NCM 105 - NUTRITION DURING INFANCY

NUTRITION DURING INFANCY ● Low fat milk may be used but only for a short period of time
○ This is because the infant has generous reserves of
essential fatty acids that can last for the first few
OBJECTIVES: months of life.
a. Determine the nutritional requirements of infants
b. Discuss the dietary patterns of infants, and
4. WATER .
c. Identify common disorders of infants and tier dietary
management ● 2.5 oz / lb of BW
● 1.5 ml / cal
INFANCY
Water is an essential part of an infant’s diet. Special attention should be
● Period from 0-12 months
given to the water intake of a child.
● Stage of most rapid rate of growth and development
● This is because water balance of an infant is more easily
○ Expected to have tripled its birth rate and increased its
disturbed than that of an adult
length by 50%
The reason behind this difference is because of the large fluid losses from
the skin and respiration and because of the needs of elimination of the
How we handle dietary practices of infants also affect the growth and
infant.
development of a child.

If you remember in Erik Erikson’s theory, this is a time where a child needs to VITAMINS AND MINERALS
resolve
● trust vs. mistrust The following vitamins and minerals by an infant compared to an adult:
● This is also a time when the center of gratification is the mouth / oral
stage All vitamins and minerals are required in a proportionately greater amount
Therefore, to help resolve trust vs. mistrust and to meet the demands of the oral by an infant
phase, the child must be fed on demand. meaning , when a child cries because
the child is hungry, the mother or the caregiver must make it a point to address
IRON .
the hunger of the child immediately. When the child fees that the world can be
relied upon because they meet his or her oral needs, the child will learn to ● An infant’s body has liberal stores of Fe in the first 4 months
develop trust. ● But after that, iron-rich foods must be included in the diet to prevent
anemia.
DESIRABLE BODY WEIGHT of an Infant
0-6 months BW in grams + (600g x age in months)
● Vitamins are found in nutritionally adequate amounts in the breast
milk except Vitamin D and Ascorbic acid
7-12 months BW in grams + (500g x age in months)

VITAMIN C .
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS .
● Vitamin C in milk is not found in sufficient amounts in the mother’s
1. CALORIES . breast milk
○ Therefore, to meet the demands for vitamin C, the
The WHO prescribes:
mother may be instructed to give tomato or orange juice
● 1-6 months: 108 kcal/kg of BW a day
as supplement to their infant
● 6-12 months: 98 kcal/kg of BW a day

Roughly, the child will need 350-500 kcal at birth and can reach to 800-1200 VITAMIN B6 .
kl by one year of age
● Vitamin B6 is also needed insufficient amount because deficiency in
Caloric requirement of an infant is high vitamin B6 can cause convulsions in the infant.

Increased duet to: ● Vitamin B6 daily requirement: 60-100 mcg

a. proportionately larger skin surface
● which leads to larger heat loss ● Vitamin B6 tend to be destroyed during sterilization
b. Rapid rate of growth and development
1. VITAMIN K .
The FNRIDOST states that:
Energy requirement is meet through: ● Vitamin K is essential because newborn’s lack intestinal bacteria
● Breastmilk (3-6 months) needed for its synthesis
● Breastmilk and supplementary feeding (6-12 months)

