SCIENCE

Modified Strategic Intervention Materials

DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Author: Catherine S. Esguerra

Cover Art Illustrator: Erich D. Garcia
Reviewer and Editor: Paz I. Canlas
Layout Artist: Jacqueline E. Libut

MANAGEMENT TEAM
Zenia G. Mostoles EdD, CESO V, Schools Division Superintendent
Celia R. Lacanlale PhD, Chief CID
Paz I. Canlas, Education Program Supervisor in Science

Quarter 4 Week 1
 Title Card
Week 1 Lesson 1: The Human Digestive System

Guide Card

Introduction

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the
magnetic force. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond to the textbook you are now using. In this
module, you will explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion. (S8LT IVa-13)

Learning Competency
After going through this module, you are expected to:
• Identify the parts and their functions in the digestive process.
• Describe the coordinated functions of organs in the human digestive system, and;.
• Explain the processes involved in the digestion process.
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Pre-Test: What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The digestive process starts in the
A. esophagus
B. mouth
C. large intestine
D. stomach
2. The liver’s role is to
A. mash up food
B. turn water into food
C. help the stomach
D. remove harmful substances from the blood

3. When they reach the stomach, mashed-up food particles mix with:
A. bile
B. gastric juices
C. guava juice
D. mucus
4. Bile is made in the
A. large intestine
B. stomach
C. liver
D. all of the above
5. What does the digestive system do?
A. breaks down and handles food
B. pumps blood throughout the body
C. helps you breathe
D. helps your arms and legs move
6. All of the following statements about digestion are correct, except?
A. it includes a mechanical and chemical phase
B. it changes large molecules to simplest form
C. it starts from the mouth and ends in the anus
D. it occurs due to enzymes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

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7. It is the portion of the digestive tract that receives the food from your mouth, which is
also called throat.
A. epiglottis
B. pharynx
C. tongue
D. trachea
8. Where does the partly-digested food (in liquid form) go after it leaves the stomach?
A. to the appendix
B. to the large intestine
C. to the small intestine
D. to the stomach
9. The digestive system processes food into usable and unusable materials.
The usable materials are sent to the body's cells as food. What happens to
unusable materials?
A. It goes into the pancreas to await disposal.
B. It goes to the right ventricle to await disposal.
C. It goes into the large intestine to await disposal.
D. It goes into the small intestine to await disposal.

10. Which of the following statements is true about peristalsis:

A. Involuntary control of the gastric sphincter to prevent regurgitation of
food.
B. It is the process of fat emulsification in the small intestine.
C. It is the voluntary control of the rectal sphincter to regulate defecation.
D. A wave of muscular contraction that moves food down the esophagus.

Introduction to the Digestive System

The digestive system includes the digestive tract and its
accessory organs, which process food into molecules
that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells of the body.
Food is broken down, bit by bit, until the molecules are
small enough to be absorbed and the waste products are
eliminated. The digestive tract, also called the
alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, consists
of a long continuous tube that extends from the mouth
to the anus.
It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, and large intestine. The tongue and
teeth are accessory structures located in the mouth. The

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salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are major accessory organs that have a role
in digestion. These organs secrete fluids into the digestive tract.

Review
Directions: Identify the organs of the digestive system. Choose your answers from the word
bank and write them in your notebook/ on a separate sheet of paper.

Activity Card

What’s New
Activity 1: Digestive Maze!
Objective
After performing this activity you should be able to enumerate the organs that
make up the digestive system.

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Procedure:
Study the digestive maze below.

Directions: There are nine (9) organs given in the word bank. List down the correct path
of food during the process of human digestion from the start to the end. Write your
answers in your notebook/on a separate sheet of paper.

anus mouth liver stomach pancreas

esophagus small intestine gall bladder large intestine

1. Start- 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. End-

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Discussion
Body systems are groups of organs and tissues that work together to perform important
jobs for the body. Some organs may be part of more than one body system if they serve
more than one function. Other organs and tissues serve a purpose in only one body
system.

Digestion begins with ingestion, where the food is taken in the mouth. Digestion and
absorption take place in a series of steps with special enzymes playing important roles in
digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Elimination describes removal of
undigested food contents and waste products from the body.

The functions of the Digestive System:

1. Ingestion - where food enters the mouth.
2. Digestion – where food is broken down.
3. Absorption – where body absorbs nutrients from food.
4. Elimination – when the body gets rid of wastes.

