists of
joints, ligaments and tendons. In this clinic, there are separate rooms for preparation
of plaster for mending fractures. The consultation cum-examination room is where
the doctor checks the patient and gives diagnosis. The X-ray equipments in the clinic
should be in close distance with the radiology department, emergency and accident.
This helps in making maximum use of equipment and decrease the amount of
energy used in travel.
Storage rooms are provided for storing materials like plasters, bandages,
splints and other aids of therapeutic nature. Treatment rooms for mending fractures
and sprains must have good space to accommodate a dressing stand and a mobile
X-ray unit. Finally, a recovery room next to the treatment room is vital so that
patients can rest for a while before being transferred to a ward or leave the hospital.
Minimum area requirement:
Doctor’s chamber - 13.5 sq m
Plastering room - 13.5 sq m
Plaster preparation room - 9 sq m
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2.5 SIDE LABORATORY:
A side laboratory is generally used for fast detection of problems in blood and
urine of patients. The minimum area needed for a side laboratory is 36 sq m. The
test samples of the patients are taken in this room and many laboratory tests are
done on it. The data and test results of the patients are managed by a software.
These laboratories are to be located near the doctor’s room.
2.6 INJECTION ROOM:
A hospital consists of a main injection room that is provided next to the

dispensary. The main type of injection that is administered in separate rooms are
inoculation and immunization injections. There are certain side-effects that the
patient undergoes when the injection is administered. For this purpose, a stretcher is
kept in the injection room. In addition to this a pedal dustbin is kept in order to
dispose-off the used syringes and medical items. The minimum area required for this
room is 12 sq m.
2.7 DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES
The diagnostic services specifically give quick, economical and high-class

diagnostic care to patients in well-protected surroundings. Departments like
Radiology and Nuclear medicine form the backbone of such diagnostic services that
detect very complex diseases and conditions. The rooms having X-ray equipment
has a minimum dimension of 18 sq m. For radiation control in X-ray rooms, a 2 mm
lead sheet sandwiched between the partitioning or a 115 mm brick with 6 mm barium
plaster is used. This room should be attached to a waiting area with a toilet facility
and also a change room facility.
2.8 DARK ROOM (FILM DEVELOPING AND PROCESSING)
The dark room consists of equipment that is used for developing and
processing X-ray results. This comes under the radiography department. Accurate
processing of the X-ray films is vital in radiography to obtain effective results. The
usage of smart and quick methods makes this process less expensive. A skilled staff
is required in the dark room so that using their extensive knowledge, they can notice
pivotal details and eliminate the errors. The dark room should not have light entering
inside it and this is done by installing an airlock. Ventilation is, however required
inside the room which includes provision of exhaust fans. The minimum area
required for the dark room is 2.6m x 2m.
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2.9 BLOOD BANK
The blood bank is a room in a hospital that collects and stores blood of
various donors and patients. They are arranged in terms of blood groups and are
catalogued. The blood bank also issues blood to patients needing the specific blood
group at a specific quantity. They are known as blood transfusions. The storage of
blood is done in refrigerators, which consists of several rows of shelves. The room
has a minimum area of 100 sq m and an extra area of 50 sq m is provided for the
preparation of blood products such as in centrifuges. The blood bank is attached with
a bleeding room that consists of blood groupings, a blood storage room and a
recovery room containing stretchers. A reception area is provided outside the blood
bank.
2.10 BLEEDING ROOM
This room is where the donors donate their blood. They consist of cubicles for
donor privacy. The bleeding room is attached to the blood bank for storing blood
groupings of donors and patients. This room is attached to a resting room exclusively
for donors and also a reception area. Since, the risk of infection is high, free flow of
people in this room is restricted. The appropriate size for the bleeding room is 3.6m x
3.6m. A washroom is provided near the resting room for the use of donors.
2.11 INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU)
This unit specifically concentrates on patients with highly critical conditions

and require excellent medical help and good care. The number of patients in the
Intensive Care Unit varies daily. The operation theatre is always placed close to the
ICU, because, when the patient is in danger, the hospital staff can transfer the
patient immediately. Other important departments like the pathology and radiography
departments are near, so that when there is a decrease in medical staff, the staffs
can be shared. The ICU should have a minimum of 4 beds and a maximum of 12
beds. For free movement of staff and equipment, the area for each bed is restricted
to 10.5 sq m. The area for each bed is also devised based on the infection criteria.
2.12 OPERATION THEATER
An operation theater is a room where all kinds of surgeries and operations are
performed by highly skilled medical professionals. The medical procedures are
usually carried out in a clean or a sterile environment where all the people in the
room wear masks and protective suits to prevent spread of germs. This room usually
does not have a window and it uses air conditioners to maintain a controlled
atmosphere.
14
Various planning and factors are taken into consideration before placing an
operating room in a hospital building. They are generally placed in quiet
surroundings in the hospital and also most importantly the area must be free from
any contaminants. In addition to these considerations, the OT area must have
utmost shielding from sun light. They must be nearby and easy to access from other
units such as ICU, radiology, pathology, blood bank, CSSD and wards.
Operation theaters are divided into 3 zones:
18 Zone A – This zone is known as the protection zone where the medical
staffs who look after the patient cannot come inside this area.
19 Zone B –This zone is known as the clean zone that consists of rooms for
doctors for changing into medical gear, medical gear and equipment storage and an
induction room for administering anaesthesia to the patient.
20 Zone C – This zone is known as the sterile zone, which covers an area that
includes the operation theatre and the scrub-up room where the doctor cleans up.
21 Zone D – This zone is known as the disposable zone that is a separate area
having direct access to the operating room where all the unclean materials and used
medical equipments are disposed.
An operation theatre has a minimum size of 6.5m x 6.5m, with the corridor
width of minimum 2.85m. The wall corners should be curved to stop dust from
staying on the corner surface. Importantly, the movement of patients and medical
equipment is in one direction. When there are multiple operation theatres present,
the pre-operative, post-operative and a scrub-up room is provided for common use.
The minimum dimensions of the additional rooms largely depend on the number of
operation theatres that makes use of these rooms. In a hospital the number of beds
to be provided should be a minimum of 35-50% of the total bed count.
2.13 HOSPITAL KITCHEN / CANTEEN
Generally, in a hospital, huge crowds come on a daily basis. It is the duty of

the hospital to provide food to the people visiting there and also to the medical staffs
inside. For this reason, a canteen attached to a kitchen is provided in hospital
buildings. The planning of space in the canteen is vital in the view of crowd control
as there is always a huge risk of spread of infections and pathogens. The control of
noise and odour is sentient as this may cause distress to patients admitted in the
hospital and also disrupt its functioning. Proper ventilation and natural lighting are
provided in addition to the artificial lighting already present. Since, patients need to
be given food at a specific time, the canteen is made easily accessible for this
purpose. This is in the form of a ward pantry that serves food to the patients. Despite
this, the most preferred option is to have the canteen in a separate area. In the
hospital kitchen, proper space is given for wash areas and separate areas are
provided for a storeroom and cooking section. The space between these units is
planned in accordance with the easy flow of kitchen staff. The food requirement for a
hospital is very large, so, the storage facility is to be big enough to accommodate
15
them. For this purpose, a different entry is provided for the storage room. The
entrance of the kitchen must have a minimum clearance of 1.2m x 1.2m in order to
avoid collision of doors with other rooms next to it.
2.14 CENTRAL STERILE & SUPPLY DEPARTMENT (CSSD)
The Central Sterile and Supply Department has the function of storing and
supplying sterile equipment to departments like the operation theatre, clinics etc.
They sterlize the instruments thoroughly by various effective sterlization methods
and store them in ultra-violet ray cabinets. The CSSD is kept accessible to all the
other departments in the hospital. Since, the operation theatre facility uses sterile
instruments and equipment very often, the CSSD is placed near the operation
theatre. This unit is restricted to the public and only the medical staff is allowed to
access it. Importantly, this facility must be heavily protected from any external
agents. The control of contaminants in this unit is necessary. This unit should have a
floor space of 10 sq m per bed. The CSSD is divided into 3 zones which are the
soiled zone, clean zone and sterile zone. A barrier is provided between the soiled
and the clean zones.
The medical equipment stored in the CSSD is classified into:
22 Operation theater use – These equipments are only for the use in the
operation theater and no other departments can use this. Surgical equipments such
as gloves, cutting and dissecting instruments, forceps, clamps etc are primarily
supplied to the operating room.
23 Other departments use – These equipments are only for the purpose of
clinical areas in the hospital and are not supplied to the operation theatre. Syringes
and thermometer are such medical equipments.
24 Both OT and other departments use – These equipments are supplied to
both the operation theater and other departments. Oxygen cylinder is one such
equipment.
2.15 HOSPITAL LAUNDRY
The hospital laundry is a service provided by the hospital to give clean and
odourless linen to all the patients. The hospital linen consists of all the cloth used in
the hospital. This includes the pillow covers, blankets, mattress, patient clothes
provided by the hospital, bed sheets, towels, table cloth etc. There are two primary
obligations taken by the laundry service, which are cleanliness and disinfection of
cloth. The washing of linen used for the operation theatre is very important as it
should be thoroughly sterilized before use and there must not be any signs
contaminants. For this purpose, a separate laundry is provided only for the OT.
Laundries are run manually or electrically and they are provided with units for
processes like drying, pressing and storage of dirty and cleaned linens. Most
importantly, the change of air in the laundry area is done about 10 times an hour.
Specific methods are used for removing specific stains on the linen. The storage of
Ready To Use (RTU) cleaning chemicals such as abrasives, acids, alkalies,
16
bleaches, detergent and sanitizers are also considered while considering the floor
area.
Requirements:
Minimum area: 1 m²/bed
Layout: U-shaped or Rectangular shaped
Designing the laundry space: Space is mainly provided for heavy machines like the
washing machine and squeezer. In addition, there is provision for supply of water and
power. They are designed in such a way that it should help with the main processes
like sorting, washing, hydro-extraction, drying, ironing, folding and packing. There are
separate spaces provided for sewing the linens. A barrier is provided between
sorting, washing and hydro extraction areas and the clean linen processing area.
Floors and Ceiling: The floor should be rust non-slippery, free from rust, easily
washable and have sufficient slope to provide easy flow of water. The ceiling should
be easily washable, non-slippery, moisture proof, and finally, sound proof. The floor to
ceiling height is not less than 3.5 m.
Lighting: Provisions for access to daylight is given so as to increase the productivity