2. PROTEIN . INFANT FEEDING .

● Feeding an infant creates nutritional, psychological and biological
● 0-6 months: 1.5 - 2.5 g / kg of BW
interaction between mother and child
● 6-12 months: 1.5 - 2 g / kg of BW
● Infant is fed through breastfeeding, bottle-feeding or mixed feeding
Milk contains all essential amino acids needed for their growth and
a. BREASTFEEDING
development
● Has both physiologic and psychologic value for the mother and
infant
3. FAT . ● Breastfeeding during the infant’s early months generally meets the
infant’s nutrient needs
Milk contains all essential fatty acids needed by the infant ● Breast milk should be offered every 2 hours during the first two
weeks of life
The fat requirement that an infant needs during the first year is present in ○ This is done by allotting 10-15 minutes each breast per
insufficient amounts in the milk that the child takes in. in the event that the session
infant makes use of
 NCM 105 - NUTRITION DURING INFANCY
4. WITH HEAD AND NECK CONTROL
Indicators that a child is receiving sufficient nutrient and calories: 5. NEED FOR ADDITIONAL NUTRIENTS
● 6 or more wet diapers a day
● There is normal growth TIPS ON GIVING NEW FOOD TO AN INFANT .
● 1 or 2 mustard colored bowel movements / day
● Breast becomes less full during nursing 1. Test readiness to accept new foods by placing a teaspoon between the
infant’s lips
Breastfeeding is not advisable when
● Syphilis, AIDS 2. Start any new food with ½ teaspoon on the first day and add as your
○ As these are types of viruses that may be transported baby takes to the new taste
through the breastmilk of the mother / through the 3. Never start two new foods at the same time
presence of source around the breast of the mother ● Remember that we are trying to determine the foods that the child
● Severe acute infections would like and at the same time to determine if the child is allergic to
● Emotional / mental stress any type of food.
○ High level of stress can cause a decrease in the breast
milk supply of the mother 4. Show pleasure when giving a new food
● Smokers
5. Give water between feeds to provide enough liquid to remove waste
● Taking contraceptive pills
from his body and to help regulate body functions
● Child with metabolic abnormalities
6. At about 7 months of age, teach your baby to drink water and other
liquids from a cup

b. BOTTLE FEEDING
● Feeding the infant with formula milk that has the same nutritional ratio of
breast milk composition
● Must be prepared under clean conditions and sterilized.
○ This is to ensure that contamination is prevented
● Only advised when breastfeeding is contraindicated
DISADVANTAGES:
● Costly
○ money is not only spent on the milk formula of the infant but
also in the bittles and supplies and equipments used for
sterilizing.
● High risk for infection
○ this is because of the failure of the mother to properly clean the
bottle of the infant
● Associated with infantile obesity or protein calorie malnutrition
○ this is due to the high chances of double feeding the child. This
is also because the amount of what the infant takes in is not
regulated by the infant but rather by the mother
7. Give finely chopped foods when your baby starts teething
8. Offer bland foods to your baby
● This is because highly salty foods can cause injury to the kidneys
while giving the child too much
● While giving sugar and sweets may develop in the baby a strong
preference for foods that are sweet also
9. Handle baby’s food properly
● Washing your hands with soap and clean water before handling the
baby’s food.
● Ensuring that fingernails are trimmed properly. This is because dirty
fingernails carry germs and eggs of worms which can cause worm
infestation in an infant
● Use clean utensils and keep foods away from flies and insects
● Boil liquids and cook all the baby’s foods thoroughly.
10. Feed baby with freshly-cooked foods or fruits freshly-peeled

c. MIXED FEEDING
● Combination of breastfeeding and bottle feeding with either one of the
two predominant

2 types of mixed feeding

● COMPLEMENTED - when a bottle is given to complete a single
breastfeeding. Is usually done because the mother’s milk is
insufficient for the child.
● SUPPLEMENTAL - when a bottle is used to replace one or more
breastfeedings sessions such as when the mother is away from
home for periods longer than the feeding intervals
○ However, is not encouraged to most lactating women:
prolonged use can cause lactation failure

FORMULA PREPARATION .

1. ASEPTIC METHOD
● bottle and milk are sterilized separately either by:
○ steam
○ boiling water for 25 minutes

2. TERMINAL METHOD
● Bottle and milk are sterilized together
● Causes higher disadvantage because if its likeliness to cause
formation of come which can clog the nipple.

Towards the latter half of the first year of life an infant, the infant may start to
take in foods.

SIGNS OF READINESS .
1. DISAPPEARANCE OF EXTRUSION REFLEX
2. WILLINGNESS TO PARTICIPATE
● this can be seen the child’s attempt to reach for food
3. SITS UP AND SUPPORT