Mouth: Digestion begins here. Mechanical and

chemical digestion occurs here.
Esophagus: A muscular tube that connects the
mouth to the stomach.
Peristalsis: muscle contractions that "push" the
food down the esophagus.
Stomach: Hollow organ that holds food.
Mechanical and chemical digestion occurs here.
Liver: Bile is created here. Bile helps to break
down food. Largest organ in the body.
Gall bladder: stores bile until it is needed.
Small Intestines: Nutrients are absorbed in the
bloodstream.
Large Intestines: Water is absorbed in the bloodstream.
Pancreas: Produces insulin which helps to break down sugar in the body.
Epiglottis: a flap that covers the trachea when you swallow.
Salivary glands: produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down
starch.
Rectum: final straight portion of the large intestine where waste is stored.
Anus: Where waste leaves the body.

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Path of Food
Digestion is the process of breaking down the food into smaller pieces so that our body can
absorb them. Food undergoes both physical and chemical changes as it moves from one
part of the gastrointestinal tract to the other. When we bite and chew food using our teeth,
it is called physical or mechanical digestion. Some foods are soluble in water but some are
not like meat. The chemical breakdown of food is called chemical digestion which involves
the use of enzymes. Enzymes are protein molecules that help to fasten the chemical reaction
because when enzymes react with food, they break it into simpler substances. Chemical
digestion also happens in the mouth, this is when we chew the food and mix it with saliva.

Digestion in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

Digestion starts when food is taken into the mouth. This is called ingestion. As you chew,
you are breaking the food into small pieces as a means of mechanical breakdown. The
pieces mix with saliva before you swallow. Saliva is watery liquid produce by the salivary
glands. It softens and wets the food in the mouth and starts chemical digestion of
carbohydrates through the enzymes present in it. Then the food passes through the
esophagus. Muscle contractions in the esophagus help move the food down to the stomach.
This process is called peristalsis (see Figure 2).

Digestion in the Stomach

As the food in the esophagus enters the stomach, gastric juices are secreted. Stomach juices
are chemicals made by the body that help digest food. The stomach is made up of muscles
that churn and help mix the food and break it into even smaller pieces. At certain times of
the day, you hear your stomach rumbling. This is the sound you hear as the gastric juices
are churned in an empty stomach. This indicates that you are already hungry and it is time
for you to eat. The stomach and some glands start to produce gastric juices to prepare your
stomach for the food you will eat. These gastric juices provide an acidic environment in
the stomach. Gastric juice is composed of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Hydrochloric acid
is not an enzyme, while pepsin is an enzyme used to digest protein.

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 Figure 3 Pyloric
sphincter

Food stays in the stomach for four hours wherein is mixed, churned, and becomes fluid. A
sphincter is the regulator muscle of the stomach which prevents the food from escaping. It
is also a soft muscle that serves as the valve at the esophagus to the stomach then to the
small intestine.
The digestive glands in the stomach lining produce acids and enzymes that digest proteins.
These digestive juices could, in fact, harm the stomach. However, a thick mucus layer helps
keep this acidic chemical environment from destroying the tissues of the stomach.

Digestion in the Small Intestine

Digested molecules of food are absorbed through the small intestine. The walls of the small
intestine contain many folds that are lined up with tiny fingerlike protrusions called villi.
These villi are in turn covered with even smaller protrusions called microvilli. These
structures increase the surface area through which nutrients are absorbed. The starch is
converted into sugar by the saliva and the protein is broken down into simpler proteins.
These sugar, carbohydrates, protein, and fats are digested in the small intestine. The bile is
produced by the liver. The bile is stored in the gallbladder. The role of the bile is to breaks
the fat and oil into smaller particles.
The pancreatic juice is a mixture of enzymes that can break starch, fat, and protein. It is
released every time there is food in the small intestine.
Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars that are absorbed in the small
intestines; they are circulated to the different parts of the body as they join the bloodstream.
They are used up as sources of energy once they are assimilated by the cells; those that are
circulated into the liver are stored.
Proteins are broken down into their component parts, also called amino acids in the
stomach. This process is aided by acids secreted by the cells that make up the stomach
walls and enzymes present in the gastric juice. Like the simple sugars, amino acids are
absorbed in the small intestine through the villi -- the fingerlike structures that line the
walls of the small intestines and are circulated to the different parts of the body. Those that
are circulated into the liver are stored as glycogen.
In the case of fats and lipids, their digestion is completed in the small intestine where bile
secreted from the liver disintegrates them into fatty acids and glycerol particles that are
circulated to the rest of the body and stored in fatty tissues. The digestion ends when they
become amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and glycerin.