and efficiency of laundering.
2.16 MEDICAL AND GENERAL STORE
The hospital stores consist of various stores that helps in the effective
functioning of the hospital. The space for each store is used to the maximum by
providing built-in shelves at various heights based on the type of store. Proper
ventilation and security arrangement is provided in every store. Fire extinguishers
and other fire retarding instruments are provided for the stores. For the medical store
or the pharmacy, the layout and the facilities provided are very important, since the
requirement from this store is humongous. The hospital pharmacy deals with
obtaining, storing, compounding, dispensing, testing and distribution of medicines.
They also provide the hospital with medical equipments needed for surgeries and
operations. While designing a medical store one needs to look at the space
requirements of both the the people working there and the customers. The layout of
the drug store must be pleasing to the eye, by having different colours for each
department and easy navigation.
Floor area requirement: The pharmacy requires a space not less than 24 sq m for

a hospital of any size. The basic requirements for a 100 bedded hospital are 0.93 sq
m per bed.
17
2.17 VENTILATION
Ventilation of hospital buildings is vital and it is done either by natural supply

and natural exhaust of air or natural supply, mechanical supply and mechanical
exhaust of air. Proper ventilation and indoor air quality are to be maintained to have
excellent infection control and importantly, patient safety. Major factors are taken into
account while providing ventilation for hospitals, such as the lack of directional
control of airflow that may have a potential to cause transmission of diseases. The
general standards for ventilation in a hospital building is given based on
maintenance of required oxygen, carbon-dioxide and other air quality levels. This is
mainly for controlling the body odours in the air, when no products of combustion,
other contaminants and anaesthesia gases are present in the air which may be
highly dangerous.
Table 2.1 Spaces to be ventilated in a hospital
Space to be Ventilated Air Changes Per Hour
Bathrooms/toilets 6-12
Wards 8-12
Kitchens 6-9
Operation theatres 15-20
Other air-conditioned spaces 8-10
18
PLANNING CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3
3.0.. PLANNING OF HOSPITAL BUILDING:-
3.1 AREA REQUIRED PER BED

Table 3.1 Area allotted for each services
Particulars Area Per Bed (m2)
Entrance area 4.20
ambulatory 9.31
Diagnostic service 5.95
Intermediate care area 15.75
Intensive care area 1.96
Critical care area 4.69
Therapeutic services 8.75
Hospital services 7.0
Engineering services 3.92
Administrative/Ancillary services 4.48
66.01
Add 40 percent for circulation 26.4
Space including corridors 92.41
19
PLANNING CHAPTER 3
3.2 CALCULATION OF AREA
Assumption for number of beds
Table 3.2 Area calculation
Departments No. of beds
Ophthalmology 5
ENT 5
Obstetrics & Gynaecology 15
Pediatric 10
Orthopedic 15
ICU 10
Total number of beds 60
Operation theatre(50% of total) 30
Final number of beds 90
Approximate area per IS 12433 (part2):2001=66.01 m 2 per bed
 Total area to be provided for beds =90*66.01 =5941 m 2

 Add 40% for circulation area = 1.4*5941 =8318 m 2
The total carpet area to be provided including all amenities = 8318 m 2
20
PLANNING CHAPTER 3
3.3 FLOOR CALCULATION
FLOOR DESIGN
Based on trial and error process, the following plan was developed and the size of
each block was fixed to be 37m x 20m
Figure 3.1 Final proposed design
Area of one block per floor = 37x20 = 740 m2
Total number of blocks = 3
Total area per floor = 3*740 = 2220 m2
Number of floors needed = (Total area needed)/(Total area per floor)
= 8318 / 2220
= 3.75
= 4
Hence the final design proposed is given in Fig 1.Each block is provided with a size
of 37m x 20m. 3 such blocks are provided in each floor and 4 such floors are
provided.
21
SITE VISIT CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
4.0. SITE VISIT: VISIT TO TIRUNELVELI ESIC HOSPITAL
The following features of the hospital were noted.
Figure 4.1 Air and water purifier
Figure 4.2 Power supply
22
DRAWINGS & NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
5.0. DRAWINGS AND NOMENCLATURE
5.1. FLOOR PLANS:-
5.1.1 GROUND FLOOR:-
Figure 5.1 Ground floor layout
23
Table 5.1 Ground floor details
Rooms Dimensions(mm)
Reception and Billing 10000 x 10000
Pharmacy and storage 10000 x 10000
AHU 4000 x 3000
Power room 4000 x 3000
Toilet 5000 x 5000
OTS 5000 x 8300
Help desk 8000 x 3000
Scan 1 & 2 8000 x 8000
Emergency Ward 7000 x 10000
Dining 20000 x 5000
Kitchen 20000 x 5000
Laundry 5000 x 5000
X Ray room 8000 x 8000
UPS room 2000 X 3000
Cable room 18000 x 7000
Manifold 7000 x7000
24
5.1.2 FIRST FLOOR:-
Figure 5.2. First floor layout
25
Table 5.2 First floor details
OTS 5000 X 8300
ENT 1 5000 x 3000
ENT 2 5000 X 4000
OPTHALMOLOGY 1 5000 x 4000
OPTHALMOLOGY 2 4000 x 3000
Library 4000 x 3000
Conference hall 4000 x 7230
Head nurse room 4000 x 3000
MS room 4000 x 3000
AHU 3000 x 4000
Toilet 5000 x 5000
OP ward 1,2,3,4 5000 x 4087
OP ward 5,7,8,9,10 5000 x 4205
Nurse station 4000 x 4000
General ward 25230 x 5000
OP ward 5000 x 4000
Lab 5000 x 7540
Lab collection 5000 x 4000
26
Blood bank 5000 x 5000
5.1.3 SECOND FLOOR:-
Figure 5.3 Second floor layout
27
Table 5.3 Second floor details
General ward 35000 x 5000
OTS 5000 x 8300
AHU 3000 x 4000
Toilet 5000 x 5000
General ward 1 35000 x 5000
General ward 2 25230 x 5000
Nurse station 4000 x 4000
ICU 25230 x 5000
5.1.4 THIRD FLOOR:-
28
Figure 5.4 Third floor layout
29
Table 5.4 Third floor details
Waiting area 10000 x 10000
AHU 4000 x 3000
Toilet 5000 x 5000
Pre op area 15000 x 5000
Post op area 20000 x 5000
CSSD 5000 x 5000
Stores 5000 x 4000
Waste segregation 5000 x 5000
Scrub up area 5000 x 5000
OT complex 1 &2 25230 x 6000
5.2. STRUCTUAL ELEMENT LAYOUT PLAN
5.2.1. COLUMN LAYOUT:-
30
Figure 5.5 Column layout
Total number of columns = 86
5.2.2. BEAM LAYOUT:-
31
Figure 5.6 Plinth beam layout
Total number of beams = 236
32
33
Figure 5.8 Second floor beam layout

34
Figure 5.9 Third floor beam layout
35
5.2.3 SLAB LAYOUT:-
Total number of slabs = 93
One way slabs = 24
Two way slabs = 69
36
Figure 5.11 Second floor slab layout
One way slabs = 24
Two way slabs = 72
37
One way slabs = 17
Two way slabs =73
38
5.3. NOMENCLATURE
Figure 5.13 Nomenclature of beams and slabs
BEAMS:-
Beam name: 3X1
where,
3 – Floor number
X – Represents the direction of the beam (x or y)
1 - Beam number
SLABS:-
Slab name: 3S1
where,
3 – Floor number
S – Alphabet to represent slab
1 – Slab number
39
Note:-
 The numbering should be started from the left top corner of the plan.
 Once the numbering of beam is completed in horizontal direction, numbering
should be continued in vertical direction from top to bottom
40
ANALYSIS IN STAAD.Pro CHAPTER 6
Chapter 6
6.1. Introduction to Staad.Pro

