TM1 208

AL
lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

4
UAL
fice
June 1942, including C 1, 17 October 1942

:
6.
10); B and H 1 (6); R 1 (4);

ished for the information and
ns 1
udes..... .... 45
ndard meridian time, and
s 54
of mercury 55
s 56
d longitude 60
r scales 62
ons 63
nd midlatitude flying 114
dicated free-air temperature
English linear measure... 115
tion (W. D., A. A. F. Form
olution, course and
Q) 117
olution (Lat Lo of
. D., A. A. F.
(W. D., A. A. F.
June 1942, including C /, if October 1942
UNCTIONS'
ric functions. Table I contains the numerical values of the sines,
angles from 0° to 90° at intervals of 1'. In the case of an angle in the
degrees in the angle and the names of the functions are found at
minute column applies; in the case of angles in the range from
the angle and the names of the functions are found at the bottom
e column applies. Interpolation must be carried out without the
proportional parts.
method of using the tables.
bottom of which 68° appears and then find the row of the
hand minute column. In this row and in the column having sin
ust prefix 0.93 to obtain sin 68°28'=0.93020.
ting differences, we find the values exhibited in the following
62443. Ans.
ting differences, we find the values exhibited in the following
0=69°17'25". Ans.
drant, we may also write an answer 180°+69°17'25" =
ometric functions and the explanation thereto have been prepared and copy-
ern, and James R. Bland, who have supplied them to the Army Air Forces for
ble nor any new feature embodied therein may be reproduced in any form with-
wners.
s
ons — Continued
s — Continued
ns — Continued
s — Continued
ns — Continued
s — Continued
ns — Continued
s — Continued
ns — Continued
s — Continued
ns — Continued
s — Continued
ns — Continued
s — Continued
ns — Continued
s — Continued
ns — Continued
s — Continued
ns — Continued
s — Continued
ns — Continued
tinued
UMBERS 2
given number b must be raised to produce a number N is called
relation expressed in symbols is
unity and it must not be negative. In the following set of
mon logarithm of any real, positive number may be written as
a positive decimal fraction. The integral part is called the character-
a. The characteristic may be written by using the following rules:
mon logarithm of a number greater than 1 is obtained by subtracting
t of the decimal point.
the left of its decimal point; hence its characteristic is 2—1 = 1.
s 4—1=3, for 7.864 it is 1 — 1=0, and for 5846300 it is 6.
mon logarithm of a positive number less than 1 is negative and its
the number of zeros immediately following the decimal point.
n (n positive), it should be written in the form (10— n) — 10.
number less than 1, subtract from 9 the number of zeros immediately
the result before the mantissa and —10 after it.
os immediately following the decimal point; hence its char-
Similarly for 0.0000587 the characteristic is —(4 + 1) = — 5 or
and for 0.684 it is — 1 or 9 — 10.
The mantissa, or decimal part of the logarithm of a number,
digits and not on the position of the decimal point. Table II lists
al places, of the logarithms of all integers from 1 to 10,000.
garithms is very slow. Consequently the first two digits
rom a large percentage of entries. When these two digits are omitted
the column containing the entry both slightly above it and also
of a number locate the first three digits of this number in the
he fourth digit in the row at the top of the page. . Then the mantissa
ignificant figures is in the row whose first three figures are the first
number, and in the column headed by the fourth. Thus to find the
umn headed No., and follow the corresponding row to the entry in
8446 represents the mantissa required. The first two digits
same column with the considered entry but one space lower, and also
s higher.
ns a fifth significant figure, we find the logarithm correspond-

nd then add an increment obtained by a process called interpola-
umption that for relatively small changes in the number N the
he changes in N. The following example will serve to illustrate the
rithms of numbers and explanation thereto have been prepared and copyrighted
James R. Bland, who have supplied them to the Army Air Forces for use in this
new feature embodied therein may be reproduced in any form without the per-
e used frequently in what follows. The tabular difference,
means the result of subtracting the lesser of two successsive entries
e been computed in every case and tabulated in the columns
the following form and then compute the difference
ence)
e have
13 because we are not justified in writing more than five decimal
ied in the following statement. To find the logarithm of a
ures, first find the logarithm corresponding to the first four figures
difference multiplied by the fifth digit.
10* times each tabular difference occurring in the table
and the results have been tabulated on the right-hand sides
s occur. The abbreviation "Prop. Parts" written at the top of
viates the words proportional parts. To interpolate in tho
fference 18, locate the Prop. Parts table headed 18 and find op-
y 13. In general, this difference should not be computed but
posite the fifth digit in the appropriate table of proportional parts.
given logarithm. If log N—L, the number N is called the
ts of a number N corresponding to a given logarithm L is
al point is then placed in accordance with the italicized rules stated
N.
ween the entries .92952 and .92957 of Table 32. Using tho
dicated, we write the following form:
m are proportional to the corresponding changes in the number,