8
Absorption and Assimilation
During absorption, these nutrients pass through the walls of the intestine and into the
bloodstream, where they get transported to the different parts of the body. The food in the
first part of the small intestine (duodenum) is acted upon by secretions from the liver,
pancreas, and intestinal glands. Digested molecules of food are absorbed through the
small intestine. The walls of the small intestine contain many folds that are lined up with
tiny fingerlike protrusions called villi. These villi are in turn covered with even smaller
protrusions called microvilli. These structures increase the surface area through which
nutrients are absorbed.
In the process of absorption and assimilation after digestion, the nutrients present in the
blood reach the target cells and tissues that utilize them for their activities. This process
of synthesizing the biological compounds (macromolecules) from the absorbed simple
molecules is called assimilation. It helps in cell growth and development and new cell
production.
The undigested parts of food or those that were not absorbed by the body moves to the
large intestine like cellulose of fruits and vegetables. It also changes the undigested food
into semi-solid waste or feces which leave the body through the anus. This process is called
elimination or excretion.

Figure 4 shows how food is changed to soluble forms as it is moved from one part of the
digestive system to another. You can help your digestive system by drinking water and
practicing a balanced diet by choosing nutritious foods that support your digestive system
over harmful foods that might harm your overall health.

9
 Enrichment Card

Activity 1
Find me a match!!!
Directions: Draw a line showing which part of the digestive system performs the given
functions.

10
Activity 2

Directions: Complete the parts of the digestive system. Choose from the
words in the box to fill in the blanks.
stomach chewed food energy
rectum liver mouth small intestine
waste saliva large intestine digestion
system swallow tongue pharynx
acid absorbed liquids esophagus

Parts of the digestive system

All animals need to eat (1)______________ to get(2) ____________ to live.

But in order to use this food, they have to break it down in a process called
(3)__________________. And so, all animals have a group of connected
organs called the digestive (4)__________________.

In humans, the process of digestion begins in the (5)_____________ where

food is (6)________________ into small pieces by the teeth. The
(7)_______________ helps by moving these pieces around. These pieces are
covered by (8)________________, or spit. The saliva makes the food slippery
so that it is easier to(9) _______________. It also helps to break down the
food.

Once the food is swallowed, it passes through the (10)_______________,

which is like a gate that sends food into the(11) ______________ and air into
the lungs. The food travels down the esophagus and into the (12)
______________. Once in the stomach the food is mixed with (13)
_____________ and crushed some more.

After spending some time in the stomach, the food is sent into the (14)
________________________ where nutrients are(15) ______________. The
(16) _____________ helps by producing some digestive juices called bile.
Next, the remaining food goes into the (17) _________________________
where the (18) _______________ are absorbed. The remaining food is called
(19) _________________ and it is pushed into the (20)________________
where it waits before leaving the body.

11
 Reflection Card

What I Have Learned

Model Association:
Directions: Think of some common objects that can be associated with the functions of
the digestive organs and explain why somehow, they have similarities. Example is given
below.
Example

Digestive Organ Object with similar Explanation of comparison

function
Large intestine Vacuum cleaner/dryer which is responsible for
absorbing water from
indigestible food.

Digestive Organ Object with similar Explanation of comparison

function
Mouth

Stomach

Esophagus

Liver

Small intestine

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What I can do
A. Directions: Match the digestive activity in column A with the appropriate description
in column B. Write the answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Column A Column B

ASSIMILATION a. a series of wave-like muscle contractions that

move food through the digestive tract.
PERISTALSIS
b. process of taking food
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
c. process by which food is crushed and ground by
INGESTION
teeth
ABSORPTION
d. refers to the breakdown of food into smaller
CHEWING components that can be absorbed into the
bloodstream
DEFECATION
e. movement of food along the digestive tract.
DIGESTION
f. movement of digested food molecules into the
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
cells of the body where they are used.
PROPULSION
g. It uses enzymes to break down food.

h. means that a substance captures and transforms

energy.

i. is the term given for the act of expelling feces

from the digestive tract via the anus.

j. involves physically breaking down food

substances into smaller particles to more
efficiently undergo chemical digestion

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B. Give the processes involved in digestion. (in order)

Assessment Card

Directions: Answer the following statements by identifying what is being described.