STAAD.Pro also called STAAD is a structural analysis and design software
programme created by Research Engineers International in 1997. Later in 2005, it
came under the control of Bently systems as they bought Research Engineers
International. Similar to Etabs, it is one among the most popular structural analysis
and design software. It’s popularity arises from the fact that it can support 90
different international coadal provision for concrete, steel, timber and aluminium. A
variety of analysis method including the static and dynamic analysis methods has
been embedded making it one of the most versatile software for analysis and design.
In addition to the basic physical and analytical modelling tab, STAAD provides a
range of specialized tabs, which includes STAAD Building planner, Steel Auto
drafter, STAAD.Beva, Advanced concrete design, Foundation design, Advanced slab
design and Earthquake mode, which can be used exclusively when a particular
variety of design is required. Staad is interoperable with other engineering analysis
and design software making it user friendly.
6.2. Importing drawing from AutoCad to STAAD
After finalizing the plan, a new STAAD project is created and the AutoCad drawing
can be imported to that project. When importing, care should be taken such that
each and every member are described individually. Another approach is that the
entire plan can be drawn manually in STAAD.
Figure 6.1 Final AutoCad plan
6.3. Assigning member

properties
After defining the
members,
member properties can be assigned. Different member
properties can be assigned for different members or the
same property Figure 6.2 Exported model to STAAD
can be assigned to the entire structure. However, when the
same property is assigned to the entire structure, economy
of the structure has to be compromised. In addition to
defining member properties, material property can also be
41
defined. M30 grade concrete and Fe500 steel are defined as concrete properties.
Moreover, the following section properties were assigned
For slabs, plate thickness is defined as 175mm (1)
For beams, R1 is rectangular beam of dimension 230mm x 345mm (2)
R2 is rectangular beam of dimension 300mm x 450mm (4)
For columns, C1 is rectangular column of dimension 400mm x 400mm(3)
C2 is rectangular column of dimension 400mm x 480mm(5)
6.4. Assigning support

Support condition for the structure can be selected from a range of predefined
support condition or can be defined based on requirement. For this structure, fixed
support condition has been assigned throughout the structure.
6.5. Rendering of structure
After assigning all the properties, the three dimensional view of the structure can be
rendered via STAAD. This feature can be used to apply eccentricity to beams to
make the beam coplanar with the column. This is done to improve the architectural
beauty of the structure. In addition to that, there is a possibility that the slab panels
may be supported at different levels as the cross sectional properties of the beam
vary within floors. Moreover, slabs may not rest over beam and may be positioned at
a lower level. Carrying out analysis and design with such mistakes must be avoided
as the beams and columns may be under designed leading to failure of members
under practical conditions.
Figure 6.4 3d Rendering of structure
6.6. Load Definitions

6.6.1. Earthquake load
The earthquake load for the structure has been
assigned in accordance with IS 1893 – 2005 which
is in-buit in STAAD. Based on these inputs, the load
values are generated and assigned to the entire
structure in staad. The following were the
assumptions made while assigning earthquake
loads.
 The structure is assumed to be located in
zone III with a zone factor value of 0.16.
 The structure is assumed to be OMRF.
42
Figure 6.5 Seismic parameters

 The soil is assumed to be a medium soil with soil factor as 2.

 The damping ratio is assumed as 0.05.
 Based on codal formula, the period in x direction is calculated as 5 seconds
and the period in z direction is calculated as 0.024 seconds.
Also, dead load of every member and 50% of live load has been defined as the
seismic weight of the structure.
6.6.2. Dead load
Based on IS 875 (Part 1) – 1987, the dead load of concrete has been assumed as
25 kN/m^3. As soon as this value is given as an input and the self-weight factor is
defined as 1, the deal load will be assigned for entire structure.
6.6.3. Live Load

Based on IS 875 (Part 2) – 1987, the live load of the structure has been applied. The
live load has been assumed as 3.5 kN/m^2. Care should be taken to differentiate
between one way and two way load distribution as staad considers every slab as a
two way slab. X, Y and Z range values can be mentioned and one way and two way
distribution can also be specified to apply live loads accurately to each and every
slab.
Figure 6.6 Live load application
6.6.4. Auto generated load combinations

Based on the defined load case details, STAAD generated auto load combinations
which includes ultimate load cases and serviceability load cases. The following table
shows the various factors generated for various loads to arrive at different load
combinations.
Table 6.1 Auto generated load combinations
Earthquake X Earthquake Y DL LL
Combination 5 1.5 1.5
Combination 6 1.2 1.2
Combination 7 1.2 1.2 1.2
43
Combination 8 1.2 1.2 1.2
Combination 9 -1.2 1.2 1.2
Combination -1.2 1.2 1.2

10
Combination 1.5
11
Combination 1.5 1.5

12
Combination 1.5 1.5

13
Combination -1.5 1.5

14

15
Combination 1.5 0.9

16
Combination 1.5 0.9

17

18
Combination 1.5 0.9

19
6.7. Analysis results
44
Once the load combinations are defined, the structure can be analysed. In case of
incorrect details, STAAD issues a error message and it has to corrected. Upon
successful completion of analysis, the shear force, bending moment and deflection
of various structural elements can be viewed.
Figure 6.7 Shear force
Figure 6.8 Bending moment
45
DESIGN IN STAAD.Pro CHAPTER 7
Chapter 7
STAAD also provides design for various structural elements. Though the
design of beam and column can be obtained from STAAD according to Indian
Standards, it doesn’t provide design for slab.
7.1. Material property definition
The code for design has to be specified followed by material properties has to
be assigned before carrying out design process. For this structure, IS 456 is defined
as the code and the following were the inputs for material properties
 Grade of concrete : M30

 Fy for main reinforcement : 500 mPa
 Fy for secondary reinforcement : 500 mPa
 Clear cover for beam : 25 mm
 Clear cover for column : 30 mm
After assigning the above properties, the structure can be analysed again. In case a
member fails in design stage, STAAD will issue a warning message stating the
reason for failure of member. Accordingly, the sectional property of that particular
member can be changed. This process is to be repeated until all the members are
designed and the analysis is completed without warning messages.
7.2. Design results
Once completed, the design results for beam and column can be viewed by
double clicking on that particular member. In addition to that, information regarding
the steel area required and provided can be viewed.
46
Figure 7.1 Beam results
Figure 7.2 Column results
7.3. Interactive design using STAAD
Generally, STAAD designs each and every member as an individual member.

For instance, columns which are positioned one above the other will have different
reinforcement details which may not be practically possible. Interactive design
overcomes these cons by grouping elements to members and designing as a whole.
7.3.1. Inputs
The first step in the interactive design tab involves creation of members by
grouping elements. Any number of colinear elements can be grouped together to
form members. This is followed by grouping of members to form design groups.
They can be broadly classified as beams and columns. In addition to this, the design
code and the material property has to be specified once again in this tab. Once the
above mentioned steps are completed, the structure can be designed again.
47
7.3.2. Results
In the post design tab, the hogging, sagging and also the displacement of the
member can be viewed. In addition to that, the Ast required and provided can also
be viewed. Moreover, by double clicking on any particular member, the detailing of
that member can be seen and the same can be imported to AutoCad. For columns,
the shear force with the main reinforcement detail and shear reinforcement detail can
be viewed. There is a possibility of a member being undesigned and under such
circumstances, the sectional properties of that member has to be changed in the
analytical modelling tab and it will automatically be reflected in interactive design tab.
Figure 7.3 Member formation
Figure 7.4 Beam detailing
48
Figure 7.5 Column calculations
Figure 7.6 Column detailing
7.4. Foundation design
Once the design of super structure is completed, the design of sub structure
can be initiated. STAAD provides design of footing in a different software named
STAAD foundation. It offers a variety of footing designs. It includes designing footing
as isolated, combined and mat footings.
10.4.1. Design parameters
For the purpose of footing design, the following inputs were given
 Type of footing : Combined