tion is indicated in the foregoing procedure. However,
nterpolate by using the table of proportional parts. The fifth
m the table of proportional parts. In the small Prop. Parts
rence 5, we read either 5 or 6 in the left-hand column opposite
osen; for in case there is a choice between two or more entries
ed in boldface, give preference to the entry opposite the boldfaced
y halfway between two entries is under consideration or is the
give preference to that character which has a boldfaced part,

inued
ntinued
tinued
ntinued
tinued
ntinued
tinued
ntinued
nued
tinued
nued
Continued
nuod
Continued
tinued
ntinued
tinued
ATITUDES
atitudes—Continued
d latitudes—Continued
latitudes—Continued
d latitudes—Continued
TIME TO STANDARD MERIDIAN
meridian, subtract from local civil rime, or add to standard meridian time. If local meridian
ocal civil time, or suotract from standard meridian time]

ET-INCHES
AND INCHES OF MERCURY

an
rox.)
QUIVALENTS
r second
act 8 hours.
ract 6 hours.
ract 5 hours.
btract 7 hours.
)
(°F)
e (°C)
re, boils at
re, freezes at
specific gravities).
der standard (NACA) conditions: Pressure = 29.92 inches
= 59° F.
of gas, the relations between volume,
may be expressed mathematically as
hosen
3+ °C)
ume of ga3 is inversely proportional to the
tity of the gaa is held constant.
ressure and quantity of a gas held constant
tionately with temperature (in degrees Kelvin).

ITUDE AND LONGITUDE

ude and Longitude — Continued

Klau
ERMOMETER
and Fahrtnhdt.
ETRIC FUNCTIONS 3
unctions. This table gives the logarithms of the sines, cosines,
osecants of angles at intervals of 1' from 0° to 90°. The names of
y page apply to angles having the number of degrees written at the
mes written at the bottom apply to angles having the number of
ft-hand or the right-hand minute column applies according as
written on the left side or on the right side of the block of numbers
wheads attached to each number representing degrees points
sed in connection with an angle involving that number of degrees,
mes to be considered.
e find the page at the top of which 32° appears, find the row
column, and read 9.73337 in this row and in the column headed
e 46' entry or it could have been found lower down in the column,
logarithm in the table. Again, to find log tan 142°36', find the
s, find the row containing 36 in the right-hand minute column,
he column headed tan. Hence log tan 142°36'=(—) 9.88341—10.
the log indicates that a negative number is under consideration.
her in the column, or it could have been found lower in the column.
of a trigonometric function—Interpolation. The principles in-
volved in finding logarithms and antilogarithms of numbers. In-
ed by direct interpolation or by using the columns headed "Diff."
he use of the difference columns.
hich 65° appears, read opposite the 42' of the right-hand
e 10.34 found four spaces above this entry, to obtain 10.34533.
osite 17" find 9 and add it to the last figures (33) of 10.34533 and
obtain
34542
onds, the difference column, headed "Diff," nearest to the col-
ed. The change for seconds is found in this column opposite a number
umber of seconds in the given angle. This difference is added to or
nted by the last three digits of the entry opposite the given number of min-
xt higher number of minutes is a greater or a lesser one.
s headed "Diff" involve slight errors which are negligible
void this error, direct interpolation may be used. Let n repre-
ference between the entry corresponding to the given number of
e next higher number of minutes, and d the required change to be
y opposite the given number of minutes. Then

trigonometric functions and explanation thereto have been prepared and copy-
ern, and James R. Bland, who have supplied them to the Army Air Forces for use
or any new feature embodied therein may be reproduced in any form without per-
(unction, to find the angIe. The following example will indicate
gle when the logarithm of a trigonometric function of the angle
0.
h 44° appears, and in the column headed cos find the two
which the given logarithm lies. Write 0=44 °24'4- associated
between 9.85399 and the given logarithm is 0.00008; hence
" and opposite the 8 in boldface read 39" in the associated
rve only the two digits in boIdface at the top of the page
h of the desired page.
ng the appropriate number of seconds, there is a choice
ich is printed in boldface always give preference to the boldface entry.
used. For this purpose solve the formula written above,
s as above and d is the difference between the logarithm correspond-
nd the given logarithm.