Write the answers on a separate sheet of paper.

WHAT AM I?

1. I’m the first organ used in digestion.

2. I break food into pieces.
3. Your body is not able to digest me.
4. I roll the food to the back of your mouth.
5. I’m a tube located between the mouth and the stomach.
6. Food is mixed up in me.
7. The food that is not properly digested and the body does not need goes in me
8. After the esophagus the food goes down in me.
9. The final stage of digestion takes place inside of me.
10. Your feces/stool goes out in me.

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Additional Activities
A. Directions: Circle the ten (10) words listed below. Words appear straight across,
backward straight across, up and down, down and up, and diagonally. Write the
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

swallow bite chew intestine bladder

acid stomach pancreas food break

B. Directions: Crossword Puzzle-Fill in the crossword puzzle with words missing from
the sentences below. Match the number of the sentence to the boxes placed across or
down the grid. If filled out correctly, the words will fit neatly into the puzzle.

15
 Reference Card

https://int.search.tb.ask.com/search/GGmain.jhtml?searchfor=digestive+system&enableSearch=true&rdrct=no&st
=sb&tpr=omni&p2=%5ECPC%5Echr999%5ETTAB03%5E&ptb=CEBA4238-EBDF-46E0-AC10-
E70675167FB7&n=78676003&si=
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works
https://www.teacherplanet.com/content/digestive-system
https://www.google.com/search?q=color+the+parts+of+the+digestive+system&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir
=d5FLnf0taEGoYM%252CzMt-jtMNWSI5aM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kT0vNTSiijCtWBGf_5FTvyXBd_wzw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiEj4mw0rPwAhXRZt4KHZ6eAsQQ9QF
6BAgNEAE#imgrc=2G0Em21TM5iDPM
Books
Science Learner’s Module, Pia C. Ocampo et. Al., Grade 8 Science Learner’s Module, Vibal Publishing House,
Inc.
Science Vistas 8, Delfin C. Angeles et. Al., Grade 8 Science Vistas, Don Bosco Press, Inc.
Website
http://www.vtaide.com/png/digest-mcq.htm
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=40&co
ntentid=DigestionFoodDigestiQuiz
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body- systems/hs-the-digestive-and-
excretory-systems/a/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory- systems-review
https://www.google.com/search?ei=8HlJYJyWGtCWr7wP5daj-
Ak&q=explanation+of+assimilation+and+absorption+in+digestive+system+for+high+
school+students&oq=explanation+of+assimilation+and+absorption+in+digestive+sy
stem+for+high+school+students&gs https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/451697037620711802/

Answer Card
What I know What’s In
1. B 6.C 1. mouth 5. stomach
2. D 7.B 2. esophagus 6. pancreas
3. B 8.C 3. liver 7. small intestine
4. C 9.C 4. large intestine 8. anus
5. A 10.D

What’s New Enrichment Card

1. mouth Activyt 1
2. esophagus
3. liver
4. large intestine
5. stomach
6. pancreas
7. esophagus
8. small intestine
9. rectum/anus

16
Activity 2: Answers may vary

Activity 3

1. Food 6. Chewed 11. Esophagus 16. Liver

2. Energy 7. Tongue 12. Stomach 17. Large intestine
3. Digestion 8. Saliva 13. Acid 18. Liquids
4. System 9. Swallow 14. Small intestine 19. Waste
5. Mouth 10. Pharynx 15. Absorbed 20. rectum

What I have Learned

Digestive Object with similar function Explanation of comparison
Organ
(teeth)cut, chop and chew the
Mouth Paper shredder food
breaks/converts food into
Stomach Blender smaller pieces
passageway for food
Esophagus Bridge
Liver Strainer The liver filters or detoxifies the
blood
Small intestine Juice extractor breaks down food into a much
simpler form.

What I Can Do Assessment

1. Mouth
A 2. Teeth
1. F 6. C 3. Fiber
2. A 7. I 4. Tongue
3. G 8. D 5. Esophagus
4. B 9. J 6. Saliva
5. H 10. E 7. Large intestine
B. 8. Stomach
1. INGESTION 9. Small intestine
2. DIGESTION 10. Rectum/anus
3. ABSORPTION
4. ELIMINATION 5. 5° S, 1° E

Additional Activities

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Pampanga

Office Address: High School Boulevard, Brgy. Lourdes,

San Fernando City, Pampanga

Landline: (045) 435-27-28

Email Address: pampanga@deped.gov.ph