 Grade of concrete : M30
 Yield strength of steel : 500 mPa
 Minimum bar diameter : 12 mm
 Clear cover : 50mm
 Unit weight of soil : 22 kN/m^3
 SBC : 250 kN/m^2
 Depth of water table : 10m below ground level
49
7.4.2. Result
With the above inputs, it was found that some footings overlapped with one
another. And hence such footings were identified and designed as combined
footings. The results obtained in the STAAD format was exported to AutoCad
drawing.
50
MANUAL DESIGN CHAPTER 8
Chapter 8
8.0. Manual Design
8.1. Design of One way Slab
One way slab : 2S6
lx = 2000 mm
ly = 5115 mm
Iy/Ix = 2.558
Since Iy/Ix > 2, it is a one-way slab
Effective depth and overall depth
Shorter span, I = 2000mm
fck = 30 N/mm²
fy = 500 N/mm²
fs = 0.58fy(area of steel required/area of steel provided)
Therefore ,
fs = 290 N/mm²
Assuming the percentage of tension reinforcement as 0.6%
Hence the modification factor is 1(from fig 4 of IS 456 2000)
D = I/(Basic value x modification factor)
d = 100 mm
Take, d = 155 mm
Diameter of bar = 10 mm
Effective cover = 15 mm
D = 175mm
51
Effective length
Thickness of wall = 230mm
Iex = Least of (lx + d)and(lx + thk / 2 + thk / 2)
ley = Least of (ly + d)and(ly + thk / 2 + thk / 2)
lex = Least of (2155 , 2230)
ley = Least of ( 5270 ,5345)
Therefore, lex = 2155mm
Therefore, ley = 5270mm
Loads
DL : Self weight = 4.375 KN/m²
: Wall load = 1.09 KN/m²
LL = 3.5 KN/m²
FF = 1 KN/m²
Total load = 9.965 KN/m²
Total Factored load, w = 14.9475 KN/m²
Bending moment
Maximum BM = w*(lex)² / B
= 8.68 kNm
Check for moment safety
Maximum moment = 8.68 kNm
Md = 0.36fck*Xumax*b(d-0.42Xumax)
Xumax = 0.46d(for Fe 500 and M30)
Solving for d;
drequired = 46.537 mm
52
dprovided = 155 mm
Since, dreq < dprov
Safe
Calculation of reinforcement
Ast = 0.5 * (fck/fy) (1-(4.6M/fck*bd^2))^1/2)*bd
= 159 mm²
Spacing : least of (area of 1 bar) / (ast req) * 1000 = 494mm
3d = 465mm
300mm = 300mm
Spacing of main bars = 300 mm
No of bars = lex / spacing = 7.183
= 8 bars
Therefore, provide 8 #10bars @ 300c/c
Astmin = 0.12%bD
= 210 mm²
Therefore, Astmin < Astprov
Safe
Distributors
Area of distributors = Astmin = 210mm²
Spacing : least of (area of 1 bar)/(Astmin) * 1000 = 239 mm
5d = 775 mm
450 mm
Spacing of distributors = 235 mm
Number of bars = ley / spacing = 22.050
= 23 bars
53
Therefore, provide 23# 8bars @ 235 c/c
Check for shear (CI 40.2.1.1)
In x direction
Shear force, Vu : w*lx/2 = 16.11 KN
Nominal shear stress, ζv : Vu/b*dx = 0.10 N/mm2
Pt% in x direction = 100*Ast/b*D = 0.09%
There is a reduction of Pt% at the supports by 50%
Pt% = 0.045%
From table 19 of IS 456 2000
For M30 grade, ζc = 0.29 N/mm²
For a slab depth of 175mm : k = 1.25
Kζc = 0.36 N/mm²
Since, ζv < kζc
Safe
Check for deflection(CI 22.2.1)
fs = 0.58 fy (area of steel requirement / area of steel provided)
= 290 N/mm²
Pt% in x direction = 0.09%
From fig 4 of IS 45:2000,
Modification factor = 1.6
D = Span / Basic Value * Modification factor = 159.84 mm
Dprov = 175 mm
Since, Dprov > D
Safe
Check for development length
54
(M/V)+Lo>Ld (Cl 26.2.3b)
From Cl 26.2.1,
Ld = ɸ(0.87fy) / 4 * ζbd
ζbd for M30 grade = 1.5 N/mm² (CI 26.2.1.1)
For deformed bars there is an increase by 60%
ζbd = 2.4 N/mm²
Ld = 453.125 mm
(M/V)+Lo = 538.80+ Lo mm
Since 538.80+Lo >Ld
Safe
8.2. Design of two way slab
Two way slab : 2S1
lx = 5115 mm
ly = 5230 mm
ly/lx = 1.022
Since lx/ly < 2, it is a two way slab
Overall depth and effective depth
Shorter span, l = 5115 mm
fck = 30 N/mm²
fy = 500 N/mm²
fs = 0.58 fy (area of steel required/area of steel provided)
Therefore, fs = 290 N/mm²
Assuming the percentage of tension reinforcement as 0.2%
Hence the modification factor is 1.5 (from fig 4 of IS 456 2000)
55
D = I / (Basic value x modification factor)
D = 170.5 mm
Take, D = 175 mm
Effective cover = 15 mm
Diameter of bar = 10 mm
dx = 155 mm
dy = 150 mm
Effective length
Thickness of wall = 230 mm
lex = least of (lx + dx) and (lx + thk/2 + thk/2)
lex = least of (5270 , 5345)
Therefore, lex = 5270 mm
ley = least of (ly + dy) and (ly + thk/2 + thk/2)
ley = least of (5380 , 5460)
Therefore, ley = 5380 mm
Loads
DL : Self weight = 4.375 kN/m²
: Wall load = 1.09 kN/m²
LL = 3.5 kN/m²
FF = 1 kN/m²
Total load = 9.965 kN/m
Total factored load, w = 14.948 kN/m²
56
Bending moments
Iy/Ix = 1.022
From table 26 of IS 456:2000
Conditions 4 interpolating,
αx (negative) = 0.0482
αx (positive) = 0.036
αy (negative) = 0.047
αy (positive) = 0.035
Mx = αx*w*(Ix)^2 : Mx (negative) = 20.010 kNm
: Mx (positive) = 14.945 kNm

My = αy*w*(ly)^2 : My (negative) = 19.511 kNm
: My (positive) = 14.530 kNm
Check for moment safety
Maximum moment = 20.01 kNm
Md = 0.36 fck * Xumax * b (d - 0.42 Xumax)
Xumax = 0.46 d (for Fe 500 and M30)
Solving for d;
drequired = 70.656 mm
dprovided = 155 mm
Since, dreq < dprov
Safe
Calculation of reinforcement
Ast = 0.5 * (fck/fy) (1-(1-(4.6M/fck*bd²))^1/2) * bd
Ast x (negative) = 307 mm²
Ast x (positive) = 227 mm²
57
Greatest : Ast x = 307 mm²
Spacing : (area of 1 bar/Ast req)*1000 = 256 mm
3d = 465 mm
300 mm
Spacing of main bars in x direction = 250 mm
Number of bars = lex / spacing = 21 bars
Therefore, provide 21#10bars @ 250c/c
Ast y (negative) = 310 mm²
Ast y(positive) = 229 mm²
Greatest : Ast y = 310 mm²
Spacing : (area of 1 bar/Astreq) * 1000 = 253 mm
3d = 450 mm
300 mm
Spacing of main bars in x direction = 250 mm
Number of bars = lex / spacing = 22 bars
Therefore, provide 22#10bars @ 250c/c
Torsion reinforcement (D-1.8)
Asttorsion = 0.75 * Area required for mid-span moment of slab