Functions
—Continued
Functions — Continued
unctions — Continued
unctions— Continued
wfirtions— Continued
nctions — Continued
Functions — Continued .
Function/! — Continued
r true bearing, into the mercator bearing, when it is desired
The arguments used to find the correction are the middle
ion and the vessel's D. R. position, and the difference of longitude
el. The sign of the correction is as follows,
the station, the correction is
- -j of the station, the correction is — ,,.. r --
he vessel, the sign of the correction as given above is reversed.
.; Long. 55° W.; receives a radio bearing of 118° from Bar
' N.; Long. 68°11' W.). Find the Mercator bearing.
g. 68°11' W.
ong. 55°00' W.
W.
Long. 13°.2; the correction is +4°.4..
orrection, or 118°+4°.4=122°.4.
, tan correction = lHL^lld- Lat- tan Dlff- LonS-

ON
ing to convert to mercator bearing.

ntinued
ng to convert to mercator bearing.

TABLES
he navigator finds himself off-course by means of a fix, where
rent charts, making it difficult to draw in a new course.
ed on the assumption that a change in heading produces the
n is mathematically incorrect because any change in heading
of the wind. However, when only small corrections to heading are
ered as substantially correct.
ne flying a true heading of 90° obtains a fix. The fix is
and 6 miles to the right of the desired course. What is the correc-
e total correction necessary to converge on his destination which
off-course column with 80-miles flown line. The correction
airplane is to the right of the desired course the correction is nega-
me column with the 100-mile line. The additional correction to
negative. The total correction is therefore —7°.
n tables, was taken from Randolph Field publication, Tables of Air Navigation.
es
course
G)
1-H)
HEAT
ERCATOR AND MIDLATITUDE
ERROR IN INDICATED FREE-AIR

METRIC AND ENGLISH LINEAR

etc.)
MING

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AL

lic Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

June 1942, including C 1, 17 October 1942

10); B and H 1 (6); R 1 (4);

ndard meridian time, and

nd midlatitude flying 114

dicated free-air temperature

English linear measure... 115

tion (W. D., A. A. F. Form

olution, course and

ric functions. Table I contains the numerical values of the sines,

angles from 0° to 90° at intervals of 1'. In the case of an angle in the

minute column applies; in the case of angles in the range from

e column applies. Interpolation must be carried out without the

method of using the tables.

ust prefix 0.93 to obtain sin 68°28'=0.93020.

ting differences, we find the values exhibited in the following

ting differences, we find the values exhibited in the following

drant, we may also write an answer 180°+69°17'25" =

given number b must be raised to produce a number N is called

relation expressed in symbols is

unity and it must not be negative. In the following set of

mon logarithm of any real, positive number may be written as

a positive decimal fraction. The integral part is called the character-

a. The characteristic may be written by using the following rules:

mon logarithm of a number greater than 1 is obtained by subtracting

t of the decimal point.

the left of its decimal point; hence its characteristic is 2—1 = 1.

s 4—1=3, for 7.864 it is 1 — 1=0, and for 5846300 it is 6.

mon logarithm of a positive number less than 1 is negative and its

the number of zeros immediately following the decimal point.

n (n positive), it should be written in the form (10— n) — 10.

number less than 1, subtract from 9 the number of zeros immediately

the result before the mantissa and —10 after it.

os immediately following the decimal point; hence its char-

Similarly for 0.0000587 the characteristic is —(4 + 1) = — 5 or

and for 0.684 it is — 1 or 9 — 10.

The mantissa, or decimal part of the logarithm of a number,

al places, of the logarithms of all integers from 1 to 10,000.

garithms is very slow. Consequently the first two digits

of a number locate the first three digits of this number in the

8446 represents the mantissa required. The first two digits

ns a fifth significant figure, we find the logarithm correspond-

nd then add an increment obtained by a process called interpola-

umption that for relatively small changes in the number N the

he changes in N. The following example will serve to illustrate the

means the result of subtracting the lesser of two successsive entries

e been computed in every case and tabulated in the columns

the following form and then compute the difference

13 because we are not justified in writing more than five decimal

ied in the following statement. To find the logarithm of a

difference multiplied by the fifth digit.

10* times each tabular difference occurring in the table

and the results have been tabulated on the right-hand sides

s occur. The abbreviation "Prop. Parts" written at the top of

viates the words proportional parts. To interpolate in tho

y 13. In general, this difference should not be computed but

posite the fifth digit in the appropriate table of proportional parts.

given logarithm. If log N—L, the number N is called the

ts of a number N corresponding to a given logarithm L is

al point is then placed in accordance with the italicized rules stated

dicated, we write the following form:

m are proportional to the corresponding changes in the number,