= 171.75 mm²
Size of mesh in x direction = lex / 5
= 1054 mm
Size of mesh in y direction = lex / 5
= 1076 mm
Diameter of mesh bar = 8 mm
Spacing = (area of 1 mesh / Asttorsion) * 1000
58
Astmin = 0.12%bD
= 210 mm²
Number of bars for the edge strip in x and y direction
Astmin / Area of 1 mesh bar = 5bars
Therefore, provide 5#8 bars @ 290c/c
Since, Ast min<Astxprov and Astyprov
Safe
Check for shear (CI 40.2.1.1)
In x direction
Shear force, Vu : w * lx/2 = 38.23 KN
Nominal shear stress, ζv : Vu/b*dx = 0.25 N/mm²
Pt% in x direction = 100*Astx/b*D = 0.18%
There is a reduction of Pt% at the support by 50%
pt% = 0.09%
From table 19 of IS 456:2000,
For M30 grade : ζc = 0.29 N/mm²
For a slab depth of 175mm: k = 1.25
: kζc = 0.36 N/mm²
Since, ζv < kζc
Safe
In y direction,
Shear force, Vu : w*ly/2 = 39.09 KN
Nominal shear stress, ζv: Vu/b*dy = 0.26 N/mm²
Pt% in y direction = 100*Asty/b*D = 0.18%
There is a reduction of Pt% at the support by 50%
59
pt% = 0.09%
From table 19 of IS 456:2000
For 30 grade : ζc = 0.29 N/mm²
For a slab depth of 175 mm : k = 1.25
kζc = 0.36 N/mm²
Since, ζv < kζc
Safe
Check for deflection (CI 22.2.1)
fs = 0.58 fy (area of steel required/area of steel provided)
Therefore,
fs = 290 N/mm²
In x direction,
Pt% = 0.18%
From fig 4 of IS 456:2000
Dreq = span/basic value * modification factor = 170.5 mm
Dprov = 175 mm
Since, Dprov>Dreq
Safe
In y direction
Pt% = 0.18%
From fig 4 of IS 456:2000
Dreq = span/basic value * modification factor = 174.3 mm
Dprov = 175 mm
60
Since, Dprov > Dreq
Safe
Check for development length
In x direction
(M/V)+Lo > Ld (CI 26.2.3..3b)
From CI 26.2.1
Ld = ɸ(0.87fy)/4*ζbd
ζbd for M30 grade = 1.5 N/mm² (CI 26.2.1.1)
ζbd = 2.4 N/mm²
Ld = 453.125 mm
(M/V)+Lo = 527.54+Lo mm
Since 527.54+ Lo >Ld
Safe
In y direction
(M/V)+Lo>Ld From CI 26.2.1
Ld = ɸ(0.87fy)/4*ζbd
ζbd for M30 grade = 1.5 N/mm²
ζbd = 2.4 N/mm²
Ld = 453.125 mm
(M/V)+Lo = 499.13+Lo mm
Since 499.513+ Lo >Ld
Safe
61
8.3 Design of beam
Beam number : 2935
Beam design as per IS 456:2000
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
fck = 30 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Span of beam, l = 5.115 m
Assume, D = 400 mm
b = 350 mm
Self weight of beam, u1 = 3.5 kN/m
Wall load, u2 = 15.89 kN/m
Total udl, w = u1+u2 = 19.39 kN/m
Wall length = 5.115 m
Wall height = 3.6 m
Width of wall = 0.23 m
Bending moment
M1 = wl2 / 24 = 21.46 kNm
M1u = 31.72 kNm
Bending moment for support
M2 = wl2 / 12 = 42.29 kNm
M2u = 63.44 kNm
62
For support
Check 1 : Type of beam (balanced / under reinforced / over reinforced)
M2u = 63.44 kNm
Pt = 50 * (fck/fy) * (1-(1-4.6Mu/fck*b*d^2)^0.5)
= 0.32%
Ast = 458.323 mm2
0.36fck*Xu*b = 0.87 * fy * Ast
Limiting neutral axis depth
Xumax / d = 0.46
Limiting moment co-efficient
Mulim/fck*b*d2 = 0.133
Modification factor for tension reinforcement
From figure 4 of IS 456:2000
Xu / d = 2.42 * (fy / fck) * (ast / bd) = 0.132
Xumax = 0.46 (for Fe 500)
As Xu/d < Xumax/d, hence section is under reinforced section
Check 2 : Singly reinforced / Doubly reinforced
M2u = 63.44 kNm
Mulim = 0.133 fck * b * d2 = 188.093 kNm
Modification factor for compression reinforcement = 1.08
M2u < Mulim . Hence , singly reinforced beam.
63
Check 3 : Check for deflection
Modification for tension reinforcement
Area of tension reinforcement required
Astreq = 458.323 mm2
%Ptreq = 0.327 %
Astprov = 339.12 mm2
%Ptprov= 0.264 %
Modification factor, M1 = 0.98
Modification for compression reinforcement
Pccomp = 339.12 mm2
%Pc = 0.264 %
Modification factor, M2 = 1.08
Basic L / d for simply supported beam = 20
d = 255.75 mm
d after modification = (d * M1 * M2) = 270.486 mm
Overall depth, D = 305.486 mm
Depth assumed, D assumed = 400 mm
As Dassumed > Dobtained
Safe for deflection
64
8.4. Design of column
Column Biaxially loaded : element 612
Unsupported length, l = 3600 mm
fck = 30 N/mm²
Breadth, b = 400 mm
fy = 500 N/mm²
Depth, D = 400 mm
Effective cover, d' = 40 mm
Load, Pu = 389.549 KN
Moment about x direction, Mux = 19.513 kNm
Moment about y direction, Muy = 19.302 kNm
Check for type of column
As per table 28 of IS 456:2000
The recommended value of effective length = 0.65l
Lex and ley = 2340 mm
Lex/b = 5.85 < 12
Ley/D = 5.85 < 12
Hence, this column is a short column.
Minimum Eccentricity
exmin = greatest of (lex / 500) + (b / 30) or 20mm = 20 mm
eymin = greatest of (ley / 500) + (D / 30) or 20mm = 20 mm
ex = Mux / Pu = 50.1 mm
ey = Muy / Pu = 49.5 mm
65
Hence, ex > exmin and ey > eymin
To find P/fck
Assume pt% = 0.8%Ag (since min pt% is 0.8% of Ag)
Asc = 1280 mm²
Therefore, provide 12 # of 12-T bars on all four sides
Ascprov = 1357 mm²
P = 100*Asc/bD = 0.85
So, p/fck = 0.028
To find Mux1 and Muy1
P/fck = 0.028
Pu/fckbD = 0.08
d'/D = 0.1
From chart 48 of SP-16
Mux1/fckbD² = 0.07
Therefore, Mux1 = 134.4 kNm
d'/b = 0.1
Muy1/fckbD² = 0.07
Therefore, Muy1 = 134.4 kNm
To find Pu / Puz
Pt% = 0.8%
fck = 30 N/mm²
fy = 500 N/mm²
66
Puz/Ag = 17
Therefore, Puz = 2720 kN
So, Pu/Puz = 0.14
To find Muy/Muy1
Mux/Mux1 = 0.15
Pu/Puz = 0.14
Muy/Muy1 = 0.85
Muy/Muy1(calc) = 0.14
Since, Muy/Muy1 > Muy/Muy1(Calc)
Safe
Transverse reinforcement
Pitch = 300 mm
16d = 192 mm
Least dimension of column = 400 mm
Pitch = 192 mm (least)
Diameter of stirrups = least of (0.25*dia of smallest bar or 6mm)
Taking stirrups size more than 5mm = 8 mm
Hence, provide 12# of 12-T bars with 8mm ties@ 192 c/c
67
8.5 ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN
Design Procedure:
Given data:
Axial load = 690.796 kN
Mx = 96.23kN
My = 17.36 kN
Column height = 3m
Column dimension = 400 x 400 mm
Diameter of the bar = 12 mm
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m2
Soil bearing capacity = 200 kN /m2
M30 grade of concrete and Fe500 steel bar
Cover for reinforcement = 50 mm
Area required for footing:
Area required = 3.8 m2
length of footing (Lf) = 2.05 m
Breadth of footing (Bf) = 1.85 m
Providing Lf = 2.6 m and Bf = 2.4 m considering safe bearing capacity
Net soil pressure on footing:
Along x axis,
Maximum soil pressure = 236.044 kN/m2 < 1.5 SBC
Minimum soil pressure = 129.280 kN/m2 >0
Along y axis,
68
Maximum soil pressure = 193.095 kN/m2 < 1.5 SBC
Minimum soil pressure = 172.229 kN/m2 >0
Hence footing is safe for bearing pressure.
Check for bending:
The critical section is at the face of the column.
Along the longer face,
Length of the overhang section (L) = 1.1 m
Resisting width (b) = 2.4 m
Bending moment at the longer face of the column = 380.496 kN
For calculation of depth considering moment about longer edge,
For Fe500, from SP -16, Table c
Depth required (dreq)= 200 mm
Along the shorter face,
Length of the overhang section (B) = 1.1m
Resisting width (b) = 2.6m
Bending moment at the shorter face of the column = 313.311 kNm
For calculation of depth considering moment about shorter edge,
For Fe500, from SP -16, Table c
Depth required (dreq)= 175mm
Providing effective depth greater of 2 values considering moment but for safety
against shear failure, the selected depth should be taken 2 to 3 times higher,
Provide overall depth (D) = 450 mm
Depth in longer face (d1) = 394 mm
Depth in shorter face (d2) = 382 mm
69
Calculation of reinforcement:
Along y – axis (parallel to longer side)
From IS 456:2000, Annex G
Percentage of area of steel (% Ast) = 0.244% >0.12% of bD
Area of steel required = 2635.2 mm2
Spacing required = 103mm <180 mm (To ensure safety against cracking)
Provide spacing as 100mm.
Number of bars required = 25 bars
Area of steel provided = 2827.434 mm2
Hence provide 25 numbers of 12mm diameter bar at spacing 100mm centre to

centre parallel to longer edge.
Along x – axis (parallel to shorter side)
From IS 456:2000, Annex G
Percentage of area of steel (% Ast) = 0.196% >0.12% of bD
Area of steel required = 2293.2 mm2
Spacing required = 128.228mm <180 mm (To ensure safety against cracking)
Provide spacing as 120mm
Number of bars required = 23 bars
Area of steel provided = 2601.23 mm2
Hence provide 23 numbers of 12mm diameter bar at spacing 120mm centre to

centre parallel to shorter edge.
Check for one way shear:
Along longer direction,
Soil pressure at d = 207.053 kN
70
Shear force = 375.392 kN
Maximum shear stress = 0.393 N/mm2
For M30 grade of concrete and percentage of steel (P%) = 0.299%
From IS456: 2000, pg 73 Table- 19
Design Shear stress of concrete (τc) = 0.3959 N/mm2
Hence Design Shear stress of concrete > maximum shear stress, it is safe against
one way shear. Also for shorter direction, it will safe as the depth is sufficient.
Along shorter direction,
Soil pressure at d = 188.591 kN
From IS456: 2000, pg 73 Table- 19
Design Shear stress of concrete (Soil pressure at d = 207.053 kN)
From IS456: 2000, pg 73 Table- 19
Design Shear stress of concrete (τc) = 0.3959 N/mm2
Design Shear stress of concrete > maximum shear stress = 0.3852 N/mm 2
Hence, design Shear stress of concrete > maximum shear stress, it is safe against
one way shear.
71
Check for two way shear:
The critical distance is at distance d/2 from the face of the column
d = 388 (average of d1 and d2)
Perimeter of resisting section (Pr) = 3.152 m
Area of resisting section (tributary section) = 5.619 m2
Shear force or punching shear (Vmax) = 1026.38 kN
Max shear stress = 0.839 kN/m2
Permissible shear stress as per IS456:2000, Cl.31.6.3.1
Τc = 1.369 N/mm2
Since, Τv =1.369 N/mm2 > Τmax
Hence, it is safe in two way shear
Check for development length:
Diameter of the bar = 12 mm
Ld = 543.75 mm
Available length B = 1.1m
Hence, the column bars are extended into footing up to Ld rests on the footing
reinforcement.
72
8.6. DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Given data:
Stair hall measure = 6.53 x 5.23 m
Available vertical space between floor = 3.6 m
Horizontal span of staircase = 2m
Risers = 0.15m
Treads = 0.3m
Concrete = M30
Unit weight of concrete = 25 KN/m2
σcbc = 10
m = 9.33
fy = 500 N/mm2
σst = 275 N/mm2
Nominal cover = 15mm
Effective cover = 20mm
General Arrangement:
Height of 1st flight = 1.8 m
Number of risers required in 1st flight = 12
Number of threads required in 1st flight = 11
Space occupied by threads = 3.3m
Width of landing = 2m
Space left for passage = 0.07m
Height of 2nd flight = 1.8m
Number of risers required in 2st flight = 12
Number of threads required in 2nd flight = 11
73
Space occupied by threads = 3.3m
Design Constraints:
For HYSD bars,
Concrete M30
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m2
σcbc = 10
m = 9.33
fy = 500 N/mm2
σst = 275 N/mm2
K = 0.253
J = 0.916
R = 1.16
Loading on each flight:
The landing slab is assumed to span in the same direction as stair and is considered
as acting together to form a single slab.
Let the bearing of landing slab in wall = 160mm
The effective span = 5m
Let the thickness of waist slab = 209mm
Weight of slab on slope = 5225 N/m2
Dead weight of horizontal area = 5842 N/m2
Dead weight of step = 1875 N/m2
Total dead weight per meter run = 7717 N
Weight of finishing = 100 N
Live load = 2500N
Total weight = 10317 N
74
Design of Waist Slab:
Bending moment = 32241 Nm
Effective depth required = 167mm
But available = 180 mm
Reinforcement:
Ast = 767.98 mm2
Using 10 mm diameter bars, area provided = 79 mm2
Number of bars = 20
Spacing = 100 mm c/c
Hence use 10mm diameter bar at spacing 100 mm centre to centre
Distribution steel area = 200 mm2
Using 8 mm diameter bars, area provided = 50 mm 2
Spacing = 252 mm c/c
Hence use 8mm diameter bar at spacing 250 mm centre to centre
75
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT CHAPTER 9
Chapter 9
9.0. Sewage Treatment Plant
9.1 POPULATION ESTIMATION:
Indoor patients = 150
Outdoor patients = 400
Staffs = 260
Total population = 810
Number of boarding residents = 410
Water required for boarding residents as per IS = 135 lpcd
Number of day scholars = 400
Water required for day scholars = 45 lpcd
Total water consumption = (410*135) + (400*45)
= 73350 lpcd
= 0.07335 MLD
Average sewage generated= 85% of water consumed
= 85% of 0.07335
= 0.06235 MLD
= ~0.070 MLD
Average sewage generated= 70 KLD
Average sewage flow = 70 KLD
= (70*1000) /1000
= 70 Cum/day
Peak flow factor = 3
(Assume) ∆ peak flow = 3 x times the average sewage flow
= 3*70
Peak flow = 210 cum/day
76
9.1.1 TYPE OF SECONDARY TREATMENT:
Extended Aeration Type Of Activated Sludge Treatment.
9.1.2 LOADING PARAMETERS:
The loading parameter for extended aeration type is given below:

Table 9.1. Loading Parameters
9.1.3 PROCESS FLOWCHART:
Sewage Characteristic
Influent BOD = 350 mg/l
Effluent BOD = <20 mg/l
Influent TSS = 250mg/l
Effluent TSS = <10 mg/l
Influent pH = 6.5 to 7.5
Effluent pH = 6.5 to 7.5
Temperature maximum @ 32°
77
Treatment Type = Extended Aeration Type Of Activated Sludge process.
9.1.4 TREATMENT UNITS :
 Inlet chamber
 Screen chamber
 Grit chamber
 Aeration tank for ASP
 Secondary clarified
 Sludge drying beds.
9.2 DESIGN OF INLET CHAMBER:
Peak flow = 210 m3/d
= {(210) /(24*60*60)}
= 2.431x 103 m3/s
Assuming:
Horizontal velocity Vh = 0.45 m/s
Length = 2m
B/D = 1.5:1
Free board = 0.3 m
Area of cross section Ax = (Q/Vh)
= 0.0054 sq.m
A = BxD
= 1.5D x D
D = 0.06m, say 0.3 m
B = 1.5xD
= 0.45m
Net C/S area = 0.135 sqm
Total depth = 0.6 m
Provide inlet chamber size of 2m x 0.45m x 0.6m
n (Manning's co-efficient) = 0.013 for cement concrete
Wetted perimeter (p) = 2D+B
78
= 1.05 m
Hydraulic mean radius(R) = A/P
= 0.129
Vh = 0.694 (Adopting slope of 1 in 800)
Vh > 0.6 m/s as per design requirement.
CHECK:
D/3 = 0.1
A = DxB
= 0.1x0.45
= 0.045 sqm
P = 2D+B
= 0.65 m
R = A/P
= 0.0692
Vh @ D/3 = 0.46 > 0.45 m/s
Hence slope 1 in 800 is acceptable.
The out flow from the inlet chamber shall be taken to the screen chamber.
Bye-pass chamber pipe = 400 mm (assumed)
9.3 DESIGN OF SCREEN CHAMBER:
Assume number of screen chamber = 2 numbers
Qmax = 2.431 x 103 m3/s.
ASSUMPTIONS:
Type of bar = MS flat
Size = 10mm x 50 mm (Facing flow= 10mm)
Clear spacing between bars = 20 mm
79
• Manual cleaning (assumed)

• inclination of bars with horizontal = 80°
• velocity normal to screen = 0.8 m/s (assumed)
• net inclined area required = 0.00243/0.8 = 0.00304 sq.m
• Gross inclined area = 0.00304 x 1.5= 0.0046 sq.m
• Gross vertical area required = 0.0046 x sin 80°= 0.00453
sq.m
• Providing Submergence depth = 0.3 m
• Width of channel = (0.00453/0.3)= 0.0151 m
• Adopted width of channel = 0.2 m
• Velocity check in duct = {(0.00243/(0.3 * 0.2) } =0.0405
m/s
• Not greater than 0.42 m/s
Provide 20 bars of 10mm x 50 mm @ 20 mm clear spacing.
Screen chamber width = {(10x20) +(20x22)}/2
= 0.62
Provide Screen chamber width as 0.6 m (width of one screen chamber)
Let, 2 numbers of CI penstock gates shall be provided ( one for each channel)
Liquid depth @ peak flow = 0.013 m
Free board = 0.3 m
Total Channel Depth = 0.3+0.013
= 0.313
Total Channel Depth =~ 0.45 m
Assume number of penstock gates = 2 nos
Size of penstock gates = 350mmx450mm
9.4 DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBER:
Design flow = 70x1.25
= 87.5
=~ 100 cum/day
Assume surface loading = 1100 m3/sqm/day
To account for turbulence and short circuiting reduce the surface loading rate to 800
m3/sqm/day
80
• Area required = 100/800
= 125 sq.m
• Provide 1 m dia chamber Area = 0.79 m2

• Detention time = 60 sec (assumed)
• Volume = (100x60) /(24x3600)
= 0.0694 cum
• Liquid depth = 0.0694/0.125
= 0.555 m
• Free board = 0.6 m (assumed)
• Total depth = 1.160 m
• Size of grit chamber = 1m diameter
• Check for horizontal velocity.
• C/s of grit chamber = 0.555x1
= 0.555 sqm
Velocity = (100/1x0.555x24x350)
= 0.00209 m/s < 0.8 m/s
Assuming grit generation = 0.005 cum/1000 cum of sewage.
Grit storage period = 8 hrs (assumed in spite of continuous raking of

grit)
Storage volume required = {(70x8)/24}x(0.05/1000)
= 0.0017cum
=~ 0.002cum
Grit storage area = (π/4) x 12
= 0.785 sq.m
Grit storage depth = 0.002 / 0.785
= 0.00255 m
Total liquid depth = 0.555+0.002548
= 0.580
=~ 0.6 m
Provide grit chamber of size 1.2m depth & 1m dia.
Outflow from the grit chamber shall be carried to the aeration tank through a 600mm
wide R.C.C. Channel provided with fine bar screen (manually operated). The clear
spacing b/w bars shall be 10 mm.
81
9.5 DESIGN OF AERATION TANK :
Number of tanks = 2
Average flow to each tank = 70/2 = 35 cum/day
Influent BOD = 350 mg/l (BOD entering to aeration tank )
Assuming that negligible BOD is removed in screening and grit chamber.
• BOD left in outlet = 20 mg/l

• BOD to be removed in activated plant = 350-20
= 330 mg/l
• Minimum required efficiency = ( 330/350) x 100
= 94.29 %
• Adopt Extended Aeration Process which can remove BOD up to 95% to
98%.
ASSUMPTIONS:
MLSS (Xt) = 3000 mg/l (assumed)
Yo = 350 mg/l (initial BOD)
F/M = 0.12 (ratio between 0.18 and 0.10)
F/M = ((Q*Yo)/(V*Xt))
Volume (V) = 35 x(350/3000) x (1/1.2)
Volume of aeration tank = 33.25 cum
Let us assume aeration tank of depth 2m and width 5m.
Length of the tank = V/(B*D)
= 33.25/(2 x 5)
= 3.325 m
=~ 4m
Volume provided = 2 x 5 x 4 = 40 cum
9.5.1 Check For Aeration Period (or) H. R. T (t)
t = (V/Q) x 24 (hrs)
= (33.25x24)/35
82
t = 22.8 which lies between 10hrs and 25 hrs
9.5.2 Check For Volumetric Loading
Vol. loading = (Q*Yo)/V gm of BOD5/cum
= (35x350) /40
= 306.25 gm/cum
= 0.31 kg/cum (It should lie between 0.2 to 0.4)
9.5.3 Check For Return Sludge Ratio (for SVI ranging between 50 - 150 ml/gm)
Assuming SVI = 100 mg/l
Xt = 3000 mg/l
Qr/Q = Xt/((106/SVI)-Xt)
= 3000/((10^6/100) -3000)
Qr/Q = 0.031 it should be within 0.5 to 0.1
Hence we will provide 50% sludge recirculation giving, SVI = 111
(iv) check for SRT (θc) Solid Retention Time
V.Xt = {αy . Q. (Yo -Ye) θc }/{ 1+Ke θc}
αy = 1
Ke = 0.06 d-1
Yo = 350 mg/l
Ye = 20 mg/l
V = 40 cum
Xt = 3000 mg/l
Q = 35 cum/day
(40x3000) = {1x35x (350-20)xθc}/ { 1+(0.06xθc) }
θc = 25 days
From calculations it is between 10 to 25 days.
83
Aeration tank size is 4mx5mx2.6m ( 2m liquid depth+0.6m free board) , overall

depth.
Outlet weir type = adjustable
The effluent from the aeration tank will be taken to the final (secondary
clarified. The inflow to the secondary clarified shall be by means of 250 mm dia
C. l pipes, which will give a velocity of 0.78 m/s at peak flow.
9.5.4 Aerator Sizing:
BOD5 applied to each tank = 350 mg/l
Average flow to each tank (Q) = 35 cum/day
BOD5 to be removed in each tank = 35x0.35
= 12.25 kg/day
= 0.510 kg/h
Oxygen requirement = 1.2kg/kg BOD applied.
Peak oxygen demand = 125%
Oxygen transfer capacity of aerator in} = 1.9 kg/kwh
Standard conditions } = 1.41 kg/hp/hr
Oxygen transfer capacity of aerator in}= 0.7x1.41
Standard conditions = 0.98 kg/hp/hr
Oxygen to be applied to each tank = 1.2x0.510x1.25
= 0.765 kg/hr
HP of aerators required = 0.765/0.98
= 0.780hp
=~ 1 hp
Provide 2 generators each of 1 hp.
Check For Mixing Consideration:
Power required for mixing as per practice = 0.02 kw/hr
Volume of each aerator tank = 35 cum
84
SHP required = 0.02x35
= 0.7 kw
HP of motor required = 0.7 /(2x0.97)
= 0.36 HP
Considering a power margin of 25% on motor rating,
Motor HP required = 0.36 x1.25
= 0.45 < 0.5hp
Provide 1 no of 1 HP motor / aerator in each tank
9.6 DESIGN OF SECONDARY CLARIFIER:
Number of secondary clarifier = 1
Average flow = 70 m3/day
Recirculate flow(say 50%) = 35 cum/day
Total inflow = 70+35
= 105 m3/day
Hydraulic detention time = 2hrs (assumed)
Volume of bank (excluding hopper portion) = (105x2)/24
= 8.75 m3
Assume liquid depth = 2m
Area (superficial) = 8.75/2
= 4.375 m2
Surface loading rate of average flow = 8.75 m3/m2/d
Surface area to be provided = 70/8.75
= 8 sq.m (provide area greater of two i.e,.8 sqm)
Diameter of circulation tank (d) = √{(8x4) /π}
= 3.19
=~ 3.5 m.
85
Actual area provided = 3.52 * (π/4)
= 9.62 m2
Diameter = 3.5m & Depth = 2m
9.6.1 Check For Weir Loading:
Average flow = 70 cum/day
Weir loading = 70/(π×3.5)
= 6.37 cum/d/m < 185 m3/d/m
9.6.2 Check For Solids Loading:
Recirculating flow (say 50%) = 35 cum/day
Average flow = 70 cum/day
MLSS in the tank = 3000mg/l
Total solids inflow = (70+35) x3
= 315 kg/day
Solids loading = 315/8
= 39.4 kg/day/sqm
Provide a clarifier of 3 m diameter having a liquid depth of 2 m.
Hopper slope = 1:12 (assumed)
Free board = 0.3m (assumed)
Sludge will be withdrawn from the clarifier through a C.I pipe. The sludge will be
taken to the return sludge pump house. The treated effluent from the secondary
clarifier can be disposed off in a safe location.
86
9.7 RETURN SLUDGE PUMP HOUSE:
Total return flow = 35 cum/day
= (35/24x60)
= 0.024 cum/min
Detention time = 15 mins
Volume of wet well = 0.024x15
= 0.35 cum
Provide wet well of 2mx1mx1.5m (assume)
Provide a dry well = 2mx1.5m (assume)
Size of annex control room = 2mx2m.
Provide 2 numbers of pump of each 0.35 MLD capacity in dry well for returning the
sludge to aeration tank.
Return sludge pipe diameter = 150 mm (assume)
Excess sludge shall be taken to sludge drying beds by providing necessary fittings in
the main return sludge header. The sludge feed line to the sludge drying beds shall
be 150mm diameter C.I pipe.
9.8 DESIGN OF SLUDGE DRYING BEDS:
Sludge applied to drying beds = 25 kg/day
Specific gravity = 1.015
Solid contents = 15%
Volume of sludge = (25/15%) x (1/(1000x1.015))
= 1.64 cum/day.
Total number of cycles in one year = 33
Period of each cycle = (365/33)
= 11 days
87
Volume of sludge/cycle = 1.64x11
= 18.06 cum
Area of bed required = 18.06/0.3
= 60.21 m2
(Sludge depth = 0.3 m (assuming))
Provide 2 beds of 6mx6m
Area of bed provided = 72 sq.m
9.9 FILTRATION PUMP HOUSE & SUMP:
Actual BOD5 removed/day = 70x(350-20) /1000
= 23.1kg
Excess wasted sludge, θc = ( V. Xt )/(Qw .Xr)
25 = (40 x 3000 )/(Qw .Xr)
Qw .Xr = 4800 g/d
= 4.8 kg/day
Volume of excess sludge = 4.8/(1% x (1000x1.015))
(Contains 1% of solid & S.G of 1.015)
= 0.47 cum/day
= 0.02 cum/hr
Detention time = 8hrs
Volume of wet well = 8x0.02 = 0.16 cum
(For 1% concentration)
Provide liquid depth = 1m
Area required for 1% concentration of solid = 0.16/1
=0.16 m2
Diameter of wet well = √(0.16x4) /π
= 0.45 m
88
Providing 1m diameter wet well for filtrate sump & 1 m liquid depth Below the
incoming pipe line.
This will be covered on top and a 4m high pump room shall be constructed over it. 2
nos of vertical non-clog pumps, each of 0.5 hp capacity , shall be provided in this
pump house. The filtrate from the pump house shall be pumped to distribution
chamber upstream of the aeration tank through 100 mm dia C.I pipe line.
9.10 DESIGN OF RAPID SAND FILTER:
Max length of lateral = not less than 60d
Spacing of holes = 6mm holes @7.5cmc/c Or 13 mm holes @15cmc/c
C.S of lateral = not less than 2 x area of perforations
C.S area of manifold = 2 x total area of laterals
Maximum loss of head = 2 to 5 m
Spacing of laterals = 15 to 30 cm c/c
Pressure of wash water @ perforations = not greater than 1.05 kg/sqcm
Velocity of flow in lateral = 2 m/s
Velocity of flow in manifold = 2.25 m/s
Velocity of flow for wash water= 1.8to2.5 m/s
Velocity of rinsing water = 0.5 to 1.0 m/min
Amount of wash water = 0.2 to 0.4 % of total filtered water
Time of back washing = 10 to 15 mins
Head of water over the filter = 1.5 to 2.5 m
Free board = 60 cm
Bottom slope = 1to 60 towards manifold.
Q = 1.71xbxh3/2
L:B = 1.25:1 to 1.33:1
89
Allow 0.5%of filtered water for back washing and 30 mins per day for back washing
(10 cum/day)
Total filtered water = 0.41875 Kl/hr
Let rate of filtration be 5000 l/h/sqm
Area of filter required = 0.086
Adopting area of filter as 10 sqm
Assume L/B = 1.3
Hence B=3m & L=4m
Assume depth of sand as 50 to 75 cm
9.10.1 Under Drainage System:
Assuming total area of holes = 0.2 %of bed area
Area of holes = 0.02 sqm
Area of manifold = 0.08sqm
= 800 sqcm
Diameter of manifold = 31.92 cm say 32 cm
Assume c/c of laterals as 30 cm
Total no of laterals = 13.33
=~ 13 on either side
Length of lateral = 1.34 m
C.S of lateral = 2x area of perforations as per lateral
Take diameter of holes as 13 mm
Number of holes = 650
Number of holes as per lateral = 13
Area of perforations per lateral = 17.24 sqcm
Spacing of holes = 10.31 cm
90
C.S of lateral = 34.48 sqcm
Diameter of lateral = 6.63 cm
Check :
Length of lateral = 1.34 <60d I.e., (60*0.0663) =3.98m
Rinsing wash water velocity in bed = 50 cm/min
Wash water discharge per bed = 0.1 cum/sec
Velocity of flow through lateral = 2.09 m/s
9.10.2 Wash water Gutter:
Discharge of wash water per bed = 0.1 cum/sec
Size of bed = 4mx3m
Assume two through running length at 1.5m c/c
Discharge of each trough = 0.05 cum/sec
Assume b = 0.2m
Q = 1.71xbxh3/2
h3/2 = 0.2775m
H = 27.75cm =~ 30cm
Free board = 5 cm
Total height = 35 cm (slope of 1 in 40)
9.10.3 Clear Water Reservoir For Back Washing:
Capacity of tank = 240 cum (for 4hrs filter capacity)
Assume depth d = 3m
Surface area = 80 sqm
L/B = 2
hence B = 6.5m & L = 13 m
Diameter of inlet pipe coming from the filter = 50cm
Diameter of wash water pipe to overload tank = 67.5 cm
91
9.11 DESIGN OF ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER:
Criteria: Service velocity = 0.15 to 0.3 m/min
Bed Depth = 1 to 3 m
Contact time = 5 to 30 mins
Backwash velocity = 0.35 to 0.45 m/min
Operating flow rate = 5 cum/hr
Diameter Calculations:
Aaf = Qaf / Vaf
Amin = 0.28 sqm
Amax = 0.56 sqm
Selected area = 0.5 sqm
Daf (filter dia) = 0.80 m say 1m
Let bed height Haf = 2m
Expansion = 0.7m
Free board = 0.3m
Total height = 3m
Contact time (t) = (60*Vaf) / Qaf
Back flow rate:
Criteria :
Vabw = 0.35 to 0.45 m/min
Let's adopt Vabw = 0.4 m/min
Qabe = 12 cum/hr
Qabw,min = 10.5 cum/hr
Qabw,max = 13.5 cum/hr
92
WATER SUPPLY CHAPTER 10
Chapter 10
10.0. Water supply
10.1 TANK-1 (EXCLUSIVELY FOR PEOPLE):
For 100 Bedded Hospital
Population Expected Per Day = 810
According to IS 1172 : 1993 Table 1
Amount of water required for per person = 350 Liters
Factor of safety = 1.5 (Assumption)
810 X 350 = 283500
283500 X1.5 = 425250
1000 liters = 1 meter cube
425250 / 1000 liters = 425.25 meter cube
Splitting into 2 tanks = 425.25 / 2
= 212.625 meter cube
Assuming,
Length = 9m ,Breath = 8m,
LXB = 72 meter square;
Depth of the tank = 212.625 / (9 X 8)
= 2.953 meter
=~ 3m
Size of tank = 9m x 8m x 3m
93
WATER SUPPLY CHAPTER 10
10.2 TANK 2 ( FIRE SAFTEY ) :
According to Tamil Nadu Fire & Rescue Services Department
for Group C (Institutional – Less than 15m height)
Ground plus two or more stories, with bed
Minimum requirement for underground tank = 50000 liters
1000 liters = 1 meter cube
50000 / 1000 liters = 50 meter cube
Length = 5m ,Breath = 5m ,
LXB = 25 meter square; (Assumption)
Depth of the tank = 50/ (5 X 5)
= 2 meter
Size of tank = 5m x 5m x 2m
10.3 TANK 3 ( GARDENING ):
Amount of water required for gardening
Based on site visit, requirement is assumed as 5000 liters
5000 / 1000 liters = 5 meter cube
Length = 2.5m ,Breath = 1m ,
LXB = 2.5 meter square
Depth of the tank = 5/ (2.5 X 1)
= 2 meter
Size of tank = 2.5 m x 1 m x 2 m
94
CONCLUSION CHAPTER 11
Chapter 11
11.0. CONCLUSION:
The structural aspects of planning, analysis and design of hospital building and
sewage treatment plant has been done and get an ideas for execution of structure by
real example of existing ESIC hospital and regulation under IS codes. By using
software the project of Hospital building (G+3) were analyzed. Here the project was
analyzed by both manual and software for an clear idea of structural basis. Also
some disciplinary planning has been followed for the hospital building for user
friendly reachability of departments based on the requirements of public users,
patients, doctors, and workers etc. The waste water generated from the hospital is
treated and disposed as per the requirements.
95

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PLANNING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN OF HOSPITAL

Dissertation (phase II) submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

PLANNING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN

Bona fide record of work done by

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

Certified that the candidate was examined in the viva-voce

We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support

S. NO. TITLE Pg. No.

3.1. Final Proposed design ……………………………….. 21

4.1. Air and Water purifier ………………………………… 22

4.2. Power supply ………………………………………….. 22

4.3. OT Complex ……………………………………………. 23

5.1. Ground floor layout …………………………………… 24

5.2. First floor layout ………………………………………. 26

5.3. Second floor layout …………………………………… 28

5.4. Third floor layout ……………………………………… 30

5.5. Column Layout ………………………………………… 32

5.6. Plinth beam layout ……………………………………… 33

5.7. First floor beam layout …………………………………. 34

5.8. Second floor beam layout ……………………………. 35

5.9. Third floor beam layout ………………………………. 36

5.10. First floor slab layout …………………………………. 37

5.11. Second floor slab layout ……………………………… 38

5.12. Third floor slab layout …………………………………. 39

5.13. Nomenclature ………………………………………….. 40

6.1. Final AutoCAD plan …………………………………… 42

6.2. Exported model to STAAD …………………………… 42

6.3. Sectional Properties …………………………………… 43

6.4. 3d Rendering of Structure ……………………………. 44

6.5. Seismic parameters …………………………………… 44

6.6. Live load application ………………………………….. 45

6.7. Shear force …………………………………………….. 47

6.8. Bending moment ………………………………………. 47

7.2. Column results ………………………………………… 49

7.3. Member formation …………………………………….. 50

7.4. Beam detailing ………………………………………… 50

7.5. Column calculations ………………………………….. 51

7.6. Column detailing ……………………………………… 51

7.7. Footing layout …………………………………………. 53

2.1. Spaces to be ventilated in a hospital ………………. 18

3.1. Arear allotted for each services …………………….. 19

3.2. Area calculation ………………………………………. 20

5.1. Ground floor details ………………………………….. 25

5.2. First floor details ……………………………………… 27

5.3. Second floor details ………………………………….. 29

5.4. Third floor details …………………………………….. 31

6.1. Auto generated load combinations …………………. 45

9.1. Loading Parameters …………………………………. 80

A hospital is an establishment that specializes in healthcare for patients using

They are generally categorized as:

ii. Oncology hospitals

iii. Women’s hospitals

iv. Children’s hospitals

vi. Trauma centers

vii. Cancer treatment centers

The main objectives of this project are:

0 To plan, design and analyze a hospital building.

1 To study the requirements in and around a hospital building.

2 To learn about the code provisions involved in designing a hospital building.

3 To study and understand the various components of hospital building.

4 To design various structural elements of the building manually by checking

5 To get hands on experience to use various design and analysis software.

The various outcomes of this project are as follows: