RMM Calculus Marathon 1501 1600 Compressed

RMM - Calculus Marathon 1501 - 1600
R M M
ROM A N IA N MAT HEMAT IC AL MAG AZINE
Founding Editor
DANIEL SITARU
Available online ISSN-L 2501-0099
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Proposed by
Daniel Sitaru – Romania,Vasile Mircea Popa-Romania
Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan,Kaushik Mahanta-Assam-India
Srinivasa Raghava-AIRMC-India,Sujeethan Balendran-SriLanka
Narendra Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal,Orxan Abasov-Azerbaijan
Abdul Mukhtar-Nigeria,Ty Halpen-Florida-SUA,Angad Singh-India,George
Apostolopoulos-Messolonghi-Greece,Amrit Awasthi-India,Surjeet Singhania-
India.Florică Anastase-Romania,Neculai Stanciu-Romania,Mohammad
Hamed Nasery-Afghanistan,Costel Florea-Romania,Mikael Bernardo-
Mozambique,Simon Peter-Madagascar,Durmuş Ogmen-Turkiye
Ajetunmobi Abdulqoyyum-Nigeria,Syed Shahabudeen-India
Probal Chakraborty-India,Tobi Joshua-Nigeria,Ose Favour-Nigeria
Onikoyi Adeboye-Nigeria,Marin Chirciu-Romania,Marian Ursărescu-Romania
Ruxandra Daniela Tonilă-Romania
1 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

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Solutions by
Daniel Sitaru – Romania,Rana Ranino-Setif-Algerie
Jose Ferreira Queiroz-Olinda-Brazil,Ty Halpen-Florida-USA,Amrit Awasthi-
Punjab-India,Syed Shahabudeen-Kerala-India,Akerele Olofin-Nigeria
Cornel Ioan Vălean-Romania,Ngulmun George Baite-India,Mohammad
Rostami-Afghanistan,Yen Tung Chung-Taichung-Taiwan,Orlando Irahola
Ortega-Bolivia,Ghuiam Naseri-Afghanistan,Marian Ursărescu-
Romania,Ajetunmobi Abdulquyyum-Nigeria,Muhammad Afzal-Pakistan
Adrian Popa-Romania,Angad Singh-India,Ruxandra Daniela Tonilă-Romania
Artan Ajredini-Presheva-Serbie,Naren Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal,Soumitra
Mandal-India,Ose Favour-Nigeria,Kartick Chandra Betal-India,Asmat Qatea-
Afghanistan,Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India,Ahmed Yackoube Chach-
Mauritania,George Florin Șerban-Romania,Serlea Kabay-Liberia,Obaidullah
Jaihon-Afghanistan,Mikael Bernardo-Mozambique,Florică Anastase-Romania
Felix Marin-Romania,Kamel Gandouli Rezgui-Tunisia,Surjeet Singhania-India
Probal Chakraborty-Kolkata-India,Kaushik Mahanta-Assam-India
Hussain Reza Zadah-Afghanistan,Timson Azeez Folorunsho-Nigeria
Luca Paes Barreto-Pernambuco-Brazil,Abdul Mukhtar-Nigeria
Remus Florin Stanca-Romania,Mohammad Hamed Nasery-Afghanistan
Satyam Roy-India,Sujit Bhowmick-India,Sediqakbar Restheen-Afghanistan
Santiago Alvarez-Mexico,Almas Babirov-Azerbaijan,
Fayssal Abdelli-Bejaia-Algerie, Ajenikoko Gbolahan-Nigeria
Dawid Bialek-Poland

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1501. Prove that:
𝟕 𝟑
𝚿 ( ) − 𝚿 ( ) = 𝝅√𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)
𝟖 𝟖
where 𝚿(𝒙) is the digamma function.
Proposed by Vasile Mircea Popa-Romania
Solution 1 by Rana Ranino-Setif-Algerie
We know that:
𝟏
𝒙𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (𝝍 ( + 𝟏) − 𝝍 ( + ))
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝒙− 𝟒
𝟏
𝒙=𝒙𝟒
𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 +𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟏
𝛀=𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟖 ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 (∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙) =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏+
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏−
𝟐
= 𝟒 (∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙)
𝟎 𝒙𝟐 +
𝟏 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 +
𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟎 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒖 = 𝒙 − ; 𝒗 = 𝒙 + ⇒ 𝛀 = 𝟒 (∫ 𝟐
−∫ 𝟐 )=
𝒙 𝒙 −∞ 𝒖 + 𝟐 𝟐 𝒗 −𝟐
∞
𝝅 𝟏 𝒗 − √𝟐 𝟐 + √𝟐
= 𝟒( − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )| = 𝝅√𝟐 − √𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )=
𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐 𝒗 + √𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 − √𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 + √𝟐
= 𝝅√𝟐 − √𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [( ) ]
√𝟐
Therefore,
𝟕 𝟑
𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( ) = 𝝅√𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)
𝟖 𝟖
Solution 2 by Jose Ferreira Queiroz-Olinda-Brazil
𝒎−𝟏
[ ]
𝟐
𝒓 𝝅 𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝝅𝒏𝒗 𝝅𝒏
𝝍 ( ) = −𝜸 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝒎 − ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( ) + 𝟐 ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ))
𝒎 𝟐 𝒎 𝒎 𝒎
𝒏=𝟏
For 𝒓 = 𝟕, 𝒎 = 𝟖, we have:

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𝟑
𝟕 𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝟒𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝝍 ( ) = −𝜸 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟔 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( ) + 𝟐 ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )) =
𝟖 𝟐 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
𝒏=𝟏
𝝅 √𝟐 √𝟐
= −𝜸 − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + (√𝟐 + 𝟏) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 − √𝟐) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 + √𝟐)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
For 𝒓 = 𝟑, 𝒎 = 𝟖 we have:
𝟑
𝟑 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟔𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝝍 ( ) = −𝜸 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟔 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( ) + 𝟐 ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )) =
𝟖 𝟐 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
𝒏=𝟏
𝝅 √𝟐 √𝟐
= −𝜸 − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − (√𝟐 − 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 − √𝟐) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 + √𝟐)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟕 𝟑
Now, 𝝍 (𝟖) − 𝝍 (𝟖) = 𝝅√𝟐 + √𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 − √𝟐) − √𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 + √𝟐) =
𝟐 − √𝟐 𝟐
= 𝝅√𝟐 + √𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝝅√𝟐 + √𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐
)=
𝟐 + √𝟐 (𝟐 + √𝟐)
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝝅√𝟐 + √𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝝅√𝟐 + √𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐
)
𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟐 (𝟏 + √𝟐)
Therefore,
𝟕 𝟑
𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( ) = 𝝅√𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)
𝟖 𝟖
1502. Prove that:
∞ 𝒏𝟐 +𝒏
𝟐𝒏 + (−𝟏) 𝟐 √𝟒 − 𝟐√𝟐
∏ 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟐 )
Proposed by Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan

Solution 1 by Ty Halpen-Florida-USA
∞ 𝒏𝟐+𝒏
𝟐𝒏 + (−𝟏) 𝟐
∏ 𝒏𝝅 =
𝟐𝒏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (
𝒏=𝟏 𝟐)
∞ (𝟐𝒏)𝟐+𝟐𝒏 ∞ (𝟐𝒏−𝟏)𝟐 +𝟐𝒏−𝟏
𝟐(𝟐𝒏) + (−𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) + (−𝟏) 𝟐
= (∏ ) (∏ )
𝟐(𝟐𝒏) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏𝝅) 𝟐(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏𝝅)
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏

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∞ ∞ ∞
𝟒𝒏 + (−𝟏 )𝒏
𝟒𝒏 − 𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏
= (∏ ) (∏ ) = ∏ (𝟏 + )
𝟒𝒏 + (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟒𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟒𝒏 − 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
Now, use the result:

𝒃 𝒂+𝒃
∞ −
𝟐 𝒂 √𝝅𝚪 (
∏ (𝟏 +
(−𝟏 𝒄
)=
)𝒏 𝟐 )
𝒂𝒏 + 𝒃 𝒂+𝒃−𝒄 𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄
𝒏=𝟏 𝚪 ( 𝟐𝒂 ) 𝚪 ( )
𝟐𝒂
Fro 𝒂 = 𝟒, 𝒃 = −𝟐, 𝒄 = 𝟏:
∞ 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒏 √𝟐𝝅𝚪 (𝟐) 𝝅 √𝟒 − 𝟐√𝟐
∏ (𝟏 + )= = √𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) =
𝟒𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟏 𝟕 𝟖 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝚪 ( 𝟖) 𝚪 ( 𝟖)
Solution 2 by Amrit Awasthi-Punjab-India

Consider the following cases:
𝒏𝟐+𝒏
𝒏𝝅
I) 𝒏 = 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏: (−𝟏) 𝟐 = −𝟏, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟐 ) = 𝟎
𝒏𝟐+𝒏
𝒏𝝅
II) 𝒏 = 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟐: (−𝟏) 𝟐 = −𝟏, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟐 ) = −𝟏
𝒏𝟐+𝒏
𝒏𝝅
III) 𝒏 = 𝟒𝒌 + 𝟑: (−𝟏) 𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟐 ) = 𝟎
𝒏𝟐+𝒏
𝒏𝝅
IV) 𝒏 = 𝟒𝒌: (−𝟏) 𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟐 ) = 𝟏
Hence, rewriting the product, we have:

∞
𝟐(𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏) − 𝟏 𝟐(𝟒𝒌 + 𝟐) − 𝟏 𝟐(𝟒𝒌 + 𝟑) + 𝟏 𝟐(𝟒(𝒌 + 𝟏)) + 𝟏
𝛀=∏ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
𝟐(𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏) + 𝟎 𝟐(𝟒𝒌 + 𝟐) − 𝟏 𝟐(𝟒𝒌 + 𝟑) + 𝟎 𝟐(𝟒(𝒌 + 𝟏)) + 𝟏
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏 𝒏 𝟏 𝟕
𝟖𝒌 + 𝟏 𝟖𝒌 + 𝟕 𝟏 𝟕 𝒌+𝟖 𝒌+𝟖
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ ⋅ = ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝟖𝒌 + 𝟐 𝟖𝒌 + 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝒏→∞ 𝟐 𝟔
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌 + 𝒌 +
𝟖 𝟖
𝟏 𝟕
𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟖 + 𝟏) 𝚪 (𝒏 + + 𝟏)
𝟖
𝟏 𝟕
𝟏 𝟕 𝚪 (𝟖 + 𝟏) 𝚪 (𝟖 + 𝟏)
= ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ =
𝟐 𝟔 𝒏→∞ 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟔 + 𝟏)
𝟖 𝟖
𝟐 𝟔
𝚪 ( + 𝟏) 𝚪 ( + 𝟏)
𝟖 𝟖

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𝟐 𝟔
𝟏 𝟕 𝟏 𝟐 𝟕 𝟔 𝚪 (𝟖 + 𝟏) 𝚪 (𝟖 + 𝟏)
+𝟏− + +𝟏− −𝟏
= ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 ⋅ =
𝟐 𝟔 𝒏→∞ 𝟕 𝟏
𝚪 (𝟖 + 𝟏) 𝚪 (𝟖 + 𝟏)
𝝅
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟔 𝚪 (𝟒) 𝚪 (𝟏 − 𝟒) 𝟏 𝟕 𝟑 𝟔𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟖 𝝅
= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 𝝅 = ⋅ ⋅ = √𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐 𝟔 𝟕 𝚪 (𝟏) 𝚪 (𝟏 − 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟕 𝟐 𝟔 𝟕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅 𝟖
𝟔𝟒 𝟖 𝟖 𝝅 𝟒
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟖
√𝟒 − 𝟐√𝟐
=
𝟐
1503. Prove that:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟑 … 𝒅𝒙𝒏
∫ ∫ ∫ …∫ =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 √𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 … 𝒙𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 ) … (𝟏 − 𝒙𝒏 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 … 𝒙𝒏 )
𝒏−𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝝅𝒏 √𝝅𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏𝑭𝒏 ( ⏟, , … , ;⏞
𝟏, 𝟏, . . . , 𝟏 ; −𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒏+𝟏)−𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔
Proposed by Kaushik Mahanta-Assam-India

Solution 1 by Syed Shahabudeen-Kerala-India
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ ∫ ∫ …∫ =
∞ 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒌 𝟐𝒌 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 … 𝒙𝒏 )𝒌−𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟑 … 𝒅𝒙𝒏
=∑ ( )∫ ∫ ∫ …∫ =
𝟒𝒌 𝒌 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 √ ( 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟏 )( 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟐 )( 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟑 ) … ( 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒏 )
𝒌=𝟎
∞ 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 (𝟐𝒌)! 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒌 𝟐𝒌 𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟐) 𝟒𝒌 𝒌! =(𝟐)𝒌
=∑ ( ) =
𝟒𝒌 𝒌 𝚪 𝒏 ( 𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝒌=𝟎
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝚪 𝒏 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝚪 𝒏 (𝟐) ( −𝟏 ) 𝒌
𝟏 𝚪 𝒏 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝚪 𝒏 (𝟐)
= ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) =∑ ( ) =
𝟐 𝒌 𝚪 𝒏 (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌! 𝒌! 𝟐 𝒌 𝚪 𝒏 ( 𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝒏 ∞ ( 𝟏)
𝒏+𝟏
𝟏
∞
𝟏 ( ) (−𝟏)𝒌
𝟐𝒏 𝒌 𝟐 𝒌 𝒏 𝟐 𝒌
= 𝚪 ( ) ∑(−𝟏) ( ) =𝝅 ∑ =
𝟐 𝟐 𝒌 (𝟏)𝒏𝒌 𝒌! (𝟏)𝒏𝒌 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝝅𝒏 √𝝅𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏𝑭𝒏 ( ⏟, , … , ;⏞
𝟏, 𝟏, . . . , 𝟏 ; −𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

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Solution 2 by Akerele Olofin-Nigeria
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ ∫ ∫ …∫ =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟑 … 𝒅𝒙𝒏 𝟏
= ∫ ∫ ∫ …∫ =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 √𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 … 𝒙𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 ) … (𝟏 − 𝒙𝒏 ) 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 … 𝒙𝒏
𝟏 𝒏 𝒌 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒌 − 𝟏
= ∫ ∫ ∫ …∫ ∑ (𝟐 𝒌
) (−𝟏) (∏ 𝒙𝒊 )
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 √𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 … 𝒙𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 ) … (𝟏 − 𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
∞ 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒌−
𝒌 − (∏ 𝒙 ) 𝟐
= ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 ( 𝟐) ∫ ∫ ∫ … ∫ 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊
𝒌 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝒏
𝟎 √∏𝒊=𝟏(𝟏 − 𝒙𝒊 )
𝒌=𝟎
∞ 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒌−𝟐 𝒌− 𝟏
⇒ 𝑱𝒏 = ∑(−𝟏 )𝒌 ( ) ∏ ∫ 𝒙𝒊 𝟐(
𝟏 − 𝒙𝒊 )−𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝒊
𝒌 𝟎
𝒌=𝟎 𝒊=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏
𝒌−
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟐)
𝟏
𝟐( −
∵ ∫ 𝒙𝒊 𝟏 − 𝒙𝒊 ) = 𝜷 (𝒌 + , ) = 𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝒊
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏)
Therefore,
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 ∞ 𝟏
𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟐) 𝚪 𝒏+𝟏 (𝒌 + 𝟐) (−𝟏)𝒌
( ) 𝒏
𝑱𝒏 = ∑ =𝝅 ∑ =
𝟏 𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒏+𝟏 (𝟏) 𝚪 𝒏 (𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝒌=𝟎 𝚪 ( ) 𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒌=𝟎 𝚪
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝝅𝒏 √𝝅𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏𝑭𝒏 ( ⏟, , … , ;⏞
𝟏, 𝟏, . . . , 𝟏 ; −𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
1504. If we have:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝝅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝝅𝒙 𝒆−𝝅𝒙
∞
∫ ( 𝟑 − 𝟐 − 𝟑 + 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅𝟐 𝜶 + 𝝅𝟑 𝜷
𝟎 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 √𝒙
then find the values of 𝜶 and 𝜷.
Proposed by Srinivasa Raghava-AIRMC-India
Solution by Syed Shahabudeen-Kerala-India
∞
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝝅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝝅𝒙 𝒆−𝝅𝒙
𝛀=∫ ( 𝟑 − − + ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐 √𝒙

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∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒙 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅𝒙 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝝅𝒙 𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝝅𝒙
=∫ 𝟕 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟓
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟕 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟓
𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= 𝑨 − 𝑩 − 𝑪 + 𝑫.
𝟓
∞
𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒙 ∞
𝒆𝒊𝝅𝒙 𝒆−𝒊𝝅𝒙 𝟕 𝚪 (− 𝟐)
𝑨=∫ 𝟕 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑰𝒎 ∫ 𝟕 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑰𝒎 (𝓛 {𝒆𝒊𝝅𝒙 𝒙−𝟐 }) = 𝑰𝒎 ( 𝟓
)
𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 (𝝅 − 𝒊𝝅)−𝟐
𝟓
𝒊𝝅 −𝟐
𝟓
𝟖𝝅𝟑 𝟏 𝟖𝝅𝟑 (𝟏 + 𝒊)−𝟐 𝟖𝝅𝟑 (√𝟐𝒆 𝟒 )
=− 𝑰𝒎 ( 𝟓
) = − 𝑰𝒎 ( 𝟓
)=− 𝑰𝒎 𝟓 =
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
(𝟏 − 𝒊)−𝟐 𝟐− 𝟐 𝟐−𝟐
( )
𝟓
𝟖𝝅𝟑 𝟐𝟒 𝟓𝝅
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟏𝟓 𝟖
𝟑
∞
𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅𝒙 ∞
𝒆𝒊𝝅𝒙 𝒆−𝒊𝝅𝒙 𝟓 𝚪 (− 𝟐)
𝑩=∫ 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑹𝒆 ∫ 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑹𝒆 (𝓛 {𝒆𝒊𝝅𝒙 𝒙−𝟐 }) = 𝑹𝒆 ( 𝟑
)
−
𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 (𝝅 − 𝒊𝝅) 𝟐
𝟑
𝒊𝝅 −𝟐
𝟑
𝟒𝝅𝟐 (√𝟐𝒆 𝟒 ) 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝟐𝟒 𝟑𝝅
= 𝑹𝒆 𝟑 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟑 𝟑 𝟖
𝟐− 𝟐
( )
∞
𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝟕 𝟕
𝑪=∫ 𝟕 𝒅𝒙 = (𝓛 {𝒆𝝅𝒙 𝒙−𝟐 } − 𝓛 {𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝒙−𝟐 }) =
𝟎 𝟐
𝒙𝟐
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
𝟏 𝚪 (− 𝟐) 𝚪 (− 𝟐) −𝚪 (− 𝟐) 𝟏𝟔𝝅𝟑 √𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝟓−
)
𝟓 = 𝟓 =
𝟐 𝒔→𝝅 𝟏𝟓
(𝒔 − 𝝅)−𝟐 (𝒔 + 𝝅)−𝟐 𝟐(𝟐𝝅)−𝟐
∞
𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝟓 𝟓
𝑫=∫ 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = (𝓛 {𝒆𝝅𝒙 𝒙−𝟐 } + 𝓛 {𝒆−𝝅𝒙 𝒙−𝟐 }) =
𝟎 𝟐
𝒙𝟐
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝚪 (− 𝟐) 𝚪 (− 𝟐) 𝚪 (− 𝟐) 𝟒𝝅𝟐 √𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝟑+
)
𝟑 = 𝟑 =
𝟐 𝒔→𝝅 ( 𝟑
𝒔 − 𝝅)−𝟐 (𝒔 + 𝝅)−𝟐 𝟐(𝟐𝝅)−𝟐
𝟓 𝟑
𝟖𝝅𝟑 𝟐𝟒 𝟓𝝅 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝟐𝟒 𝟑𝝅 𝟏𝟔𝝅𝟑 √𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝟐 √𝟐
𝛀= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − + =
𝟏𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟖 𝟏𝟓 𝟑

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𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟕
𝟒√𝟐 𝟑𝝅 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟓𝝅 𝟏𝟔√𝟐
= 𝝅𝟐 ( − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) + 𝝅𝟑 ( 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − )
𝟑 𝟑 𝟖 𝟏𝟓 𝟖 𝟏𝟓
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟕
𝟒√𝟐 𝟐𝟒 𝟑𝝅 𝟐𝟒 𝟓𝝅 𝟏𝟔√𝟐
Therefore, 𝜶 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ,𝜷= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 −
𝟑 𝟑 𝟖 𝟏𝟓 𝟖 𝟏𝟓
1505. Evaluate the integral in a closed-form

𝝅 𝟑𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟗√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒
𝟑 𝟏𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝛀=∫ ( 𝒙 + + ) 𝒅𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝟑𝒙 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒 + 𝟏
𝟎

Solution by Rana Ranino-Setif-Algerie
𝝅 𝟑𝒙
𝛀=∫ ( 𝒙 + + ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟒
𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝒙 𝝅
𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟑 𝟗√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟑 𝟏𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪
𝒙 𝟑𝒙
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟎 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐 𝟒 +𝟏
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐
𝒙 𝟔 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟔 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟒 𝒙
𝑨=∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟖 ∫ (𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙)𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎
𝟐
𝝅
∞
𝟔𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒕=𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝒕𝟐
= 𝟖∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟖 ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 (𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟎 (𝒕 − 𝟐)(𝒕 − 𝟏)
∞
𝟑√𝟐 𝟑√𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
=∫ ( − + − + 𝟐 + )
𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝟐 𝒕 + √𝟐 𝒕 − √𝟐 𝒕 − 𝟏 𝒕 + 𝟏 (𝒕 + √𝟐) (𝒕 − √𝟐)
∞
𝒕 + √𝟐 𝒕−𝟏 𝟒𝒕
𝑨 = [𝟑√𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )− 𝟐 ] =
𝒕 − √𝟐 𝒕+𝟏 𝒕 −𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟒 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝟔√𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)

𝝅 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙
𝟗√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟑 𝒕=𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏+√𝟐
𝒅𝒕
𝑩=∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒙
𝟒
= 𝟔√𝟐 ∫ = 𝟔√𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)
𝟎 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟑𝒙 𝒕
𝟒 +𝟏
𝟏

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𝝅
𝟓
𝟏𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟑 𝒕=𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙+𝟏 𝒅𝒕
𝑪=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒∫ = 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
𝟎 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟑 𝒕
Therefore,
𝝅 𝟑𝒙
𝛀=∫ ( 𝒙 + + ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒(𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟎 + 𝟏
𝟒
1506. Find:
𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟒𝒙
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙) 𝝅𝟒
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟕𝟐
without using harmonic series, beta function.
Proposed by Sujeethan Balendran-SriLanka
Solution by Cornel Ioan Vălean-Romania
It is known that:
𝒎−𝟏 𝟏+𝒙
(−𝟏)𝒎 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 )
( 𝟏) : ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
( 𝒎 − 𝟏) ! 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝒎−𝟐
𝟏
= (𝒎𝜻(𝒎 + 𝟏) − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐) (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟏−𝒎 )𝜻(𝒎) − ∑ (𝟏 − 𝟐−𝒌 )(𝟏 − 𝟐𝟏+𝒌−𝒎 )𝜻(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝜻(𝒎 − 𝒌))
𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
Based on (𝟏), we get that:
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟏+𝒙
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 ) 𝟑 𝟏𝟗 𝟒
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐) 𝜻(𝟑) − 𝝅 ,
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝟕𝟐𝟎
which we need in our calculations below.
We also need that:
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒏−𝟏
𝟏 𝟑
∫ (
𝒅𝒙 = ∑ −𝟏 ) ∫ 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∑ (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝟑 = 𝜻(𝟑) 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝒏=𝟏 𝟎 𝒏 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝒙) 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ ∫ 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟔 ∑ 𝟒 = −𝟔𝜻(𝟒).
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝒏=𝟏
𝒏
𝒏=𝟏

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Returning to the main result, cleverly splitting and using the auxiliary results above, we
get:
𝟏+𝒙
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (
𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐) ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝛀 = 𝟐∫
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟕𝟐
1507. Prove that:

𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝑮𝜻(𝟐)
∫ 𝟐
(−𝒙 + − + ⋯ ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟖
where 𝑮 − is Catalan’s constant.
Proposed by Narendra Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal
Solution 1 by Ngulmun George Baite-India
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
𝑰=∫ (−𝒙 + − + ⋯ ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐
∞ ∞
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒏
𝒙𝒏 (−𝒙)𝒏
(
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝛇 = −𝒙 + 𝟐 − 𝟐 + ⋯ = ∑ −𝟏 ) =∑ ⇒ 𝜻 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (−𝒙)
𝟐 𝟑 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝑰=∫ 𝑳𝒊 (−𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕
∵ 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (−𝟐) = ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
𝑰=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
= [∫ (∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 ) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ (∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚) 𝒅𝒙] =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚) 𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒚 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝒚
= ∫ ∫ ( 𝟐
+ 𝟐
) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚) (𝟏 + 𝒚 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐
= ∫ ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)
= ∫ ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)

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𝟏
( 𝟏 ) 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝒙+𝒚 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
= ∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )(𝟏 + 𝒚 ) 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒚
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞
= (∫ ∑ (−𝟏 )𝒌−𝟏 𝟐𝒌−𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙) (∫ ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌−𝟏 𝒚𝟐𝒌−𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 =)
𝟎 𝒌=𝟏 𝟎 𝒌=𝟏
∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
= (∑(−𝟏)𝒌−𝟏 ∫ 𝒙 𝟐𝒌−𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ) (∑(−𝟏)𝒌−𝟏 ∫ 𝒚𝟐𝒌−𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒅𝒚) =
𝒌=𝟏 𝟎 𝒌=𝟏 𝟎
∞ 𝟏 𝟐𝒌 𝟏 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝒌−𝟏
𝒙𝟐𝒌 𝒙 𝟏 𝒌−𝟏
𝒚𝟐𝒌−𝟏 𝒚𝟐𝒌−𝟏 𝟏
= (∑(−𝟏) [ ] −∫ 𝒅𝒙) (∑(−𝟏) [ ] −∫ 𝒅𝒚) =
𝟐𝒌 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐𝒌 𝒙 𝟐𝒌 − 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐𝒌 − 𝟏 𝒚
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞
−𝟏 −𝟏
= (∑(−𝟏)𝒌−𝟏 ⋅ 𝟐
) (∑(−𝟏)𝒌−𝟏 ⋅ )=
(𝟐𝒌) (𝟐𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝜻 ( 𝟐) 𝟏
= ( 𝜼(𝟐)) 𝑮 = 𝜼(𝟐)𝑮 = ⋅ ⋅ 𝑮 = 𝜻 ( 𝟐) 𝑮
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟖
Therefore,
𝟏
∫ 𝟐
(−𝒙 + 𝟐
− 𝟐 + ⋯ ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝟖
Solution 2 by Mohammad Rostami-Afghanistan

𝟏 𝟏( ∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (−𝒙)𝒏 −𝟏)𝒏 𝒙𝒏 𝟐 )𝒌
𝝏
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
∑ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
∑ ( −𝒙 | 𝒙𝒂 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒏 𝟎 𝒏 𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎
𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=𝟎
∞ 𝟏∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒌
𝝏
=∑ ∑ ( −𝟏 ) | ∫ 𝒙𝒏+𝟐𝒌+𝒂 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏𝟐 𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞ ′
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒌
𝟏
=∑ ( )
∑ −𝟏 [ ] =
𝒏𝟐 𝒏 + 𝟐𝒌 + 𝒂 + 𝒂 𝒂=𝟎
𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 −𝟏 𝒏
=∑ 𝟐
∑(−𝟏)𝒌 ⋅ 𝟐
; {𝒌 → 𝒌 − }
𝒏 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=𝟎
𝒏
∞+ 𝒏
∞ 𝟐
(−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒌−𝟐
𝛀=∑ ∑ 𝟐 =
𝒏𝟐 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=
𝒏 ( )
−𝟏 [𝟐 (𝒌 − 𝟐) + 𝒏 + 𝟏]
𝟐

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∞ 𝒏 ∞
(−𝟏)𝟐−𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌
=∑ ∑
𝒏𝟐 𝒏
(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=
𝟐
𝒏
{𝒌 = = 𝒕 ∈ 𝑷 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 … } ⇒ 𝒏 = 𝟐𝒕}
𝟐
∞
𝟐 ∞ 𝒕∈𝑷, ∞
(−𝟏)𝒕−𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒕 𝒕≥𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒕−𝟏
𝛀=∑ ∑ ⇒ 𝛀 = ∑ ⋅𝑮 ⇒
𝟒𝒕𝟐 (𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 𝒕=𝟎 𝒕=𝟏
𝒕=
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀= ⋅ 𝜼(𝟐) ⋅ 𝑮 = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝟏−𝟐 )𝜻(𝟐)𝑮
𝟒 𝟒
Therefore,
𝟏
∫ (−𝒙 + − + ⋯ ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟖
1508.
𝟏
𝒏
𝒙𝒏 𝟏
𝑰𝒏 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝝅𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝚪(𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙, 𝑷𝒏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
Prove:
𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏
𝟐√𝝅 ⋅ 𝑰𝒏 ⋅ 𝚪 ( ) = 𝚪( ) (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅 + 𝑷𝒏 )
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒏( 𝒙→𝟏−𝒙
𝑰𝒏 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝚪(𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 (𝝅𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝚪(𝟏 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎
𝟏
𝟏
= ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 (𝝅𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝚪(𝒙)𝚪(𝟏 − 𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎
𝟏
𝟏 𝒏(
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒕=𝝅𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅
𝝅
∫ )
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ ( ) ( ( ))
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 −
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐𝝅 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝝅 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅 𝟐 𝒏 𝟏 𝟐
− ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕) = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 − ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐𝝅 𝟎 𝝅 𝟎 𝝅 𝟎

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𝝅 𝝅
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅 𝟐 𝟏 𝝏 𝟐
= ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 − | ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏+𝒔 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝝅 𝟎 𝝅 𝝏𝒔 𝒔=𝟎 𝟎
𝝅 𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝚪 ( 𝟐 ) 𝚪 ( 𝟐) 𝚪( 𝟐 )
𝒏
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝜷 ( , )= = √𝝅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟐
𝟎 𝚪( 𝟐 ) 𝚪( 𝟐 )
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝒔+𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅 𝚪 ( 𝟐 ) 𝟏 𝝏 𝚪( 𝟐 )
𝑰𝒏 = − | =
𝟐√𝝅 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝟐√𝝅 𝝏𝒔 𝒔=𝟎 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝒔 + 𝟐)
𝟐 𝟐
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅 𝚪 ( 𝟐 ) 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅 𝚪 ( 𝟐 ) 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟐
= − {𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍( )}
𝟐 √ 𝝅 𝚪 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟒√ 𝝅 𝟐 √ 𝝅 𝚪 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏
𝟐√𝝅𝚪 ( ) 𝑰𝒏 = 𝚪 ( ) {𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅 + (𝝍 ( )− 𝝍( ))
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Therefore,
𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏
𝟐√ 𝝅 ⋅ 𝑰 𝒏 ⋅ 𝚪 ( ) = 𝚪( ) (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅 + 𝑷𝒏 )
𝟐 𝟐
1509. Find:
𝝅
𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎

Solution by Cornel Ioan Vălean-Romania
∞ 𝟏
𝟐𝒏−𝟏
𝟏−𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟐𝒏𝒙) 𝝅
∵ ∑ (∫ 𝒕 𝒅𝒕) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) , 𝟎 < 𝑥 <
𝟎 𝟏+𝒕 𝒏 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
We also have the trivial results,

𝝅
𝟐 𝝅 𝝅 𝟏
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟐𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑯𝟐𝒏 − ⋅ 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝟎 𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝒏
𝝅
𝟐 𝝅 𝟏 𝝅
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟐𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ⋅ − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟎 𝟏𝟔 𝒏 𝟒
where both results are easily derived by exploiting the differences 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒂𝒏 and

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𝒃𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒃𝒏 or using Fourrier series.
Returning to the main integrals where we use integration by parts and then exploit the
auxiliary results above, we have:
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
𝑰 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝟐𝒏−𝟏
𝟏−𝒕 𝟏 𝟏−𝒕
= 𝟐 ∑ (∫ 𝒕 𝒅𝒕) 𝒂𝒏 − ∑ (∫ 𝒕𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒕) 𝒃𝒏 =
𝒏 𝟎 𝟏+𝒕 𝒏 𝟎 𝟏+𝒕
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏
𝝅 𝟑
𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒕 𝟐)
𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒕) 𝝅 𝟏 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝒕𝟐 )
=− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝒅𝒕 +
𝟒𝟖 𝟒 ⏟𝟎 𝒕 𝟒 ⏟𝟎 𝒕 𝟏𝟔 ⏟𝟎 𝒕
−𝝅𝟐 /𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝜻(𝟑) 𝜻(𝟑)/𝟐
𝟏
𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 ) 𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒕) 𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒕)
+ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 − ∫ 𝒅𝒕 − ∫ 𝒅𝒕 −
𝟐 ⏟𝟎 𝟏+𝒕 𝟐 ⏟𝟎 𝟏+𝒕 𝟐 ⏟𝟎 𝟏+𝒕
𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐− 𝟐𝑳𝒊𝟑 ( )
𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒕) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒕) 𝝅𝟑 𝝅 𝟑
− ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟐 − 𝝅𝜻(𝟑)
𝟒 ⏟𝟎 𝒕 𝟐𝟒 𝟔 𝟏𝟔
−𝟓/𝟖𝜻(𝟑)
1510. For 𝒏 > 1, we have:

∞ ∞
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 𝒏
∫ ∫ 𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐
𝒏
Solution by Ngulmun George Baite-India
∞ ∞ 𝟏 𝒙 −𝒙 ∞ ∞
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙= (𝒆 +𝒆 ) 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙
𝟐
𝑰=∫ ∫ 𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∫
𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡
𝟏 𝝅𝒙 −
𝟐 (𝒆 + 𝒆 )
𝟎 𝒏 𝒏 𝟎 𝟎
𝒏
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙
= 𝟐 ∫ ∫ 𝝅𝒙 𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒕𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ ∫ 𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒆 𝒏 + 𝒆− 𝒏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒆 𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝒆− 𝒏 )
𝝅𝒙 ∞
∞ ∞
𝒆− 𝒏 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 ∞ ∞ 𝝅
= 𝟐∫ ∫ 𝟐𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 ∫ [∫ 𝒙𝒆−𝒏(𝟐𝒌+𝟏)𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 𝒅𝒙] 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒆− 𝒏 𝒌=𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

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∞
𝝎
𝐍𝐨𝐰, 𝓛{𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒙} = ∫ 𝒆−𝒔𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝝎𝟐 + 𝒔𝟐
Differentiating respect to 𝒔, we have:
∞ ∞
−𝟐𝒔𝝎 𝟐𝒔𝝎
− ∫ 𝒙𝒆−𝒔𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ⇒ ∫ 𝒙𝒆 −𝒔𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝒔𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 )𝟐 𝟎 (𝒔𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 )𝟐
𝝅
Put 𝒔 = 𝒏 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) and 𝝎 = 𝒕 ⇒
𝟐𝝅
∞ 𝝅 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒕
∫ 𝒙𝒆−𝒏(𝟐𝒌+𝟏)𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒏
𝟐
𝟎 𝝅𝟐
( (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒕𝟐 )
𝒏𝟐
∞ 𝟐𝝅
( )
𝒏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏 𝒕
∞
𝑰 = 𝟐 ∑ (−𝟏 )𝒌 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝝅𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 ( 𝟐 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒕𝟐 )
𝒏
∞ ∞ 𝝅𝒙
𝟒𝝅 𝒕 𝒕=
𝒏
= ∑(−𝟏)𝒌 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 =
𝒏 𝟎 𝝅𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 ( 𝟐 + 𝒕𝟐 )
𝒏 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐
∞ ∞
𝝅𝒙
𝟒𝝅 𝒌 𝒏 𝝅
= ∑ (−𝟏) (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) ∫ 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏
𝒌=𝟎 𝟎 𝝅 ((𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 𝒏
𝒏𝟒
∞ ∞
𝟒𝝅 𝒏𝟐 𝒌
𝒙
= ⋅ 𝟐 ∑ (−𝟏) (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏 𝝅
𝒌=𝟎 𝟎 ((𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) + 𝒙 )
∞
𝟒𝒏 ∞ 𝒙(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)
= ∫ ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 ⋅ ( )
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ; 𝟏
𝝅 𝟎 ((𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) + 𝒙𝟐 )
𝒌=𝟎
∞
𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏 𝝅𝒙
∵ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒙 = 𝝅 ∑(−𝟏)𝒌 ⋅ 𝟐 𝐩𝐮𝐭 (𝒙 → )⇒
𝟏 𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 (𝟐 + 𝒌) 𝝅𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
∞ ∞
𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 ( ) = 𝝅 ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 ⋅ 𝟐 𝟐 = ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌
𝟐 𝝅 𝝅𝒙 𝝅 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 ( 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒 + ( 𝟒 ) 𝒌=𝟎
Differentiating respect to 𝒙, we have:

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∞
𝒅 𝝅𝒙 𝟒 −𝟐𝒙(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 ( ) = ∑(−𝟏)𝒌
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝝅 ((𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟖 𝒙(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒙(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)
= − ∑(−𝟏)𝒌 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∑(−𝟏)𝒌
𝝅 ((𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) + 𝒙 ) ((𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝝅 𝒅 𝝅𝒙
=− 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 ( )
𝟖 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
From (𝟏) we have:
𝟒𝒏 ∞ 𝝅 𝒅 𝝅𝒙 𝒏 ∞ 𝒅 𝝅𝒙
𝑰= ∫ − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝅 𝟎 𝟖 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒏 𝝅𝒙 ∞ 𝒏 𝝅𝒙 𝝅𝒙 𝒏
= − |𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 ( )| = − [𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 ( ) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 ( )] =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝒙→∞ 𝟐 𝒙→𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
Therefore,
∞ ∞
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 𝒏
∫ ∫ 𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒏 𝟐
1511. Find:
𝟐
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒛
𝟐 𝟐
𝛀=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛

Solution 1 by Yen Tung Chung-Taichung-Taiwan
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝛀=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝛀 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 +
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝒙
+∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 +
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚
+∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝒛 − 𝒛𝒙 𝟏
=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙+𝒚+𝒛

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𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)|𝟐𝟏 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ ∫ (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝒛) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)) 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
= ∫ [(𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝒛) − 𝟏) − (𝟏 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚 + 𝒛) − 𝟏)]𝟐𝟏 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟏
𝟐
= ∫ ((𝟒 + 𝒛)(𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟒 + 𝒛) − 𝟏) − (𝟑 + 𝒛)(𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 + 𝒛) − 𝟏) − (𝟑 + 𝒛)(𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 + 𝒛) − 𝟏)
𝟏
+ (𝟐 + 𝒛)(𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 + 𝒛) − 𝟏))𝒅𝒛 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ (𝟒 + 𝒛) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟒 + 𝒛) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ (𝟑 + 𝒛) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑 + 𝒛) 𝒅𝒛 + ∫ (𝟐 + 𝒛) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 + 𝒛) 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟔 𝟓 𝟒
= ∫ 𝒖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 + ∫ 𝒖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑
𝟔 𝟓 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ( 𝒖𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 − 𝒖𝟐 )| − 𝟐 ( 𝒖𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 − 𝒖𝟐 )| + ( 𝒖𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖 − 𝒖𝟐 )| =
𝟐 𝟒 𝟓 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟑
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
= (𝟏𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 − ) − 𝟐 ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − ) + (𝟏𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − )
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝟐𝟕 𝟕𝟓
= 𝟔𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
Therefore,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒛 𝟗 𝟐𝟓
𝛀=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝟐 𝟐
Solution 2 by Syed Shahabudeen-Kerala-india
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝛀=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒛 𝟏
𝟑𝛀 = ∫ ∫ ∫ ∑ 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙+𝒚+𝒛
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒕𝒙+𝒚+𝒛−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒕−𝟏 ∫ 𝒕𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒕𝒚 𝒅𝒚 ∫ 𝒕𝒛 𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒕 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐(
−𝟏
𝒕𝟑 − 𝒕 𝒕 𝒕 − 𝟏) 𝟑
=∫ 𝒕 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒕

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𝟏 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 ( 𝟏 − 𝒕) 𝟑
𝛀=− ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝟑 𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒕
𝟏 𝟏 𝒕𝒂 ( 𝟏 − 𝒕) 𝟑 𝝏𝟑 𝛀 𝟏 𝟏 𝒂
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝛀(𝒂) = − ∫ 𝒅𝒕 ⇒ = − ∫ 𝒕 (𝟏 − 𝒕)𝟑 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟑 𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒕 𝝏𝒂𝟑 𝟑 𝟎
𝟏 𝚪(𝒂 + 𝟏)𝚪(𝟒) 𝟏
=− ( ) = −𝟐 ⋅
𝟑 𝚪(𝒂 + 𝟓) (𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒂 + 𝟐)(𝒂 + 𝟑)(𝒂 + 𝟒)
𝟏
𝛀(𝒂) = −𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝟑 𝒂 =
(𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒂 + 𝟐)(𝒂 + 𝟑)(𝒂 + 𝟒)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −𝟐 ∫ ( − + − ) 𝒅𝟑 𝒂
𝟔( 𝒂 + 𝟏) 𝟐( 𝒂 + 𝟐) 𝟐( 𝒂 + 𝟑) 𝟔 ( 𝒂 + 𝟒)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝒂
∫ 𝒅𝟑 𝒂 = (𝒂 + 𝒏)𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂 + 𝒏) − ( 𝒂 + 𝟐)
𝒂+𝒏 𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑨(𝒂) = ∫( − ) 𝒅𝟑 𝒂 = ((𝒂 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂 + 𝟏) − (𝒂 + 𝟒)𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂 + 𝟒)
𝟔 𝒂+𝟏 𝒂+𝟒 𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑩(𝒂) = ∫( − ) 𝒅𝟑 𝒂 = ((𝒂 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂 + 𝟑) − (𝒂 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂 + 𝟐))
𝟐 𝒂+𝟑 𝒂+𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝑨(𝟐) = (𝟗 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝟑𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔), 𝑩(𝟐) = (𝟐𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒)
𝟏𝟐 𝟒
𝛀(𝟐) = −𝟐(𝑨(𝟐) + 𝑩(𝟐)) =
𝟏 𝟏
= −𝟐( (𝟗 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝟑𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔) + (𝟐𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒)
𝟏𝟐 𝟒
Therefore,
𝟗 𝟐𝟓
𝛀(𝟐) = 𝟐𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
1512. Find:
𝝅
𝟔 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝒙)√𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
Solution 1 by Cornel Ioan Vălean-Romania
All we need is a clever variable change and a well-known established integral result,

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𝟏
∫ √𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = (𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + 𝑪
√𝟐
-one way to evaluate it is by calculating ∫(√𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 and ∫(√𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 −
√𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝒙
By letting the variable change 𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝒙 → 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙, we get
𝝅
𝟏 𝟐 𝝅 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏 𝟐𝟑
𝛀= ∫ √𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 ( ) =
𝟐√𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏(
𝟏𝟓
) 𝟖 𝟒 𝟏𝟕 𝟒 𝟏𝟕
𝟏𝟕
𝟏 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟒√𝟏𝟓 𝟏 𝟑
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 (𝟐√ )
𝟒 𝟏𝟕 𝟐 𝟓
Solution 2 by Cornel Ioan Vălean-Romania

𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
√ 𝟐 −𝒕𝟐 →𝒕
𝟔 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝒙 𝟑 −𝒕 𝟐 𝒕
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟒 𝟐
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)√𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐 ) √ 𝟐 − 𝒕𝟐
𝒕 𝒕
∞
𝒕𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟒√𝟏𝟓 𝟏 𝟑
=∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 (𝟐√ )
√𝟏𝟓 𝟒 + 𝒕 𝟒 𝟏𝟕 𝟐 𝟓
𝟐
1513. Find without any software:
𝛀 = ∫ √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Proposed by Orxan Abasov-Azerbaijan

𝟑
(√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒚=√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙,𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚=𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝛀 = ∫ √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝒚𝟑 𝒚𝟒 𝟏
=∫ 𝟒
⋅ 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐 ∫ (−𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟏−𝒚 𝟏−𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
= −𝟐𝒚 + ∫ ( 𝟐
+ ) 𝒅𝒚 = −𝟐𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝑪 =
𝟏−𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
= −𝟐√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) + 𝑪 =

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𝟏 𝟏 + √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
= −𝟐√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟏 − √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Solution 2 by Orlando Irahola Ortega-Bolivia
𝟑
(√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒕𝟐 =𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ,𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒕=𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝒅𝒙
∫
𝛀 = √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝟐𝒕𝟒 ( 𝒕𝟒 − 𝟏 ) + 𝟏
=∫ 𝒅𝒕 = −𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 ⇒
𝟏 − 𝒕𝟒 𝒕𝟒 − 𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒕
− 𝛀=𝒕−∫ 𝟒 = 𝒕 − 𝑰,
𝟐 𝒕 −𝟏
𝟏
𝒅𝒕 𝒕=𝒚 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝒚𝟐
𝑰=∫ 𝟒 =−∫ 𝒅𝒚 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒚
𝒕 −𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟒
𝟏 ( 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏) + ( 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒚
= ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝟐 + ∫ 𝟐 =
𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝒚 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒚 +𝟏 𝟐 𝒚 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒚−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏−𝒕
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )=
𝟐 𝟒 𝒚+𝟏 𝟐 𝒕 𝟒 𝟏+𝒕
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏−𝒕
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒕 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (
= )⇒
𝟐 𝟒 𝟏+𝒕
𝟏 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏−𝒕
− 𝛀= 𝒕−∫ 𝟒 = 𝒕 − 𝑰 = 𝒕 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒕 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟐 𝒕 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏+𝒕
Therefore,
𝟏 𝟏 + √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝛀 = −𝟐√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟏 − √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Solution 3 by Ghuiam Naseri-Afghanistan
𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟑 𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐 𝒖=√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟐𝒖𝟒 𝒖𝟒
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 −𝒖𝟒 + 𝟏 −𝒖𝟒 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐 ∫ (− ⋅ 𝟐 − ⋅ + ⋅ + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟐 𝒖 +𝟏 𝟒 𝒖+𝟏 𝟒 𝒖−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −∫ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝒅𝒖 + ∫ 𝒅𝒖 + 𝟐𝒖 =
𝒖𝟐 +𝟏 𝟐 𝒖+𝟏 𝟐 𝒖−𝟏

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𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒖 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒖 + 𝟏) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒖 − 𝟏) + 𝟐𝒖 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
Therefore,
𝟏 𝟏 + √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝛀 = −𝟐√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟏 − √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟗𝒙 − 𝟒)
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru-Romania
Solution by Marian Ursărescu-Romania
𝒕+𝟒 𝟏
Put 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝒕 ⇒ 𝒙 = , 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟗 𝒅𝒕
𝟗
𝟐 𝟏𝟒
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟗𝒙 − 𝟒) 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝟏 𝟏𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟏
𝟐
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟗 𝟓 𝒕+𝟒 𝟗 𝟓 𝟑(𝒕 + 𝟖𝒕 + 𝟏𝟔)
𝟑( 𝟗 ) + 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝟖𝟏
𝟏𝟒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕
= 𝟑∫ 𝒅𝒕; (𝟏)
𝟓 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟖𝒕 + 𝟕𝟎
𝟕𝟎 𝟕𝟎
𝟏𝟒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒕=
𝒚
𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝒚 )
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝑰 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = − 𝟕𝟎 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟓 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟖𝒕 + 𝟕𝟎 𝟏𝟒 𝟕𝟎 + 𝟖 ⋅ 𝟕𝟎 + 𝟕𝟎
𝒚𝟐 𝒚
𝟒 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕𝟎 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕𝟎 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 =
𝟓 𝒚 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟕𝟎 𝟓 𝒚 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟕𝟎 𝟓 𝒚 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟕𝟎
𝟏 𝟏𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒚 + 𝟒 𝟏𝟒
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕𝟎 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )| =
𝟐 𝟓 (𝒚 + 𝒚)𝟒 + (√𝟓𝟒) 𝟐√𝟓𝟒 √𝟓𝟒 𝟓
𝟏 𝟏𝟖 𝟗
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕𝟎 (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )) = ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (
𝟐√𝟓𝟒 √𝟓𝟒 √𝟓𝟒
𝟏 𝟑
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕𝟎 (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √𝟔 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )) ; (𝟐)
𝟐√𝟓𝟒 √𝟔
From (1),(2) it follows that:
𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟗𝒙 − 𝟒) 𝟏 𝟑
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕𝟎 (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √𝟔 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ))
𝟏 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐√𝟔 √𝟔

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1515. Find a closed form:
𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑
Proposed by Abdul Mukhtar-Nigeria
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏(
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟐 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙+𝒙 −𝒙 𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙 )
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= −∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙 )
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= −∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
=− ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝝏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝏
= − ∫ ∑ (−𝒙 ) | 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ ∑ 𝒙𝒏 |
𝒂
𝒙𝒃 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟎 𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝝏𝒃 𝒃=𝟎
𝒌=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝝏
+ ∫ 𝒙 ∑ (−𝒙𝟐 )𝒎 | 𝒙𝒄 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝝏𝒄 𝒄=𝟎
𝒎=𝟎
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝒌
𝝏 𝟐𝒌+𝒂
𝟏 𝝏
= − ∑(−𝟏) | ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∑ | ∫ 𝒙𝒏+𝒃 𝒅𝒙 +
𝟐 𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝝏𝒃 𝒃=𝟎 𝟎
𝒌=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ 𝟏
𝟏 𝒎
𝝏
(
+ ∑ −𝟏 ) | ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒎+𝒄+𝟏 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝝏𝒄 𝒄=𝟎 𝟎
𝒎=𝟎
∞ ′ ′ ∞ ′ ∞
𝟏 𝒌
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒎
𝟏
= − ∑(−𝟏) [ ] + ∑[ ] + ∑ (−𝟏) [ ]
𝟐 𝟐𝒌 + 𝒂 + 𝟏 𝒂=𝟎 𝟐 𝒏 + 𝒃 + 𝟏 𝒃=𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝒎 + 𝒄 + 𝟐 𝒄=𝟎
𝒌=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒎
= ∑ − ∑ − ∑ =
𝟐 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟐 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟖 ( 𝒎 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒎−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝑮− ∑ 𝟐− ∑ 𝟐
= 𝑮 − 𝜻(𝟐) − 𝜼(𝟐) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝒏 𝟖 𝒎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟖
𝒏=𝟏 𝒎=𝟏

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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟗 𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟑𝝅𝟐
= 𝑮 − 𝜻 ( 𝟐) − 𝜻 ( 𝟐) = 𝑮 − ⋅ = 𝑮−
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟔 𝟐 𝟑𝟐
Therefore,
𝟏 𝟑𝝅𝟐
𝛀= 𝑮−
𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 ( 𝟏 ∞
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 = ∑ ∫ (𝒙𝟒𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒𝒏+𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏)
𝟏 (𝟏)
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑𝝅𝟐
=− ∑[ 𝟐+
]
𝟐 = − 𝟏𝟔
{𝝍 ( ) + 𝝍 ( )} = − ( − 𝟖𝑮)
𝟏𝟔 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 (𝒏 + ) (𝒏 + 𝟒)
𝟐
Therefore,
𝟏 𝟑𝝅𝟐
𝛀= 𝑮−
𝟐 𝟑𝟐
Solution 3 by Ajetunmobi Abdulquyyum-Nigeria
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 𝟐
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )(𝟏 − 𝒙)
𝟏
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
=∫ ( − ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟐( 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐( 𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= {∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙}
𝟐 𝟎 𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏
= {𝑨 − 𝑩 + 𝑪}
𝟐
𝟏 ∞
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = −𝒕 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒕 (−𝒅𝒕) 𝒆−𝟐𝒕
𝑨=∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =; | |;= −∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒙 +𝟏 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝟎 𝟏— 𝒆
−𝟐𝒕
∞ (−𝟏)𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
= − ∑(−𝟏)𝒏 ∫ 𝒕𝒆−(𝟐𝒏+𝟐)𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = − ∑(−𝟏)𝒏 ⋅ = − ∑ =
𝟎 𝟒( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟒 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝒏≥𝟎 𝒏≥𝟎 𝒏≥𝟎
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
=− ∑ = − 𝜼( 𝟐 ) = −
𝟒 𝒏𝟐 𝟒 𝟒𝟖
𝒏≥𝟏
Also,

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𝝅
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙=𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟒
𝑩=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = −𝑮
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒏
𝟏 𝝅𝟐
𝑪=∫ ∫
𝒅𝒙 = ∑ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ =−
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟔
𝒏≥𝟎 𝒏≥𝟎
Hence,
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
𝛀= (𝑨 − 𝑩 + 𝑪) = (− +𝑮− )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒𝟖 𝟔
Therefore,
𝟏 𝟑𝝅𝟐
𝛀= 𝑮−
𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝒆 𝒙𝒏
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙, 𝒏 > 𝟎
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
Solution 1 by Ajentunmobi Abdulqoyuum-Nigeria
𝟏
𝒆
𝒙𝒏 𝒕 = √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒅𝒙
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =; | 𝟐𝒙√𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 |;
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐𝒕𝒆 𝟏−𝒕 𝟐
,𝒙 = 𝒆𝟏−𝒕 𝟐
∞ 𝟐 ∞ 𝟐
𝟐𝒕𝒆𝟏−𝒕 𝒆𝟏−𝒕 𝟐
=∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒆(𝒏+𝟏)−(𝒏+𝟏)𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒕 𝟎
𝒅𝒛
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒕𝟐 = 𝒛; 𝒅𝒕 =
∞ 𝒛
𝒏+𝟏 −(𝒏+𝟏)𝒕𝟐 | 𝟐( 𝒏 + 𝟏) √ 𝒏 + 𝟏|
= 𝟐𝒆 ∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒕;
𝟎 | |
𝒛
𝒕 = √𝒏 + 𝟏
∞ ∞ 𝟏
𝒅𝒛 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 √𝝅𝒆𝒏+𝟏
𝛀 = 𝟐𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ∫ 𝒆−𝒛 ⋅ = ∫ 𝒛𝟐−𝟏 𝒆−𝒛 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟎 𝒛 √𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟎 √𝒏 + 𝟏
𝟐( 𝒏 + 𝟏) √ 𝒏 + 𝟏
∞ 𝟏
𝟏
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: ∫ 𝒛𝟐−𝟏 𝒆−𝒛 𝒅𝒛 = 𝚪 ( ) = √𝝅
𝟎 𝟐

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𝒕=𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙;
𝒆 ∞ −𝒕(𝒏+𝟏)
𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒕=−𝒆𝟏−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒏+𝟏 ∫
𝒆
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟎 √𝒕
∞
𝚪 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟏
𝓛{𝒕𝒏 } = ∫ 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒏 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒏+𝟏
, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒏 = − ; 𝒔 = 𝒏 + 𝟏 ⇒
𝟎 𝒔 𝟐
𝟏
∞
𝒆−𝒕(𝒏+𝟏) 𝚪 ( 𝟐) √𝝅 √𝝅𝒆𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟏 = ⇒ 𝛀(𝒏) =
𝟎 √𝒕 𝒔𝟐 √𝒏 + 𝟏 √𝒏 + 𝟏
Therefore,
𝒆
𝒙𝒏 √𝝅𝒆𝒏+𝟏
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 √𝒏 + 𝟏
Solution 3 by Muhammad Afzal-Pakistan

𝒆 ∞ ∞
𝒙𝒏 𝒖=𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒆(𝟏−𝒖)(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒏+𝟏
𝒆−𝒖(𝒏+𝟏)
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆 ∫ 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟎 √𝒖 𝟎 √𝒖
𝟏
𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ∞ −𝟏 −𝒖(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒚=𝒖(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ∞
𝒚− 𝟐 −𝒚
= ∫ 𝒖 𝒆
𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝟏 ⋅𝒆 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒏+𝟏 𝟎 𝒏+𝟏 𝟎 ( −
𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐
∞
𝒆𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝒚𝟐−𝟏 𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝚪( )
√𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟎 √𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐
Therefore,
𝒆
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 √𝒏 + 𝟏
Solution 4 by Adrian Popa-Romania

𝒆 ∞ ∞
𝒙𝒏 √𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙=𝒕 𝟐 (𝒏+𝟏) 𝟐(𝒏+𝟏)
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ∫ 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟎 𝟎
∞ ∞
(𝒏+𝟏)𝒕𝟐 =𝒖 𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ∫ 𝒆−𝒖 ⋅ 𝒖−𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒖−𝟐 𝒆−𝒖 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝟐√ 𝒏 + 𝟏 √𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟎
𝒆𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 √𝝅
= 𝚪( ) =
√𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐 √𝒏 + 𝟏

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𝒆 𝒙𝒏
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙, 𝒏 > 𝟎
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
Solution 1 by Ajentunmobi Abdulqoyuum-Nigeria
𝟏
𝒆
𝒙𝒏 𝒕 = √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒅𝒙
( )
𝛀 𝒏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =; | 𝟐𝒙√𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 |;
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐𝒕𝒆 𝟏−𝒕 𝟐
,𝒙 = 𝒆𝟏−𝒕 𝟐
∞ 𝟐
∞ 𝟐
𝟐𝒕𝒆𝟏−𝒕 𝒆𝟏−𝒕 𝟐
=∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒆(𝒏+𝟏)−(𝒏+𝟏)𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒕 𝟎
𝒅𝒛
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒕𝟐 = 𝒛; 𝒅𝒕 =
∞ 𝒛
𝒏+𝟏 −(𝒏+𝟏)𝒕𝟐 | 𝟐( 𝒏 + 𝟏) √ 𝒏 + 𝟏|
= 𝟐𝒆 ∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒕;
𝟎 | |
𝒛
𝒕 = √𝒏 + 𝟏
∞ ∞ 𝟏
𝒅𝒛 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 √𝝅𝒆𝒏+𝟏
𝛀 = 𝟐𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ∫ 𝒆 −𝒛
⋅ = ∫ 𝒛𝟐−𝟏 𝒆−𝒛 𝒅𝒛 =
𝟎 𝒛 √𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟎 √𝒏 + 𝟏
𝟐( 𝒏 + 𝟏) √ 𝒏 + 𝟏
∞ 𝟏
𝟏
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: ∫ 𝒛𝟐−𝟏 𝒆−𝒛 𝒅𝒛 = 𝚪 ( ) = √𝝅
𝟎 𝟐
𝒕=𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙;
𝒆 ∞
𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒕=−𝒆𝟏−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒆−𝒕(𝒏+𝟏)
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟎 √𝒕
∞
𝚪 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟏
𝓛{𝒕𝒏 } = ∫ 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒏 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒏+𝟏
, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒏 = − ; 𝒔 = 𝒏 + 𝟏 ⇒
𝟎 𝒔 𝟐
𝟏
∞
𝒆−𝒕(𝒏+𝟏) 𝚪 ( 𝟐) √𝝅 √𝝅𝒆𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟏 = ⇒ 𝛀(𝒏) =
𝟎 √𝒕 𝒔𝟐 √𝒏 + 𝟏 √𝒏 + 𝟏
Therefore,

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𝒆
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 √𝒏 + 𝟏

𝒆 ∞ ∞
𝒙𝒏 𝒖=𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒆(𝟏−𝒖)(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒆−𝒖(𝒏+𝟏)
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ∫ 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟎 √𝒖 𝟎 √𝒖
𝟏
𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ∞ −𝟏 −𝒖(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒚=𝒖(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ∞
𝒚− 𝟐 −𝒚
= ∫ 𝒖 𝟐𝒆 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝟏 ⋅𝒆 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒏+𝟏 𝟎 𝒏+𝟏 𝟎 ( −
𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐
∞
𝒆𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝒚𝟐−𝟏 𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝚪( )
√𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟎 √𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐
Therefore,
𝒆
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 √𝒏 + 𝟏

𝒆 ∞ ∞
𝒙𝒏 √𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙=𝒕
𝒏+𝟏 −𝒕𝟐 (𝒏+𝟏) 𝒏+𝟏 ∫ −𝒕𝟐(𝒏+𝟏)
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐∫ 𝒆 ⋅𝒆 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐𝒆 𝒆 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟎 𝟎
∞ ∞
(𝒏+𝟏)𝒕𝟐 =𝒖 𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐𝒆𝒏+𝟏 ∫ 𝒆−𝒖 ⋅ 𝒖−𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒖−𝟐 𝒆−𝒖 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎 𝟐√ 𝒏 + 𝟏 √𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟎
𝒆𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒏+𝟏 √𝝅
= 𝚪( ) =
√𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐 √𝒏 + 𝟏
1518. Prove that:
∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏
∫ = +
𝟎 (𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝝅𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟒𝝅𝟑 𝟗𝟔𝝅
Proposed by Ty Halpen-Florida-SUA
𝝅𝒕 𝝅𝒕
∞
𝒅𝒙 −( )
𝒙=𝒆 𝟐 𝟏 ∞
𝒆− 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 (𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝝅 ) (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟐𝝅𝟑 ∞ (𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒆−𝝅𝒕 )

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∞ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 (
𝝅𝒕 𝝅𝒕
) ∞ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 (
=
𝟏
∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟏
∫ 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒕
𝟒𝝅𝟑 ∞ (𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝟑 𝟎 (𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐
∞
𝝅𝒕 𝟒 (−𝟏)𝒌 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠: 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 ( ) = ∑ 𝟐
𝟐 𝝅 𝒕 + (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟐 𝒌(
𝒅𝒕
( ) )
𝛀 = 𝟒 ∑ −𝟏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏 ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
𝒌=𝟎 𝟎 (𝒕 + 𝟏) (𝒕 + (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) )
∞
𝒅𝒕
𝑰(𝒂) = ∫ =
𝟎 ( 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒕𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐 ∫ − ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝒂 − 𝟏 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒂𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐
𝝅 𝝅(𝒂 − 𝟏)
= −
𝟒(𝒂𝟐− 𝟏) 𝟐𝒂(𝒂𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝝅(𝒂𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐) 𝝅 ( 𝒂 − 𝟏) 𝟐 ( 𝒂 + 𝟐 ) 𝝅(𝒂 + 𝟐)
𝑰(𝒂) = = =
𝟒𝒂(𝒂𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒𝒂(𝒂 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒𝒂(𝒂 + 𝟏)𝟐
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝒌
𝟐𝒌 + 𝟑 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌 (−𝟏)𝒌
𝛀= ∑ ( −𝟏 ) = ∑ [ + ]=
𝟐𝝅𝟑 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝟑 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟐 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟐)𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌−𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏
= ∑ + ∑ = +
𝟒𝝅𝟑 𝒌 𝟖𝝅𝟑 𝒌𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝟑 𝟗𝟔𝝅
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Therefore,
∞
𝒅𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏
∫ = +
𝟎 (𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝝅𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟒𝝅𝟑 𝟗𝟔𝝅
1519. Prove that:
𝟏 ∞
−𝒙
𝝅𝟐
< |∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆 ) 𝑱𝟎 (𝟐√𝒙) 𝒅𝒙| <
𝒆 𝟎 𝟔
where 𝑱𝒏 (𝒙) is the Bessel function of order 𝒏.
Proposed by Angad Singh-India
Solution 1 by proposer
We know from the definition of Bessel function, that

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∞ 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒌 𝒙 𝟐𝒌 𝒏>𝟎 ∞ −𝒏𝒙 𝒆−𝒏
𝑱𝟎 (𝒙) = ∑ ( ) ⇒ ∫ 𝒆 𝑱𝟎 (𝟐 √ 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ⇒
𝒌!𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞
𝒆−𝒏𝒙 𝒆−𝒏
∫ ∑ 𝑱 (𝟐√𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ 𝟐
𝟎 𝒏 𝟎 𝒏
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟏
Observe that:
∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒆−𝒏 𝟏 𝒆−𝒏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝒆−𝒙
∑ 𝟐 > ; ∑ 𝟐 <∑ 𝟐= 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ∑ = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒙 )
𝒏 𝒆 𝒏 𝒏 𝟔 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏

∞ ∞ 𝟐𝒌 ∞
𝒙 𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒙𝟐𝒌 (−𝟏)𝒌 (𝟐√𝒙) (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒌
𝑱𝒏 (𝒙) = ( ) ∑ 𝒌 ⇒ 𝑱𝟎 (𝟐√𝒙) = ∑ 𝒌 =∑ 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝒌! 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒌! 𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒌!𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒌 ∞ 𝒌
⇒ |∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒙 ) 𝑱𝟎 (𝟐√𝒙) 𝒅𝒙| = |∑ 𝟐
∫ 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙| =
𝟎 𝒌! 𝟎
𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒌+𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌 𝑳𝒊𝒌+𝟐 (𝟏) (−𝟏)𝒌+𝟏
= |∑ 𝑳𝒊 𝒌+𝟐 ( 𝟏 )( 𝒌!)| = |∑ | = |∑ 𝜻 ( 𝒌 + 𝟐) | =
𝒌!𝟐 𝒌! 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞ 𝒏 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌+𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒆−𝒏 −𝒆−𝒏
= |∑ 𝟐 ∑ 𝒌 | = |− ∑ 𝟐 𝒆−𝒏 | = ∑ | 𝟐 | = ∑ 𝟐 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟐
𝒏 𝒏 (𝒌!) 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒏=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝒆−𝒏 𝟏 𝒆−𝒏 𝝅𝟐
≅ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟕; ≅ 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟒𝟗 ⇒ ∑ 𝟐 > ; ∑ 𝟐 <
𝒆 𝟔 𝒏 𝒆 𝒏 𝟔
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
Therefore,
∞
𝟏 𝝅𝟐
< |∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒙 ) 𝑱𝟎 (𝟐√𝒙) 𝒅𝒙| <
𝒆 𝟎 𝟔
1520. Let 𝒃 > 𝒂 > 𝟏 and 𝒏 be a positive integer. Prove that:
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃
√𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝒏+𝟏 𝒃
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( √ ),𝒙 ∈ ℝ
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒆𝒏𝒙 + 𝒆(𝒏−𝟏)𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒂
Proposed by George Apostolopoulos-Messolonghi-Greece

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𝒏+𝟏
𝒆𝒏𝒙 + 𝒆(𝒏−𝟏)𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 ≥ (𝒏 + 𝟏) √𝒆𝒏𝒙+(𝒏−𝟏)𝒙+⋯+𝒙+𝟎 =
𝒏+𝟏
𝒏𝒙(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒏𝒙
= ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) √ 𝒆 𝟐 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒆 𝟐 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)√𝒆𝒏𝒙 ⇒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃
√𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟏 √𝒆𝒏𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒆𝒏𝒙 + 𝒆(𝒏−𝟏)𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 √𝒆𝒏𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒃 𝒏+𝟏 𝒃
= 𝒙| = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( √ )
𝒏 + 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒂 𝒂
Therefore,
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( √ ),𝒙 ∈ ℝ
Solution 2 by Ruxandra Daniela Tonilă-Romania

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃
√𝒆𝒏𝒙 √𝒆𝒏𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒆𝒏𝒙 + 𝒆(𝒏−𝟏)𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒆
(𝒏+𝟏)𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝒏+𝟏)𝒙
𝒆𝒏𝒙 (𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟏 𝒆 − 𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟏
=∫ (𝒏+𝟏)𝒙
⋅ 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝒏+𝟏)𝒙
⋅ 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒆 − 𝟏 √𝒆 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒆 − 𝟏 √𝒆
𝟏 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒆(𝒏+𝟏)𝒙 (𝟏 − ( ) ) 𝟏
𝒆
=∫ 𝒙 𝒏+𝟏
⋅ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝟏 √𝒆𝒏𝒙
𝒆(𝒏+𝟏)𝒙 (𝟏 − [( 𝒆 ) ]
𝟏 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝟏 − (𝒆) 𝟏
=∫ 𝒙 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝒏𝒙
⋅ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 √𝒆𝒏𝒙
(𝟏 − ( 𝒆 ) ) (𝟏 + ( 𝒆 ) + (𝒆 ) + ⋯ + (𝒆) )
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃
𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝑯𝑮𝑴
= ∫ 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝒏𝒙 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 ≤
𝒏 + 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 √𝒆𝒏𝒙
𝟏 + (𝒆) + (𝒆) + ⋯ + (𝒆)
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒏+𝟏

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 √ 𝒆𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)𝒙
≤ ∫ √𝟏 ⋅ 𝒆𝒙 ⋅ 𝒆𝟐𝒙 ⋅ … ⋅ 𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏 + 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 √𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 √𝒆𝒏𝒙

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𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒃
= (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( √ )
𝒏+𝟏 𝒂
Therefore,
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( √ ),𝒙 ∈ ℝ
1521. If for 𝒏 ≥ 𝒌 and 𝒏, 𝒌, 𝒂 > 𝟎; 𝒏, 𝒌 ∈ ℕ;

𝒏 𝒏
𝒓 𝒌 𝒌+𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝝃𝒂 (𝒌, 𝒏) = ∑ √𝒂 = √𝒂 + √𝒂 + ⋯ + √𝒂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝜻𝒏 (𝒔) = ∑ = + + ⋯ +
𝒌 𝒔 𝟏𝒔 𝟐𝒔 𝒏𝒔
𝒓=𝒌 𝒌=𝟏
then prove:
𝟏
𝟐(√𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝟏) + 𝝃𝒆 (𝟐, 𝒏 + 𝟏) < 𝜻𝒏 (𝟎) + 𝜻𝒏 ( ) + 𝜻𝒏 (𝟏) < 𝝃𝒆 (𝟏, 𝒏) + 𝟐√𝒏
𝟐
∞
𝟏
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞, 𝒆 = ∑
𝒏!
𝒏=𝟎
Proposed by Amrit Awasthi-India

Solution by proposer
𝟏
𝒙𝟏 𝟏 𝟏+ 𝟏
We can write 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 as 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = ∫𝟏 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 and 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝒌) = ∫𝟏 𝒌 𝒅𝒕.
𝒕
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Now, as 𝒕 ∈ [𝟏, 𝟏 + 𝒌] : 𝟏 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟏 + 𝒌 ⇒ 𝟏 ≤𝒕≤𝟏
𝟏+
𝒌
Integrating under the same interval we have:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏+ 𝟏+ 𝟏+
𝒌 𝒌 𝒌𝟏 𝒌
∫ 𝒅𝒕 ≤ ∫ 𝒅𝒕 ≤ ∫ 𝒅𝒕 ⇔
𝟏 𝒌+𝟏 𝟏 𝒕 𝟏
𝒌 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟏 + − 𝟏) ≤ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) ≤ (𝟏 + − 𝟏) ⇔
𝒌+𝟏 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
≤ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) ≤
𝒌+𝟏 𝒌 𝒌
Now, summing up from 𝒌 = 𝟏 to 𝒌 = 𝒏 we have:

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𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑ 𝒆𝒌+𝟏 ≤ ∑ (𝟏 + ) ≤ ∑ 𝒆𝒌 ⇔ ∑ 𝒌√𝒆 ≤ ∑ 𝟎 + ∑ ≤ ∑ 𝒌√𝒆
𝒌 𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟐 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝝃𝒆 (𝟐, 𝒏 + 𝟏) ≤ 𝜻𝒏 (𝟎) + 𝜻𝒏 (𝟏) + 𝝃𝒆 (𝟏, 𝒏); (∗)

Now, consider the following
(√𝒎 + 𝟏 − √𝒎)(√𝒎 + 𝟏 + √𝒎) 𝟐
𝟐(√𝒎 + 𝟏 − √𝒎) = 𝟐 = <
√𝒎 + 𝟏 + √𝒎 √𝒎 + 𝟏 + √𝒎
𝟐 𝟏
< =
√ 𝒎 + √𝒎 √𝒎
𝟏
Thus, 𝟐(√𝒎 + 𝟏 − √𝒎) <
√𝒎
Proceeding in a similar manner we can prove that:

𝟏
𝟐(√𝒎 − √𝒎 − 𝟏) >
√𝒎
Combining both results, we have
𝟏
𝟐(√𝒎 + 𝟏 − √𝒎) < < 𝟐(√𝒎 − √𝒎 − 𝟏)
√𝒎
Summing from 𝒎 = 𝟏 to 𝒎 = 𝒏 we have
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏
∑ 𝟐(√𝒎 + 𝟏 − √𝒎) < ∑ < ∑ 𝟐(√𝒎 − √𝒎 − 𝟏)
𝒎=𝟏 𝒎=𝟏
√ 𝒎 𝒎=𝟏
Now, both the upper and lower bounds are telescopic sums, hence after canceling the
terms we are left with
𝟏
𝟐(√𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝟏) < 𝜻𝒏 ( ) < 𝟐√𝒏; (∗∗)
𝟐
Adding (∗), (∗∗) the final inequality becomes strict as the second inequality is strict.
Hence,
𝟏
𝟐(√𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝟏) + 𝝃𝒆 (𝟐, 𝒏 + 𝟏) < 𝜻𝒏 (𝟎) + 𝜻𝒏 ( ) + 𝜻𝒏 (𝟏) < 𝝃𝒆 (𝟏, 𝒏) + 𝟐√𝒏
𝟐
1522. For 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎 prove or disprove:
𝒏
𝒌 𝝅 𝒏 𝒎
𝟒 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏 𝜸
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ (𝟏 + ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒙) = 𝒆𝟐
𝒌→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 √𝒌
𝒎=𝟏
where 𝜸 is Euler-Mascheroni constant.

Proposed by Naren Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal
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Solution by Artan Ajredini-Presheva-Serbie
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒏 𝝅
Let 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙) = (𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) . For 𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, 𝟒 ] we have |𝒇𝒏 (𝒙)| ≤ 𝟏 = 𝒈(𝒙), and
𝝅
𝟒 𝝅
∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = . 𝐍𝐨𝐰,
𝟎 𝟒
𝝅
𝟎, 𝒙 ∈ (𝟎, ]
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙) = { 𝟒
𝒏→∞
𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟎
By Lebesgue Dominated Convergence Theorem, we have that:
𝝅
𝟒
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 ⋅ 𝝌(𝟎,𝝅] + 𝟏 ⋅ 𝝌{𝟏} = 𝟎; (𝟏)
𝒏→∞ 𝟎 𝟒
𝝅
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒏
On the other hand, substituting 𝒖 = in the integral 𝑰 = ∫𝟎𝟒 𝒏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 and
𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
integrating by parts, we get

𝟏 𝒏(
𝟏 𝒖 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )
𝑰= −∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐
𝒖𝒏 (𝟏−𝒖𝟐 ) 𝟏−𝒖𝟐
Again, let 𝒈𝒏 (𝒖) = . For 𝒖 ∈ [𝟎, 𝟏] we have that 𝒈𝒏 (𝒖) ≤ 𝟏+𝒖𝟐 = 𝒉(𝒖), and
𝟏+𝒖𝟐
𝟏
𝝅−𝟐
∫ 𝒉(𝒖) 𝒅𝒖 = . 𝐍𝐨𝐰, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈𝒏 (𝒖) = 𝟎, ∀𝒖 ∈ [𝟎, 𝟏], 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝟎 𝟐 𝒏→∞
using Lebesgue Dominated Convergence Theorem, we obtain

𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒈𝒏 (𝒖) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞,
𝒏→∞ 𝟎
𝝅
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒏
𝟒 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = ; (𝟐)
𝒏→∞ 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟐
By using (𝟏), (𝟐), we get
𝒏
𝒌 𝝅 𝒎
𝒏
𝟒 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ (𝟏 + ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒙) =
𝒌→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 √𝒌
𝒎=𝟏
𝒏
𝒌 𝝅 𝒎
𝒏
𝟒 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏(𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒙) =
𝒌→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 √𝒌
𝒎=𝟏

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𝒌 𝝅 𝒌
𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒏
𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ (𝐞𝐱𝐩 {𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙}) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ 𝒆𝟐𝒎 =
𝒌→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒎 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 √𝒌 𝒌→∞ √𝒌
𝒎=𝟏 𝒎=𝟏
𝒌
𝟏 𝟏 𝜸
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ 𝒆𝟐(𝒎−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒌) = 𝒆𝟐
𝒌→∞
𝒎=𝟏
1523.
𝟒 ∞ 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡(𝒏𝒙−𝟏 ) − 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏𝝅)
𝝓𝒏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 , 𝚽𝒏 = ; ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ
𝝅 𝟎 𝒏(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 𝒏
Prove that:
∞ 𝒎
−𝒓 𝚽
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ ∏(𝟏 + 𝝓𝒏 )𝒏𝒌 𝒓 = 𝒆𝜸
𝒎→∞ 𝒏→∞
𝒌=𝟏 𝒓=𝟐
where 𝜸 is Euler-Mascheroni constant.

Proposed by Surjeet Singhania-India
Solution by Naren Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal
Since we have two convergent integrals so we have validity for the linearity of integrals for
𝝓𝒏 that is
𝒏
∞ 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 ( ) ∞
𝝅 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝝓𝒏 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
⏟𝟎 𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
𝟐
𝟒 ⏟𝟎 𝒏(𝟏 + 𝒙 )
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝒏
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡( ) 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙
Now, let 𝝀𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝟐 ≤| 𝟐 | ≤ |𝟐𝒏(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )| = 𝑽𝒏 (𝒙) and hence
𝒏(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒏(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )
∞
𝝅
∫ 𝑽𝒏 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑽𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝟎.
𝟎 𝟒𝒏 𝒏→∞
By Lebesgue Dominating convergence theorem, we have:

∞ ∞
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝝀𝒏 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝑽𝒏 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎; (𝟏)
𝒏→∞ 𝟎 𝒏→∞ 𝟎
The integral 𝑰𝟐 has primitive which is

∞ ∞ ∞
𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟐 𝟐
=∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
=− 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
| =
𝟎 𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟎 𝟐𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟐𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟎 𝟐𝒏𝟐
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Giving us 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎 (which we can even perform to show that
𝒏→∞
𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎 as 𝒏 → ∞ even by LTCD) ;(2)

So, from (1),(2)we have:
𝟏 𝟐 𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝝓𝒏 )𝒏 ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 )𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + − ) =𝒆
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏𝝅𝟐
Now, we have just to evaluate
∞ 𝒎 ∞
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝅𝒓) 𝜻( 𝒌 ) − 𝟏
𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ∑ ) = 𝐞𝐱𝐩 (𝟏 − ∑ )
𝒎→∞ 𝒌𝒓 𝒓 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒓=𝟐 𝒌=𝟐
∞
𝒙𝒌 𝒅𝒙
= 𝐞𝐱𝐩 (𝟏 − ∑ ⋅ 𝒙 𝒙 )
𝒌! 𝒙𝒆 (𝒆 − 𝟏)
𝒌=𝟐
Interchanging sum and integral signs we have

∞ ∞ ∞
𝒆𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟏 −𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ ( 𝒙 − 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝜸
𝟎 𝒙𝒆 (𝒆 − 𝟏) 𝟎 𝟎 𝒆 − 𝟏 𝒙𝒆
∞ 𝟏 𝟏
Since it is well known that ∫𝟎 (𝒆𝒙−𝟏 − 𝒙𝒆𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝜸 and hence we have desired result 𝒆𝜸 .
In other way we calculate

∞ 𝑵
𝜻( 𝒌 ) − 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑ = ∑∑ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ( − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒎 + 𝟏)) =
𝒌 𝒌𝒎𝒌 𝑵→∞ 𝒎
𝒌=𝟐 𝒎≥𝟐 𝒌≥𝟐 𝒎=𝟐
= − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝑯𝑵 − 𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑵) = 𝟏 − 𝜸.

𝑵→∞
1524. Find:
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
∞
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝟒 𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝛆→𝟎
𝜺 𝒙 + 𝒙
𝛆>0

Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-India
𝟏
∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝒙=
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒚
𝛀=∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
=∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝒚 +𝒚 +𝟏

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𝟏 𝟐( 𝟐)𝟏(
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= 𝟐∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝟔𝒏+𝟐 𝟔𝒏+𝟒
𝟐∑∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∑ ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∑ ∫ 𝒙𝟔𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏=𝟎 𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −𝟐 ∑ 𝟐
+∑ 𝟐
+∑ =
(𝟔𝒏 + 𝟑) (𝟔𝒏 + 𝟓) (𝟔𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝝍(𝟏) (𝟐) 𝝍(𝟏) (𝟔) 𝝍(𝟏) (𝟔) 𝝅𝟐 𝝍
(𝟏)
(𝟏 − 𝟔) + 𝝍(𝟏) (𝟔) 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
=− + + =− + = − =
𝟏𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟗 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
Solution 2 by Ajetunmobi Abdulquyyum-Nigeria
∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟒
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏
𝟐
⏟𝟏 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝑨
∞ 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙=
𝒕
𝑨=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ⇒
𝟏
𝟐
+𝒙 +𝟏 𝒙𝟒 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 +𝒙
𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 +𝒙
𝟏 𝟐( 𝟏(
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 +𝒙
𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
=∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= 𝟐∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 = 𝑩 − 𝑪 − 𝑫
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐−𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙𝟔 =𝒛 𝟏 𝒛 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 𝟏 (𝟏) 𝟏
𝑩 = 𝟐∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒛 = − 𝝍 ( )
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟏𝟖 𝟎 𝟏−𝒛 𝟏𝟖 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
𝟓
𝟏 𝒛𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒛𝟔 ) 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙𝟒
− 𝟏 𝟏 𝒛𝟔−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 𝟏 (𝟏) 𝟓
𝑪=∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝒛 𝟔 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ 𝒅𝒛 = − 𝝍 ( )
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒛 𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟎 𝟏−𝒛 𝟑𝟔 𝟔
𝟓 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒛−𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 𝟏 𝟏 𝒛𝟔−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 𝟏 (𝟏) 𝟏
𝑫=∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ 𝒅𝒛 = − 𝝍 ( )
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟑𝟔 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒛 𝟑𝟔 𝟎 𝟏−𝒛 𝟑𝟔 𝟔
Thus,
𝟐 (𝟏) 𝟏 (𝟏) 𝟓 𝟏 (𝟏) 𝟏
𝛀=𝑩−𝑪−𝑫 =− 𝝍 + 𝝍 ( )+ 𝝍 ( )=
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟔
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𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐
− =
𝟗 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
Therefore,
∞
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝝅𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝜺 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟏𝟐
𝛆→𝟎
𝛆>0
Solution 3 by Ose Favour-Nigeria
∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝚽 + 𝚿
𝛆→𝟎
𝜺 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟒
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏
𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏
𝟐
𝛆>0
∞ 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒖=
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒖
𝚿=∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒖
𝟏 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝒖 +𝒖 +𝟏
𝟏 𝟏(
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔
𝟒 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓 𝟓
−
𝟏( 𝟐 )𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒕=𝒙𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒕𝟔 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒕𝟔−𝟔 + 𝒕−𝟔 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕
= −∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟑𝟔 𝟎 𝟏−𝒕
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 −𝟔+𝒏
𝒕 − 𝟐𝒕−𝟐+𝒏 + 𝒕−𝟔+𝒏
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝟏−𝒕
𝟏 ′
𝛀=− 𝛀 ( 𝟎)
𝟑𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 −𝟔+𝒏
𝒕 − 𝟐𝒕−𝟐+𝒏 + 𝒕−𝟔+𝒏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = −𝝍(𝟎) (𝒏 + ) − 𝝍(𝟎) (𝒏 + ) + 𝟐𝝍(𝟎) (𝒏 + )
𝟎 𝟏−𝒕 𝟔 𝟔 𝟐
′ 𝟏 ′ 𝟓 ′ 𝟏
𝛀′ (𝒏) = −𝝍(𝟎) (𝒏 + ) − 𝝍(𝟎) (𝒏 + ) + 𝟐𝝍(𝟎) (𝒏 + )
𝟔 𝟔 𝟐
′ 𝟏 ′ 𝟓 ′ 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅𝟐
𝛀′ (𝟎) = −𝝍(𝟎) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟎) ( ) + 𝟐𝝍(𝟎) ( ) = − (𝝅𝟐 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 ( )) + 𝟐 = −𝟑𝝅𝟐
𝟔 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
𝟏 ′ 𝟏 𝟐
𝝅𝟐
𝛀=− ( )
𝛀 𝟎 = ⋅ 𝟑𝝅 =
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
𝟏
∞ 𝒙= ∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
𝛀=∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 + ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝒚 +𝒚 +𝟏 𝟎 𝒚 +𝒚 +𝟏 𝟏 𝒚 +𝒚 +𝟏
= 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐

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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 − 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
𝑰𝟏 = ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒚 = − ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒚 + ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝒚 +𝒚 +𝟏 𝟎 𝟏−𝒚 𝟎 𝟏−𝒚 𝟎 𝟏−𝒚
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝟔𝒏
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
= −∫ ∑𝒚 | 𝒚𝒂 𝒅𝒚 + ∫ 𝒚𝟐 ∑ 𝒚𝟔𝒌 | 𝒚𝒃 𝒅𝒚 = − ∑ | ∫ 𝒚𝟔𝒏+𝒂 𝒅𝒚 +
𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎 𝟎 𝝏𝒃 𝒃=𝟎 𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎 𝟎
𝒌=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ 𝟏 ′ ∞ ′ ∞
𝝏 𝟔𝒌+𝒃+𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
+∑ | ∫ 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = − ∑ [ ] + ∑[ ] =
𝝏𝒃 𝒃=𝟎 𝟎 𝟔𝒏 + 𝒂 + 𝟏 𝒂=𝟎 𝟔𝒌 + 𝒃 + 𝟑 𝒃=𝟎
𝒌=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=∑ 𝟐
−∑ 𝟐
= [∑ ]
𝟐 = 𝟐 −∑
(𝟔𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝟔𝒌 + 𝟑) 𝟑𝟔 𝟏 𝟏
𝒏=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 (𝒏 + ) 𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 + )
𝟔 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= [𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )]
𝟑𝟔 𝟔 𝟐
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐(
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒚=
𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝑰𝟐 = − ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 𝒚 +𝒚 +𝟏 𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟔
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
=∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟔
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝟐 𝟔𝒏
𝝏 𝝏
= ∫ 𝒙 ∑𝒙 | 𝒙𝒂 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒙𝟒 ∑ 𝒙𝟔𝒌 | 𝒙𝒃 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎 𝟎 𝝏𝒃 𝒃=𝟎
𝒏=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝝏 𝟔𝒏+𝒂+𝟐
𝝏
=∑ | ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∑ | ∫ 𝒙𝟔𝒌+𝒃+𝟒 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎 𝟎 𝝏𝒃 𝒃=𝟎 𝟎
𝒏=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ ′ ′ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∑[ ] −∑[ ] =−∑ + ∑ =
𝟔𝒏 + 𝒂 + 𝟑 𝒂=𝟎 𝟔𝒌 + 𝒃 + 𝟓 𝒃=𝟎 (𝟔𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐 (𝟔𝒏 + 𝟓)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏
= [∑ 𝟐 −∑ 𝟐
]= [𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )]
𝟑𝟔 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑𝟔 𝟔 𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 (𝒌 + 𝒏=𝟎 (𝒏 + 𝟐)
𝟔)
Therefore,
𝟏 𝟓 𝟓 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 = [𝝍(𝟏) ( ) ∓ 𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝟐𝝍(𝟏) ( )]
𝟑𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟐
Solution 5 by Kartick Chandra Betal-India
∞ ∞
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 +𝒙
𝟏 (𝟏 −
𝟏
𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝟏( 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙
𝟐𝛀 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 +𝒙
𝟐 𝟒
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒙 + 𝒙) − 𝟏

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𝟏
𝟏 𝒙 −𝒙+𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙| − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 ) =
𝟐 𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏 𝟎
𝟐 𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑 𝟏−𝒙
= − ∫ {𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟑
) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )} 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏−𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝒙)
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟔 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝒙 𝟐 𝟎 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙)
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟑 𝟎 𝒙 𝟑 𝟎 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
( ) ( )
= 𝜼 𝟐 + 𝜻 𝟐 = 𝜻 𝟐 = ( )
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
∞
−𝟏
(𝒏𝟑 + 𝟔𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒏 + 𝟓) ⋅ 𝒏!
𝛀 = ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝟏 + (𝒏𝟑 + 𝟔𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒏 + 𝟔) ⋅ (𝒏!)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎

Solution 1 by Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan
𝒙−𝒚
∵ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ),
𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚
∵ 𝒏𝟑 + 𝟔𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒏 + 𝟔 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐)(𝒏 + 𝟑)
∞
(𝒏𝟑 + 𝟔𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒏 + 𝟓) ⋅ 𝒏!
𝛀 = ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )=
𝟏 + (𝒏𝟑 + 𝟔𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒏 + 𝟔) ⋅ (𝒏!)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎
∞
(𝒏𝟑 + 𝟔𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒏 + 𝟔) ⋅ 𝒏! − 𝒏!
= ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )=
𝟏 + (𝒏𝟑 + 𝟔𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒏 + 𝟔) ⋅ (𝒏!)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞
−𝟏
= ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ((𝒏 + 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟏𝟏𝒏 + 𝟔) ⋅ 𝒏!) − ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒏!) =
𝟑 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞
−𝟏 ((𝒏
= ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝟑)!) − ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒏!) =
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞
= ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ((𝒏 + 𝟑)!) − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐) − ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒏!) = 𝝅 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐)
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟑

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Solution 2 by Naren Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal
Note the 𝑮(𝒏) = 𝒏𝟑 + 𝟔𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒏 + 𝟔 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐)(𝒏 + 𝟑) and it is easy to see that
∞ ∞
−𝟏
(𝑮(𝒏) − 𝟏)𝒏!
∑ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( 𝟐
) = ∑ (𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ((𝒏 + 𝟑)!) − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏!))
( )(
𝟏 + 𝑮 𝒏 𝒏!)
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
We have telescoping series giving us

−𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟎!) − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏!) − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐!) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ((𝒏 + 𝟑)!) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ((𝒏 + 𝟐)!) +
𝒏→∞
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ((𝒏 + 𝟏)!)) .For all 𝒏 > 𝟐 and on the further solving we have:
𝝅 𝟑𝝅
− − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐) + = 𝝅 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐)
𝟐 𝟐
1526. 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒙𝒏 = (𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 ), 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ. Find:
𝒙𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒏→∞ 𝒏!

Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒙𝒏 = (𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 ), 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ; (𝟏) ⇒
𝒙𝒏 − 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 = −[𝒙𝒏−𝟏 − (𝒏 −)𝒙𝒏−𝟐 ]. Put: 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒙𝒏 − 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 , ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟏, 𝒂𝟏 = −𝟏
Also, (1) gives 𝒂𝒏 = −𝒂𝒏−𝟏 , ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟐 ⇒ (𝒂𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟐 −geometric progression with ratio 𝒒 = −𝟏.
Thus, 𝒂𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝟏 , ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙𝒏 − 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 = (−𝟏)𝒏 , ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒙𝒓 𝒙𝒓−𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒓
⇒ − = ⇒ ∑( − )=∑ , ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
𝒏! (𝒏 − 𝟏)! 𝒏! 𝒓! (𝒓 − 𝟏)! 𝒓!
𝒓=𝟏 𝒓=𝟏
𝒏
𝒙𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒓 𝒙𝟎
⇒ =∑ +
𝒏! 𝒓! 𝟎!
𝒓=𝟏
𝒏
𝒙𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒓 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝒏→∞ 𝒓! 𝒆
𝒓=𝟎
Solution 2 by Naren Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal

Since 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏 and 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎 and given recurrence relation 𝒙𝒏 = (𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝒏−𝟐 + 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 ) and
on expanding the recurrence relation we can observe that

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𝑷 = {𝒙𝒏 |𝒏 ∈ ℤ≥𝟎 } = {𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟗, 𝟒𝟒, 𝟐𝟔𝟓, 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟒, … }
Since the sequence we have well know from Derangement so in other word we can
rewrite the recurrence in terms subfactorial, that is
! 𝒏 = (𝒏 − 𝟏)(! (𝒏 − 𝟐) + ! (𝒏 − 𝟏)), ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟐 and hence required limit to be evaluated is
𝒏
𝒙𝒏 !𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒌 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝐧→∞ 𝒏! 𝒏→∞ 𝒌! 𝒆
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏
(−𝟏)𝒌
𝐚𝐬 ! 𝒏 = 𝒏! ∑
𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎
1527. 𝑮(𝒏) −Barnes 𝑮-function, 𝑲(𝒏) − 𝑲 function. Find:

∞
𝒏 𝒏!
𝛀=∑√
𝑲(𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅ 𝑮(𝒏 + 𝟐)
𝒏=𝟐

𝒏−𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
(𝚪(𝒏)) ((𝒏 + 𝟏)!)
𝑮(𝒏) = ; 𝑮 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) =
𝑲(𝒏) 𝑲 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐)
𝑲(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟏
𝑲(𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝟐𝟐 ⋅ 𝟑𝟑 ⋅ … ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 ⇒ =
𝑲(𝒏 + 𝟐) (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
𝒏 𝒏! 𝒏! 𝒏!
√ =𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒏 =
𝑲 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅ 𝑮 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) √ ((𝒏 + 𝟏)!) √ ((𝒏 + 𝟏)!)𝒏+𝟏
𝑲(𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅
𝑲 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
𝒏
𝒏! 𝟏
= =
√ (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
⋅ (𝒏!)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏!
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
Therefore,
∞ ∞
𝒏𝒏! 𝟏
𝛀=∑√ = ∑ =𝒆−𝟐
𝑲(𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅ 𝑮(𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟐 𝒏=𝟐

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Solution 2 by Amrit Awasthi-India
We know: 𝑲(𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝟐𝟐 ⋅ 𝟑𝟑 ⋅ … ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 and 𝑮(𝒏 + 𝟐) = 𝟏! ⋅ 𝟐! ⋅ 𝟑! ⋅ … ⋅ 𝒏!
⇒ 𝑮(𝒏 + 𝟐) = 𝟏𝒏 ⋅ 𝟐𝒏−𝟏 ⋅ 𝟑𝒏−𝟐 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 ⋅ 𝒏𝟏
𝑲(𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅ 𝑮(𝒏 + 𝟐) = (𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝟐𝟐 ⋅ 𝟑𝟑 ⋅ … ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 ) ⋅ (𝟏𝒏 ⋅ 𝟐𝒏−𝟏 ⋅ 𝟑𝒏−𝟐 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 ⋅ 𝒏𝟏 ) =
= 𝟏𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ 𝟐𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏+𝟏 = (𝒏!)𝒏+𝟏
Therefore,
∞ ∞ ∞
𝒏 𝒏! 𝒏 𝒏! 𝒏 𝟏
𝛀=∑√ =∑√ 𝒏+𝟏
= ∑ √ =
𝑲(𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅ 𝑮(𝒏 + 𝟐) (𝒏!) (𝒏!)𝒏
𝒏=𝟐 𝒏=𝟐 𝒏=𝟐
∞
𝟏
=∑ = 𝒆−𝟐
𝒏!
𝒏=𝟐
1528. Find:
𝒏
𝒏 𝟏 𝟒𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √(𝟐𝒏)! ⋅ (𝟐 ∑ − )
𝒏→∞ (𝒏 − 𝒌)! ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝒌)! (𝟐𝒏)!
𝒌=𝟎

𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝒏 (𝟐𝒏)! 𝟏 (𝒏−𝒌 )
( )= ⇒ =
𝒏−𝒌 (𝒏 − 𝒌)! ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝒌)! (𝒏 − 𝒌)! ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝒌)! (𝟐𝒏)!
𝒏
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏
∑( )=( )+( )+( ) + ⋯+ ( )
𝒏−𝒌 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟐 𝟎
𝒌=𝟎
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏
)+( =( ) +⋯+ ( ) = 𝑺
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟐 𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏
∵ ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( ) = 𝟐𝟐𝒏 ⇒ 𝟐𝑺 + ( ) = 𝟐𝟐𝒏 ⇒ 𝟐𝑺 = 𝟒𝒏 − ( )
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒏
𝟒𝒏 − (𝟐𝒏 ) 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 (𝟒𝒏 + (𝟐𝒏
𝒏
))
𝒏
⇒𝑺= ⇒ ∑( )=𝑺+( ) =
𝟐 𝒏−𝒌 𝒏 𝟐
𝒌=𝟎

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𝒏
𝒏 𝟏 𝟒𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √(𝟐𝒏)! ⋅ (𝟐 ∑ − )=
𝒏→∞ (𝒏 − 𝒌)! ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝒌)! (𝟐𝒏)!
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏 𝟒𝒏 + (𝟐𝒏
𝒏
) 𝟒𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 (𝟐𝒏)! 𝑪−𝑫
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √(𝟐𝒏)! ⋅ ( ⋅𝟐− ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ =
𝒏→∞ 𝟐(𝟐𝒏)! (𝟐𝒏)! 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ (𝒏!)𝟐
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐)! (𝒏!)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏)! (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐)(𝒏!)𝟐

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ⋅ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟒
𝒏→∞
((𝒏 + 𝟏)!) (𝟐𝒏)! 𝒏→∞ (𝒏!)𝟐 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏)!
Solution 2 by Ahmed Yackoube Chach-Mauritania

𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰=∑ = + + ⋯+ +
(𝒏 − 𝒌)! (𝒏 + 𝒌)! 𝒏! ⋅ 𝒏! (𝒏 − 𝟏)! ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝟏)! 𝟏! ⋅ (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! 𝟎! ⋅ (𝟐𝒏)!
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + ⋯+ =∑
𝟎! ⋅ (𝟐𝒏)! 𝟏! ⋅ (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! 𝒏! ⋅ 𝒏! (𝟐𝒏 − 𝒌) ⋅ 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎
𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑ = +⋯+ + + 𝟐
−
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝒌)! ⋅ 𝒌! (𝒏 − 𝟏)! ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝟏)! 𝟏! ⋅ (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! 𝟎! ⋅ (𝟐𝒏)! (𝒏!) (𝒏!)𝟐
𝒌=𝒏+𝟏
𝟏
=𝑰−
(𝒏!)𝟐
𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒𝒏
𝟐𝑰 = ∑ + = +
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝒌)! ⋅ 𝒌! (𝒏!)𝟐 (𝒏!)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏)!
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏
𝒏 𝟏 𝟒𝒏 𝒏 𝟒𝒏
𝛀𝐧 = √(𝟐𝒏)! ⋅ (𝟐 ∑ − ) = √(𝟐𝒏)! (𝟐𝑰 − )=
(𝒏 − 𝒌)! ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝒌)! (𝟐𝒏)! (𝟐𝒏)!
𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝟏 𝚪(𝒏+𝟐 )
𝒏 (𝟐𝒏)!
𝒏
𝟐𝟐𝒏 𝚪 (𝒏
+ 𝟐) 𝟏 𝚪 (𝒏 + ) 𝒏
⋅𝐥𝐨𝐠( ⋅ )
√𝝅 𝚪(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒏→∞
=√ = √ = 𝟒( ⋅ 𝟐 ) =𝟒⋅𝒆 → 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒆𝟎
(𝒏!)𝟐 √𝝅𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏) √𝝅 𝚪 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏)
Therefore,
𝒏
𝒏 𝟏 𝟒𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √(𝟐𝒏)! ⋅ (𝟐 ∑ − )=𝟒
𝒏→∞ (𝒏 − 𝒌)! ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝒌)! (𝟐𝒏)!
𝒌=𝟎

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1529. For 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒑, 𝒒 ∈ ℕ such that 𝒑(𝒒 − 𝒃) = 𝒂 + 𝟏. Find:
𝟐𝒎 𝒏
𝟏 𝒂 𝒑
𝒊𝒃
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ∑ 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝒒)
𝒎→∞ 𝒎 𝒏→∞ 𝒏
𝒑=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
Proposed by Florică Anastase-Romania

Solution by Ruxandra Daniela Tonilă-Romania
𝒑 𝒑
𝒏 𝒏𝒊𝒃 𝒏 𝒊𝒃
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (
𝒊 𝒃
𝒏𝒒 𝒊 𝒂+𝒃𝒑
𝒏𝒒 ) 𝒊𝒂+𝒃𝒑
𝒂𝒏 = ∑ 𝒊𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒑 ( 𝒒 ) = ∑ ( ) = ∑ ( ) ⇔
𝒏 𝒊𝒃 𝒏𝒑𝒒 𝒊𝒃 𝒏𝒂+𝒃𝒑+𝟏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
𝒏𝒒 𝒏𝒒
𝒑
𝒊𝒃
𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒏𝒒 )
∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ, ∃𝜻𝒏 > 0 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: 1 − 𝜻𝒏 ≤ ( ) ≤ 𝟏 + 𝜻𝒏
𝒊𝒃
𝒏𝒒
𝒏 𝒏
𝒊𝒂+𝒃𝒑 𝒊𝒂+𝒃𝒑
( 𝟏 − 𝜻𝒏 ) ∑ 𝒂+𝒃𝒑+𝟏 ≤ 𝒂𝒏 ≤ ( 𝟏 + 𝜻𝒏 ) ∑ 𝒂+𝒃𝒑+𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝟏
𝒊𝒂+𝒃𝒑 𝟏 𝒊 𝒂+𝒃𝒑 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 ∑ 𝒂+𝒃𝒑+𝟏 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ∑ ( ) = ∫ 𝒙𝒂+𝒃𝒑 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒑 + 𝟏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝟎
Hence,
𝒏
𝒊𝒃 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 ∑ 𝒊𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒑 ( 𝒒
)=
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒑 + 𝟏
𝒊=𝟏
𝟐𝒎 𝒏 𝟐𝒎
𝒊𝒃 𝟏
∑ ∑ 𝒊𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒑 ( 𝒒 ) = ∑
𝒏 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒑 + 𝟏
𝒑=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒑=𝟏
𝟐𝒎 𝟏
∑𝒑=𝟏
𝟐𝒎 𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴 𝟐𝒎 𝟐𝒎 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 √𝒑
𝟎≤ ⋅∑ ⏞
≤ ∑ 𝟑 = 𝟑 ∑ 𝟑 = 𝟑 ⋅
𝒎 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒑 + 𝟏 𝒎 𝟑√𝒂𝒃𝒑 𝟑√𝒂𝒃 𝒎 √𝒑 𝟑√𝒂𝒃 𝒎
𝒑=𝟏 𝒑=𝟏 𝒑=𝟏
𝟐𝒎 𝟏
∑𝒑=𝟏 𝟏
𝟐𝒎 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 √𝒑 𝑳.𝑪−𝑺 𝟏 𝟑
√𝟐𝒎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅∑ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑 ⋅ =
⏞ 𝟑 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒎→∞ 𝒎 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒑 + 𝟏 𝒎→∞ 𝟑√𝒂𝒃
𝒑=𝟏
𝒎 𝟑√𝒂𝒃 𝒏→∞ (𝒎 + 𝟏) − 𝒎
Therefore,

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𝟐𝒎 𝒏
𝟏 𝒊𝒃
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ∑ 𝒊𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒑 ( 𝒒 ) = 𝟎
𝒎→∞ 𝒎 𝒏→∞ 𝒏
𝒑=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
1530. If (𝒂𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟎 , (𝒃𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟎 are given by 𝒂𝟎 = 𝒃𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒂𝒏 + 𝒃𝒏 ,

𝒃𝒏+𝟏 = (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒂𝒏 + 𝒃𝒏 , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏. Find:
𝒏
𝒏 𝒂𝒌
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 ⋅ √∏ ( )
𝒏→∞ 𝒃𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
Proposed by Neculai Stanciu-Romania

Solution by George Florin Șerban-Romania
𝒂𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒂𝒏 + 𝒃𝒏 ⇒ 𝒃𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒂𝒏 and 𝒃𝒏+𝟏 = (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒃𝒏, then
𝒃𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒃𝒏 = (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒂𝒏 ⇒ 𝒂𝒏+𝟐 − 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏 = (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏)𝒂𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏
𝒂𝒏+𝟐 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 𝒂𝒏+𝟏
𝒂𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒏+𝟏 = (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏)𝒂𝒏 ⇒ −𝟐 = 𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏. 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒙𝒏 = ⇒
𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒙𝒏 − 𝟐𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏. Applying mathematical induction to 𝑷(𝒏): 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏 + 𝟏 from 𝒏 ≥
𝒂
𝟎, we have: 𝑷(𝟎): 𝒙𝟎 = 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏 true.
𝟎
Suppose that: 𝑷(𝒌): 𝒙𝒌 = 𝒌 + 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙𝒌+𝟏 ⋅ (𝒌 + 𝟏) − 𝟐(𝒌 + 𝟏) = 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌 ⇒

𝒙𝒌+𝟏 ⋅ (𝒌 + 𝟏) = 𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟏) + 𝟐(𝒌 + 𝟏) ⇒ 𝒙𝒌+𝟏 = 𝒌 + 𝟐. Hence,
𝒏
𝒂𝒏+𝟏 𝒂𝒌+𝟏
=𝒏+𝟏 ⇒∏ = (𝒏 + 𝟏)! ⇒ 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)! ⇒ 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏!
𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒌
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒃𝒌 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒌!
∏ =∏ = ∏ 𝒌 = 𝒏!
𝒂𝒌 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Therefore,
𝒏
𝒏 𝒂𝒌 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏𝒏 𝑪−𝑫′ 𝑨 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏!
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 ⋅ √∏ ( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝒏=
𝒏→∞ 𝒃𝒌 𝒏→∞ √𝒏! 𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝟏)! 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝒏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) = 𝒆.
𝒏→∞ 𝒏

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1531. Find:
𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝟒𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏)𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒏𝒙) − 𝟏
𝛀(𝒏) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ; 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝟓𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝒙 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝐭𝐚𝐧((𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝒙) − 𝟏
Proposed by Mohammad Hamed Nasery-Afghanistan
Rewriting we have:
𝒆𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒+⋯+𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒏𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏) − 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓+⋯+𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)
𝒙→𝟎 𝒆 −𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒+⋯+𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒏𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏) ,
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒆𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓+⋯+𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)
⇒ 𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝒆𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒+⋯+𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒏𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏) ⋅
⋅ (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (𝟐𝒙) ⋅ 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 ((𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙) ⋅ 𝟐𝒏)
𝒈′(𝒙) = 𝒆𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓+⋯+𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏+𝟏) ⋅
⋅ (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (𝟑𝒙) ⋅ 𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 ((𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙) ⋅ (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏))
That implies,
𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝟐𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ′ = =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒈 (𝒙) 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 + ⋯ + (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏)𝟐𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝟐 ⋅ 𝟒𝟒 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏)𝟐𝒏 )
= =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓𝟓 + ⋯ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑𝟑 ⋅ 𝟓𝟓 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟏 )
Solution 2 by Serlea Kabay-Liberia
Recall, 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝜶𝒙) ~𝜶𝒙 and 𝒆𝜶𝒙 − 𝟏~𝜶𝒙; ∀𝜶 ∈ ℝ.
𝟐𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝟒𝟒𝒙 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏)𝟐𝒏𝒙 − 𝟏
𝛀(𝒏)~ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝟑𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝟓𝟓𝒙 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟐𝒙 ⋅𝟒𝟒𝒙 ⋅…⋅(𝟐𝒏)𝟐𝒏𝒙 )
𝒆𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 −𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒆 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑𝟑𝒙 ⋅𝟓𝟓𝒙 ⋅…⋅(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝒙 ) −𝟏
𝟐 +𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒𝟒 +⋯+𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏)𝟐𝒏
𝒆𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 −𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑𝟑 +𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓𝟓 +⋯+𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟏
=
𝒙→𝟎 𝒆 −𝟏

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𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(∏𝒏 𝟐𝒌
𝒆 𝒌=𝟏(𝟐𝒌) )
−𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(∏𝒏𝒌=𝟏(𝟐𝒌)𝟐𝒌 )
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(∏𝒏 (𝟐𝒌+𝟏)𝟐𝒌+𝟏 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒆 𝒌=𝟏 − 𝟏 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(∏𝒏𝒌=𝟏(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒌+𝟏 )
𝐥𝐨𝐠(∏𝒏𝒌=𝟏(𝟐𝒌)𝟐𝒌 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝟐 ⋅ 𝟒𝟒 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏)𝟐𝒏 )
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠(∏𝒏 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒌+𝟏 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑𝟑 ⋅ 𝟓𝟓 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟏 )
𝒌=𝟏
Solution 3 by Obaidullah Jaihon-Afghanistan

𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝟒𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏)𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒏𝒙) = 𝒕 ⇒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝟐𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏) 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒏𝒙)
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕)′ = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟒𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝟐𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (𝟐𝒏)
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕)′ = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝟐𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝟐 ⋅ 𝟒𝟒 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏)𝟐𝒏 )
𝒙→𝟎
𝒑 = 𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝟓𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝒙 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝒙 − 𝟏

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒑 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒑)′ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟓𝒙 + ⋯
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎
+ (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒙) =

= 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 + ⋯ + (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟑𝟑 ⋅ 𝟓𝟓 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟏 )
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟐𝟐 ⋅ 𝟒𝟒 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏)𝟐𝒏 )

𝛀= 𝟓
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟑𝟑 ⋅ 𝟓 ⋅ … ⋅ (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟏 )
1532. Solve for integers:

𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎 𝟖𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝟏𝒙 + 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒂𝒏 ⋅ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒏 ⋅ 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒏
+ + +⋯+
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒏
𝟔𝒏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝒏𝟒 + 𝟏𝟎𝒏𝟑 − 𝒏
= ; 𝒏 ∈ ℕ∗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝:
𝟑𝟎
𝒄𝒏
𝒂𝒏 𝒏𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
𝐧→∞ 𝒃𝒏
Proposed by Costel Florea-Romania

Solution by George Florin Șerban-Romania
𝟔𝒏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓𝒏𝟒 + 𝟏𝟎𝒏𝟑 − 𝒏 = 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟑𝒏𝟐 + 𝟑𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝒏
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟑𝒏𝟐 + 𝟑𝒏 − 𝟏)
∑ 𝒌𝟒 =
𝟑𝟎
𝒌=𝟏

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𝒂𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖, 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟖𝟒, … , 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏𝟒 + 𝒏
𝒃𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔, 𝒃𝟑 = 𝟖𝟏, … , 𝒃𝒏 = 𝒏𝟒
𝒄𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝒄𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎, … , 𝒄𝒏 = 𝒏𝟓 − 𝒏
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 𝟒
𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎 𝟒
𝟖𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝟏𝒙 + 𝟐𝟒𝟎
( − 𝟏 ) + ( − 𝟐 ) + ( − 𝟑𝟒 ) + ⋯
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟑
(𝒏𝟒 + 𝒏)𝒙𝟐 + 𝒏𝟒 𝒙 + 𝒏𝟓 − 𝒏)
+( − 𝒏𝟒 ) = 𝟎 ⇒
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 𝒏𝒙𝟐 − 𝒏
+ + + ⋯ + =𝟎⟺
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒏
𝟏 𝟐 𝒏
( 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟏) ( 𝟐 + 𝟐 +⋯+ 𝟐 )=𝟎
𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏 𝒙 +𝒙+𝟐 𝒙 +𝒙+𝒏
𝟏 𝟐 𝒏
Because 𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝒏 ≠ 𝟎 from 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒏 > 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⟺ 𝒙 ∈ {−𝟏, 𝟏}
𝒏𝟓−𝒏 𝒏𝟒 −𝟏
𝒄𝒏 𝒏𝟑 𝒏𝟒
𝒂𝒏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟒 + 𝒏 𝒏𝟐 𝟏 𝒏𝟒 −𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [(𝟏 + ) ] = 𝒆𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟒 =𝒆
𝐧→∞ 𝒃𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟒 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟑
1533. Let (𝒂𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 −be a sequence of real numbers with 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏 and
[(𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 )(𝒏 + 𝟏)! 𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ](𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒏𝟐 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ; 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎. Find:
𝒂 𝒂
𝒂
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏 𝒂
( √ 𝒏+𝟏 ) − ( √ 𝒏 )
𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂−𝟏
𝒏→∞
𝒂𝒏
(√ 𝒏 )
𝒏+𝟏

Solution by Mikael Bernardo-Mozambique
𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏; [(𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 )(𝒏 + 𝟏)! 𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ](𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒏𝟐 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ; 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏 ⟺
(𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝟏)! = 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏 + 𝟏) ⟺
𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 − 𝒏
= ⟺
𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟏)!

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𝟏 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
− = −
𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)! (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟏)!
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− = −
𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝟏)! 𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏!
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− = − ⇒ 𝒂𝒏 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅ (𝒏 + 𝟏)!
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟎 𝟐 ⋅ 𝟐! 𝟏 ⋅ 𝟏!
Hence,
𝒂 𝒂
𝒂
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
( √ 𝒏+𝟏 ) − ( √ 𝒏 ) 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏
( √(𝒏 + 𝟐)!) − ( √(𝒏 + 𝟏)!)
𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂−𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂−𝟏 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏
𝒂
𝒏 ( √(𝒏 + 𝟏)!)
( √𝒏 +𝒏 𝟏)
𝒏+𝟏 𝒂
𝒏
𝒂+𝟏−𝒂 √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) !
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( √(𝒏 + 𝟏)!) ⋅ (( 𝒏 ) − 𝟏) =
𝒏→∞ √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝒏+𝟏 𝒂
√ ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) !
𝒏 ( 𝒏 ) −𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒂
√ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) ! √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) ! √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) !
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )⋅𝒏⋅ 𝒂 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (( 𝒏 ) )
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) !
𝒏+𝟏
√ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (( 𝒏 ) )
√ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝒏
√(𝒏 + 𝟏)! 𝑪−𝑫 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) ! 𝒏𝒏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ⋅ = ; ( 𝟏)
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝟏)! (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒆
𝒏+𝟏 𝒂
√(𝒏 + 𝟐)!
𝒏+𝟏 ( 𝒏 ) −𝟏
√ ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) ! √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂 = 𝟏; (𝟐)
𝒏→∞ 𝒏√(𝒏 + 𝟏) ! 𝒏→∞ 𝒏+𝟏
√(𝒏 + 𝟐)!
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (( 𝒏 ) )
√ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝒂
√ ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) ! ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) ! 𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (( 𝒏 ) ) = 𝜶 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ ) = 𝒂 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆
𝒏→∞ √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) ! 𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝟏)! √ ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) ! 𝒏 + 𝟏
= 𝒂; (𝟑)
From (1),(2),(3) it follows that:
𝒂 𝒂
𝒂
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏 𝒂𝒏
( √𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 ) − ( √
+𝟐 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟏 𝒂
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂−𝟏 = ⋅𝟏⋅𝒂=
𝒏→∞
𝒏 𝒂 𝒆 𝒆
( √𝒏 +𝒏 𝟏)

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1534.
𝒏𝟐 𝒏
(𝒂𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 , (𝒃𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 ; 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ [ ] 𝒅𝒙, 𝒃𝟏 > 1,
𝟏 𝒙
𝒃𝒏+𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒃𝒏 ) , [∗] − 𝑮𝑰𝑭 . Find:
𝒂𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏√𝒃𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒂𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏√𝒃𝒏 𝒂𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 𝒂𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ⋅ 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏
𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
= 𝛀𝟏 ⋅ 𝛀𝟐 ; (𝟏)
𝒂𝒏
𝛀𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛀𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞
𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐
We have: −𝟏<[ ]≤ ; ∀𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ ⇒
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐
𝒏𝟐 𝒏
∫ ( − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 < 𝒂𝒏 ≤ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ⟺ 𝒏𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 − (𝒏 − 𝟏) < 𝒂𝒏 ≤ 𝒏𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 ⟺
𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙
𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏
𝟏− 𝟐
< 𝟐 ≤𝟏
𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 − 𝟐
) < 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ≤ 𝟏 ⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 = 𝟏; (𝟐)
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
Now, 𝒃𝟏 > 1. Suppose that 𝒃𝒌 > 1; ∀𝑘 ∈ ℕ and from 𝒃𝒌+𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒌 we get
𝒃𝒌+𝟏 > 1; ∀𝑘 ∈ ℕ. Thus, 𝒃𝒏 > 1; ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
𝒃𝒏+𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 ⇒ 𝒃𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒃𝒏 = 𝟏 − 𝒃𝒏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 ; (𝟑)
𝟏
Let be the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟏; (𝒙 > 1) with 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟏 < 0; ∀𝑥 > 1
⇒ 𝒇 −decreasing on (𝟏, ∞) ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) < 𝑓(𝟏) = 𝟎; ∀𝒙 > 1 ⇒

𝒇(𝒃𝒏 ) < 0 ⇒ 𝒃𝒏+𝟏 < 𝒃𝒏 .
Since (𝒃𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 −is decreasing and bounded, then (𝒃𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 converges.
So, ∃𝒍 ∈ ℝ such that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃𝒏 = 𝒍 ⇒ 𝒍 = 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒍 ⇒ 𝒍 = 𝟏.
𝒏→∞

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𝛀𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏𝒏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃𝒏𝒏 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
𝟏 𝒏(𝒃𝒏 −𝟏)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏(𝒃𝒏 −𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 [(𝟏 + 𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒏 ]
𝒃 −𝟏 ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒆𝒏→∞ ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏(𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
𝒏 𝑪−𝑺 𝒏+𝟏−𝒏 (𝒃𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏)(𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏)

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝒃 𝒏 − 𝒃𝒏+𝟏
𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒃𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏 − 𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏
(𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏)𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 (𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒃𝒏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝒃𝒏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒏→∞ 𝒃𝒏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏
−
(𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏 (𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = +∞; (𝟒)
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟏
𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏 − ⋅𝒃 −𝟏
𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒏
From (1),(2),(3),(4) it follows that:
𝒂𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏√𝒃𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =∞
𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒏𝟐
𝒙 ∈ [𝟏, 𝒏] ⇒ 𝒏 ≤ ≥ 𝒏𝟐
𝒙
𝒙𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐
Let [ 𝒏 ] = 𝒕, 𝒕 ∈ {𝒏, 𝒏 + 𝟏, … , 𝒏𝟐 } ⇒ −𝟏 <𝑡 ≤ ⇔ 𝒕+𝟏 < 𝑥 ≤
𝒙 𝒙 𝒕
𝒏𝟐 −𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 −𝟏
𝒕 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒂𝒏 = ∑ ∫ 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ 𝒕 ( − ) = 𝒏𝟐 ( + + ⋯ + 𝟐)
𝒏 𝒕 𝒕+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟐 𝒏
𝒕=𝒏 𝒕+𝟏 𝒕=𝒏
Now, 𝒃𝟏 > 1, 𝒃𝒏+𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒃𝒏 ) ⇒ 𝒃𝒏 > 1, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ (induction from 𝒏 ∈ ℕ) and

from 𝒃𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒃𝒏 = 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 − 𝒃𝒏 ≤ 𝟎, because 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ≤ 𝒙, ∀𝒙 > −1 ⇒
(𝒃𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 −decreasing.
So, (𝒃𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 −convergent sequence, then
∃ 𝒍 ∈ ℝ, 𝒍 > 0 such that 𝒍 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃𝒏 ⇒ 𝒍 = 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒍 ⇒ 𝒍 = 𝟏.
𝒏→∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Let 𝒄𝒏 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏.

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𝒏
𝒂𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √𝒃𝒏 𝒂𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 𝒂𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝟐 ⋅ 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒄 𝟐 − 𝒄𝒏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [( 𝒏 + 𝟏) ⋅ 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 ] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏(𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒃𝒏−𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏(𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒏−𝟏 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
= ⋯ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 ⋅ 𝒃𝟏 = +∞
𝒏→∞
1535. Find:
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝒊𝟑 + 𝒋𝟑 𝒌𝟑 − 𝒍𝟑
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( (∑ ∑ 𝟒 −∑∑ 𝟒 ))
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒊 + 𝒋𝟒 𝒌 − 𝒍𝟒
𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒍=𝟏
Proposed by Mikael Bernardo-Mozambique

Solution by Ty Halpen-Florida-USA
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝒊𝟑 + 𝒋𝟑 𝒌𝟑 − 𝒍𝟑
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( (∑ ∑ 𝟒 − ∑ ∑ ))
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒊 + 𝒋𝟒 𝒌𝟒 − 𝒍𝟒
𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒍=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒊 𝟑 𝒋 𝟑 𝒏 𝒏 𝒌 𝟑 𝒍 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 ( ) + (𝒏) 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒏) − (𝒏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ ∑ ⋅ 𝒏 𝟒 − ∑ ∑ ⋅ )=
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝒊 𝒋 𝟒 𝒌=𝟏 𝒏 𝒍=𝟏 𝒏 𝒌 𝟒 𝒍 𝟒
𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏 ( ) +( ) ( ) −( )
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 𝒙 𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑
=∫ ∫ ( + ) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒙 𝟒 + 𝒚𝟒 𝒙 𝟒 − 𝒚𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 𝒙 𝟏 𝒚𝟑 𝒚
=∫ ∫ ( 𝟒 𝟒
− 𝟐 𝟐
− ) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 + ∫ ∫ ( 𝟒 𝟒
− ) 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒙 +𝒚 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚 ) 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚) 𝟎 𝟎 𝒙 +𝒚 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒕) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒕𝟒 ) − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 ) + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕)𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒕) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒕𝟒 ))𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟎
𝟏
𝑰𝑩𝑷 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= (−𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟐 ∫ ( 𝟐
− ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒕 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟒

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𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝒕 + √𝟐 𝒕 − √𝟐
= (−𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − + ∫ ( + ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟎 𝒕𝟐 + √𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏 −𝒕𝟐 + √𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏
𝟏 𝝅 √𝟐
= (−𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − + (𝝅 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 + √𝟐) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝟒 + √𝟐 √𝟐
= (√𝟐 − 𝟏) − ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 + √𝟐) ≅ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟒
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
1536. Find:
𝒏−𝟏
𝟏𝒏 𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) (𝒏 − 𝒌)𝒏
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒌
𝒌=𝟎

𝒏−𝟏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
∑ (−𝟏 )𝒌 ( ) (𝒏 − 𝒌)𝒏 = ∑(−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) 𝒌𝒏 =
𝒌 𝒏−𝒌
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝒏
= (−𝟏 )𝒏 ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) 𝒌𝒏 ; (𝟏)
𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
We have:
𝒏
𝒏
∑ ( ) (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒙𝒌 = (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏
𝒌
𝒌=𝟎
Differentiating w.r.t. 𝒙, we get:

𝒏
𝒏
∑ ( ) (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒌𝒙𝒌−𝟏 = (−𝟏)(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏) ⇒
𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝒏
∑ ( ) (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒌𝒙𝒌 = (−𝟏)(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏𝒙)
𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
Differentiating w.r.t. 𝒙, we get:

𝒏
𝒏
∑ ( ) (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒌𝟐 𝒙𝒌−𝟏 = (−𝟏)(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏) + 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)(−𝟏)𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟐 (𝒙)
𝒌
𝒌=𝟏

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Multiply again by 𝒙, we get:
𝒏
𝒏
∑ ( ) (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒌𝟐 𝒙𝒌 = (−𝟏)(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏𝒙) + 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)(−𝟏)𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
Differentiating again, we get:

𝒏
𝒏
∑(−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) 𝒌𝟑 𝒙𝒌−𝟏 = (−𝟏)(𝟏 − 𝒙)∗𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)(−𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒙)(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟐 +
𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
+𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐)(−𝟏)𝟑 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟑 𝒙𝟐

Continuing this way, we get:
𝒏
𝒏
∑(−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) 𝒌𝒏 𝒙𝒌−𝟏 = (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒙𝒏
𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
Putting 𝒙 = 𝟏, we get
𝒏
𝒏
∑(−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) 𝒌𝒏 = 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒏 ; (𝟐)
𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
From (1),(2) it follows

𝒏
𝒏
∑ (−𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 ( ) (𝒏 − 𝒌)𝒏 − (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏! (−𝟏)𝒏 = 𝒏!
𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
Now,
𝒏−𝟏
𝟏𝒏 𝒏 𝟏𝒏 𝑪−𝑫 (𝒏 + 𝟏)! 𝒏𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) (𝒏 − 𝒌)𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒏! = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒌 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏!
𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 =
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝒆
(𝟏 + 𝒏)
Solution 2 by Felix Marin-Romania

𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
∑ (−𝟏 )𝒌 ( ) (𝒏 − 𝒌)𝒏 = ∑(−𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 ( ) [𝒏 − (𝒏 − 𝒌)]𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏 ∑(−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) 𝒌𝒏
𝒌 𝒏−𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝒏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
= (−𝟏)𝒏 ∑(−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) {𝒏! [𝒛𝒏 ]𝒆𝒌𝒛 } = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏! [𝒛𝒏 ] ∑ ( ) (−𝒆𝒛 )𝒌 =
𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎

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∞
𝒋 𝒛𝒋
)𝒏
= (−𝟏 𝒏! [𝒛 𝒏 ](
𝟏−𝒆 𝒛 )𝒏
= 𝒏! [𝒛 𝒏 ]( 𝒛
𝒆 −𝟏 )𝒏 = 𝒏! [𝒛 𝒏]
[𝒏! ∑ { } ]
𝒏 𝒋!
𝒋=𝒏
{𝒏𝒋 } −is the Stirling Number of the Second Kind and {𝒏𝒏} = 𝟏.
𝒏−𝟏
𝒏
∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) (𝒏 − 𝒌)𝒏 = 𝒏!
𝒌
𝒌=𝟎
Therefore,
𝒏 𝟏
𝒏−𝟏 √√𝟐𝝅𝒏 𝒏+ −𝒏
𝟏𝒏 𝒏 𝟏𝒏 𝟐𝒆
𝒌 𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ ∑ (−𝟏) ( ) (𝒏 − 𝒌) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒏! = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒌 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
(𝟐𝝅)𝟐𝒏 𝒏 ⋅ 𝒏𝟐𝒏 𝒆−𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = ≅ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟗
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒆
1537. 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝒙𝟏 = √𝟐, 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 = √𝟐𝒙𝒏 , 𝒏 ∈ ℕ∗ . Find:
𝒏 𝟖
𝛀(𝒏) = ∑ ∑(𝒙𝟐𝒌+𝒊 + 𝒙𝟑𝒌+𝒊 + 𝒙𝟓𝒌+𝒊 )

𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

Solution 1 by Kamel Gandouli Rezgui-Tunisia
𝒙𝒏+𝟐 = √𝟐𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒙𝒏 ; 𝒂 = √𝟐, 𝒃 = −𝟏
√𝟐+√𝟐𝒊
𝑬: 𝒙𝟐 = √𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 characteristic equation⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝚫 = −𝟏, 𝒛𝟏,𝟐 = ⇒
𝟐
𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝒙𝒏 = 𝝀 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝝁 𝐬𝐢𝐧 , 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝝀 = 𝟏 and 𝒙𝟏 = √𝟐 ⇒ 𝝁 = 𝟏 ⇒
𝟒 𝟒
𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝝅
𝒙𝒏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 = √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
(𝟐𝒌 + 𝒊 − 𝟏)𝝅 𝒌𝝅 (𝒊 − 𝟏)𝝅
𝒙𝟐𝒌+𝟏 = √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( + ) ; (𝒊 = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝟏, 𝟖) ⇒
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝟖
𝒌𝝅 𝒌𝝅 𝝅 𝒌𝝅 𝝅 𝒌𝝅 𝟑𝝅
∑ 𝒙𝟐𝒌+𝒊 = √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( + ) + √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( + ) + 𝟒√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( + )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝒊=𝟏

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𝒌𝝅 𝒌𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝒌𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝒌𝝅 𝟕𝝅
+√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( + 𝝅) + √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( + ) + √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( + ) + √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( + )=𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
(𝟑𝒌 + 𝒊 − 𝟏)𝝅 (𝟓𝒌 + 𝒊 − 𝟏)𝝅
𝒙𝟑𝒌+𝒊 = √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) , 𝒙𝟓𝒌+𝒊 = √𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )⇒
𝟒 𝟒
(𝟖𝒌 + 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟐)𝝅 𝒌𝝅
𝒙𝟑𝒌+𝒊 + 𝒙𝟓𝒌+𝒊 = 𝟐√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟖 𝟒
( 𝒊 − 𝟏) 𝝅 𝒌𝝅
= 𝟐√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒌𝝅 + ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟒 𝟒
𝟖 𝟖
( 𝒊 − 𝟏) 𝝅 𝒌𝝅
∑(𝒙𝟓𝒌+𝒊 + 𝒙𝟑𝒌+𝒊 ) = 𝟐√𝟐 ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒌𝝅 + ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = 𝟎
𝟒 𝟒
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
Therefore,
𝒏 𝟖
𝛀(𝒏) = ∑ ∑(𝒙𝟐𝒌+𝒊 + 𝒙𝟑𝒌+𝒊 + 𝒙𝟓𝒌+𝒊 ) = 𝟎

𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

Let generating function of (𝒙𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 be
𝑨(𝒕) = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒙𝟏 𝒕 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒕𝟑 + ⋯
−√𝟐𝒕𝑨(𝒕) = −√𝟐𝒙𝟎 𝒕 − √𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝒕𝟐 − √𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝟑 − ⋯
𝒕𝟐 𝑨(𝒕) = 𝒙𝟎 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒙𝟏 𝒕𝟑 + ⋯
𝟏 𝟏
(𝟏 − √𝟐𝒕 + 𝒕𝟐 )𝑨(𝒕) = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝑨(𝒕) = = , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝟏 − √𝟐𝒕 + 𝒕𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝜶𝒕)(𝟏 − 𝜷𝒕)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝜶= (√𝟐 + √𝟐𝒊) = (𝟏 + 𝒊) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝜷 = (𝟏 − 𝒊 ).
𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑨(𝒕) = ( − )= [(𝟏 − 𝜶𝒕)−𝟏 − (𝟏 − 𝜷𝒕)−𝟏 ] =
(𝜶 − 𝜷)𝒕 𝟏 − 𝜶𝒕 𝟏 − 𝜷𝒕 ( 𝜶 − 𝜷) 𝒕
𝟏
= (𝜶𝒏+𝟏 − 𝜷𝒏+𝟏 ) =
𝜶−𝜷
𝟏 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝝅 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝝅 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝝅 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝝅
= [𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ]
√𝟐𝒊 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
(𝒏+𝟏)𝝅
Thus, 𝒙𝒏 = √𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 . Now,
𝟒

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𝟖 𝟖
(𝟐𝒌 + 𝒊 + 𝟏)𝝅
∑ 𝒙𝟐𝒌+𝒊 = √𝟐 ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )=
𝟒
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏𝟏)𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝝅
= √𝟐 [𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) (𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 )] =
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏𝟏)𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝝅
= √𝟐 [𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) (𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝅 − ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝅 − ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 )] = 𝟎
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
Similarly,
𝟖 𝟖
∑ 𝒙𝟑𝒌+𝒊 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ∑ 𝒙𝟓𝒌+𝒊 = 𝟎

𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
Therefore,
𝒏 𝟖
𝛀(𝒏) = ∑ ∑(𝒙𝟐𝒌+𝒊 + 𝒙𝟑𝒌+𝒊 + 𝒙𝟓𝒌+𝒊 ) = 𝟎

𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
1538. For 𝒂, 𝒃 > 𝟎 prove that:

∞
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )) =𝟎
−∞ 𝒙 + 𝒃 √𝒃 𝒂 𝒙
Solution by Kartick Chandra Betal-India
∞ ∞ 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 −𝒂 𝒙 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )) = 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )) =
−∞ 𝒙 + 𝒃 √𝒃 𝒂 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙 +𝒃 √𝒃 𝒂 𝒙
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝒙 𝒂+𝒃 𝟏 𝒙 𝒃
= 𝟐∫ ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ( )
)) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒂 + 𝒃 ∫ 𝟐
⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 √𝒃 𝒂 𝟎 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝒃) √𝒃 𝒂
𝟏 𝒃
∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+ )
𝝅 𝟏 √𝒃 𝒂
= 𝟐 ⋅ − 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝒃) ∫ 𝟐 ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝒙 +𝒃 𝟎
𝟏 𝒃
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+ ) ∞
√𝒃 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬(√𝒃𝒙𝒚)
= 𝝅 − 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝒃) ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟎 √𝒃(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟏 𝒃
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+ )
√𝒃 𝒂 𝝅
= 𝝅 − 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝒃) ∫ ⋅ 𝒆−√𝒃𝒚 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟐√𝒃

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𝝅(𝒂 + 𝒃) 𝟏 𝒃 𝝅(𝒂 + 𝒃) 𝒂
= 𝝅− ⋅ [𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒂) ] = 𝝅 − (𝟏 − )=𝟎
√𝒃 √𝒃 𝒃 𝒂+𝒃
1539. Prove that:
𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏) ∞ 𝒅𝒙
𝑭
𝟐 𝟏 (𝒌, 𝒌; 𝒌 + 𝟏; 𝟏 − 𝒎 ) = ∫ 𝒌
𝚪(𝒌) 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙)(𝒎 + 𝒙)
where 𝟐𝑭𝟏 (. , . ; . ; . ) − 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 function, 𝒎 ∈ ℝ+ , 𝒌 ∈ ℕ.

Proposed by Simon Peter-Madagascar
Solution by Syed Shahabudeen-Kerala-India
𝟐𝑭𝟏 (𝒌, 𝒌; 𝒌 + 𝟏; 𝟏 − 𝒎) =
𝒎−𝟏
= (𝒎)−𝒌 𝟐𝑭𝟏 (𝒌, 𝟏; 𝒌 + 𝟏; ) (𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑷𝒇𝒂𝒇𝒇 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝒎
𝚪 ( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒕)𝒌−𝟏
= 𝒌 ∫ 𝒌
𝒅𝒕; (𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍)
𝒎 𝚪 (𝒌 ) 𝟎 𝒎−𝟏
(𝟏 − ( 𝒎 ) 𝒕)
𝒕
𝚪 ( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒕)𝒌−𝟏 𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙=
𝟏−𝒕
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝚪 ( 𝒌 ) 𝟎 ( 𝒎 − ( 𝒎 − 𝟏 ) 𝒕) 𝒌 𝚪(𝒌) 𝟎 𝒕 𝒌
(𝟏 − 𝒕) (𝒎 +
𝟏 − 𝒕)
𝚪(𝒌 + 𝟏) ∞ 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝚪 ( 𝒌 + 𝟏) ∞ 𝒅𝒙
= ∫ 𝒌 𝟐
= ∫ 𝒌
𝚪(𝒌) 𝟎 (𝒎 + 𝒙) (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝚪(𝒌) 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒎 + 𝒙)
1540. Prove that:

∞ 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝟓
𝒏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝝅√𝟐 ⋅ 𝚪 ( ) 𝚪 ( )
∏ 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝝅 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( 𝟑 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟑 ) 𝚪 ( )𝚪( )𝚪( )𝚪( )
𝟒 𝟑 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
Solution by Amrit Awasthi-India
𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 ) and 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟑 ) have same sighn, ∀𝒏 = 𝟔𝒌 + 𝟏 or 𝒏 = 𝟔𝒌 + 𝟓.
Therefore, rewriting the product we get:

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∞ 𝟏
𝟔𝒌 + 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟔𝒌 + 𝟑 − 𝟏 𝟔𝒌 + 𝟔 + 𝟏
𝑷=∏ ⋅ ⋅ =
𝟏 𝟔𝒌 + 𝟑 𝟔𝒌 + 𝟔
𝒌=𝟎 𝟔𝒌 + 𝟐 +
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟕
𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝟒) 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝟑) 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟐) 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝟔)
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟕
𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝟕 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟒) 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟑) 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟏𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟔)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ =
𝟓 ⋅ 𝟑 ⋅ 𝟗 𝒏→∞ 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑
𝒌=𝟏 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟐) 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝟐) 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝟒) 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝚪(𝟐)
𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟏𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝟕 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟏𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟒)
= ⋅ =
𝟓 ⋅ 𝟑 ⋅ 𝟗 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟏) 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟏) 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟏 ) 𝚪 (𝟏 + 𝟕)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟔
𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝟕 ⋅ 𝟐 ⋅ 𝟒 ⋅ 𝚪 (𝟏𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟒)
= ⋅ 𝟏𝟐 =
𝟓 ⋅ 𝟑 ⋅ 𝟗 𝟏 ⋅ 𝟏 ⋅ 𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝟕 ⋅ 𝚪 (𝟏) 𝚪 (𝟏) 𝚪 ( 𝟏 ) 𝚪 (𝟕)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟔
𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
𝚪 (𝟏𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟒) 𝚪 (𝟏𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟏 − 𝟒) 𝝅√𝟐 ⋅ 𝚪 (𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟏𝟐)
= = =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟏
𝚪 (𝟒) 𝚪 (𝟑) 𝚪 (𝟏𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟔) 𝚪 (𝟒) 𝚪 (𝟑) 𝚪 (𝟏𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟔) 𝚪 𝟐 (𝟒) 𝚪 (𝟑) 𝚪 (𝟔) 𝚪 (𝟏𝟐)
Therefore,
∞ 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝟓
𝒏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 ) 𝝅√𝟐 ⋅ 𝚪 (𝟐) 𝚪 (𝟏𝟐)
∏ 𝝅 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟐 𝟏
𝒏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 ) 𝚪 (𝟒) 𝚪 (𝟑) 𝚪 (𝟔) 𝚪 (𝟏𝟐)
1541. If all the derivatives of 𝒇(𝒙) are defined at 𝒙 = 𝟏, then prove that:
∞
−𝒙 )
(−𝒙)𝒌
𝒇(𝒆 =∑ [𝑩𝒌 (𝑫)𝒇(𝒙)]|𝒙=𝟏
𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎
𝒅
where, 𝑫 ≔ and 𝑩𝒌 (𝒙) is the Bell polynomial.
𝒅𝒙

∞
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧

𝒏=𝟎

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∞ ∞ ∞
−𝒙 ) −𝒏𝒙
(−𝒏𝒙)𝒌
𝒇 (𝒆 = ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒆 = ∑ 𝒂𝒏 ∑
𝒌!
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
Hence,
∞ ∞
−𝒙 )
(−𝒙)𝒌
𝒇(𝒆 =∑ ∑ 𝒏𝒌 𝒂𝒏
𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ 𝒎
𝐍𝐨𝐰, 𝐥𝐞𝐭: 𝑭𝒎 (𝒙) = ∑ 𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒙 = ∑ 𝒄(𝒎, 𝒏)𝒇(𝒏) (𝒙)𝒙𝒏

𝒎 𝒏
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝒙𝑭′𝒎 (𝒙) = 𝑭𝒎+𝟏 (𝒙) ⇒ 𝒄(𝒎, 𝒏) = 𝒄(𝒎 − 𝟏, 𝒏 − 𝟏) + 𝒏𝒄(𝒎 − 𝟏, 𝒏), where
𝟎 ≤ 𝒏 ≤ 𝒎, 𝒄(𝒎, 𝟎) = 𝜹𝒎𝟎 and 𝒄(𝒏, 𝒏) = 𝟏, where 𝜹𝒎𝒏 is the Kronecker delta.
It is known from the definition of Bell polynomials that,
𝒎
𝑩𝒎 (𝒙) = ∑ 𝑺(𝒎, 𝒌)𝒙𝒌 ; 𝑺(𝒎, 𝒌) − (𝑺𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒅)

𝒌=𝟎
𝑺(𝒎, 𝒌) = 𝑺(𝒎 − 𝟏, 𝒌 − 𝟏) + 𝒌𝑺(𝒎 − 𝟏, 𝒌), where 𝟎 ≤ 𝒌 ≤ 𝒎, using this property and
knowing the fact that 𝑺(𝒏, 𝒏) = 𝟏 and 𝑺(𝒏, 𝟎) = 𝜹𝒏𝟎 , we can show that:
′ (
𝒙𝑩𝒎 𝒙𝑫) = 𝑩𝒎+𝟏 (𝒙𝑫) since 𝒄(𝒎, 𝒏) and 𝑺(𝒎, 𝒌) satisfies the same recurrence relation
with same boundary/initial conditions, we conclude that:
𝑺(𝒎, 𝒌) = 𝒄(𝒎, 𝒌) ⇒ 𝑭𝒎 (𝒙) = 𝑩𝒎 (𝒙𝑫)𝒇(𝒙) ⇒ 𝑭𝒎 (𝟏) = [𝑩𝒌 (𝑫)𝒇(𝒙)]|𝒙=𝟏
𝟐𝝅(𝒋−𝒊)
1542. If 𝚽𝒏 = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟎 ∑𝒏𝒋=𝟎(𝒏𝒊) (𝒏𝒋) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )−
𝟕
𝟐𝝅(𝒊−𝒋) 𝒏 𝒏𝝅
𝟐 ∑𝟎≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛(𝒏𝒊) (𝒏𝒋) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ). Define 𝑴 = { √𝚽𝒏𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏𝝅) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) |𝒏 ∈ ℕ}.
𝟕 𝟒
Find 𝑴′ −derived set.

Proposed by Surjeet Singhania-India
𝒏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒋 − 𝒊) 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒊 − 𝒋)
𝚽𝒏 = ∑ ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) − 𝟐 ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝒊 𝒋 𝟕 𝒊 𝒋 𝟕
𝒊=𝟎 𝒋=𝟎 𝟎≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛
Evaluate these finite series one by one

𝒏 𝒏 𝐧 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒌 − 𝒋) 𝒏 𝟐𝒊𝝅𝒌 𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒊𝒋
∑ ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = 𝓡 (∑ ( ) 𝒆− 𝟕 ∑ ( ) 𝒆 𝟕 ) =
𝒋 𝒌 𝟕 𝒌 𝒋
𝒋=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝐤=𝟎 𝒋=𝟎

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𝟐𝝅 𝒏 𝟐𝝅 𝒏 𝝅
= (𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )) (𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 (− )) = 𝟐𝟐𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 ( )
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒋 − 𝒌) 𝝅 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = 𝟐𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 ( ) − ( )
𝒌 𝒋 𝟕 𝟕 𝟐 𝒏
𝟎≤𝒌<𝑗≤𝑛
𝒏 𝒏𝝅
Hence our 𝚽𝒏 = (𝟐𝒏
𝒏
). Denote 𝑿𝒏 = √𝚽𝒏𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏𝝅) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ).
𝟒
For finding derived set we need to find possible convergent sequences

√𝟐
𝑿𝟒𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝑿𝟒𝒏+𝟏 , 𝑿𝟒𝒏+𝟑 → ± and 𝑿𝟒𝒏+𝟐 → ±𝟒.
𝟖
√𝟐
Hence, 𝑴′ = {𝟎, ±𝟒, ± }
𝟖
1543. If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒏, 𝒌 ∈ ℕ and 𝑺(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒏) = {𝒌|𝒌 ≡ 𝒂(𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝒃), 𝒌|𝒏} then prove

that:
∞ ∞
𝒙𝒂𝒌
∑ 𝒃𝒌
= ∑|𝑺(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒏)|𝒙𝒏
𝟏−𝒙
𝒌=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏

Observe that if |𝒙| < 1, then
𝒙𝒂
= 𝒙𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒃 + 𝒙𝟐𝒃 + 𝒙𝟑𝒃 + 𝒙𝟒𝒃 + ⋯ )
𝟏 − 𝒙𝒃
𝒙𝟐𝒂
= 𝒙𝟐𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐𝒃 + 𝒙𝟒𝒃 + 𝒙𝟔𝒃 + 𝒙𝟖𝒃 + ⋯ )
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐𝒃
𝒙𝟑𝒂
= 𝒙𝟑𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑𝒃 + 𝒙𝟔𝒃 + 𝒙𝟗𝒃 + 𝒙𝟏𝟐𝒃 + ⋯ )
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑𝒃
Adding them, we have:
∞ ∞
𝒙𝒂𝒌
∑ = ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏
𝟏 − 𝒙𝒃𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
Where 𝒂𝒏 is the number of solutions of 𝒂𝒑 + 𝒃𝒑𝒒 = 𝒏, where 𝒑 ∈ ℕ and 𝒒 ∈ ℕ + {𝟎} for

the some given values of 𝒂 and 𝒃, thus 𝒂𝒏 is the number of divisors of 𝒏 of the form 𝒃𝒒 +
𝒂.

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Using the definition of 𝑺(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒏) we can show that 𝒂𝒏 = |𝑺(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒏)| and this completes
the proof.
1544. Find:
∞
√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙√𝒙 + 𝟏
∞ ∞ 𝟏 𝟏
√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙=𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙=
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝟔 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟒 ∫ 𝟔 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒙√𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏
𝟏 𝟐( 𝟑 𝟏
𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= 𝟒∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟗 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟗
∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟒 ∑ ∫ (𝒙𝟗𝒏+𝟓 − 𝒙𝟗𝒏+𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∑ ( − )=
(𝟗𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐 (𝟗𝒏 + 𝟔)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
= ∑( 𝟐)
𝟐 −
𝟖𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 (𝒏 + ) (𝒏 + 𝟑)
𝟑
Therefore,
∞
√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = [𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )]
𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒙√𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟖𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
Solution 2 by Ajetunmobi Abdulqoyyum-Nigeria
∞ ∞
√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙=𝒕𝟐 𝒕𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕
𝛀=∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝟔 𝟑
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒙√𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝒕 +𝒕 +𝟏
∞ 𝟏𝟏
𝒕𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒕=
𝒕 𝒕𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕
𝛀=∫ 𝟔 𝟑
𝒅𝒕 = − 𝟒 ∫ 𝟔 𝟑
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝒕 +𝒕 +𝟏 𝟎 𝒕 +𝒕 +𝟏
𝟏( 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑 )𝒕𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒕𝟗 =𝒙
𝛀 = −𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟗 𝟎 𝟏−𝒕
𝟗
𝟎 𝟏−𝒕
𝟗
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑−𝟏 𝟏 𝟑−𝟏
𝟒 𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕
= (− ∫ 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝒅𝒕) =
𝟖𝟏 𝟎 𝟏−𝒕 𝟎 𝟏−𝒕
Therefore,

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∞
√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = [𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )]
𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒙√𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟖𝟏 𝟑 𝟑

𝟏
𝒕𝒛−𝟏
𝝍(𝒎) = − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝟏−𝒕
∞ ∞ 𝟏
√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙=√𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙=
𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝟔 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒙√𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= −𝟒 ∫ 𝟔 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 {∫ 𝟗
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟗
𝒅𝒙}
𝟎 𝒙 +𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏
𝟏
𝒙𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 (𝟏) 𝟐
𝑨=∫ 𝟗
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝝍 ( )
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟖𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟖𝟏 𝟑
𝟐
𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 (𝟏) 𝟏
𝑩=∫ 𝟗
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝝍 ( )
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟖𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟖𝟏 𝟑
Therefore,
𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
𝛀 = 𝟒(𝑨 − 𝑩) = [𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )]
𝟖𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
Solution 4 by Probal Chakraborty-Kolkata-India
𝟏
(𝒎)
𝒕𝒛−𝟏
𝝍 = −∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝟏−𝒕
𝟐
∞
√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 ∞
√𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝟑
𝒙𝟐 =𝒕 𝟐 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒕𝟑 )
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙√𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟎 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎
(𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏
𝟒 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏−𝒕 𝟒 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝟒 𝟏 𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒕=𝒚𝟑
= ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 − ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟗 𝟎 𝒕 +𝒕+𝟏 𝟗 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑 𝟗 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑 𝟗 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟑
𝟐 𝟏
𝟒 𝟏 𝒚−𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝟒 𝟏 𝒚−𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
= ∫ 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚 = [𝝍(𝟏) ( ) − 𝝍(𝟏) ( )]
𝟖𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒚 𝟖𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒚 𝟖𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
1545. Find:
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
𝛀(𝟏, 𝟐) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ; 𝛀(𝟐, 𝟑) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝟑
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎 𝒙
𝛀(𝒎, 𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 , 𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ
(𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝒏
Proposed by Durmuş Ogmen-Turkyie

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Solution by Mikael Bernardo-Mozambique
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙=𝒖 𝒖𝒆𝒖 𝒆𝒖 𝒆𝒖 𝑰𝑩𝑷
𝛀(𝟏, 𝟐) = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 =
(𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) (𝟏 + 𝒖) 𝟏+𝒖 (𝟏 + 𝒖)
𝒆𝒖 𝒆𝒖 𝒆𝒖 𝒆𝒖 𝒙
=∫ 𝒅𝒖 + ∫ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪 = +𝑪
𝟏+𝒖 𝟏+𝒖 𝟏+𝒖 𝟏+𝒖 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙=𝒖 𝒖𝟐 𝒆𝒖 𝒖𝒆𝒖 𝒖𝒆𝒖
𝛀(𝟐, 𝟑) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝒅𝒖
(𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝟑 (𝟏 + 𝒖)𝟑 (𝟏 + 𝒖)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒖)𝟑
𝒖𝒆𝒖 𝒖𝒆𝒖 𝑰𝑩𝑷
𝛀(𝟐, 𝟑) = 𝛀(𝟏, 𝟐) − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 + ∫ 𝟑
𝒅𝒖 =
(𝟏 + 𝒖) (𝟏 + 𝒖)
𝒙 𝒖𝒆𝒖 𝒆𝒖 𝒆𝒖
= −∫ 𝒅𝒖 − + ∫ 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒖)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒖)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒖)𝟐
𝒙 𝒆𝒖 𝒙 𝒙
= − = − +𝑪
𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒖)𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎 𝒙
𝛀(𝒎, 𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 , 𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ
(𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝒏
∞
𝟏 (𝒌 + 𝟏 − (𝒏 − 𝟏)!)! 𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏)
∵ 𝒏
= ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏) ⋅ ⋅𝒖 , ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟐
(𝟏 + 𝒖) (𝒌 − (𝒏 − 𝟏))!
𝒌=𝟎
∞
𝟏 𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏)
(𝒌 + 𝟏 − (𝒏 − 𝟏)!)!
𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 ⇒ = ∑ ( −𝟏 ) ⋅ ⋅ (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏)
(𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝒏 (𝒌 − (𝒏 − 𝟏))!
𝒌=𝟎
∞
(𝒌 + 𝟏 − (𝒏 − 𝟏)!)!
𝛀(𝒎, 𝒏) = ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏) ⋅ ⋅ ∫(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝒎+𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 =
(𝒌 − (𝒏 − 𝟏))!
𝒌=𝟎
∞
(𝒌 + 𝟏 − (𝒏 − 𝟏)!)! 𝝏𝒎+𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏)
= ∑(−𝟏 )𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏) ⋅ ⋅ 𝒎+𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏) | ∫ 𝒙𝒂 𝒅𝒙 =
(𝒌 − (𝒏 − 𝟏))! 𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎
𝒌=𝟎
∞
(𝒌 + 𝟏 − (𝒏 − 𝟏)!)! 𝝏𝒎+𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏) 𝒙𝒂+𝟏
= ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏) ⋅ ⋅ 𝒎+𝒌−(𝒏−𝟏) | ⋅ +𝑪
(𝒌 − (𝒏 − 𝟏))! 𝝏𝒂 𝒂=𝟎
𝒂 + 𝟏
𝒌=𝟎
1546. Find:
∞
𝟏
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
Proposed by Ajetunmobi Abdulqoyyum-Nigeria

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∞ ∞
𝟏 𝑰𝑩𝑷 𝟏 𝒙 𝒖=√𝒙𝟐 +𝟐
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 −𝟏
( ) + 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )√𝒙 + 𝟐
∞
−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟐
)+ 𝟐∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 𝒖 −𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝟐
) + 𝟐 ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 𝟐( 𝒖 − 𝟏) 𝟐( 𝒖 + 𝟏)
∞
−𝟏
𝟏 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 − 𝟏 √𝟐 − 𝟏
= [𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟐
) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )] = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟏+𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟎 √𝟐 + 𝟏
∞
𝟏
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟐 − 𝟏)
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
Solution 2 by Abdul Mukhtar-Nigeria
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝑰𝑩𝑷
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝟐
) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 −𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎
∞
𝒙
= [𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 −𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )]∞
𝟎 + 𝟐∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
∞ ∞
𝒙 𝒚=√𝒙𝟐 +𝟐 𝟐𝒚
𝛀 = 𝟐∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )√𝒙𝟐 +𝟐 √𝟐
(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒚
∞
𝟏 𝟐( 𝒚 + 𝟏) − 𝟐( 𝒚 − 𝟏)
= ∫ 𝒅𝒚
𝟐 √𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒚−𝟏 ∞ √𝟐 + 𝟏
= [𝐥𝐨𝐠 | |] = 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝒚 + 𝟏 √𝟐 √𝟐 − 𝟏
1547. Prove that:
∞ ∞
−𝒙
∫ 𝒆 ∏(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟔𝒙𝒌 )(𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟔𝒙𝒌+𝒙 )(𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟔𝒙𝒌+𝟓𝒙 )𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒌=𝟏
𝟐𝝅√𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( 𝟑 )
𝝅
= ⋅
√𝟐 𝟐𝝅√𝟐 𝟐𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( 𝟑 ) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 )
Proposed by Syed Shahabudeen-India

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Solution by Kaushik Mahanta-Assam-India
Recall definition of Jacobi’s triple product identity:
∞ ∞
𝒌𝟐 𝒌
∑ 𝒒 𝒛 = ∏(𝟏 − 𝒒𝟐𝒌 )(𝟏 − 𝒛 − 𝟏 𝒒𝟐𝒌−𝟏 )(𝟏 + 𝒛𝒒𝟐𝒌−𝟏 )
𝒌=−∞ 𝒌=𝟏
Comparing, we get:
𝟐𝒌 −𝟔𝒙𝒌 −𝟑𝒙 𝟐𝒌−𝟏 𝒙 −𝟔𝒙𝒌

𝒛 ⋅ 𝒆−𝟔𝒙𝒌
𝒒 =𝒆 ,𝒒 = 𝒆 ; 𝒛𝒒 =𝒆 𝒆 ⇒ = 𝒆−𝟔𝒙𝒌 ⋅ 𝒆𝒙 ⇒ 𝒛 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
𝒆−𝟑𝒙
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
−𝒙 −𝟑𝒙 )𝒌𝟐 ( −𝟐𝒙 )𝒌 −𝒙(𝟏+𝟐𝒌+𝟑𝒌𝟐 )
𝟏
𝑰=∫ 𝒆 ∑ (𝒆 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ ∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = ∑
𝟎 𝟑𝒌𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒌=−∞ 𝒌=−∞ 𝟎 𝒌=𝟏
𝝅√𝚫
∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝒂 )
𝟏 𝟐𝝅
∑ = ⋅
𝒂𝒌𝟐 + 𝒃𝒌 + 𝒄 √𝚫 𝝅√𝚫 𝝅𝒃
𝒌=−∞ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒂 ) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( 𝒂 )
For 𝒂 = 𝟑, 𝒃 = 𝟐, 𝒄 = 𝟏, 𝚫 = −𝟖 ⇒
𝟐√𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅√𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒊 𝟑 )
∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ( 𝟑 )
𝟏 𝟐𝝅 𝝅
∑ = ⋅ = ⋅
𝟑𝒌𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏 𝒊𝟐√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝒊 √𝟐 𝟐𝝅√𝟐 𝟐𝝅
𝒌=𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒊 𝟑 ) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( 𝟑 ) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 )

𝟏 √𝟐−𝒙𝟐
𝒙
𝛀=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
Proposed by Durmuş Ogmen-Turkiye
Let 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 , 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽, then 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 , 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝒓 𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽 and
𝝅 𝝅
𝑹 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒙 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ √𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏} = {(𝒓, 𝜽)|𝟎 ≤ 𝒓 ≤ √𝟐, 𝟒 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟐 }
√𝟐−𝒙𝟐 𝝅
𝟏 √𝟐
𝒙 𝟐 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝛀=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ ∫ ⋅ 𝒓 𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽 =
𝟎 𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝝅
𝟎 𝒓
𝟒

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𝝅
𝟐
𝝅
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 − √𝟐
√𝟐
|
= (∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽) (∫ 𝒓 𝒅𝒓) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝝅 ⋅ 𝒓 | =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝟎
𝟎
𝟒

𝟏 √𝟐−𝒙𝟐
𝒙
𝛀=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝟏 √𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐−𝒚𝟐
𝒙 𝒙
=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟎 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒚 √𝟐−𝒚𝟐
𝟏 √𝟐
= ∫ (√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )| 𝒅𝒚 + ∫ (√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )| 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟎
𝟏 √𝟐 𝟏 √𝟐
𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟐 − √𝟐
= ∫ (√𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒚 𝒅𝒚 + ∫ (√𝟐 − 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 = (√𝟐 − 𝟏) | + (√𝟐𝒚 − )| =
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
Solution 3 by Katrick Chandra Betal-India

𝟏 √𝟐−𝒙𝟐 𝟏 √𝟐−𝒙𝟐
𝒙
𝛀=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙 [𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒚 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒚 )] 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟎 𝒙
𝟏
√𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + √𝟐
= ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 + √𝟐𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (√𝟐 + √𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐 ) ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟐 + √𝟐 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) − [ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − ] =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟐 + √𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) + =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) + [𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟐 + √𝟏 + 𝒙)]𝟎 − ∫ ⋅ =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 √𝟐 + √𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(√𝒙 − √𝟐)
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐√𝟐) − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 ( 𝒙 − 𝟐) √ 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 + √𝟐 𝟏 √𝟐 𝟏 √𝟐
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − ∫ (𝒙 − √𝟐)𝒅𝒙 − [𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + √𝟐)]𝟏 =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
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√𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 + √𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − [ − √𝟐𝒙] − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )=
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐√𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 + √𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 − √𝟐 𝟏
= − + =𝟏−
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 √𝟐
𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙)
Solution 1 by Hussain Reza Zadah-Afghanistan
𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐
(𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐)𝒅𝒙 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒖=𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙+𝟑𝒆𝒙
=∫ =∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 )𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏
=∫ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | + 𝑪 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | |+𝑪
𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝒖+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝟐
𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙+𝟑𝒆𝒙 =𝒕
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙+𝟑𝒆𝒙 =𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝒅𝒕
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ − ∫ =
(𝒕 − 𝟏)(𝒕 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒕−𝟏 𝟐 𝒕+𝟏
𝟏 𝒕−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | + 𝑪 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | |+𝑪
𝟐 𝒕+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏
Solution 3 by Timson Azeez Folorunsho-Nigeria
𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =

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𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝟐
𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙+𝟑𝒆𝒙 =𝒕
=∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙+𝟑𝒆𝒙 =𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝒅𝒕
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ − ∫ =
(𝒕 − 𝟏)(𝒕 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒕−𝟏 𝟐 𝒕+𝟏
𝟏 𝒕−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | + 𝑪 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | |+𝑪
𝟐 𝒕+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝟐
𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙+𝟑𝒆𝒙 =𝒚
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙+𝟑𝒆𝒙 =𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝒅𝒕
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ − ∫ =
(𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝒚 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒚−𝟏 𝟐 𝒚+𝟏
𝟏 𝒚−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | + 𝑪 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | |+𝑪
𝟐 𝒚+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏
1550. Prove that:
𝝅 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝝅 𝚪 (𝟒) − 𝟖𝝅 𝝅 𝟏
∫ = ⋅ 𝟑 = (𝑮 − )
𝟏 + √𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝝅𝑮
𝟎 (𝟐𝝅)𝟐 𝚪 𝟐 ( )
𝟒
𝟏
𝚪 𝟐( )
𝟒
where 𝑮 = 𝟑 denotes Gauss Constant.
(𝟐𝝅)𝟐

Solution by Kartick Chandra Betal-India
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 √𝟏 +𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏
∫ =∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 + √𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙

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𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= − (√𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙| + ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐√𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝝅
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [(√𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙] + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏−𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 +∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝟏 + √𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟎 √(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐+𝟒−𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟒−𝟏
= −∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ =− ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝟒
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝟒 𝟒 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟒 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= − ∫ 𝒙𝟒−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒙𝟒−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝚪 ( 𝟒) 𝚪 ( 𝟐) 𝟏 𝚪 ( 𝟒) 𝚪 ( 𝟐)
=− ⋅ + ⋅ =
𝟒 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑
𝚪 ( 𝟒) 𝚪 ( 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
√𝝅 √𝟐𝝅 √𝝅 𝚪 (𝟒) 𝚪 (𝟒) − 𝟖𝝅 𝝅 𝚪 (𝟒) − 𝟖𝝅
=− ⋅ + ⋅ = = ⋅ =
𝟒 𝟏 𝚪 𝟐 ( 𝟏) 𝟒 𝝅√𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝟒√𝟐𝝅 ⋅ 𝚪 ( ) 𝟐 𝟑
𝟐 𝟏
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 (𝟐𝝅) ⋅ 𝚪 ( )
𝟐
𝟒
𝟐 𝟏
𝝅 𝚪 ( 𝟒) 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏
= ⋅ − = (𝑮 − )
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝝅𝑮
(𝟐𝝅)𝟐 𝚪 𝟐 (𝟒)
𝟑 ⋅\𝒑𝒊
{ (𝟐𝝅)𝟐 }
1551. Find:
𝟏
𝛀 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏(𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
Proposed by Ty Halpen-Florida-USA
Solution by Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan
𝟏
𝒙=𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖
𝛀 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎

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𝝅
𝟐
= − ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒖 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒖)) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝟔 𝟐
𝟐 −𝟏 (
= − ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒖 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒖)) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒖 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒖)) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝝅
𝟎
𝟔
𝝅 𝝅
𝟔 𝟐
= − ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒖 ⋅ (𝟑𝒖) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 – ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒖 ⋅ (−𝟑𝒖 + 𝝅) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 =
𝝅
𝟎
𝟔
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟔 𝟐 𝟐
= −𝟑 ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒖𝟐 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 + 𝟑 ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒖𝟐 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 − 𝝅 ∫ 𝒖 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
⏟𝟎 𝝅 𝝅
⏟𝟔 ⏟𝟔
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟑
𝟏
∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 = (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒖)) ⇒ ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝟒
𝟏
= ∫(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒖))𝒅𝒖
𝟒
𝝅
𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒖) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒖) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒖) 𝟔
𝑰𝟏 = − [𝒖𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 − ) − 𝟐𝒖 (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + ) + 𝟐 (− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + )]
𝟒 𝟑 𝟗 𝟐𝟕 𝟎
=
𝝅𝟐 √𝟑𝝅 𝟐𝟓
=− − +
𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝟖 𝟑𝟔
𝝅
𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒖) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒖) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒖) 𝟐
𝑰𝟐 = − [𝒖𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 − ) − 𝟐𝒖 (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + ) + 𝟐 (− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + )]
𝟒 𝟑 𝟗 𝟐𝟕 𝝅
𝟔
𝟕𝟏𝝅𝟐 √𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝟏
= − −
𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝟖 𝟑𝟔
𝟕𝟎𝝅𝟐 √𝟑𝝅 𝟏
𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 = − −
𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝟒 𝟔
𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
𝑰𝟑 = −𝝅 ∫ 𝒖 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − ∫ 𝒖(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒖)) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝝅 𝟒 𝝅
𝟔 𝟔
𝝅
𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒖) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒖) 𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝝅𝟐 √𝟑𝝅
= − [𝒖 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 − ) — 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + ] =− +
𝟒 𝟑 𝟗 𝝅 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟖
𝟔

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𝝅𝟐 √𝟑𝝅 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰 𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑 = − −
𝟏𝟐 𝟖 𝟔
1552. Prove that:
𝝅
𝟐
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐)
𝟎

Solution by Luca Paes Barreto-Pernambuco-Brazil
It is well-known that:
𝝅 𝒙
𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒔 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)) 𝝅 𝟏
∫ 𝒔 𝒅𝒙 = ⋅
𝟎 ( 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟐 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒔 𝟐
Differentiable both sides w.r.t. 𝒔, we have:

𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒔 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)) 𝟏
𝝏𝒔 ( 𝒔 )| = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)
( 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟐 𝟐
𝒔=𝟎
𝝅 𝟏 𝝅
𝝏𝒔 ( ⋅ )| = − ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐) ⇒
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒔 𝟐 𝒔=𝟎 𝟐
𝝅
𝟏 𝟐 𝝅
− ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = − ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐)
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
Therefore,
𝝅
𝟐
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐)
𝟎
1553. Find:
𝟏 𝑳𝒊
𝟑 (𝒙)
𝛀=∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
We know that:

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∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝑳𝒊𝟑 (𝒙) (𝟑) 𝒏 𝑳𝒊𝟑 (𝒙) (𝟑)
= ∑ 𝑯𝒏 𝒙 ⇒ 𝛀 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ 𝑯𝒏 ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒂 𝒂!
∵ ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ; 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝟏 ⇒
𝟎 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒂+𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝒏
(−𝟏)𝟏 𝟏! 𝟏 (𝟑)
∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏+𝟏
=− 𝟐
⇒ ∑ 𝑯𝒏 ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏 ) ( 𝒏 + 𝟏 ) 𝟎 𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞ (𝟑) (𝟑) ∞
(𝟑) (−𝟏) 𝑯𝒏 𝑯𝒏−𝟏
=∑ 𝑯𝒏 = − ∑ = − ∑
( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒏𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
(𝟑) (𝟑) 𝟏
We know that: 𝑯𝒏−𝟏 = 𝑯𝒏 − 𝒏𝟑 .
∞ (𝟑) ∞ ∞ (𝟑) ∞
𝑯 𝟏 (𝟑) 𝟏 𝑯𝒏 𝟏
− ∑ 𝒏−𝟏
𝟐
= − ∑ 𝟐 (𝑯𝒏 − 𝟑 ) = − ∑ 𝟐 + ∑ 𝟓 =
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏𝟏
=− 𝜻(𝟓) + 𝟐𝜻(𝟐)𝜻(𝟑) + 𝜻(𝟓)
𝟐
𝟏 ∞
𝑳𝒊𝟑 (𝒙) 𝝏 𝟏 𝒙𝒂 𝑳𝒊𝟑 (𝒙) 𝝏 𝟏
𝛀=∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑳𝒊𝟑 (𝒙) ∑ 𝒙𝒌 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝝏𝒂 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝝏𝒂 𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ 𝟏
𝝏
= ∑ ∫ 𝒙𝒂+𝒌 𝑳𝒊𝟑 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝏𝒂 𝟎
𝒌=𝟎
∞
𝝏 𝜻 ( 𝟑) 𝜻( 𝟐) 𝑯𝒂+𝒌+𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑( − + )=
𝒂→𝟎 𝝏𝒂 𝒂 + 𝒌 + 𝟏 ( 𝒂 + 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 ( 𝒂 + 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟑
𝒌=𝟎
∞
𝜻 ( 𝟑) 𝟐𝜻(𝟐) 𝝏 𝑯𝒂+𝒎
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ (− 𝟐
+ 𝟑
+ )=
𝒂→𝟎 (𝒂 + 𝒎) (𝒂 + 𝒎) 𝝏𝒂 (𝒂 + 𝒎)𝟑
𝒎=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝜻(𝟑) 𝟐𝜻(𝟐) 𝝏 𝑯𝒂+𝒎
= ∑ (− 𝟐 + ) + ∑ ( )=
𝒎 𝒎𝟑 𝝏𝒂 (𝒂 + 𝒎)𝟑
𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟏
𝝏 𝑯𝒂+𝒎 𝟑𝑯𝒂+𝒎 𝟏
∵ 𝟑
=− 𝟒
+ (𝜻(𝟐) − 𝑯𝟐𝒂+𝒎 )
𝝏𝒂 (𝒂 + 𝒎) (𝒂 + 𝒎) (𝒂 + 𝒎)𝟑
𝝏 𝑯𝒂+𝒎 𝟑𝑯𝒂+𝒎 𝟏
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑
=− 𝟒
+ (𝜻(𝟐) − 𝑯𝟐𝒂+𝒎 )
𝒂→𝟎 𝝏𝒂 (𝒂 + 𝒎) (𝒂 + 𝒎) (𝒂 + 𝒎)𝟑

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∞ ∞
𝜻(𝟑) 𝟐𝜻(𝟐) 𝟑𝑯𝒂+𝒎 𝟏
⇒ 𝛀 = ∑ (− 𝟐 + ) + ∑ (− + (𝜻(𝟐) − 𝑯𝟐𝒂+𝒎 )) =
𝒎 𝒎𝟑 (𝒂 + 𝒎)𝟒 (𝒂 + 𝒎)𝟑
𝒎=𝟏 𝒎=𝟏
∞
𝟑𝑯𝒂+𝒎 𝟏
= 𝜻(𝟐)𝜻(𝟑) + ∑ (− 𝟒
+ (𝜻(𝟐) − 𝑯𝟐𝒂+𝒎 ))
(𝒂 + 𝒎) (𝒂 + 𝒎)𝟑
𝒎=𝟏
∞ ∞
𝑯𝒎 𝑯𝟐𝒎 𝟗
∵ ∑ 𝟒 = 𝟑𝜻 𝟓 − 𝜻 𝟐 𝜻 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∑ 𝟑 = 𝟑𝜻(𝟐)𝜻(𝟑) − 𝜻(𝟓)
( ) ( ) ( )
𝒎 𝒎 𝟐
𝒎=𝟏 𝒎=𝟏
Therefore,
𝟗 𝟗
𝛀 = 𝟐𝜻(𝟐)𝜻(𝟑) + (−𝟗𝜻(𝟓) + 𝟒𝜻(𝟐)𝜻(𝟑) − 𝟑𝜻(𝟐)𝜻(𝟑) + 𝜻(𝟓)) = 𝟐𝜻(𝟐)𝜻(𝟑) − 𝜻(𝟓)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝑳𝒊𝟑 (𝒙) 𝟗
𝛀=∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝜻(𝟐)𝜻(𝟑) − 𝜻(𝟓)𝜻(𝟑)
𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐
1554. Find:
∞ ∞ ∞
𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 )
Proposed by Probal Chakraborty-India
∞ ∞ ∞
𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝝅 ∞ ∞ 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝒚) (𝟏 + 𝒚 )(𝟏 + 𝒛 ) 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 ( 𝒙 + 𝒚) 𝟐 ( 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝒙
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 −𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒕=
𝒚
= ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = − ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 ( 𝒙 + 𝒚) 𝟐 ( 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟎 𝒚( 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝟎 𝒙 𝟐
(𝟏 + 𝒚)
𝟏
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
=− ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟎 ( 𝟏 + 𝒕) 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒚 𝟏
=− ∫ 𝟐
∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒚 − ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒕𝒅𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒚 𝟎 ( 𝟏 + 𝒕) 𝟐 𝟎 ( 𝟏 + 𝒚 ) 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒚 𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝟏 𝒚
= ∫ 𝟐
[𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝒕 + 𝟏 ) − ] 𝒅𝒚 + ∫ 𝟐
[ ] 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒚 𝒕+𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒚 ( 𝒚 + 𝟏) 𝟎

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𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 + 𝒚 + 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
= ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 − ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒚 𝟐 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒚=𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
= ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒚 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒚
𝝅 𝝅
𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽)𝒅𝜽 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 ⏟𝟎
−𝑮
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟒 𝝅 𝟒 𝟒
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( − 𝜽)) 𝒅𝜽 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝟒 𝟒 𝝅
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)𝒅𝜽 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟎 𝟎 𝟖
Therefore,
∞ ∞ ∞
𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝝅 𝝅
𝛀=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 = (𝑮 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐)
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟖
𝝅
1555. If 𝐬𝐞𝐜 < 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 then find:
𝟕
𝒃
𝒙 𝝅 𝝅
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝝅 𝝅 ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
(𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 )) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 𝟕
𝟕 𝟕
Solution 1 by Mohamed Rostami-Afghanistan
𝒃
𝒙 𝝅 𝝅
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝝅
−𝟏
𝝅) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 )) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕
𝝅 𝝅
𝒃 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕
=∫ (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝝅) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (
−𝟏
𝝅 )) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕
𝝅 𝝅
𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝝅) = 𝜶 ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 = 𝝅
𝟏 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕

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𝝅 𝝅
𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕
−𝟏 (
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝅 ) = 𝜷 ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷 = 𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕
𝝅 𝝅
𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕
𝝅− 𝝅
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕
𝜶−𝜷 =𝜸 ⇒ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜸 ⇒ 𝝅 𝝅 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜸 ⇒
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕
𝟏+ 𝝅⋅ 𝝅
𝟏 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟕 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟕 ) − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕
𝝅 𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕 (𝟏 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 )
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜸 = 𝝅 𝝅 =
𝟏 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕
𝝅
𝟏 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟕
𝟏 𝟐𝝅 𝟐 𝝅 𝝅
𝝅 [−𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕 ) + 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 ]
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕
= 𝝅
𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 + 𝒙𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 (−𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝝅 𝝅
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜸 = 𝝅 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ⇒ 𝜸 = 𝜶 − 𝜷 =
𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟕 𝟕
Therefore,
𝒃 𝒃
𝝅 𝝅
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ (𝜶 − 𝜷) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒃 − 𝒂).
𝒂 𝒂 𝟕 𝟕
𝒙±𝒚
∵ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ± 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )⇒
𝟏 ∓ 𝒙𝒚
𝒙 𝝅 𝝅 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝝅
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝝅) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝝅 𝝅) =
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕
𝝅 𝝅
𝝅 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕
= − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟐 𝒙

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𝝅 𝝅
𝝅 𝝅 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕
−𝟏 −𝟏 ( )=
𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟕 𝟕 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 𝝅 𝝅
+ 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅 =
𝝅 𝝅 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕
𝟏 − (𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 ) ⋅
( 𝒙 )
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅) =
𝒙 − 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟕 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟕
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 − 𝟐𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 (∗)
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅)=
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕 − 𝟐𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟕
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐭𝐚𝐧 − 𝟐𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝟐𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 )
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
(∗) 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝝅) = 𝟐 − 𝟕
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟕
Therefore,
𝝅
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = (𝒃 − 𝒂).
𝟕
1556. If 𝟏 < 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 then find:
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝒛 − 𝒛𝒙
Solution 1 by Serlea Kabay-Liberia
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 =
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
(∗)
= ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛 − 𝝅) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 =
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
(∵ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) )

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𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
(∗)
−𝟏 −𝟏
= ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 + ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 + ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
− 𝝅 (𝒃 − 𝒂 )𝟐 =
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
= (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 (∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 + ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛 𝒅𝒛) − 𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 =
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝟐 (𝒃 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏
(
=𝟑 𝒃−𝒂) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 + ( 𝟐 )) − 𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐
𝟐 𝒃 +𝟏
Solution 2 by Remus Florin Stanca-Romania

𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒚𝒛)
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )=
𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝒛 − 𝒛𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙(𝒚 + 𝒛) − 𝒚𝒛
𝒚+𝒛
𝟏 − 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒙 𝒚+𝒛
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( −𝟏 −𝟏
𝒚 + 𝒛 ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟏 − 𝒚𝒛) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒛 − 𝝅 =
𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒚𝒛
−𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛)
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝝅 =
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚) ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛)
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝝅 =
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛 − 𝝅
𝒃 𝒃
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = [𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟏)] =
𝒂 𝟐 𝒂
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 =
𝒃 𝒃
𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ ∫ (𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏) + (𝒃 − 𝒂) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚
𝒂 𝒂 𝟐 𝟐
+ (𝒃 − 𝒂) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛) 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 − 𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 =

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𝒃
𝟏
= ∫ (𝒃(𝒃 − 𝒂) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃 − (𝒃 − 𝒂) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂(𝒃 − 𝒂)
𝒂 𝟐
𝟏
+ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒃 − 𝒂)
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
+ (𝒃 − 𝒂) (𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏))
𝟐 𝟐
+ (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛) 𝒅𝒛 − 𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 =
𝟑
= 𝟑𝒃(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃 − (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝟑𝒂(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂
𝟐
𝟑
+ (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐
𝟐
Therefore,
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 =
𝟑
= 𝟑𝒃(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃 − (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝟑𝒂(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂
𝟐
𝟑
+ (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐
𝟐
𝒙+𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) , 𝒙𝒚 < 1
𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚
𝒙+𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝝅 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) , 𝒙 > 0, 𝑦 > 0(𝒙𝒚 > 1)
𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚
𝒙+𝒚
−𝝅 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) , 𝒙 < 0, 𝑦 < 0(𝑥𝑦 > 1)
{ 𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚
𝒙+𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) ⇒ 𝒙 ∈ (𝟏, ∞), 𝒚 ∈ (𝟏, ∞)
𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚
𝒙+𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛
𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚
𝒙+𝒚
𝒙𝒚 > 1 ⇒ <0
{ 𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚
𝒛 ∈ (𝟏, ∞)
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟏 − 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝒛 − 𝒛𝒙

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𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
∫ ∫ ∫ (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 =
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
= 𝝅 (𝒃 − 𝒂 )𝟐 + ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝟑 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
= 𝝅 (𝒃 − 𝒂 )𝟐 + ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝒃
𝟏
𝟑( 𝒃 − 𝒂 )𝟐 [𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟏)] =
𝟐 𝒂
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
= 𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑 + ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
Therefore,
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 =
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏
= 𝟑(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐 (𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂 + ( 𝟐 )) − 𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟑
𝟐 𝒃 +𝟏
1557. Prove that:

∞ (𝟐𝒏)! 𝟐
𝟐
∫ 𝒆−𝒙 𝑯𝟐𝒏 (𝜶𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = √𝝅 (𝜶 − 𝟏)𝒏 , 𝒏 > 0
−∞ 𝒏!
where, 𝑯𝟐𝒏 −Hermite polynomials.
Proposed by Tobi Joshua-Nigeria
Solution by Serlea Kabay-Liberia
Using Hermite polynomial as a special case of the Laguerre polynomial,
𝟏 ∞
− 𝟐
𝑯𝟐𝒏 (𝜶𝒙) = (−𝟒)𝒏 𝒏! 𝑳𝒏 𝟐 (𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 ) ⇒ ∫ 𝒆−𝒙 𝑯𝟐𝒏 (𝜶𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
−∞
∞ 𝟏
𝟐 −
= (−𝟒)𝒏 𝒏! ∫ 𝒆−𝒙 𝑳𝒏 𝟐 (𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
−∞

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∞ ∞ 𝟏
−
−𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
𝑰=∫ 𝒆 𝑯𝟐𝒏 (𝜶𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = (−𝟒 𝒏! ∫ 𝒆 )𝒏 𝑳𝒏 𝟐 (𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
−∞ −∞
𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝟐𝒌 𝟐𝒌
(𝒂) 𝒏 + 𝒂 𝒙𝟐𝒌 (− )
𝟐 ( 𝟐 𝟐)
𝒏−
𝟐) 𝒂 𝒙
𝑳𝒏 (𝒙) = ∑(−𝟏 )𝒌 ( ) ⇒ 𝑳𝒏 𝒌
𝒂 𝒙 = ∑ (−𝟏) (
𝒏 − 𝒌 𝒌! 𝒏−𝒌 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ 𝒏 𝟏
−𝒙𝟐
𝒏 − 𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝒌 𝒙𝟐𝒌
∵ 𝑰 = (−𝟒)𝒏 𝒏! ∫ 𝒆 (
∑ −𝟏 ) 𝒌( ) 𝒅𝒙 =
−∞ 𝒏−𝒌 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎
∞ 𝒏 𝟏
−𝒙𝟐
𝒏 − 𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝒌 𝒙𝟐𝒌
)𝒏
= 𝟐(−𝟒 𝒏! ∫ 𝒆 ∑(−𝟏 )𝒌 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒏−𝒌 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎
Using Dominated convergence theorem:

𝒏 𝟏
𝟐𝒏+𝟏 (
𝒏 − 𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝒌 ∞ −𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒌
𝑰=𝟐 −𝟏 )𝒏 ∑ (−𝟏 )𝒌 ( ) ∫ 𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏 − 𝒌 𝒌! 𝟎
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏 𝟏 𝟐𝒌 𝟏
𝟐𝒏 (
𝒏 − 𝟐 𝒂 𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐)
=𝟐 −𝟏 )𝒏 ∑ (−𝟏 )𝒌 ( )
𝒏−𝒌 𝒌!
𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝒏−𝟐 𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟐) (𝟐𝒏)! √𝝅
( )= =
𝒏−𝒌 𝟏 𝟏
𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒌)𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝟒𝒏 𝒏! 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒌)𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐)
𝒏 𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝒌 𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐)
𝑰 = (𝟐𝒏)! √𝝅(−𝟏)𝒏 ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 =
𝟏
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌! 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒌)𝚪 (𝒌 + 𝟐)
𝒏
𝒂𝟐𝒌
= (𝟐𝒏)! √𝝅(−𝟏)𝒏 ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌
𝒌! (𝒏 − 𝒌)!
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏
(𝟐𝒏)! √𝝅(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏! 𝒂𝟐𝒌
⇒𝑰= ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒂𝟐𝒌 =
𝒏! 𝒌! (𝒏 − 𝒌)!
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏
(𝟐𝒏)! √𝝅(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏
= ∑ ( ) (−𝒂𝟐 )𝒌
𝒏! 𝒌
𝒌=𝟎
(𝟐𝒏)! √𝝅(−𝟏)𝒏 √𝝅 ⋅ (𝟐𝒏)! ⋅ (𝒂𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒏

𝑰= (𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 )𝒏 =
𝒏! 𝒏!

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Therefore,
∞ (𝟐𝒏)! 𝟐
𝟐
∫ 𝒆−𝒙 𝑯𝟐𝒏 (𝜶𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = √𝝅 ( 𝜶 − 𝟏) 𝒏 , 𝒏 > 0
−∞ 𝒏!
𝑳𝒂𝒏 (⋅) −Laguerre polynomial.
1558. Prove that:
𝒃
∞ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏(𝒂𝒙) 𝝅 𝚪( ) 𝟏 𝒃
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐𝝅𝒂 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ))
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒃𝒙) 𝒃 𝟏 𝒃 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒂
𝟎 𝚪( + )
𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒂
Proposed by Ose Favour-Nigeria
Solution 1 by Felix Marin-Romania
∞ ∞ ∞
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝒙) 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒚
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒃𝒙) 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒃𝒙) 𝟏 𝒚 + (𝒂𝒙)
|𝒃|𝒙→𝝅𝒙
𝝅𝒂
∞ 𝒗=
𝒂𝒙 𝟏 |𝒃| 𝝅 ∞ ∞ 𝒗𝒙 𝟏
𝒔𝒈𝒏 (𝒃) ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟏 𝒚𝟐 + (𝒂𝒙)𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(|𝒃|𝒙) 𝒃 𝟏 𝟎 𝒚 + (𝒗𝒙)𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝝅𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝝅 ∞ ∞(
𝒚 + 𝒗𝒙𝒊)−𝟏 − (𝒚 − 𝒗𝒙𝒊)−𝟏
= ∫ [𝒊 ∫ 𝒅𝒙] 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒃 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝝅𝒙)
∞
𝝅 ∞ 𝟏
= ∫ [∑(−𝟏)𝒏 (𝒚 + 𝟐𝒏𝒗)−𝟏 − (𝒚 + 𝒗𝒙)−𝟏 |𝒙=𝟎 ] 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒃 𝟏 𝟐
𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝝅 ∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ {∑ [ − ] − } 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒃 𝟏 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒏𝒗 𝒚 + (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒗 𝟐𝒚
𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝝅 ∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ { ∑[ 𝒚 − ] − } 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒃 𝟏 𝟐𝒗 𝟏 𝒚 𝟐𝒚
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏 + 𝟐𝒗 𝒏 + 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒗
𝝅 ∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝒚 𝒚 𝟏
= ∫ { [𝚿 ( + ) − 𝚿 ( )] − } 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒃 𝟏 𝟐𝒗 𝟐 𝟐𝒗 𝟐𝒗 𝟐𝒚
∞
𝟏 𝒚 [𝟏 + 𝒗]
𝝅 𝚪 ( + ) 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝚪( )
𝟐 [𝟐𝒗] [𝟐𝒗]
= [𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚] = [ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )]
𝒃 𝒚 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐 𝟐𝒗 𝟏
𝚪 ([ ] ) 𝚪 ([ ] )
𝟐𝒗 𝟏 𝟐𝒗

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Therefore,
𝒃
∞
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝒙) 𝝅 𝚪 (𝟐𝝅𝒂) 𝟏 𝒃
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ))
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒃𝒙) 𝒃 𝟏 𝒃 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒂
𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅𝒂)

∞
𝟏 𝒙
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑰(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒃𝒙) 𝒂
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Using Feynmann parametrization technique for integrating , we have:
𝒙
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 −𝒂𝒕
𝑰(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ ∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒕𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒃𝒙) 𝟎 𝒕
∞ −𝒂𝒕 ∞ ∞
𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 −𝒕𝒙
𝒕 𝟏 𝟐𝒆−𝒙
=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ; (∵ = )
𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒃𝒙) 𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∑ ∫ 𝒆−𝒙(𝟐𝒃𝒏+𝒏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕 ∑ 𝟐
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒃𝒙) 𝟎 𝒕 + (𝟐𝒃𝒏 + 𝒃)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
Again, using Weierstrass product of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙:

𝝅𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( ) = ∏ (𝟏 + )
𝒃 (𝟐𝒌𝒏 + 𝒌)𝟐
𝒌≥𝟎
Taking logarithmic differention w.r.t. 𝒙, we get:

𝝅 𝝅𝒙 𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 ( ) = 𝟐𝒙 ∑ 𝟐
𝟐𝒃 𝟐𝒃 𝒙 + (𝟐𝒌𝒏 + 𝒌)
𝒌≥𝟎
𝝅 ∞ 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 ∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕𝒙 𝝅 ∞ 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝝅𝒕

𝑰(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 ( ) 𝒅𝒕
𝟐𝒃 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒃𝒙) 𝟐𝒃 𝟎 𝒕 𝟐𝒃
Now, using Leibniz rule w.r.t. 𝒂, we get
𝝅𝒕
′
𝝅 ∞ −𝒂𝒕 𝝅𝒕 𝝅 ∞ 𝟏 − 𝒆 𝒃 −𝒂𝒕
𝑰(𝒂 , 𝒃) = − ∫ 𝒆 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 = − ∫ 𝝅𝒕 𝒆 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐𝒃 𝟎 𝟐𝒃 𝟐𝒃 𝟎
𝟏 + 𝒆𝒃
𝝅 ∞ 𝝅𝒕𝒏
=− ∫ [−𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒆 𝒃 ] 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐𝒃 𝟎
𝒏≥𝟎
𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝒂+𝝅 𝒂
= − 𝝅 ∑(−𝟏)𝒏 = − [𝝍 ( ) − 𝝍 ( )]
𝟐𝒃 𝒏𝝅 + 𝒂 𝟐𝒃𝒂 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝒏≥𝟎

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Therefore,
𝒃
∞
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ))
𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅𝒂)
Solution 3 by Syed Shahabudeen-India

∞ ∞
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂𝒙) 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝒕)
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑳{ } 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒃𝒙) 𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒃𝒙) 𝒕 𝒔=
𝟏
𝒂
𝒕 𝒕 ∞
𝒆−𝒂 ∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝒕) 𝒆𝒃𝒙
∞ ∞ −𝒂 ∞
𝒆
=∫ ∫ 𝟐𝒃𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒕 = ∫ ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝒕) 𝒆−𝒃𝒙 ∑ 𝒆−𝟐𝒃𝒙𝒌 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝒆 𝟎 𝒕 𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝒕 𝒕
∞ −𝒂 ∞ ∞ ∞ −𝒂 ∞
𝒆 𝒆
=∫ ∑ ∫ 𝒆(−𝟐𝒃𝒌+𝒃)𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝒕) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒕 = ∫ ∑ 𝑳{𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝒕)}𝒔=(𝟐𝒃𝒌+𝒃) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒕 𝒕
𝒌=𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝒕
∞ −𝒂 ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒆 𝒕 𝒕 𝟏
=∫ ∑ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒆−𝒂 ∑ 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝒕 (𝟐𝒃𝒌 + 𝒃) + 𝒕 𝟎 (𝟐𝒃𝒌 + 𝒃)𝟐 + 𝒕𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅𝒕
∑ = 𝟐∑ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 ( )
𝟐
(𝟐𝒃𝒌 + 𝒃) + 𝒕 𝟐 𝒃 𝒕𝟐 𝟐𝒃𝒕 𝟐𝒃
𝒌=𝟎 ( 𝒌=𝟎 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 +
𝒃𝟐
𝝅𝒕 𝝅𝒕 𝝅𝒕
𝝅 ∞ − 𝒕 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 (𝟐𝒃) 𝝅 𝟐 ∞ − 𝒕 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 (𝟐𝒃) 𝒙=
𝟐𝒃
𝛀= ∫ 𝒆 𝒂 𝒅𝒕 = ( ) ∫ 𝒆 𝒂 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐𝒃 𝟎 𝒕 𝟐𝒃 𝟎
𝝅𝒕
𝟐𝒃
∞
𝝅 𝟐𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝝅 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙
= ∫ 𝒆−𝝅𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑳{ } 𝟐𝒃
𝟐𝒃 𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝒃 𝒙 𝒔=
𝝅𝒂
It is well-know that:
𝒔
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 √𝒔𝚪 (𝟒)
𝑳{ } 𝟐𝒃 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )⇒
𝒙 𝒔= 𝒔+𝟐
𝝅𝒂 𝟐𝚪 ( 𝟒 )
𝝅 √ 𝟐𝒃 𝚪 ( 𝒃 ) 𝝅 𝚪(
𝒃
) 𝟏 𝒃
𝝅𝒂 𝟐𝝅𝒂 𝟐𝝅𝒂
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = (𝐥𝐨𝐠( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝟏 𝒃 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒂
+𝟏 𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅𝒂)
𝟐𝚪 (𝝅𝒂𝟐 )
( )

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Therefore,
𝒃
∞
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ))
𝚪 (𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅𝒂)
𝟏
1559. If < 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 then find:
√𝟑𝟏
𝒃
−𝟏
𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝟑𝟏𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒃 𝒃
𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟑
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝟑𝟏𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝟑𝟏𝒙𝟐
𝟓𝒙
𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎𝒙 𝟑
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 ( 𝟏 − 𝟔𝒙 𝟐) + 𝟓𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
( 𝟏 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 )
𝟏 − 𝟑𝟏𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝟑𝟏𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐
𝟏−
𝟏 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐
𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟑
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≥ ⇒ ≥ 𝟏 ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )=
√𝟑𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝟑𝟏𝒙𝟐
𝟓𝒙
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟓𝒙) − 𝝅
𝟏 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐
𝟓𝒙 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙)
𝟏 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟑
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟓𝒙) − 𝝅
𝟏 − 𝟑𝟏𝒙𝟐
𝒃
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ (−𝝅 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧− (𝟐𝒙) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟓𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂
𝟏 𝟏
= [−𝝅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙) + 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙) + 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟓𝒙) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) − (𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝟒 𝟔
𝒃
𝟏 𝟐
− (𝟐𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏)] =
𝟏𝟎 𝒂
𝒃
−𝟏
𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= [𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟐
) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) − (𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) − (𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)]
𝟑𝟏𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟒 𝟔 𝟏𝟎 𝒂

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Therefore,
𝟑𝟎𝒃𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝒃 𝟑𝟎𝒂𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝒂 𝟏 𝟒𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = 𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
( ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )−
𝟑𝟏𝒃𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟑𝟏𝒂𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟒 𝟒𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝟗𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝟓𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏
− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 )− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟔 𝟗𝒂 + 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏
𝝅
1560. If 𝟎 < 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 < then find:
𝟔
(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙)𝟐
𝒃
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙)𝟐 𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙)𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙=𝒕
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 ⇒
𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)
𝟏𝟔
( 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟕 𝟗 ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 = ∫ (− 𝒕 − +
𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕 𝟑 𝟗 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕𝟐
𝟏
+𝒕
𝟏 𝟑 𝟕 𝟏𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟕 𝟏𝟔 √𝟑 √𝟑
= − 𝒕 − 𝒕+ ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = − 𝒕 − 𝒕 + ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )+𝑪 =
𝟗 𝟗 𝟐𝟕 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 𝟗 𝟗 𝟐𝟕 𝟐 𝟏
−𝒕
𝟑 √𝟑
𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟔√𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 + √𝟑𝒕
= − 𝒕𝟑 − 𝒕 + ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )+𝑪 =
𝟗 𝟗 𝟐𝟕 𝟐 𝟏 − √𝟑𝒕
𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟔√𝟑
= − 𝒕𝟑 − 𝒕 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (√𝟑𝒕) + 𝑪
𝟗 𝟗 𝟐𝟕
𝒃
𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟔√𝟑
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = [− 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (√𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)]
𝟗 𝟗 𝟐𝟕 𝒂
𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟔√𝟑 𝟏 𝟕
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒃 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (√𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒂 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 −
𝟗 𝟗 𝟐𝟕 𝟗 𝟗
𝟏𝟔√𝟑
− 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (√𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂)
𝟐𝟕

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𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙)𝟐 𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙)𝟐
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙=𝒕
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
⋅ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 ( 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟒 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 𝟑𝒕𝟒 + 𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑
=∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕𝟐 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕𝟐
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 𝟑𝒕𝟒 − 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟕𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 𝟐
𝟕𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑
= ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ (−𝒕 + ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕𝟐 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕𝟐
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 𝒕− 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝒕 𝟕𝒕 𝟏𝟔 √𝟑 √𝟑|]
= ∫ (−𝒕𝟐 + (−𝟕 + )) 𝒅𝒕 = [− − − ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |
𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 𝟑 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕 𝟐 𝟗 𝟗 𝟐𝟕 𝟐 𝟏
𝒕+
√𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒃 𝟕 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 𝟖√𝟑 √𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 − 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒂
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = − − − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | | +
𝟗 𝟗 𝟐𝟕 √𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 + 𝟏 𝟗
𝟕 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 √𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 − 𝟏
+ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | |
𝟗 √𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 + 𝟏
Solution 3 by Ghuiam Shah Naseri-Afghanistan
𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙)𝟐 𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙)𝟐
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙=𝒖
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
⋅ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 ⇒
𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
(𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 𝒖𝟒 + 𝟐𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟏 − 𝟑𝒖𝟐 −𝟑𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟖√𝟑 𝟏 𝟖√𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟕
= ∫( ⋅ − ⋅ − 𝒖𝟐 − ) 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟐𝟕 √𝟑 𝟐𝟕 √𝟑 𝟑 𝟗
𝒖+ 𝟑 𝒖− 𝟑
𝟖√𝟑 𝟏 𝟖√𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟕
=∫ ⋅ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ ⋅ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟐𝟕 √𝟑 𝟐𝟕 √𝟑 𝟑 𝟗
𝒖+ 𝟑 𝒖− 𝟑
𝟖√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟖√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟕
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒖 + ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒖 − ) − 𝒖𝟑 − 𝒖
𝟐𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗
𝒃
𝟖√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟖√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟕
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = [ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙] =
𝟐𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗 𝒂

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𝟖√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟖√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟕
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 + ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 − ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒃 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 −
𝟐𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗
𝟖√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟖√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟕
−( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 + ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 − ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒂 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂) =
𝟐𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗
√𝟑 √𝟑
𝟖√𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 + 𝟑 𝟏 𝟕 𝟖√𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 + 𝟑 𝟏
𝟑
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒂
𝟐𝟕 √𝟑 𝟑 𝟗 𝟐𝟕 √𝟑 𝟑
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 − 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 − 𝟑
𝟕
+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂
𝟗
∞
𝛀 = ∫ 𝒙−𝟐 ⋅ 𝒆−𝟒𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎

Solution 1 by Ty Halpen-Florida-USA
We will parametrize the integral:
∞
𝑰(𝒂) = ∫ 𝒙−𝟐 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
𝟐 ∞
𝝏 𝑰(𝒂)
𝟐
= ∫ 𝒆−𝟐𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝝏𝒂 𝟎
𝒙=∞
𝒆−𝒂𝒙 (𝒂𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙) − 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒𝒙) − 𝟏𝟔) 𝟖
=[ 𝟐
] = 𝟐
𝟐𝒂(𝒂 + 𝟏𝟔) 𝒙=𝟎
𝒂(𝒂 + 𝟏𝟔)
𝝏𝑰(𝒂) 𝟖 𝟏 𝟏
=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒂 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔) + 𝑪𝟏
𝝏𝒂 𝒂(𝒂 + 𝟏𝟔) 𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝑰𝑩𝑷
𝑰(𝒂) = ∫ ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔) + 𝑪𝟏 ) 𝒅𝒂 =
𝟐 𝟒
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒂𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
Now, notice that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑰(𝒂) = 𝟎 and 𝑰(𝒂) = 𝟎 from the famous Dirichlet integral:
𝒂→∞
𝑰(𝟎) = 𝝅 = 𝑪𝟐
𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑰(𝟎) = 𝟎 = −𝟐 ( ) + 𝒂𝑪𝟏 + 𝝅 ⇒ 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒂→∞ 𝟐
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Then,
𝝅
𝑰(𝟒) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟐
∞ ∞
−𝟐 −𝟒𝒙 𝟐
𝒆−𝟒𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟐𝒙)
𝛀=∫ 𝒙 ⋅𝒆 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒙𝟐
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
= ∫ 𝒆−𝟒𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟐𝒙) (∫ 𝒚𝒆−𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∫ 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟐𝒙) 𝒆−(𝒚+𝟒)𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 ∞ ∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝒚 𝒚( 𝒚 + 𝟒)
= ∫ ∫ 𝒚(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙))𝒆−(𝒚+𝟒)𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒕 = ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝒚 + 𝟒 (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔
∞
𝟐𝒚 + 𝟖 𝟐 𝟖
=∫ ( − + ) 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟑𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟒 (𝒚 + 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔
∞
𝒚𝟐 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟑𝟐 𝒚+𝟒 𝝅
= [𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 ) + 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )] = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝒚 + 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟎
𝟐

∞ ∞
−𝟐 −𝟒𝒙
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙)
𝛀=∫ 𝒙 ⋅𝒆 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙−𝟐 ⋅ 𝒆−𝟒𝒙 ⋅
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐
𝟏 ∞ −𝟒𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒕)
= ∫ 𝒆 ⋅ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝑳 ( )| =
𝟐 𝟎 𝒙 𝟐 𝒕𝟐 𝒔=𝟒
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔
= (∫ ∫ 𝑳(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒕))𝒅𝒔𝒅𝒔)| = (∫ ∫ ( − 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒔𝒅𝒔)| =
𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔=𝟒
𝟐 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 + 𝟏𝟔 𝒔=𝟒
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= (∫ (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒔 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔 + 𝟏𝟔)) )| = (∫ ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒔) 𝒅𝒙)| =
𝟐 𝒔 𝟐 𝒔 𝒔=𝟒
𝟐 𝒔 𝟐 𝒔=𝟒
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔
= (( 𝒔 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔) + 𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − 𝒔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒔)| )| =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝒔 𝒔=𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔
= (𝟐𝝅 − ( 𝒔 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔) + 𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − 𝒔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒔)| =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝒔=𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
= (𝟐𝝅 − (𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝝅 − 𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐)) = (𝝅 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Where,

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𝟐 𝟐
𝒔𝟐 𝒖=𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟔)
𝒊) ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔 + 𝟏𝟔) 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒔 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔 + 𝟏𝟔) − 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒔 =
𝒔 + 𝟏𝟔
𝟏𝟔 𝒔
= 𝒔 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔) − 𝟐 ∫ (𝟏 − ) 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝒔𝟐
+ 𝟏𝟔 ) − 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
( )+𝑪
𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔 𝟒
𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒔 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒔 − 𝒔 + 𝑪.

∞
𝒙√𝒙
𝛀(𝒂) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙, 𝒂 > 𝟎
𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 )
∞ ∞
𝒙√𝒙 √𝒙
𝛀 ( 𝒂) = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒂 𝒙 ) 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )(𝒂 + 𝒙 )
∞ ∞
𝟏 √𝒙 √𝒙
= 𝟐 (∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙)
𝒂 − 𝟏 ⏟𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ⏟𝟎 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐
𝑨 𝑩
∞
√𝒙 𝝅 𝝅
𝑨=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝟐 𝟑𝝅
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟒 ) √𝟒
∞
𝒙=𝒂𝒚 𝟏 √𝒚 𝝅
𝑩 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
√ 𝒂 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 √𝟐𝒂
𝝅 𝟏 𝝅
𝛀= 𝟐 (𝟏 − )=
(𝒂 − 𝟏)√𝟐 √𝒂 (√𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒂 + 𝟏)√𝟐𝒂
Therefore,
∞
𝒙 √𝒙 𝝅
𝛀(𝒂) = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒂 𝒙 ) (√𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒂 + 𝟏)√𝟐𝒂
𝝅
1563. If 𝟎 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 < then find:
𝟖
𝒃 (𝟏
𝝅
𝒃 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚) (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( − 𝒙 − 𝒚))
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ ∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝝅
𝒂 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( − 𝒙 − 𝒚)
𝟒

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𝝅 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) 𝝅 𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( − 𝒙 − 𝒚) = ⇒ 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( − 𝒙 − 𝒚) =
𝟒 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) 𝟒 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝝅
(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚)) (𝐭𝐚𝐧( − (𝒙 + 𝒚)) = 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝟒
𝝅
= [𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚)] [𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( − (𝒙 + 𝒚))] =
𝟒
= 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) =
= 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
Hence,
𝝅
(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚) (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( − 𝒙 − 𝒚)) 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚)
𝟒 = =
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒 − 𝒙 − 𝒚) 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒 − (𝒙 + 𝒚))
𝟐(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚) 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚)

= = =𝟐
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)
Therefore,
𝒃 (𝟏
𝝅
𝒃 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚) (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒 − 𝒙 − 𝒚))
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ ∫ 𝝅 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐
𝒂 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒 − 𝒙 − 𝒚)

𝝅
(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚) (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( − 𝒙 − 𝒚))
𝟒 =
𝝅
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒 − 𝒙 − 𝒚)
𝟐 − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚) ⋅
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
= =
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 ⋅
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚) ⋅
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
=𝟐⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 =
𝟏 − 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
𝟏 + 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚

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(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚)(𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚)
= 𝟐⋅ =
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒚 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒚
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒚
=𝟐⋅ =𝟐
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒚
Therefore,
𝒃 (𝟏
𝝅
𝒃 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚) (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒 − 𝒙 − 𝒚))
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ ∫ 𝝅 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐
𝒂 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒 − 𝒙 − 𝒚)
1564.
∞ 𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝑨=∫ 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 , 𝑩 = ∫
𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏+𝒆 +𝒆 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
Prove that:
𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝝅
𝛀= 𝑨+𝑩= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑹 and hence find the value of 𝑹.
𝟗𝟔 𝟐 𝟖

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒆 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝑨=∫ 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟑𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = (∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙)
𝟎 𝟏+𝒆 +𝒆 +𝒆 𝟐 ⏟𝟎 𝒆 + 𝟏 ⏟𝟎 𝒆 + 𝟏 ⏟𝟎 𝒆 + 𝟏
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟑
∞ ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝝏 𝒙𝒔−𝟏 𝝏
𝑨𝟏 = ∫ 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = {∫ 𝒙
𝒅𝒙} = {𝜼(𝒔)𝚪(𝒔)}𝒔=𝟏 =
𝟎 𝒆 +𝟏 𝝏𝒔 𝟎 𝒆 + 𝟏 𝒔=𝟏
𝝏𝒔
𝟏
= 𝜼′ (𝟏) + 𝜼(𝟏)𝚪(𝟏)𝝍(𝟏) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟑
𝑨𝟐 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ∫ = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟎 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 ⏟𝟎 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐 ⏟𝟎 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟒
𝑨𝟏 𝜼(𝟏)=𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
∞
𝟏
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ))
𝒆−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒕=𝒆−𝒙 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑨𝟑 = ∫ −𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝟎 𝟏+𝒆 𝟎 𝟏+𝒕
Using Malmsten’s integral:

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𝟏 𝝋 𝟏 𝝋
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) 𝝅 (𝟐𝝅)𝝅 ( + )
𝑰(𝝋 ) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 { 𝟐 𝟐𝝅 }
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 + 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋 𝟏 𝝋
𝚪 (𝟐 − 𝟐𝝅)
𝟑 𝟑
𝝅 𝝅 √𝟐𝝅𝚪 (𝟒) 𝝅 𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝝅 𝟒𝝅𝟑
𝑨𝟑 = 𝑰 ( ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 { } = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 { } = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 { }
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
𝚪 ( 𝟒) 𝚪 𝟐 ( 𝟒) 𝚪 𝟒 ( 𝟒)
𝟓 𝝅 𝟒𝝅𝟑
𝑨 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟖 𝟖 𝟏
𝚪 ( 𝟒)
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒙𝟐
𝑩=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∬ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟏 𝟏
=∫ 𝟐
∫ ( 𝟐
+ ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏+𝒚 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐) −𝟏
𝟏
=∫ { 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠( 𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚 )} 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐 𝒚 𝟎
𝟏
𝟏 𝒚 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚)
=∫ ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − + ) 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝒚
𝟏
𝟏 𝒚 𝝅 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚)
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 − ∫ + ∫ 𝒅𝒚 − 𝑩 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒚 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟎 𝒚
𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − − 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (−𝟏) − 𝑩 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − + = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 +
𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟒 𝟖 𝟗𝟔
𝟓 𝝅 𝟒𝝅𝟑 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
𝑨+𝑩= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 + =
𝟖 𝟖 𝟏 𝟖 𝟗𝟔
𝚪 ( 𝟒)
𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝝅 𝟒𝝅𝟑 𝟒𝝅𝟑
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )⇒𝑹=
𝟗𝟔 𝟐 𝟖 𝟏 𝟏
𝚪 𝟒 ( 𝟒) 𝚪 𝟒 ( 𝟒)
1565. If 𝟓 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 then find:

𝒃
−𝟏
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏

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𝒃
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒙=𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝟒 𝟐
) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃
𝟐 −𝟏
𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕 − 𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒕
=∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒕 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝒕 − 𝟔 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒕 + 𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝒃
𝟐 −𝟏 (
=∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒕 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝒕 ⋅ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝒂
−𝟏
= [𝟒𝒕 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕|]𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂
− 𝟐𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂) =
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃)
= 𝟒𝒃 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 − 𝟒𝒂 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 − 𝟐𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂) =
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂)
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏
= 𝟒 [𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 )] − 𝟐𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)
𝟐 𝒃 +𝟏

𝟐𝒙
∵ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝝅 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) , 𝒙 ∈ (𝟏, ∞)
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙
𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝟐𝝅 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
( )
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟒𝒙
𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
𝒙 = 𝟐𝝅 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
( 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟒𝒙𝟐
𝟏−
( 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑
𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟐𝝅 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒 ) , ∀𝒙 ∈ (𝟏, ∞)
𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒃 𝒃
∫ 𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐𝝅𝒅𝒙 + 𝛀
𝒂 𝒂
𝒃
−𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
𝛀 = 𝟒 [𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟏)] − 𝟐𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)
𝟐 𝒂
Therefore,
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = 𝟒 [𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 )] − 𝟐𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)
𝟐 𝒃 +𝟏

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Solution 3 by Ajetunmobi Abdulquoyyum-Nigeria
𝒃 𝒃
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒂
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝟒𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝑨 = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙𝟒 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟒𝒙
= ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) ( ) 𝒅𝒙 =
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) ( − ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
= ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( − ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕=𝒙
= ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( − ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙
𝟏− 𝟏+
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒕 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( − ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒕
𝟏− 𝟏+
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒕 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒕 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( − ) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒕 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒕
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒕
= ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒕 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒅𝒕 =
(𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒕)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒕)
𝑰𝑩𝑷
= ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒕 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝒕 ⋅ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟏
= 𝟒 (𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )) + 𝑪
𝟐
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = 𝟒 [𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 )] − 𝟐𝝅(𝒃 − 𝒂)
𝟐 𝒃 +𝟏
𝝅
1566. If 𝟎 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 < then find:
𝟐
𝒃
𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙

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𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝟐
− ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒂 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒂
𝒃
= 𝟐 ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − (𝒃 − 𝒂) = −𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒙|𝒃𝒂 − (𝒃 − 𝒂) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒂 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒃 − (𝒃 − 𝒂)
𝒂

𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 −𝟑 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝟒 𝟐
= − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ ( )
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 − 𝒃 + ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
= 𝒂 − 𝒃 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒙|𝒃𝒂 = 𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒂 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒃

Solution 3 by Mohammad Hamed Nasery-Afghanistan
𝒃 𝒃
𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 −𝟑 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙
𝒃 𝒃
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑 − 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒
= −∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟒∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 − (𝒃 − 𝒂) =
𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒂 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
= 𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒂 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒃
Solution 4 by Hussain Reza Zadah-Afghanistan
𝒃 𝟒𝒃 𝒕
𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 =𝒖
𝒕=𝟒𝒙 𝟏 𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝟐
( )
𝛀 𝒂, 𝒃 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝟒 𝟒𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒃 𝟑
𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐
𝟏 +
= ∫ 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 ⋅ 𝟐𝒅𝒖 =
𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒂 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐
𝟏−
𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒃 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒃 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒃
𝟏
= ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 =
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒂 𝒖 (𝟏 + 𝒖 ) 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒂 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒂 𝒖 + 𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒃
𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏
= [− − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖] = 𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒂 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒃
𝒖 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒂

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𝒙
𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝟏 𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 =𝒕
𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝟒 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 𝟑 + 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 𝟐𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟏 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐
= ∫ ⋅ = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟒 𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒕𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝒕 ( 𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 )
𝟏−
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 − ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟐 𝒕 𝒕 ( 𝒕 + 𝟏) 𝒕 𝒕 +𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= − − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒕 = − − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙
𝒕 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝟐
Therefore,
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = 𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒂 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒃
Solution 6 by Satyam Roy-India
By generalization:
𝒃
𝒎 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒑
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒂 − 𝒃
𝒏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒂 𝒏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙
If 𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒑 = 𝒎 + 𝒏. Here 𝒎 = 𝟑, 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝒑 = 𝟒
𝒃 𝒃
𝟒 𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒂 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒃
𝒂 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
Therefore,
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = 𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒂 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒃
Solution 7 by Sujit Bhowmick-India
𝒃 𝒃 (
𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝟑 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒙) + 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒙
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 − (𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙)
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝟐
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒂 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝒂 𝒂
= 𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒂 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝒃

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1567. If 𝟎 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 find a closed form:
𝒃 𝒙
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒙𝟐
𝟏+
𝒙𝟐
𝟑+
𝒙𝟐
( 𝟓 +
𝟕 + ⋯)
Solution by Naren Bhandari-Bajura-Nepal
Due to Lambert continued fraction (particular case of Gauss continued fraction)
𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 =
−𝒙𝟐
𝟏 + 𝕂∞
𝒏=𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
Now we replace 𝒙 by 𝒊𝒙 giving us

𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐
𝟏 + 𝕂∞𝒏=𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒃
So, we need to integrate 𝑰 + ∫𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 which is easy to see
𝒃
𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒃
𝑰=∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒂 𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒂
1568. Prove that:
𝝅
𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟐
√𝟐+√𝟐 √𝟐−√𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ((𝟐√𝟐 − √𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟐 − 𝟏) (𝟏 + 𝟐√𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟐 − √𝟐) )


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𝝅 𝝅 𝒙 𝝅 𝒙
𝟐 𝒙 𝑰𝑩𝑷 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐) 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐)
−𝟏
𝑰 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒙
By the use of compound angle formula and subbing 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐) = 𝒖 leads us to
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂
√𝟐 𝟖𝒅𝒖 √𝟐 𝟖𝒅𝒖 𝟖𝒅𝒖
∫ = ∫ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝟖𝒖𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 ) 𝟒 𝟐
𝟎 𝟖𝒖 − 𝟖𝒖 + 𝟏 𝒂→
𝟏
𝟎 𝑷(𝒖)
√𝟐
Note that the polynomial 𝑷(𝒖) is reducible over ℝ or
𝟐𝑷(𝒖) = (𝟒𝒖𝟐 − √𝟐 − 𝟐)(𝟒𝒖𝟐 + √𝟐 − 𝟐), with positive factors (√

⏟𝟐 + √𝟐 , √
⏟𝟐 − √𝟐).
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐
Therefore,
𝟏
√𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒓𝟏 + 𝟏
𝑰 = 𝟒√𝟐 ∫ ( − ) = −𝒓𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (
) + 𝒓𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟎 𝟒𝒖𝟐
− √𝟐 − 𝟐 + √𝟐 𝟒𝒖𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟏 − 𝟏
By putting the roots we have the result however, to get the desired result as presented in
final form we observe that:
𝒓𝟏 + 𝟏 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏
( , ) = (𝟐√𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝟐√𝟐 + √𝟐, )
𝒓𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐 𝟏 + 𝟐√𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟐 − √𝟐
Hence,
𝝅
𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟐
√𝟐+√𝟐 √𝟐−√𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ((𝟐√𝟐 − √𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟐 − 𝟏) (𝟏 + 𝟐√𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟐 − √𝟐) )
1569. Prove that:

𝝅
𝟐 𝝅 𝒌′ 𝑬(𝒌)
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝑰𝟐 (𝒌) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ⋅ 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒌 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟐 𝒌 𝒌
Proposed by Onikoyi Adeboye-Nigeria
𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙=𝒖
𝝅 𝒖
𝒙=𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌
𝟐 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒌 𝟏 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝑰𝟐 (𝒌 ) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √ 𝟐
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝒌 𝟎 𝒌 √𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐

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𝒌𝟐
𝒖 𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √ 𝟐 = 𝑱(𝒌) ⇒
𝟎 𝒌 √𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐
′
𝒌𝟐
𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝟏 𝒌𝝅
𝑱′ (𝒌) = (∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √ 𝟐 ) = ⋅ 𝟐𝒌 =
𝟎 𝒌 √𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐
⇒ 𝑱(𝒌) = −𝝅√𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 + 𝟐𝑬(𝒌) ⇒

𝟏 𝝅 𝒌 ′ 𝑬( 𝒌 )
𝑰𝟐 (𝒌 ) = (−𝝅 𝟏 − 𝒌 + 𝟐𝑬(𝒌)) = − ⋅ 𝟐 + 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒌′ = √𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐
√ 𝟐
𝟐𝒌𝟐 𝟐 𝒌 𝒌
𝝅
For 𝒌 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝑬(𝒙) = ∫𝟎𝟐 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏
Solution 2 by Sediqakbar Restheen-Afghanistan

𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
( )
𝑰𝟐 𝒌 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒌 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒌 𝟎 𝟐√𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝝅√𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 𝑬(𝒌)
= − 𝟐 [𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙] + 𝟐 ∫ √𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − + 𝟐
𝒌 𝟎 𝒌 𝟎 𝟐𝒌𝟐 𝒌
𝝅 𝒌′ 𝑬(𝒌)
Let 𝒌′ = √𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 ⇒ 𝑰𝟐 (𝒌) = − 𝟐 ⋅ 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐
1570. Find:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝛀=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝒛 + 𝒙)
∵ (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝒛 + 𝒙) = ∑(𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒛) + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛

𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒛 + 𝟑 𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝟏
𝑰=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝒛 + 𝒙) 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝟏
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 + ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 + 𝒛) 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝒛 + 𝒙) 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
∫ ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + 𝛀 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒙+𝒚 𝒙 𝟑 𝟑

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𝟏
𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝛀 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏
∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝛀 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟏
𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 − 𝟐𝑰𝟑 + 𝟑 𝛀 = 𝟑 ; (𝑰), where
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐( 𝒙+𝟏=𝒆𝒚
𝑰𝟏 = ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝟐𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒆𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒚𝟐 𝒆𝒚 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟎
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟓𝟓
=∫ (𝒆𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒚 + 𝒆𝒚 )𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 +
𝟎 𝟑 𝟗 𝟓𝟒
𝟏 𝟎
𝒙=𝒆𝒚 𝟐
𝑰𝟐 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒚 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 −∞ 𝟐𝟕
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝟐 𝟐
(−𝟏)𝒌 𝒙𝒌
𝑰𝟑 = ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 ∑ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒌 𝟏 𝒌+𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒌 𝒌
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟑
= −∑ ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ = ∑ ( −𝟏 ) ( + + )
𝒌 𝟎 𝒌 ( 𝒌 + 𝟑) 𝟐 𝒌 𝒌 + 𝟑 (𝒌 + 𝟑)𝟐
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑨𝟏 = , 𝑨𝟐 = − , 𝑨𝟑 = −
𝟗 𝟑 𝟗
Hence,
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌 𝟒𝟏
𝑰𝟑 = (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − (𝟏 − + + ∑ )− ( 𝟐− 𝟐+ 𝟐+∑ 𝟐
)+
𝟗 𝟐 𝟑 𝒌 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 ( 𝒌 + 𝟑) 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒌=𝟒 𝒌=𝟏
𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟒𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − +
𝟗 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝟐 𝟏
From (𝑰): 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 − 𝟐𝑰𝟑 + 𝟑 𝛀 = 𝟑 it follows:
𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟓𝟓 𝟐 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟒𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + + − 𝟐 (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − + )+ 𝛀 =
𝟑 𝟗 𝟓𝟒 𝟐𝟕 𝟗 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + + 𝛀=𝟎⇔
𝟑 𝟗 𝟏𝟖 𝟑
𝟏𝟐 𝝅𝟐
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + + 𝟐𝛀 = 𝟎 ⇔
𝟑 𝟔

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𝟐
𝝅𝟐
𝛀 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 −
𝟏𝟐
Therefore,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝝅𝟐
𝛀=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 −
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝒛 + 𝒙) 𝟏𝟐
𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
∞
𝛀=∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙 −𝒙 +𝟏

∞ 𝟏 𝟏
∞ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 ( )
𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒙=
𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = = ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
𝟎 𝒙 −𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 +𝒙
𝟏 𝝅
∵ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) =
𝒙 𝟐
𝝅 ∞ 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 =𝒙 𝝅
∞
𝟏
𝟐𝛀 = ∫ 𝟐 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 +𝒙 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐
∞
𝟏
𝝅 ∞
𝟏 𝝅 𝒙−𝟐 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
−𝟏
𝛀= ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = [𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )] = ( + )
𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 √𝟑 𝟒√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟒√𝟑 𝟐 𝟔
(𝒙 − ) + ( ) 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟎
∞
𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝝅𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 −𝒙 +𝟏 𝟔√𝟑
Solution 2 by Sesiqakbar Restheen-Afghanistan
𝟏 𝝅
∵ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = , ∀𝒙 ∈ ℝ
𝒙 𝟐
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∞ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒖=
𝒙 𝒖 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝛀=∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (− )=
𝟎 𝒙 −𝒙 +𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝒖𝟐
𝟎 − + 𝟏
𝒖𝟒 𝒖𝟐
𝝅
∞ 𝒖 ( − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒖)
𝟐 𝝅 ∞ 𝒖
=∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝒖 −𝒖 +𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 𝒖 − 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏

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𝒖 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)] + 𝑪
𝒖 −𝒖 +𝟏 √𝟑 √𝟑
∞
𝒖 𝟏 𝝅 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
∫ 𝒅𝒖 = [ − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (− )] = [ — ) =
𝟎 𝒖𝟒 − 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏 √𝟑 𝟐 √𝟑 √𝟑 𝟐 𝟔 𝟑√𝟑
Therefore,
∞
𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝝅𝟐
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟔√𝟑
Solution 3 by Ghuiam Naseri-Afghanistan
𝟏 𝝅
∵ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = , ∀𝒙 ∈ ℝ
𝒙 𝟐
∞ 𝟏 𝟏
∞ 𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 ( )
𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒙=
𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝟎 𝒙 −𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝒙 −𝒙 +𝟏
𝝅 ∞ 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 =𝒙 𝝅
∞
𝟏
∫ 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟎 𝒙 −𝒙 +𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 𝒙 −𝒙+𝟏
∞
𝝅 𝟐 −𝟏
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙=𝒙𝟐 𝝅 𝟐 −𝟏
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
= ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) = ⋅ [𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )] =
𝟒 √𝟑 √𝟑 𝟒 √𝟑 √𝟑 𝟎 𝟔√𝟑
1572.
∞ 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙
− 𝒏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
𝟎 𝒆𝒙
Find:
∞
𝟏
𝛀=∑
𝛀 (𝒏 )
𝒏=𝟏

∞ ∞
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒆−𝒙 𝒙𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒏 ∫ 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎
∞ ∞
𝝏 −𝒙 (𝒏+𝒔+𝟏)−𝟏
= | (∫ 𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒏 ∫ 𝒙𝒏+𝒔−𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙) =
𝝏𝒔 𝒔=𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

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𝝏
= | (𝚪(𝒏 + 𝒔 + 𝟏) − 𝒏𝚪(𝒏 + 𝒔)) = 𝚪 ′ (𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏𝚪 ′ (𝒏) =
𝝏𝒔 𝒔=𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏
=∑ =∑ =
𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏𝚪(𝒏)𝝍(𝒏) 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝝍(𝒏)
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏
=∑ =∑ =∑ =∑ =𝒆
𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝝍(𝒏)) 𝟏 𝚪( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝚪(𝒏)
𝒏=𝟏 ( )
𝒏=𝟏 𝚪 𝒏 + 𝟏 ( ) 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝒏
Therefore,
∞
𝟏
𝛀=∑ =𝒆
𝛀(𝒏)
𝒏=𝟏

∞
𝟏
𝝍( 𝒛) = ∫ 𝒙𝒛−𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝚪(𝒛) 𝟎
∞ ∞
𝒏+𝟏 −𝒙
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒙 𝒆 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒏 ∫ 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎
= 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏𝚪(𝒏)𝝍(𝒏) = 𝒏! [𝝍(𝒏 + !) − 𝝍(𝒏)] =

𝟏
= 𝒏! ( ) = (𝒏 − 𝟏)!
𝒏
Therefore,
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀=∑ =∑ =𝒆
𝛀(𝒏) ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) !
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
Solution 3 by Santiago Alvarez-Mexico

∞
𝒙𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝒏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝝏 ∞ 𝒏−𝟏+𝒔
𝛀(𝒏) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ( ∫ 𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝒏)𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙) =
𝟎 𝒆𝒙 𝝏𝒔 𝟎 𝒔=𝟎
𝝏 ∞ 𝒏+𝒔 −𝒙 𝝏 ∞
=( ∫ 𝒙 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒏 ∫ 𝒙𝒏+𝒔−𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙) =
𝝏𝒔 𝟎 𝝏𝒔 𝟎 𝒔=𝟎
𝝏 𝝏
= ( 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝒔 + 𝟏) − 𝒏 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝒔)) =
𝝏𝒔 𝝏𝒔
𝒔=𝟎
= (𝚪(𝒏 + 𝒔 + 𝟏)𝝍(𝒏 + 𝒔 + 𝟏) − 𝒏𝚪(𝒏 + 𝒔)𝝍(𝒏 + 𝒔))𝒔=𝟎 =

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= 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏𝚪(𝒏)𝝍(𝒏)
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀=∑ =∑ =
𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏𝚪(𝒏)𝝍(𝒏) 𝒏𝚪(𝒏)𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏𝚪(𝒏)𝝍(𝒏)
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=∑ =∑ =∑ =𝒆
𝟏 ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) ! 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏𝚪(𝒏) ( ) 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟎
𝒏
1573. Find:
𝒙𝟒
𝛀=∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟒 + 𝟒(𝒙𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 + 𝟔 + 𝟔 ⋅ 𝟒𝒙 )
Solution by Almas Babirov-Azerbaijan
𝒙𝟒
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟒 + 𝟒(𝒙𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 + 𝟔 + 𝟔 ⋅ 𝟒𝒙 )
𝒙𝟒
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (∗)
𝒙𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒 ⋅ 𝟒𝒙
∵ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒𝒙 = 𝒕 ⇒ 𝟒𝒙 = 𝒆𝒕 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒆𝒕 = 𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒆
𝒕𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒𝟒 𝒆
(∗) = ∫ 𝟒 𝒅(𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒆) =
𝒕 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒆𝒕
𝒕𝟒 − (𝒕𝟒 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒆𝒕 )
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓𝟒 𝒆 ⋅ ∫ ( + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒕 =
𝒕𝟒 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒆𝒕
𝟒𝒕𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒆𝒕
= 𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓𝟒 𝒆 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓𝟒 𝒆 ⋅ ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝒕𝟒 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒆𝒕
𝒕 𝟏 𝒅(𝒕𝟒 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒆𝒕 )
= − ⋅∫ 𝟒 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟒 𝒕 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒆𝒕
𝒕 𝟏
= − ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒕𝟒 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒆𝒕 ) + 𝑪 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟒
𝒙 𝟏
= − ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟒 ⋅ 𝟒𝒙 ) + 𝑪
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟒
𝟒

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1574. If 𝟎 < 𝑎 < 4𝒃 then find:
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏(√𝒙)
𝟏
𝛀=∫ 𝟐 − 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒂𝒙
Proposed by Marin Chirciu-Romania
Solution by Marian Ursărescu-Romania
𝟏 𝟎
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) 𝒙=𝟏−𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟏 − 𝒕)
𝛀=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
(−𝒅𝒕) =
𝟎 𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝟏 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝒕) − 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝒕) + 𝒃
𝟏 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟏 − 𝒕) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟏 − 𝒕)
=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝒂 − 𝟐𝒂𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕 − 𝒂 + 𝒂𝒕 + 𝒃 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 − 𝒂𝒕 + 𝒃
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟏 − 𝒕)
𝚪=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 ⇒ 𝛀 = 𝚪.
𝟎 𝒂𝒕 − 𝒂𝒕 + 𝒃
𝝅
But 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟏 − 𝒙) = 𝟐 ; ∀𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, 𝟏], because
𝝅
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟏 − 𝒙) ; 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄 = ⇒
𝟐
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟏 − 𝒙) 𝝅 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝛀+𝚪 =∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ =
𝟎 𝒂𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝟐 𝟎 𝒂𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
𝝅 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝝅 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝝅 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
= ∫ = ∫ = ∫
𝟐𝒂 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝒃 𝟐𝒂 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝟒𝒃 − 𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝟎 𝟐
𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟐) + 𝟒𝒂 𝟏 𝟒𝒃 − 𝒂
𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝟐) + (√ 𝟒𝒂 )
𝟏
𝟏
𝝅 𝒂 𝒙−𝟐 𝝅 𝒂
−𝟏
⋅ 𝟐√ ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 || = ⋅ 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √ ; ( 𝟐)
𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒃 − 𝒂 𝟒𝒃 − 𝒂 √𝒂 (𝟒𝒃 − 𝒂) 𝟒𝒃 − 𝒂
√
𝒂 𝟎
𝝅 𝒂
𝛀= ⋅ 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √
√𝒂(𝟒𝒃 − 𝒂) 𝟒𝒃 − 𝒂
1575.
𝒇 ∈ 𝑪𝟏 ([𝟎, 𝟑]), 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟒, 𝒇(𝟑) = 𝒌, 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
Find:
𝟑
𝛀(𝒌) = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎

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𝟑 𝟑
𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝛀(𝒌) = ∫ 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)| − ∫ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟗𝒇(𝟑) − ∫ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 −𝟏
𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
𝟏 𝟑
= 𝟗𝒌 − ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟑 𝟎
𝟑
𝒙𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝟑 𝒙𝟒
𝛀(𝒌) = 𝟗𝒌 − | + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏𝟐 𝟎
𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝟕 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝟗𝒌 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 + ∫ (𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝒙 +𝟏
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐𝟕 −𝟏
𝟏 𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
= 𝟗𝒌 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑 + ⋅ | − ⋅ 𝒙| + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙| =
𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝟎
𝟐𝟕 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝟎 𝟏
= 𝟗𝒌 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 + − + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 = 𝟗𝒌 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 +
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
Solution 2 by Fayssal Abdelli-Bejaia-Algerie
𝟑 𝟑
𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
𝛀(𝒌) = ∫ 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)| − ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐
𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
𝟑 𝟎
𝟏
𝟗𝒌𝟐 − 𝚪;
𝟑
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 −𝟏
𝒙 𝟒
−𝟏
𝟏 𝟑 𝒙𝟒
𝚪 = ∫ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙| − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟒 𝟎
𝟒 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙
𝟑( 𝟐 )( 𝟐 𝟑
𝟖𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟐
=
𝟒 𝟒 𝟎 𝒙 +𝟏 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝟑 𝟑
𝟖𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟑 𝟑
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙| − ⋅ ( − 𝒙)| = 𝟐𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 −
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝟒 𝟒 𝟎 𝟒 𝟑 𝟎
𝟐
Therefore,
𝟐𝟎 𝟏
𝛀(𝒌) = 𝟗𝒌 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 +
𝟑 𝟐
Solution 3 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
𝟑 𝟑
𝒇 𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ⇒ ∫ 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇒
′(
𝟎 𝟎
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝒙 𝟏
𝒇(𝟑) − 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙|𝟎 − ∫ −𝟏 ( 𝟐)
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 + 𝒙 | =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟎

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𝟏 𝟏 𝟕
= 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 − ⇒ 𝒌 − 𝟒 = 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 − ⇒ 𝒌 = + 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
𝟏 𝟑
𝛀(𝒌) = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟗𝒇(𝟑) − ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
𝟑
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 𝒙𝟒
= 𝟗𝒇(𝟑) − 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙| + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝟕 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝟗𝒌 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 + ∫ 𝒙 (𝟏 − ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝟕 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝒙𝟐
= 𝟗𝒌 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 + ( 𝟑 − 𝟎) − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟕 𝟐𝟕 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
= 𝟗 ( + 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 + − ∫ (𝟏 − ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟑
𝟔𝟑 𝟖𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
= + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 + − + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙| =
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟎
𝟏𝟐𝟏
= 𝟑𝟐 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑
𝟔
𝝅
1576. If 𝟎 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 < then:
𝟐
𝝅 − 𝟐𝒙
𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) (𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂
∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 ≤
𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂
Solution by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
𝒙
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝟐
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝐭𝐚𝐧 (
𝝅 − 𝟐𝒙
) (𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝒙 𝟐 𝟐)
𝟒 = 𝟐 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐) 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐) (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐)
= = =
𝒙 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= =

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Hence,
𝝅 − 𝟐𝒙
𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ( )
∫ 𝟒 ) 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)|𝒃 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂)
𝒂
𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂
≤
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂
≤ ; (∵ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ≤ 𝒙, ∀𝒙 ≥ 𝟎)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂
1577.
𝒂
𝛀(𝒂) = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏(√𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 , 𝒂 > 𝟎
𝟎
Prove that:
𝟏
𝛀(𝒂) + 𝛀(𝒃) + 𝛀(𝒄) < (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + ) , ∀𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 𝟎
𝟐
𝝅
We have: 𝒆𝒙 ≥ 𝒙 + 𝟏, ∀𝒙 > 𝟎 ⇔ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ≤ 𝒙, ∀𝒙 > 𝟎 and 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) ≤ 𝟐 , ∀𝒙 > 𝟎.
𝝅 𝒃 𝝅
Therefore, 𝛀(𝒂) ≤ 𝟐 ∫𝒂 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇔ 𝛀(𝒂) ≤ 𝟒 𝒂𝟐 . Hence,
𝝅 𝟐
𝛀(𝒂) + 𝛀(𝒃) + 𝛀(𝒄) ≤ (𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) < 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 <
𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
< (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 < (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 + (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + )
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
First, we prove that: 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) < 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐.
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 (√𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+𝒙)
If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐, then 𝒇′ (𝒙) = + 𝟐(𝟏+𝒙) −𝟐
𝟏+𝒙 √𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙)
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) < √𝒙 < 𝟐√𝒙 < 𝟏 + 𝒙 ⇒ < 𝟏; (𝟏)
𝟏+𝒙
(∗)
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) < 𝒙 < 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒙)√𝒙 ⇔ √𝒙 < 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝒙+𝟏
√𝒙 ≤ < 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏) ⇔ (∗) true. Thus,
𝟐

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𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)
< 𝟏; (𝟐)
𝟐( 𝟏 + 𝒙 ) √ 𝒙
𝟏
From (1),(2) we have 𝒇′ (𝒙) < 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) < 𝒇(𝟎) = − 𝟐 < 𝟎.
𝟏
Now, integrating the inequality: 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) < 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐, we get:
𝒂
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀(𝒂) < ∫ (𝟐𝒙 + ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
Therefore,
𝟏
𝛀(𝒂) + 𝛀(𝒃) + 𝛀(𝒄) < 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 + (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) <
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
< (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 + (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + )
𝟐 𝟐
𝒂 𝒂
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝛀(𝒂) = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ √𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎 √𝒙
𝟏
Let be the function 𝒇: ℝ → ℝ, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
𝟐𝒙⋅𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝒙+𝒙𝟐
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟐 ≥ 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒇 −increasing on [𝟎, ∞) ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
𝟎< ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 < 𝟏 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 < 𝒙; ∀𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 ⇒ <𝟏⟺
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 < 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 ⟺ √𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √𝒙 < 𝒙 + 𝟏; ∀𝒙 > 𝟎; (𝟏)
𝒙
It is well-known: 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) ≤ ; ∀𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 ⇒
√𝟏+𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) √𝒙
≤ ; ∀𝒙 ≥ 𝟎; (𝟐)
√𝒙 √𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒂 𝒂
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) √𝒙
𝛀(𝒂) = ∫ ⋅ √𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 < ∫ ⋅ (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 √𝒙 𝟎 √𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒂 𝒂
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴 𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ √𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 ≤ ∫ (𝒙 + ) 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂)
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
Therefore,

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𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀(𝒂) + 𝛀(𝒃) + 𝛀(𝒄) < (𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) + (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) < (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 + (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
= (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + )
𝟐
1578. If 𝟎 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 then:
[𝒙]
𝒃
𝟏 𝒌𝝅 𝟏 𝟏
∫ ⋅ ∏ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝒂 − 𝒃 , [∗] − 𝑮𝑰𝑭.
𝒂 √𝟐[𝒙] + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏

Solution by Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan
[𝒙]
𝒃
𝟏 𝒌𝝅 𝟏 𝟏
∫ ⋅ ∏ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝒂 − 𝒃 ⇔
𝒂 √𝟐[𝒙] + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
[𝒙]
𝒃 (?) 𝒃
𝟏 𝒌𝝅
∫ ⋅ ∏ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐−𝒙 𝒅𝒙
[ ]
𝒂 √𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒂
𝒌=𝟏
[𝒙]
𝟏 𝒌𝝅 (?)
⋅ ∏ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) ≥ 𝟐−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, ∞)
√𝟐[𝒙] + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
Case 1. If 𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, 𝟏) then:

𝟎
𝟏 𝒌𝝅 (?)
⋅ ∏ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) ≥ 𝟐−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ⇒ 𝟏 ≥ 𝟐−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙 ≥ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞.
√𝟐 ⋅ 𝟎 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
Case 2. If 𝒙 ∈ [𝒏, 𝒏 + 𝟏), 𝒏 ∈ ℕ then:

𝒏
𝟏 𝒌𝝅 (?)
⋅ ∏ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) ≥ 𝟐−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
√𝟐 ⋅ 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝒌𝝅 √𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
∵ ∏ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )=
𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 (?) −𝒙
≥ 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙−𝒏 ≥ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞, 𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝒙 − 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎
𝟐𝒏
Therefore,

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[𝒙]
𝒃
𝟏 𝒌𝝅 𝟏 𝟏
∫ ⋅ ∏ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝒂 − 𝒃
𝒂 √𝟐[𝒙] + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
1579.
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒙𝒏 = ( ) 𝒑𝒏 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟑 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟔 + ⋯ ; 𝒚𝒏 = ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟏 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟒 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟕
𝟎 𝟑 𝟔 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕
𝒏 𝒏−𝟐 𝒏 𝒏−𝟓 𝒏 𝒏−𝟖
𝒛𝒏 = ( ) 𝒑 + ( )𝒑 +( )𝒑 + ⋯ ; 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒑 ≥ 𝟐. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝:
𝟐 𝟓 𝟖
𝛀(𝒑) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏√𝒙𝒏 𝒚𝒏 + 𝒚𝒏 𝒛𝒏 + 𝒛𝒏 𝒙𝒏
𝒏→∞
Proposed by Marian Ursărescu-Romania

( )=( ) ⇒ 𝒙𝒏 = ( ) 𝒑𝒏 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟑 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟔 + ⋯
𝒌 𝒏−𝒌 𝒏 𝒏−𝟑 𝒏−𝟔
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒚𝒏 = ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟏 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟒 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟕 + ⋯
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟒 𝒏−𝟕
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒛𝒏 = ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟐 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟓 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟖 + ⋯
𝒏−𝟐 𝒏−𝟓 𝒏−𝟖
Let 𝜺 be root by three order of unity, hence 𝜺𝟐 + 𝜺 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝜺𝟑 = 𝟏.
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
(𝟏 + 𝒑)𝒏 = ( ) + ( ) 𝒑 + ( ) 𝒑𝟐 + ( ) 𝒑𝟑 + ⋯ ; (𝟏)
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
(𝟏 + 𝜺𝒑)𝒏 = ( ) + ( ) 𝜺𝒑 + ( ) (𝜺𝒑)𝟐 + ( ) (𝜺𝒑)𝟑 + ⋯ ; (𝟐)
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
(𝟏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒑)𝒏 = ( ) + ( ) (𝜺𝟐 𝒑) + ( ) (𝜺𝟐 𝒑)𝟐 + ( ) (𝜺𝟐 𝒑)𝟑 + ⋯ ; (𝟑)
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Adding (1),(2),(3) it follows that:
(𝟏 + 𝒑)𝒏 + (𝟏 + 𝜺𝒑)𝒏 + (𝟏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒑)𝒏
(𝟏 + 𝒑)𝒏 + (𝟏 + 𝜺𝒑)𝒏 + (𝟏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒑)𝒏 = = 𝒙𝒏
𝟑
(𝟏 + 𝒑)𝒏 + 𝜺𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝜺𝒑)𝒏 + 𝜺(𝟏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒑)𝒏
(𝟏 + 𝒑)𝒏 + 𝜺𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝜺𝒑)𝒏 + 𝜺(𝟏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒑)𝒏 = = 𝒚𝒏
𝟑
(𝟏 + 𝒑)𝒏 + 𝜺(𝟏 + 𝜺𝒑)𝒏 + 𝜺𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒑)𝒏
(𝟏 + 𝒑)𝒏 + 𝜺(𝟏 + 𝜺𝒑)𝒏 + 𝜺𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒑)𝒏 = = 𝒛𝒏
𝟑
Let us denote: 𝒂 = (𝟏 + 𝒑)𝒏 , 𝒃 = (𝟏 + 𝜺𝒑)𝒏 , 𝒄 = (𝟏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒑)𝒏
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒃 + 𝜺𝒄)
𝒙 𝒏 𝒚𝒏 =
𝟗
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(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂 + 𝜺𝒃 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒄)
𝒙𝒏 𝒛𝒏 =
𝟗
(𝒂 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒃 + 𝜺𝒄)(𝒂 + 𝜺𝒃 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒄)
𝒚 𝒏 𝒛𝒏 =
𝟗
𝟑𝒂𝟐 + 𝟑𝒃𝒄(𝜺 + 𝜺𝟐 ) 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝒄
𝒙 𝒏 𝒚𝒏 + 𝒚 𝒏 𝒛 𝒏 + 𝒛 𝒏 𝒙 𝒏 = =
𝟗 𝟑
(𝟏 + 𝒑)𝟐𝒏 − (𝟏 + 𝜺𝒑)𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒑)𝒏
=
𝟑
(𝟏 + 𝒑)𝟐𝒏 − (𝟏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒑 + 𝜺𝒑 + 𝒑𝟐 )𝒏 (𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 − (𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏
= =
𝟑 𝟑
𝒏 (𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 − (𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏

𝑪−𝑫
𝛀(𝒑) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏√𝒙𝒏 𝒚𝒏 + 𝒚𝒏 𝒛𝒏 + 𝒛𝒏 𝒙𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝟑
(𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏
𝟐 )𝒏
(𝒑 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏 − (𝒑 − 𝒑 + 𝟏 𝟐 )𝒏 (𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 [𝟏 −
]
(𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ (𝒑 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 − (𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 𝒏→∞ (𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏
(𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 [𝟏 − 𝟐 ]
(𝒑 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏
𝟏 − 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑 + 𝟏
= (𝒑 + 𝟏 )𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
= (𝒑 + 𝟏) ; (𝒂 = 𝟐 < 1 ⇒ 𝒂𝒏 → 𝟎)
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 − 𝒂𝒏 𝒑 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏

( )=( ) ⇒ 𝒙𝒏 = ( ) 𝒑𝒏 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟑 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟔 + ⋯
𝒌 𝒏−𝒌 𝒏 𝒏−𝟑 𝒏−𝟔
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒚𝒏 = ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟏 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟒 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟕 + ⋯
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟒 𝒏−𝟕
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒛𝒏 = ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟐 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟓 + ( ) 𝒑𝒏−𝟖 + ⋯
𝒏−𝟐 𝒏−𝟓 𝒏−𝟖
Let 𝜺 be root by three order of unity, hence 𝜺𝟐 + 𝜺 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝜺𝟑 = 𝟏.
𝒙 𝒏 + 𝒚 𝒏 + 𝒛 𝒏 = ( 𝒑 + 𝟏) 𝒏
𝒙𝒏 + 𝜺𝒚𝒏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒛𝒏 = (𝒑 + 𝜺)𝒏
𝒙𝒏 + 𝜺𝟐 𝒚𝒏 + 𝜺𝒛𝒏 = (𝒑 + 𝜺𝟐 )𝒏
𝟏
𝒙𝒏 = [(𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 + (𝒑 + 𝜺)𝒏 + (𝒑 + 𝜺𝟐 )𝒏 ]
𝟑
𝟏
𝒚𝒏 = [(𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 + 𝜺𝟐 (𝒑 + 𝜺)𝒏 + 𝜺(𝒑 + 𝜺𝟐 )𝒏 ]
𝟑

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𝟏
𝒛𝒏 = [(𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 + 𝜺𝟐 (𝒑 + 𝜺)𝒏 + 𝜺(𝒑 + 𝜺𝟐 )𝒏 ]
𝟑
Let 𝒂 = (𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 , 𝒃 = (𝒑 + 𝜺)𝒏 , 𝒄 = (𝒑 + 𝜺𝟐 )𝒏 . Hence,
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂 + 𝒃𝜺 + 𝒄𝜺𝟐 ) + (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂 + 𝒃𝜺𝟐 + 𝒄𝜺)
+ (𝒂 + 𝒃𝜺 + 𝒄𝜺𝟐 )(𝒂 + 𝒃𝜺𝟐 + 𝒄𝜺)
= (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 − 𝒄) + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝜺 + 𝒂𝒄𝜺𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝜺𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝒄𝜺 + +𝒂𝒄𝜺 + 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒃𝒄𝜺𝟐
= 𝟐𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒃𝒄 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝟐𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝒄 − 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒃𝒄
= 𝟑𝒂𝟐 − 𝟑𝒃𝒄 = 𝟑(𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 − 𝟑(𝒑𝟐 + 𝒑𝜺 + 𝒑𝜺𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒏 =
= 𝟑[(𝒑 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏 − (𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 ]. Thus,
𝟏
𝒙 𝒏 𝒚𝒏 + 𝒚 𝒏 𝒛 𝒏 + 𝒛 𝒏 𝒙 𝒏 = [(𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 − (𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 ]
𝟑
Therefore,
𝟏
𝛀(𝒑) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏√𝒙𝒏 𝒚𝒏 + 𝒚𝒏 𝒛𝒏 + 𝒛𝒏 𝒙𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [(𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 − (𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 ] =
𝒏→∞ 𝟑 𝒏→∞
(𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏
(𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 [𝟏 − ]
(𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 − 𝒑 + 𝟏) 𝒏
= ( 𝒑 + 𝟏) 𝟐 ;
𝒏→∞ ( 𝒑
(𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏 [𝟏 − 𝟐 ]
(𝒑 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏
𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑 + 𝟏 (𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏
(𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 < 1 ⇒ → 𝟎)
𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏 (𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏
1580. Find:
𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √∑ 𝒌𝟐 ( )( )
𝒏→∞ 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
Proposed by Marian Ursărescu-Romania

𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝟐
𝒌𝟐 ( ) ( ) = 𝒌𝟐 ( ) ( ) = 𝒏𝟐 ( ) ⇒
𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌−𝟏

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𝒏 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
𝟐
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐
𝒏−𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏−𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐
∑𝒌 ( )( ) = 𝒏 ∑( ) = 𝒏 ∑( ) = 𝒏𝟐 ( )
𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 𝒏−𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟎
𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐
= 𝒏𝟐 𝒂𝒏 ; (𝒂𝒏 = ( ))
𝒏−𝟏
𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝑪−𝑫 (𝟐𝒏)! (𝒏 − 𝟏)! (𝒏 − 𝟏)!
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √∑ 𝒌𝟐 ( ) ( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒏𝟐 𝒂𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝒏! (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐)!
𝒌=𝟏
𝟐𝒏(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟒
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟐
𝒌 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
( )=( ) ⇒ 𝒌𝟐 ( )( ) = 𝒌( ) ⋅ 𝒏( )=
𝒏 𝒌 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
= ( 𝒌 − 𝟏 + 𝟏) ( ) ⋅ 𝒏( ) = ( 𝒌 − 𝟏) ( ) ⋅𝒏( ) + 𝒏( )⋅( )
𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏
=
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
= 𝒏( ) ⋅ 𝒏( )+𝒏( )⋅( )
𝒌−𝟐 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏𝟐
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
∑𝒌 ( ) ( ) = 𝒏𝟐 ∑ ( )( )+𝒏∑( )( )
𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 𝒌−𝟐 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝐋𝐞𝐭: (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 = ( ) +𝒙( ) + 𝒙𝟐 ( ) + ⋯ + 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒏 = 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 ( )+ ⋯+( )
𝟎 𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝑺𝟏 = ∑ ( )( )=( )
𝒌−𝟐 𝒌−𝟏 𝒏−𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝑺𝟐 = 𝒏 ∑ ( )( ) = ∑ (( )+( )) ( )=
𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟐 𝒌−𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒏−𝟏 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏
= ∑( ) +∑( )( )=( )+( )=( )
𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟐 𝒌−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Hence,

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𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐)! (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)!
∑ 𝒌𝟐 ( ) ( ) = 𝒏𝟐 ( ) +𝒏( ) = 𝒏𝟐 ⋅ +𝒏⋅ =
𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏 − 𝟐)! 𝒏! (𝒏 − 𝟏)! 𝒏!
𝒌=𝟏
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐)! (𝒏𝟑 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏)

=
(𝒏 − 𝟏)! 𝒏!
Therefore,
𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐)! (𝒏𝟑 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏) 𝑪−𝑫
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √∑ 𝒌𝟐 ( ) ( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 𝒏→∞ (𝒏 − 𝟏)! 𝒏!
𝒌=𝟏
(𝟐𝒏)! [(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟑 + (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 − (𝒏 + 𝟏)] 𝒏! (𝒏 − 𝟏)!

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! (𝒏 + 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐)! (𝒏𝟑 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏)
(𝟐𝒏)! 𝒏! (𝒏 − 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) ⋅ 𝟐𝒏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟒
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! (𝒏 + 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐)! 𝒏→∞ 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)
1581. Find:
𝟐𝟖𝒆𝟏+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒌
𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝒌 + 𝒏𝒌
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ 𝒏𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + )
𝒏
( 𝒌 + 𝒏𝒌 √𝒏! )
Proposed by Ruxandra Daniela Tonilă-Romania
Solution by Adrian Popa-Romania
𝟐𝟖𝒆𝟏+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒌
𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝒌 + 𝒏𝒌
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ 𝒏𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + )
𝒏
( 𝒌 + 𝒏𝒌 √𝒏! )
𝟐𝟖𝒆𝒌
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝒌 + 𝒏𝒌 ⋅ 𝟐𝟖𝒆𝒌
𝒏 𝟐𝟖𝒆𝒌 𝒌 + 𝒏𝒌 𝒏 𝒏
𝒌 + 𝒏 𝒌 𝟐𝟖𝒆𝒌 (𝒌 + 𝒏𝒌 ) √𝒏!
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒌 + 𝒏𝒌 𝒏𝟑
𝒌=𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝒏 ) 𝒌=𝟏
𝒌 + 𝒏𝒌 √𝒏! ⋅ 𝒏
𝒏𝟐 ⋅ 𝒏 𝒏
𝒏
𝒌 + 𝒏𝒌 √𝒏!
( 𝒌
𝒌 + 𝒏 √𝒏! )

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𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟐𝟖𝒆 √𝒏! 𝟐𝟖𝒆 √𝒏! ⋅ 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏 𝒏! (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒏
𝑪−𝑫
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑
⋅ ∑ 𝒌 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑
= 𝟏𝟒𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ 𝟐𝒏
=
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏
(𝒏 + 𝟏)! (𝒏 + 𝟐)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏𝟐𝒏 𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟐 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝒏

= 𝟏𝟒𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ = 𝟏𝟒𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ( ) ⋅ ( ) =
𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟐 𝒏! (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
= 𝟏𝟒𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) (𝟏 − ) = 𝟏𝟒𝒆 ⋅ 𝒆 ⋅ 𝒆−𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒
𝒏→∞ 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
1582. If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 𝟏 then find:
−𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )))) (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 ))))
𝒙→𝟎

′
−𝒙 ))))′
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 ))
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅𝒆 = =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂
′
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 ))
= =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 ) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃
−𝒆𝒃 𝒆−𝒙
= =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 ) ⋅ 𝒄𝒃 𝒆−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄
−𝟏
=
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 ) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄
′
−𝒙 ))))′
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )))
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅𝒆 = =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄
′
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 ))
= =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄
−𝒂𝒃 𝒆−𝒙
= =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 ) 𝒂𝒃 𝒆−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄
−𝟏
=
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄
−𝟏 𝑳′ 𝑯
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )))) (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )))) =
𝒙→𝟎
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 𝒆−𝒙 )) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 𝒆−𝒙 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 )) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 )
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 𝒆−𝒙 )) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 𝒆−𝒙 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 )) ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 )
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Solution 2 by Florentin Vişescu-Romania
−𝒙
−𝟏 𝒚=𝒆
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )))) (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 )))) =
𝒙→𝟎
−𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒚)))) (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒚))))
𝒚→𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝒄𝒃 ⋅ 𝒚))) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝒃 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝒚)) =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝒚
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝒃 (𝟏 + ))) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝟏 + ))
𝒃 𝒃
Similarly,
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒚
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒃 ⋅ 𝒆−𝒙 ))) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝟏 + ))
𝒃
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝒚
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝒃𝒄 )) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝒃 )
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ =
𝒚→𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒚→𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝒃𝒂 )) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝒃𝒂 )
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝒚 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ⋅ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ⋅ =𝟏
𝒚→𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒚 𝒚→𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚
𝟑𝒏+𝟑 𝟒𝒏+𝟖
𝟕𝒏 𝟕𝒏
1583. 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟒, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟐, 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ 𝒂𝒏+𝟐 . Find:
−𝟏
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒂𝒌 𝒌 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ ( ) ) ( ∑ 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒌!)
𝒏→∞ 𝒂𝒌+𝟏 𝒏!
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Proposed by Ruxandra Daniela Tonilă-Romania

Solution by George Florin Şerban-Romania
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑ 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒌! = ∑((𝒌 + 𝟏)! − 𝒌!) = ((𝒏 + 𝟐)! − 𝟏)
𝒏! 𝒏! 𝒏!
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟑(𝒏+𝟏)
𝒂𝟕𝒏
𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ 𝒂𝟒(𝒏+𝟐)
𝒏+𝟐 . Let 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏𝒏 ⇒ 𝒙𝟕𝒏 = 𝒙𝟑𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ 𝒙𝟒𝒏+𝟐 , 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟒, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒.
𝒙𝟕𝟏 = 𝒙𝟑𝟐 ⋅ 𝒙𝟒𝟑
𝒙𝟕𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑𝟑 ⋅ 𝒙𝟒𝟒
…………
𝒙𝟕𝒏 = 𝒙𝟑𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ 𝒙𝟒𝒏+𝟐
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𝑷𝟑𝒏 𝟑 𝑷𝟒𝒏
𝑷𝒏 = 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 … 𝒙𝒏 ⇒ 𝑷𝒏 = 𝟑 ⋅ 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ 𝟒 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒙𝟒𝒏+𝟏 𝒙𝟒𝒏+𝟐
𝟕
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐
We prove that 𝑷(𝒏): 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟒, ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟎 (by mathematical induction).
(I): 𝑷(𝟎): 𝟒𝟏𝟏 = 𝒙𝟕𝟏 𝒙𝟒𝟐 = 𝟒𝟕 ⋅ 𝟒𝟒 = 𝟒𝟏𝟏 true.
(II): Suppose that: 𝑷(𝟎), 𝑷(𝟏), … , 𝑷(𝒏 + 𝟏) are true, then
𝟒𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟏𝟏 𝒏
𝒙𝟒𝒏+𝟐 = 𝒙𝟕 = = 𝟒𝟒 , because 𝒂𝒏 , 𝒙𝒏 > 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝒏+𝟐 = 𝟒 ⇒ 𝒂𝒏𝒏 = 𝟒 ⇒ 𝒂𝒏 = √𝟒.
𝒏+𝟏 𝟒𝟕
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 −𝟏 𝒏 𝒌
𝒌
𝒂𝒌 𝒌 𝟏 √𝟒 𝒏!
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ ( ) ) ( ∑ 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒌!) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ ( 𝒌+𝟏 ) ) ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒂𝒌+𝟏 𝒏! 𝒏→∞ √ 𝟒 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) ! − 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏+𝟐
𝟏 𝒌+𝟏 𝒏! (𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝑪−𝑺 √𝟒
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( (∑ √𝟒) ⋅ ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝟏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) ! − 𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒏 + 𝟐 − ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
Therefore,
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 −𝟏
𝒂𝒌 𝒌 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ ( ) ) ( ∑ 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒌!) =𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒂𝒌+𝟏 𝒏!
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
1584. 𝑺(𝒑) = {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 ≤ 𝒑𝟑 , 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒑 ≥ 𝟎}

Find:
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂(𝑺(𝒑))
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒑→∞ 𝒑𝟐
Solution by Ty Halpen-Florida-USA
𝟏
Rewrite the area bounded by 𝑺(𝒑) as 𝒚 ≤ (𝒑𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 )𝟑 and integrate it from 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒑:
𝒙𝟑
𝒑 𝒕= 𝟑
𝟑 𝒑 𝒑𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂(𝑺(𝒑)) = ∫ √𝒑𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒕 𝟑 √𝟏 − 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 (√𝟑𝚪 ( )) 𝚪 (𝟑) 𝒑𝟐 𝚪 𝟑 (𝟏)
𝒑 𝚪 ( 𝟑) 𝚪 ( 𝟑 ) 𝒑 𝚪 ( 𝟑) 𝒑
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
= ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
𝟔 𝟓 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅√𝟑
𝚪 ( 𝟑) 𝚪 ( 𝟑)

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Therefore,
𝟑 𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂(𝑺(𝒑)) 𝚪 (𝟑)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒑→∞ 𝒑𝟐 𝟒𝝅√𝟑
1585. Prove that:
∞
𝟏 𝝅𝒏 √𝟐
∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = (𝟑𝝅 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒)
𝒏+𝟏 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝒏=𝟎

Solution by Mohammad Rostami-Afghanistan
First we prove that:
∞
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝜽) 𝝅 − 𝜽
∵∑ = , (𝟎 < 𝜽 < 𝟐𝝅)
𝒌 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
∞ 𝒏 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝜽) (𝒆𝒊𝒌𝜽 − 𝒆−𝒊𝒌𝜽 )
∑ =∑ 𝟐𝒊 =
𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏
= (∑ 𝒆𝒊𝒌𝜽 ∫ 𝒆−𝒊𝒌 𝒅𝒙 − ∑ 𝒆−𝒊𝒌𝜽 ∫ 𝒆−𝒊𝒌 𝒅𝒙) =
𝟐𝒊 𝟎 𝟎
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
= [𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆𝒊𝜽−𝒙 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆𝒊𝜽−𝒙 )]𝟎 = [𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒆𝒊𝜽 )] =
𝟐𝒊 𝟐𝒊
𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 𝟏 𝒆𝒊𝜽 − 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝒊𝜽
) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝒊𝜽 𝒊𝜽
) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(−𝒆−𝒊𝜽 ) =
𝟐𝒊 𝟏−𝒆 𝟐𝒊 𝒆 (𝟏 − 𝒆 ) 𝟐𝒊
{ 𝒆𝝅𝒊 =−𝟏
𝟏 𝝅𝒊=𝐥𝐨𝐠(−𝟏) 𝟏 𝒊(𝝅 − 𝜽) 𝝅 − 𝜽
= (𝐥𝐨𝐠(−𝟏) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒆−𝒊𝜽 )) = (𝝅𝒊 − 𝜽𝒊) = =
𝟐𝒊 𝟐𝒊 𝟐𝒊 𝟐
Next, we prove that:
∞
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒌𝜽) 𝟏
∵∑ = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) ; (𝜽 ∈ ℝ)
𝒌 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
∞ 𝒏 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒌𝜽) (𝒆𝒊𝒌𝜽 + 𝒆−𝒊𝒌𝜽 )
∑ =∑ 𝟐 =
𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏

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∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏
= (∑ 𝒆𝒊𝒌𝜽 ∫ 𝒆−𝒊𝒌 𝒅𝒙 + ∑ 𝒆−𝒊𝒌𝜽 ∫ 𝒆−𝒊𝒌 𝒅𝒙) =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞ 𝒏
𝟏 𝒌 𝒌
= (∫ ∑(𝒆𝒊𝜽−𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ ∑(𝒆−𝒊𝜽−𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙) =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
∞ 𝒊𝜽−𝒙 ∞
𝟏 𝒆 𝒆−𝒊𝜽−𝒙
= (∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙) =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒆𝒊𝜽−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒆
𝒊𝜽−𝒙
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
= [𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆𝒊𝜽−𝒙 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆𝒊𝜽−𝒙 )]𝟎 = [𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒆𝒊𝜽 )] =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒆𝒊𝜽 )(𝒆𝒊𝜽 − 𝟏) 𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝒊𝜽
) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (−𝒆−𝒊𝜽 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒆𝟐𝒊𝜽 )) =
𝟐 𝒆 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(−𝒆−𝒊𝜽 + 𝟐 − 𝒆𝒊𝜽 ) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟐 − (𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 )) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Hence, we have:
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝝅𝒏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ (𝒏 − 𝟏)] = ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [( 𝒏) − ] =
𝒏+𝟏 𝟒 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏 𝟒 𝟒
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
= ∑ [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒏) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝒏)] =
𝒏 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝝅 ∞ 𝝅
√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟒 𝒏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟒 𝒏) √𝟐 𝟏 𝟑𝝅
= [∑ +∑ ]= (− 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 − √𝟐) + )=
𝟐 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟖
𝒌=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
√𝟐 √𝟐 𝟏(𝟐 + √𝟐)√𝟐
= [𝟑𝝅 − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐 − √𝟐)] = [𝟑𝝅 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )=
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 (𝟐 − √𝟐)(𝟐 + √𝟐)√𝟐
√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐 + 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟏 + √𝟐
= [𝟑𝝅 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )] = [𝟑𝝅 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )] =
𝟏𝟔 𝟐√𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟐
√𝟐 √𝟐
= [𝟑𝝅 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) − 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √𝟐] = (𝟑𝝅 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒)
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
∞
𝟏 𝝅𝒏 √𝟐
⇒∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = (𝟑𝝅 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒)
𝒏+𝟏 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝒏=𝟎

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1586.
𝒏
√𝟖 𝟐
𝛀𝟏 (𝒏) = ∫ 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 √𝒙𝒏 √𝒙𝒏−𝟏 … √𝒙 𝒅𝒙, 𝛀𝟐 (𝒏) = ∫ 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 √𝒙𝟑 … √𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒅𝒙, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ∗ , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐
𝒏
√𝟐 𝟏
Find:
𝛀𝟏(𝒏)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏𝛀𝟐(𝒏)
𝒏→∞
Proposed by Costel Florea-Romania

Solution by Kamel Gandouli Rezgui-Tunisia
𝒏 𝒏−𝒑 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 √𝒙𝒏 √𝒙𝒏−𝟏 … √𝒙 = 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 ⋅ 𝒙𝟐 ⋅ … ⋅ 𝒙𝟐𝒑+𝟏 ⋅ … ⋅ 𝒙𝟐𝒏 = 𝒙𝒗𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝒌−𝟏
𝒗𝒏 = 𝒏 + 𝟏 + + + +⋯+ 𝒏 = 𝒏∑ 𝒌 − ∑ 𝒌 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟖 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟐
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒌
=∑ 𝒌
(𝒏 + 𝟏) + 𝟏 + − ∑ 𝒌
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟐 𝒌=𝟐
𝒏
𝒌 𝟑 𝟏 𝒏
∑ 𝒌 = − ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟐
𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 − (
𝟐
) 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝒏
⇒ 𝒗𝒏 = ⋅ ⋅ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) + − ( − ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) ( ) ) =
𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏−𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏
= ( − ( ) ) ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) + ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) ( ) = ( ) + ( 𝒏 + 𝟏 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝒏+𝟏
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 √𝒙𝟑 … √𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝟏 ⋅ 𝒙𝟐 ⋅ 𝒙𝟒 ⋅ 𝒙𝟐𝟑 ⋅ … ⋅ 𝒙 𝟐𝒏 = 𝒙𝒘𝒏 ,
𝒏
𝟐 𝟑 𝒏+𝟏 𝒌+𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏
𝒘𝒏 = 𝟏 + + 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒏 = ∑ 𝒌 == 𝟐 − (𝒏 + 𝟐) ( ) + 𝟐 − ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏
𝟏
= 𝟒 − ( ) ( 𝒏 + 𝟑) → 𝟒
𝟐

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𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
√𝟖 √𝟖 √𝟖
𝒙𝒗𝒏+𝟏
𝛀𝟏 (𝒏) = ∫ 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 √𝒙𝒏 √𝒙𝒏−𝟏 … √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙 𝒗(𝒏)
𝒅𝒙 = [ ] =
𝒏
√𝟐
𝒏
√𝟐 𝒗𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒏√𝟐
𝒗𝒏 +𝟏 𝒗𝒏 +𝟏
𝟐𝟑( )
𝒏 −𝟐 𝒏
=
𝒗𝒏 + 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝒘𝒏+𝟏 𝟐𝒘𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏
𝛀𝟐 (𝒏) = ∫ 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 √𝒙𝟑 … √𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙 𝒘𝒏
𝒅𝒙 = [ ] =
𝟏 𝟏 𝒘𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝒘𝒏 + 𝟏
Hence,
𝒗𝒏 +𝟏 𝒗𝒏 +𝟏
𝟐𝟑( )
𝒏 −𝟐 𝒏 𝒗𝒏 +𝟏 𝒗𝒏 +𝟏
𝛀𝟏 (𝒏) 𝒗𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒘𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐𝟑( 𝒏 ) − 𝟐 𝒏
= = ⋅ >0
𝛀𝟐 (𝒏) 𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏
𝒘 𝒗𝒏 + 𝟏 ⏟ 𝟐𝟏+𝒘𝒏 − 𝟏
⏟
𝒘𝒏 + 𝟏 →𝟎 𝟐√𝟐/𝟑𝟏
Therefore,
𝛀𝟏 (𝒏)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏𝛀𝟐 (𝒏) = 𝟏.
𝒏→∞
1587. Prove that:

∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒𝒆 𝟐𝝅 + 𝟑√𝟑
∑( + − − ) = √ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
(𝟔𝒌 − 𝟔)! (𝟔𝒌 − 𝟓)! (𝟔𝒌 − 𝟑)! (𝟔𝒌 − 𝟐)! 𝟑 𝟔
𝒌=𝟏

Solution by Felix Marin-Romania
𝑯 −Hankel Contour.
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝜶 ∈ {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟔}, ∑ =∑ = ∑ ∮ 𝟔𝒌−𝜶+𝟏 =
(𝟔𝒌 − 𝜶)! 𝚪(𝟔𝒌 − 𝜶 + 𝟏)! 𝑯𝒕 𝟐𝝅𝒊
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
∞ 𝟏+ +∞𝒊 𝟏+ +∞𝒊 ∞ +
𝒆𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝒕 𝜶−𝟏
𝟏 𝒌 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 +∞𝒊 𝒕 𝜶−𝟏
𝒆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
= ∑∫ = ∫ 𝒆 𝒕 ∑ ( ) = ∫ =
+ 𝒕𝟔𝒌−𝜶+𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝟏+ −∞𝒊 𝒕𝟔 𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝟔
𝟏+ −∞𝒊 𝒕 − 𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝒊
𝒌=𝟏 𝟏 −∞𝒊 𝒌=𝟏
𝟓 𝟓
𝒆𝒑𝒏 𝒑𝜶−𝟏
𝒏 𝟏
=∑ | = ∑ 𝒆𝒑𝒏 𝒑𝜶𝒏
𝟔𝒑𝟓𝒏 𝒑 𝒏𝝅𝒊 𝟔
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏 =𝒆 𝟑 𝒏=𝟎
Therefore,

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∞ 𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑( + − − ) = ∑ 𝒆𝒑𝒏 (𝒑𝟔𝒏 + 𝒑𝟓𝒏 − 𝒑𝟑𝒏 − 𝒑𝟐𝒏 ) =
(𝟔𝒌 − 𝟔)! (𝟔𝒌 − 𝟓)! (𝟔𝒌 − 𝟑)! (𝟔𝒌 − 𝟐)! 𝟔
𝒌=𝟏 𝒏=𝟎
√𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑
= √𝒆 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )] ≅ 𝟏. 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
1588. Find:
𝒏 𝝅
𝟏 ∞ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙 + 𝟒 )
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝟎 𝒆𝒙
Solution by Mohammad Rostami-Afghanistan
𝒏 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 ∞ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙 + 𝟒 ) 𝟏 ∞ 𝒙𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝒙+ 𝟒 𝒊 − 𝒆−𝒊𝒙−𝟒 𝒊
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝟎 𝒆𝒙 𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝟎 𝒆 𝟐𝒊
𝝅 𝒑𝒊
𝟏 𝒆𝟒 𝒊 ∞ 𝒆− 𝟒 𝒊 ∞ 𝒏 −(𝟏+𝒊)𝒙 (𝟏±𝒙)𝒊=𝒖
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒆−(𝟏−𝒊)𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒙 𝒆 𝒅𝒙) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝟐𝒊 𝟎 𝟐𝒊 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝒆𝟒 𝒊 ∞ 𝒖(𝒏+𝟏)−𝟏 𝒆−𝒖 𝒆− 𝟒 𝒊 ∞ 𝒖(𝒏+𝟏)−𝟏 𝒆−𝒖
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ∫ 𝒅𝒖 − ∫ 𝒅𝒖) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝟐𝒊 𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒊)𝒏+𝟏 𝟐𝒊 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒏+𝟏
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝒆𝟒 𝒊 𝒆− 𝟒 𝒊
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏) [ − ]=
𝒏→∞ 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐𝒊(𝟏 − 𝒊)𝒏+𝟏 𝟐𝒊(𝒊 + 𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
𝝅 𝝅
𝒆𝟒 𝒊 𝒆−𝟒 𝒊
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝝅 𝒏+𝟏
− 𝝅 𝒏+𝟏
]=
𝒏→∞ − 𝒊 𝒊
𝟐𝒊 (√𝟐𝒆 𝟒 ) 𝟐𝒊 (√𝟐𝒆𝟒 )
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝒆 𝟐 𝒊+ 𝟒 𝒏𝒊 𝒆−𝟐 𝒊−𝟒 𝒏𝒊
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏+𝟏
( − )=
𝒏→∞
(√𝟐) 𝟐𝒊 𝟐𝒊
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝝅 𝝅 (− 𝒏)𝒊
𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 ) 𝒆( 𝟒 𝒏)𝒊 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 (− 𝟐 ) + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (– 𝟐 )) 𝒆 𝟒
[ − ]=
𝒏→∞
(√𝟐) 𝟐𝒊 𝟐𝒊

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𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝒆( 𝟒 𝒏)𝒊 + 𝒆(− 𝟒 𝒏)𝒊 𝟏 𝝅
( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏+𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒏) = 𝟎
𝒏→∞
(√𝟐) 𝟐 𝒏→∞
(√𝟐) 𝟒
Solution 2 by Syed Shahabudeen-India

𝒏 𝝅
𝟏 ∞ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙 + 𝟒 ) 𝟏 𝟏 ∞ 𝒙𝒏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝟎 𝒆𝒙 √𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝟎 𝒆𝒙
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 −𝒙(𝟏−𝒊)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝑰𝒎 ∫ 𝒙 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑹𝒆 ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒆−𝒙(𝟏−𝒊) 𝒅𝒙) =
√𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝑰𝒎𝑴(𝒆−𝒙(𝟏−𝒊) ) + 𝑹𝒆𝑴(𝒆−𝒙(𝟏−𝒊) )) ; (𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑴𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎)
√𝟐 𝒏→∞ 𝒏!
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝑰𝒎(𝟏 − 𝒊)−(𝒏+𝟏) + 𝑹𝒆(𝟏 − 𝒊)−(𝒏+𝟏) ) =
√𝟐 𝒏→∞
𝟏 𝒊
𝝅(𝒏+𝟏) 𝝅(𝒏+𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏+𝟐 (𝑰𝒎 (𝒆
𝟒 )+ 𝑹𝒆 (𝒆𝒊 𝟒 )) =
𝒏→∞
(√𝟐)
𝝅𝒏
𝟏 𝝅(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝝅(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟒 )
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏+𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏+𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞
𝒏→∞
(√𝟐) 𝟒 𝟒 𝒏→∞
(√𝟐)
𝝅𝒏
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟒 ) 𝟏
𝟎←− 𝒏+𝟏 ≤ 𝒏+𝟏≤ 𝒏+𝟏 →𝟎
(√𝟐) (√𝟐) (√𝟐)

𝒏 𝝅
𝟏 ∞ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙 + 𝟒 )
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ; (𝟏)
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝟎 𝒆𝒙
∞ 𝒙𝒏
𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙 + 𝟒 ) ∞ 𝒊𝝅
𝝎=∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑰𝒎 {∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒆𝒙(𝒊−𝟏)+ 𝟒 𝒅𝒙} =
𝟎 𝒆𝒙 𝟎
𝝅
𝝅 ∞ 𝒖=−𝒙(𝒊−𝟏) 𝒆𝒊𝟒 ∞
= 𝑰𝒎 {𝒆𝒊 𝟒 ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒆𝒙(𝒊−𝟏) 𝒅𝒙} = 𝑰𝒎 { ∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒆−𝒖 𝒅𝒖}
𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒊)𝒏−𝟏 𝟎
𝒏−𝟏
𝟏 𝒊 (𝟏 + 𝒊 )
𝝅 𝝅
= 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝑰𝒎 {𝒆𝒊 𝟒 } = 𝒏! 𝑰𝒎 {𝒆 𝟒 }=
(𝟏 − 𝒊)𝒏−𝟏 𝟐𝒏−𝟏

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𝒏! 𝝅 𝒏−𝟏 𝝅 𝒏! 𝝅
= 𝒏−𝟏 𝑰𝒎 {𝒆𝒊 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝒆𝒊 𝟒 (𝒏−𝟏) } = 𝒏−𝟏 𝑰𝒎 (𝒆𝒊𝒏𝟒 )
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒏! 𝝅 (𝟏)
𝛀 = 𝒏−𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒏 ) ⇒
𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
𝒏𝝅
𝟏 𝒏! 𝒏𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟒 ) 𝒏𝝅 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝒏−𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) = √𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = √𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝒏=𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝟒 𝒏→∞ √𝟐𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟐 √𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
Solution 4 by Ajenikoko Gbolahan-Nigeria
𝒏 𝝅
𝟏 ∞ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙 + 𝟒 ) 𝟏 𝟏 ∞ 𝒙𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! 𝟎 𝒆𝒙 𝒏→∞ 𝒏! √𝟐 𝟎 𝒆𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ∫ [𝑰𝒎(𝒙𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝒙−𝒙 ) + 𝑹𝒆(𝒙𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝒙−𝒙 )]𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! √𝟐 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ ∫ [𝑰𝒎(𝒙𝒏 𝒆−(𝟏−𝒊)𝒙 ) + 𝑹𝒆(𝒙𝒏 𝒆(𝟏−𝒊)𝒙 )] 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! √𝟐 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ [𝑰𝒎𝓛{𝒙𝒏 }𝒔=𝟏−𝒊 + 𝑹𝒆𝓛{𝒙𝒏 }𝒔=𝟏−𝒊 ] =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! √𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏! 𝒏!
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ (𝑰𝒎 ( 𝒏+𝟏
) + 𝑹𝒆 ( )) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏! √𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒊 ) (𝟏 − 𝒊)𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝝅(−𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝝅(−𝒏 − 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [( ) (− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )) =
𝒏→∞ √𝟐 √𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝝅(𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝝅(−𝒏 − 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )) = 𝟎
𝒏→∞ √𝟐𝒏+𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
1589. Prove that:
∞ 𝟏 𝟏
𝚪 (𝒏 + ) 𝝍 (𝒏 + )
∑ 𝟑 𝟑 = − 𝟑√𝟑 𝚪 (𝟏) {𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏𝟎𝟖) + 𝜸 + 𝝅 }
𝟑𝒏 𝒏! 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟗 𝟐√𝟑
𝒏=𝟎

Solution by Dawid Bialek-Poland
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝚪 (𝒏 + 𝟑) 𝝍 (𝒏 + 𝟑) 𝚪 ′ (𝒏 + 𝟑) 𝟏 𝝏 ∞ 𝟐
−𝒕 𝒏−
𝛀=∑ =∑ =∑ ⋅ (∫ 𝒆 ⋅ 𝒕 𝟑 𝒅𝒕) =
𝟑𝒏 𝒏! 𝟑𝒏 𝒏! 𝟑𝒏 𝒏! 𝝏𝒏 𝟎
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ ∞ 𝒕 𝒏
𝟏 ∞ 𝟐 ∞ 𝟐 ( 𝟑)
=∑ ⋅ ∫ 𝒆−𝒕 ⋅ 𝒕𝒏−𝟑 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒆−𝒕 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 ⋅ 𝒕− 𝟑 ∑ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟑𝒏 𝒏! 𝟎 𝟎 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎

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∞ 𝟐 𝒕 ∞ 𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ 𝒆−𝒕 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 ⋅ 𝒕− 𝟑 ⋅ 𝒆𝟑 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒕−𝟑 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 ⋅ 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝟎
𝝏 ∞ 𝒔 − 𝟐𝒕 𝝏 𝚪(𝒔 + 𝟏)
= ∫ 𝒕 ⋅ 𝒆 𝟑 𝒅𝒕| 𝟐 = ( ) =
𝝏𝒔 𝟎 𝒔=−
𝟑 𝝏𝒔 𝟐 𝒔+𝟏
( 𝟑) 𝟐
𝒔=−
𝟑
𝟐 −𝒔−𝟏 𝟐
= (( ) ⋅ 𝚪(𝒔 + 𝟏) ⋅ (𝝍𝟎 (𝒔 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )) 𝟐 =
𝟑 𝟑 𝒔=−
𝟑
𝟏
𝟐 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= ( ) ⋅ 𝚪 ( ) (𝝍𝟎 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ))
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝝅 𝟑
𝝍𝟎 ( ) = − − 𝜸 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
𝟑 𝟐√𝟑 𝟐
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝝅
𝛀 = − √ 𝚪 ( ) { 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝜸 + }=
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐√𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝝅
= − √ 𝚪 ( ) { 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝜸 + }=
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐√𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝝅
= − √ 𝚪 ( ) { 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 + 𝜸 + }=
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐√𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏
= − √ 𝚪 ( ) {𝜸 + + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟐}
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐√𝟑 𝟐
1590. Find:
−𝟏
𝒏 𝒌
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ [∑(𝒊 + 𝟏)(𝒌 − 𝒊 + 𝟐)]

𝒏→∞
𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

𝒌 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌
𝟐
𝒔𝒌 = ∑(𝒊 + 𝟏)(𝒌 + 𝟐) − ∑ 𝒊(𝒊 + 𝟏) = (𝒌 + 𝟐) ∑ 𝒊 + 𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟐) − ∑ 𝒊 − ∑ 𝒊 =
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

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𝒌
𝒌 (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒌𝟑 + 𝟗𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒌
= + 𝒌 ( 𝒌 + 𝟐) − ∑ 𝒊 𝟐 = ⇒
𝟐 𝟔
𝒊=𝟏
𝟏 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟑 𝟑
⇒ = 𝟑 = = + −
𝒔𝒌 𝒌 + 𝟗𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒌 𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟐)(𝒌 + 𝟕) 𝟑𝟓(𝒌 + 𝟕) 𝟕𝒌 𝟓(𝒌 + 𝟐)
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟔 𝟑 𝟑
⇒ ∑ = ∑( + − )=
𝒔𝒌 𝟑𝟓(𝒌 + 𝟕) 𝟕𝒌 𝟓(𝒌 + 𝟐)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝟕 𝟓
𝟔 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
=∑ +∑ −∑ +∑ −∑
𝟑𝟓(𝒌 + 𝟕) 𝟕𝒌 𝟓( 𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝟕𝒌 𝟓( 𝒌 + 𝟐)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟖 𝒌=𝟔 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟔 𝟑 𝟑 𝟔 𝟑 𝟑
+ − =𝟎⇒∑ +∑ −∑ →−
𝟑𝟔 𝟕 𝟓 𝟑𝟓(𝒌 + 𝟕) 𝟕𝒌 𝟓( 𝒌 + 𝟐)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟖 𝒌=𝟔
−𝟏
𝒏 𝒌 𝟕 𝟓
𝟑 𝟑
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ [∑(𝒊 + 𝟏)(𝒌 − 𝒊 + 𝟐)] =∑ −∑ =
𝒏→∞ 𝟕𝒌 𝟓( 𝒌 + 𝟐)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟕 𝟕
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟔 𝟗
=∑ −∑ = 𝑯𝟕 − 𝑯𝟕 + + =− 𝑯𝟕 +
𝟕𝒌 𝟓𝒌 𝟕 𝟓 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟎
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟑
Therefore,
−𝟏
𝒏 𝒌
𝟔 𝟗
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ [∑(𝒊 + 𝟏)(𝒌 − 𝒊 + 𝟐)] =− 𝑯𝟕 +
𝒏→∞ 𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟎
𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

𝒌 𝒌
∑(𝒊 + 𝟏)(𝒌 − 𝒊 + 𝟐) = ∑[𝒊(𝒌 + 𝟏) − 𝒊𝟐 + (𝒌 + 𝟐)] =

𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
(𝒌 + 𝟏)(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌 𝟏
= − 𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) + (𝒌 + 𝟐)𝒌 =
𝟐 𝟔
𝒌 𝟏
= (𝒌𝟐 + 𝟗𝒌 + 𝟏𝟒) = 𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟐)(𝒌 + 𝟕)
𝟔 𝟔
−𝟏
𝒏 𝒌 𝒏
𝟔
∑ [∑(𝒊 + 𝟏)(𝒌 − 𝒊 + 𝟐)] =∑
𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟐)(𝒌 + 𝟕)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟑 𝟑 𝟔
= ∑[ − + ]
𝟕𝒌 𝟓(𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝟑𝟓(𝒌 + 𝟕)
𝒌=𝟏

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𝒏 𝒏
𝟏𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟔 𝟏 𝟏
= ∑( − )− ∑( − )
𝟑𝟓 𝒌 𝒌+𝟐 𝟑𝟓 𝒌+𝟐 𝒌+𝟕
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
Therefore,
−𝟏
𝒏 𝒌
𝟏𝟓 𝟏 𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓𝟓𝟖
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ [∑(𝒊 + 𝟏)(𝒌 − 𝒊 + 𝟐)] = (𝟏 + ) − ( + + + + )= .
𝒏→∞ 𝟑𝟓 𝟐 𝟑𝟓 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

𝒌 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌
𝟐
𝑺𝒌 = ∑(𝒊 + 𝟏)(𝒌 − 𝒊 + 𝟐) = (𝒌 + 𝟏) ∑ 𝒊 − ∑ 𝒊 + (𝒌 + 𝟐) ∑ 𝟏 =
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒌 + !) 𝟏

= − + 𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟐) = 𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟐)(𝒌 + 𝟕)
𝟐 𝟔 𝟔
𝟏 𝟔 𝟑 𝟑 𝟔
𝑺′𝒏 = ∑ =∑ =∑ −∑ +∑ =
𝑺𝒌 𝒌(𝒌 + 𝟐)(𝒌 + 𝟕) 𝟕𝒌 𝟓( 𝒌 + 𝟐) 𝟑𝟓(𝒌 + 𝟕)
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟑 𝟑 𝟔
= 𝑯𝒏 − (𝑯𝒏 − 𝑯𝟐 ) + (𝑯 − 𝑯𝟕 )
𝟕 𝟓 𝟑𝟓 𝒏
Therefore,
−𝟏
𝒏 𝒌
𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟏 𝟓𝟓𝟖
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ [∑(𝒊 + 𝟏)(𝒌 − 𝒊 + 𝟐)] = − =
𝒏→∞ 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
1591. Prove that:

𝒏𝟐 +𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏)
√𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )) = 𝒆− 𝟖
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏
𝒏𝟐+𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏) 𝟐
√𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 (𝒖−𝟏)(𝒏 +𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏))
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ((𝟏 + 𝒖 − 𝟏)𝒖−𝟏 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏 𝒏→∞
𝟐 +𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏))
= 𝒆(𝒖−𝟏)(𝒏 = 𝒆𝑺

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√𝒏𝟐−𝒏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑺 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) − 𝟏) (𝒏𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏)) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏
𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏𝟐 √𝟏 − + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) − 𝒏𝟐 ) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏) (√𝟏 − + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) − 𝟏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏
⏟
𝟎
√𝟏− =𝒖 𝟏
𝟐
𝟏 𝒏 𝟐
𝒏 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒖 𝟏
√
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏 𝟏 − + − 𝒏 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = −
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟐 𝒖→𝟏 𝟒(𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )(−𝟐𝒖) 𝟖
Therefore,
𝒏𝟐+𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏)
√𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )) = 𝒆−𝟖
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏

𝒏𝟐 +𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒏
√𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
( + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )) = (√𝟏 − + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )) =
𝒏 𝟒 𝒏 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝒏𝟐 +𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(√𝟏− + 𝐬𝐢𝐧( ))
=𝒆 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (√𝟏 − 𝒏 + 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒏))
→ 𝟏; (𝒏 → ∞)
√𝟏 − 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐) − 𝟏
𝒏 𝟒 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏)) (√𝟏 − + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) − 𝟏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏
𝒏𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
(√𝟏 − + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) − 𝟏) ⋅ 𝒏𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏
Now, we want to find:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝝎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (√𝟏 − + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) − 𝟏) ⋅ 𝒏𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏

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𝒏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟑
√𝟏 − 𝒏 ≅ 𝟏 − − −
𝟐 𝟖 𝟏𝟔
𝟐 𝟒𝒏𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) ≅ (𝟐𝒏 − )
𝒏 𝟑
𝟏 𝒏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟑 𝟏 𝟒𝒏𝟑
(𝟏 − − − + (𝟐𝒏 − ) − 𝟏) =; (𝒏 → 𝟎)
𝒏𝟐 𝟐 𝟖 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟑
𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟑 𝒏𝟑 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟐
(− − + (− )) ⋅ 𝒏 = − − −
𝒏 𝟖 𝟏𝟔 𝟑 𝟖 𝟏𝟔 𝟑
Hence,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝝎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (√𝟏 − + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) − 𝟏) ⋅ 𝒏𝟐 = −
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏 𝟖
Therefore,
√𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )) = 𝒆−𝟖
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟒 𝒏
1592. Find:
𝒏 𝝅 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐(𝒋 − 𝒊)𝝅
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐𝟏−𝟐𝒏 ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝒏→∞ 𝟕 𝒊 𝒋 𝟕
𝟎≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛

Solution 1 by Surjeet Singhania-India
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒋 − 𝒊)
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐞: 𝑿𝒏 = ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝒊 𝒋 𝟕
Observe that 𝟎 ≤ 𝒊 < 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛 it meand 𝒊 can take value from 𝟎 to 𝒏 − 𝟏 and 𝒋 take value
from 𝒊 + 𝟏 to 𝒏,
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐( 𝒋 − 𝒊 ) 𝝅 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐( 𝒋 − 𝒊 ) 𝝅
𝑿𝒏 = ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = ∑ ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 =
𝒊 𝒋 𝟕 𝒊 𝒋 𝟕
𝟎≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛 𝒊=𝟎 𝒋=𝒊+𝟏
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒋 − 𝒊) 𝒋−𝒊=𝒌 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝒌𝝅
= ∑ ( ) ∑ ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = ∑∑( )( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 =
𝒋 𝒋 𝟕 𝒊 𝒌+𝒊 𝟕
𝒊=𝟎 𝒋=𝒊+𝟏 𝒊=𝟎 𝒌=𝟏

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𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏 𝒌 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝟏 ( 𝟏 + 𝒛) 𝒏 (𝒏𝒊)𝟏 𝟐𝒌𝝅
= ∑ ∑ ( )( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = ∑∮ 𝒌+𝟏
∑ 𝒊 𝒅𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )=
𝒊 𝒌+𝒊 𝟕 𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝒛 𝒛 𝟕
𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒊=𝟎
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟐𝒌𝝅 (𝟏 + 𝒛)𝟐𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝒛)𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒌𝝅
= ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) ∮ ( 𝒏+𝒌+𝟏 − 𝒌+𝟏+𝒏 ) 𝒅𝒛 = ∑ ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )=
𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝟕 𝒛 𝒛 𝒏+𝒌 𝟕
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒏 − 𝒌)
= ∑( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) = ∑ ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝒏−𝒌 𝟕 𝒌 𝟕
𝒌=𝟏 ⏟
𝒌=𝟏
𝑨
𝒏 𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒏 − 𝒌)
𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐, 𝑿𝒏 = ∑ ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = ∑ ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝒏+𝒌 𝟕 𝒌 𝟕
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝒏+𝟏
𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒏 − 𝒌) 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
⇒ 𝑿𝒏 = ∑ ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − ( )
𝟐 𝒌 𝟕 𝟐 𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒏 − 𝒌) 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
𝑿𝒏 = 𝕽 ∑ ( ) 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )− ( )=
𝟐 𝒌 𝟕 𝟐 𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒏 −𝟐𝝅𝒊𝒌 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
= 𝕽 (𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( ) ∑ ( ) 𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( )) − ( ) =
𝟐 𝟕 𝒌 𝟕 𝟐 𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
= 𝕽 (𝐞𝐱𝐩 ( ) (𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱𝐩 (− )) ) − ( )
𝟐 𝟕 𝟕 𝟐 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒋 − 𝒊) 𝟐𝝅 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
𝑿𝒏 = ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝟐𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 ( ) − ( )
𝒊 𝒋 𝟕 𝟕 𝟐 𝒏
𝒏 𝝅 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 ( ) − 𝟐𝟏−𝟐𝒏 𝑿𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝟒−𝒏 ( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ =𝟏
𝒏→∞ 𝟕 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ √𝒏𝝅
Therefore,
𝒏 𝝅 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐( 𝒋 − 𝒊 ) 𝝅
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐𝟏−𝟐𝒏 ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝟏.
𝒏→∞ 𝟕 𝒊 𝒋 𝟕

𝒏 𝒏 𝟐( 𝒋 − 𝒊 ) 𝝅
𝑺= ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 =
𝒊 𝒋 𝟕

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𝒏 𝒏 𝟐( 𝒋 − 𝒊 ) 𝝅 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐(𝒊 − 𝒋)𝝅
= ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 =
𝒊 𝒋 𝟕 𝒊 𝒋 𝟕
𝟎≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛 𝟎≤𝒊<𝑗≤𝑛
𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 (𝒊−𝒋)𝝅 𝒏 𝟐
= 𝑹𝒆 [∑ ( ) ( ) 𝒆 𝟕 ] ⇒ ∑( ) +𝑺 =
𝒊 𝒋 𝒋
𝒊≠𝒋 𝒋=𝟎
𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝝅 𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝒏 𝒏𝝅𝒊
= 𝑹𝒆 {[( ) + ( ) 𝒆 𝟕 + ( ) 𝒆 𝟕 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝒆 𝟕 ]
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 −𝒊𝝅 𝒏 −𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝒏 𝒏𝝅𝒊
⋅ [( ) + ( ) 𝒆 𝟕 + ( ) 𝒆 𝟕 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝒆− 𝟕 ]}
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝒏
𝒊𝝅 𝒏 𝒊𝝅 𝒏 𝒏
𝝅𝒊
= 𝑹𝒆 [(𝟏 + 𝒆 𝟕 ) (𝟏 + 𝒆− 𝟕 ) ] = 𝑹𝒆 [(𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝟏) ] =
𝟕
𝒏
𝝅 𝒏
𝒏
𝝅 𝒏
𝒏 𝟐
𝟐𝝅 𝒏 𝟐𝝅
= 𝑹𝒆 [𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) ] = 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) = 𝟐 (𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) = 𝟐𝟐𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 ( )
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
𝒏
𝟐𝝅 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝒏
⇒ 𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝒏 ( ) − ∑ ( ) = 𝟐𝟐𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝒏 ( ) − ( )
𝟕 𝒋 𝟕 𝒏
𝒋=𝟎
−𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝝅 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
⇒𝟐 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝒏 ( ) − 𝟐𝒏 ( )
𝟕 𝟐 𝒏
𝟐𝝅 𝒏 𝒏 (𝒋 − 𝒊)𝝅 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
⇒ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝒏 ( ) − 𝟐𝟏−𝟐𝒏 ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝟐𝒏 ( )
𝟕 𝒊 𝒋 𝟕 𝟐 𝒏
Therefore,
𝒏 𝝅 𝒏 𝒏 𝟐( 𝒋 − 𝒊 ) 𝝅 𝒏 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐𝟏−𝟐𝒏 ∑ ( ) ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ 𝟐𝒏 ( ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝟕 𝒊 𝒋 𝟕 𝒏→∞ 𝟐 𝒏
𝑪−𝑫𝟏 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝟒 𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟏)
1593. Find:
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ))
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒌 √𝒌
𝒌=𝟏

𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝑪−𝑺
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )) =
𝒌=𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
∑𝒏+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )) – ∑ 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ))
𝒌 √𝒌 𝒌 √𝒌
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 𝟐
=
𝒏→∞ ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏

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𝟐
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ))
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒏 + 𝟏 =𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
Therefore,
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )) = 𝟎.
𝒌=𝟏
Solution 2 Ruxandra Daniela Tonilă-Romania

𝝅 𝝅𝟐
We have: |𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙| ≤ 𝟐 , ∀𝒙 ∈ ℝ ⇔ (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟐 ≤ , ∀𝒙 ∈ ℝ and 𝛀 ≥ 𝟎. Thus,
𝟐
𝒏
𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝟎≤𝛀≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + )
𝟒 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 𝒌+𝟏 𝟏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) !
𝟎 ≤ 𝛀 ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (∏ ) ⇔ 𝟎 ≤ 𝛀 ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )⇔
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟐 𝒌 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟐 𝒏!
𝒌=𝟏
𝝅𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟎≤𝛀≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝟒 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟐
Therefore,
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )) = 𝟎.
𝒌=𝟏

For 𝒙 > 𝟎, we have: 𝟎 < 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 < 𝒙 and 𝟎 < 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) < 𝒙. Thus,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 < 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) < , ∀𝒌 > 𝟎 and 𝟎 < 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝒌) < 𝒌 , ∀𝒌 > 𝟎.
√𝒌 √𝒌
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟎 < 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )) ≤ 𝟐 ≤ 𝟏, ∀𝒌 ≥ 𝟏
𝒌 √𝒌 𝒌
Hence,
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟎 ≤ ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )) ≤ 𝒏, ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
𝒌 √𝒌
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟎 ≤ 𝟐 ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )) ≤ , ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
𝒏 𝒌 √𝒌 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏
Therefore,
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𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )) = 𝟎.
𝒌=𝟏
1594. Find:
𝒏−𝟏
𝝅 𝒏
𝟐𝒏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐𝒌)𝝅
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐𝟏−𝟐𝒏 ∑ (−𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝒏→∞ 𝟕 𝒏 𝟕
𝒌=𝟎

Solution by Kamel Gandouli Rezgui-Tunisia
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏
𝟐𝒏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐𝒌)𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒌𝒏 = ∑ (−𝟏 )𝒏−𝒌 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 =
𝒏 𝟕 𝒏−𝒌 𝟕
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒏 − 𝒌)
∑ (−𝟏 )𝒌 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = ∑ (−𝟏)𝒌−𝒏 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 =
𝒏+𝒌 𝟕 𝒌 𝟕
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝒏+𝟏
𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒏 − 𝒌)
= ∑(−𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 =
𝒌 𝟕
𝒌=𝟎
𝒏−𝟏 𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒏 − 𝒌) 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒏 − 𝒌) 𝟐𝒏
= ∑ (−𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + ∑ (−𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 +( )
𝒌 𝟕 𝒌 𝟕 𝒏
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝒏+𝟏
𝟐𝒏
= 𝒌𝒏 + 𝒌 𝒏 + ( )
𝒏
𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒏 − 𝒌) 𝟐𝒏
⇒ 𝒌𝒏 = (∑(−𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − ( ))
𝟐 𝒌 𝟕 𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝝅(𝒏 − 𝒌) 𝟐𝒏 𝒊𝟐𝝅(𝒏−𝒌)
∑ (−𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝑹𝒆 (∑(−𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 ( ) 𝒆 𝟕 ) =
𝒌 𝟕 𝒌
𝒌=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝒊𝝅𝒌 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒌 𝟐𝒊𝝅𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟓𝝅𝒌
= 𝑹𝒆 (∑(−𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 𝒆 𝟕 ( ) 𝒆𝒊⋅(− 𝟕 ) ) = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝑹 (∑ 𝒆 𝟕 ( ) 𝒆𝒊⋅ 𝟕 ) =
𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝒊𝝅𝒏 𝟓𝒌𝝅 𝟐𝒊𝝅𝒏 𝟓𝝅 𝟓𝒊𝝅
(𝟏 + 𝒆𝒊( )
= (−𝟏)𝒏 𝑹𝒆 (𝒆 𝟕 𝟕 ) ) = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝑹𝒆 (𝒆 𝟕 𝟐𝟐𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 𝒆 𝟏𝟒 )
𝟕

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𝟐𝒊𝝅𝒏 𝟓𝝅 𝟓𝒏𝒊𝝅 𝟓𝝅
= (−𝟏)𝒏 𝑹𝒆 (𝒆 𝟕 𝟐𝟐𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 𝒆 𝟕 ) = (−𝟏)𝟏+𝒏 𝟐𝟐𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏
𝟏𝟒 𝟕
𝟓𝝅 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
𝒌𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝟏+𝒏 𝟐𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏− ( )
𝟕 𝟐 𝒏
𝟓𝝅 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝟏−𝟐𝒏 𝒌𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝟏+𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐𝒏 ( )
𝟕 𝟐 𝒏
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝒏
⇒ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐𝟏−𝟐𝒏 𝒌𝒏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒏 + (−𝟏)𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐−𝟐𝒏 ( )
𝟕 ⏟ 𝟕 𝟕 𝒏
→𝟎
𝒏 (𝟐𝒏)! 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ 𝟐𝒏 𝟐
= 𝐞𝐱𝐩 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝒏)! − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝟐𝒏 ) − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏!))) =
𝒏→∞ 𝟐 (𝒏!) 𝒏→∞ 𝒏
𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒌
= 𝐞𝐱𝐩 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒌 − ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒌)) = 𝐞𝐱𝐩 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + )) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝐞𝐱𝐩 (∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙) =
𝟏 𝒆
∗
1595. −𝟏 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 < 𝟏, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ , 𝑷𝒏 −Legendre’s polynomials. Find:
𝒃
𝟏 𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙)
𝛀(𝒂, 𝒃) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝑷𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) − 𝒙𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)
𝒂

Solution by Amrit Awasthi-Punjab-India
It is known that:
𝒅 𝒏
𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝟐 (𝑷 (𝒙) − 𝒙𝑷𝒏 (𝒙))
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
Rearrange and integrating:
𝒃 𝒃
𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) 𝒏 𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝒃)(𝟏 − 𝒂)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( )
𝑷𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) − 𝒙𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒂)(𝟏 − 𝒃)
𝒂 𝒂
𝒃
𝟏 𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) 𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒃)(𝟏 − 𝒂)
( )
𝛀 𝒂, 𝒃 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( )
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝑷𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) − 𝒙𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒂)(𝟏 − 𝒃)
𝒂

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Note by editors (Daniel Sitaru, Florică Anastase)
∞
𝟏
∑ 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)𝒕𝒏 = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒕𝟐 )−𝟐 = 𝑲(𝒙, 𝒕)
𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟑 𝝏𝑲
− ⋅ (−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒕)(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒕𝟐 )−𝟐 =
𝟐 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝑲
(𝒙 − 𝒕)(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )−𝟏 ⋅ 𝑲(𝒙, 𝒕) =
𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝑲
(𝒙 − 𝒕)𝑲(𝒙, 𝒕) = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )
𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝑲
(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ) + (𝒕 − 𝒙)𝑲(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎
𝝏𝒕
∞ ∞
(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ) ∑ 𝒏𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)𝒕𝒏−𝟏 + (𝒕 − 𝒙) ∑ 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)𝒕𝒏 = 𝟎

𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝒏
Coefficient of 𝒕 is:
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
∑ 𝒏𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)𝒕 − 𝟐𝒙𝒏 ∑ 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)𝒕 + 𝒏𝒙 ∑ 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)𝒕 + ∑ 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)𝒕 − 𝒙 ∑ 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)𝒕𝒏 = 𝟎
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
−𝟐𝒙𝒏𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) − 𝒙𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝒏𝑷𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) + (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝑷𝒏+𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟎

(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝑷𝒏+𝟏 (𝒙) − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝒏𝑷𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟎; (𝟏)
𝝏𝑲
(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝒕𝑲(𝒙, 𝒕) =
𝝏𝒙
𝟏 𝟑
= (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ) ⋅ (− ) ⋅ (−𝟐𝒕) ⋅ (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒕𝟐 )−𝟐 − 𝒕𝑲(𝒙, 𝒕) =
𝟐
= 𝒕 ⋅ 𝑲(𝒙, 𝒕) − 𝒕 ⋅ 𝑲(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎
∞ ∞
𝟐)
(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒙 ⋅ ∑ 𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙)𝒕𝒏 − 𝒕 ⋅ ∑ 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)𝒕𝒏 = 𝟎
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
Coefficient of 𝒕𝒏+𝟏 is:

𝑷′𝒏+𝟏 (𝒙) − 𝟐𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝑷′𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) − 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝟎; (𝟐)
Derivative of (1):
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝑷′𝒏+𝟏 (𝒙) − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝒏𝑷′𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟎; (𝟑)
By (2): 𝑷′𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝟐𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) − 𝑷′𝒏+𝟏 (𝒙).

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Replace in (3):
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝑷′𝒏+𝟏 (𝒙) − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝒏𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝟐𝒏𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) − 𝒏𝑷′𝒏+𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑷′𝒏+𝟏 (𝒙) − 𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) = (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)
By (2): 𝑷′𝒏+𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝟐𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) − 𝑷′𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙)
Replace in (3):
(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝟐𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) − 𝑷′𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙)) − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝒏𝑷′𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) − 𝑷′𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒏𝑷𝒏 (𝒙), 𝑷′𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝒏𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)
𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) − 𝒙(𝒙𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) − 𝒏𝑷𝒏 (𝒙)) = 𝒏𝑷𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙)
(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝑷′𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝒏(𝑷𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙) − 𝒙𝑷𝒏 (𝒙))
1596. Find:
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑ )
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝒌=𝟏

𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐∑ = + + + + + +∑
𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓 𝟕 𝟗 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟕 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟕
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟖𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝟐
𝟐∑ = +∑ ; ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟔
⏟
𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓 𝟕𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟓 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟕
>𝟏
𝟏
Let put 𝑹 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟏)𝒏 ; (𝛀 > 𝑹)
𝒏→∞
𝟐𝒏 𝑳 ′ 𝑯 𝟐𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐
𝑹 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = +∞
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟐
Therefore,
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑ ) =∞
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝒌=𝟏

Using the definition of digamma function, we have:

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𝒏
𝟏
𝝍 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝒛) = 𝝍( 𝒛 + 𝟏) + ∑ ;
𝒌+𝒛
𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝝍(𝒛) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 − − 𝟐
+ 𝟒
− +⋯
𝟐𝒛 𝟏𝟐𝒛 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒛 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝒛𝟔
𝟓
For 𝒛 = 𝟐 ⇒
𝒏
𝟏 𝟕 𝟕
𝟐∑ = 𝝍 (𝒏 + ) − 𝝍 ( )
𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟕 𝑳′ 𝑯
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑ ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝝍 (𝒏 + ) − 𝝍 ( )) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏−𝟏
𝟕 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒏 + 𝟐) − 𝟕 − 𝟐+ 𝟒− +. . )
𝟐 (𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝟏𝟐 (𝒏 + 𝟕) 𝟕 𝟕 𝟔
𝟏𝟐𝟎 (𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝟐𝟓𝟐 (𝒏 + 𝟐)
𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒏→∞ 𝟐
𝟕 𝒏−𝟏
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒏 + 𝟐))
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =∞
𝒏→∞ 𝟐
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟕
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑ ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝝍 (𝒏 + ) − 𝝍 ( ))
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
∵ 𝝍(𝒙) > 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + ) − ⇒
𝟐 𝒙
𝒏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟕 𝟕
𝛀 > 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝟒) − + 𝝍 ( )) ; (𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝟏 + 𝝍 ( ) = 𝒄)
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏
𝟏 𝟐 𝒙
> 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
(𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝟒) − + 𝒄) ; (∵ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) > )
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟕 𝟏+𝒙
𝒏
𝒏 𝒏+𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 𝒏+𝟑 𝟐 − 𝒄
> 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ( − + 𝒄) > 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏 + 𝟒 𝟐𝟐𝒏 + 𝟕 + 𝟐 ) >
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏 + 𝟒 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟕 𝒏→∞
𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏
> 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝒄)𝒏
𝒏→∞
Therefore,

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𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑ ) =∞
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝒌=𝟏

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
Let 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟏 𝟐𝒌+𝟓) .
𝒏
𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
(𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑ )
𝒂𝒏+𝟏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒌=𝟏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒂𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏
∑
(𝟏 + 𝟐 𝒌=𝟏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓)
𝒏𝟐
𝒏
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑ 𝒌=𝟏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑ )( )
𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓 𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑𝒏 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓 ≤ 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟔 ⇒ > ⇒∑ ≥∑ ; (𝐥𝐢𝐦 = ∞)
𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟑 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓 𝒌 + 𝟑 𝒌→∞ 𝒌 + 𝟑
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ =∞ ⇒𝟏+𝟐∑ = ∞; (𝟏)
𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑𝒌=𝟏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒖(𝒏) =
𝟏
𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝒏
𝟏
𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑𝒏+𝟏
𝒌=𝟏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝟏
⋅𝒏(𝒖(𝒏)−𝟏)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + (𝒖(𝒏) − 𝟏))𝒖(𝒏)−𝟏 =
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝒏→∞
𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝟐𝒏 𝟏
= 𝐞𝐱𝐩 {𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ } = 𝒆𝟎 = 𝟏; (𝟐)
𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟕 𝟏
𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑𝒏 𝒌=𝟏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ∑ ) =∞
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓
𝒌=𝟏
1597. Find:
𝒏
𝟏 𝚪 ′ (𝒌)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏!) − ∑ )
𝒏→∞ 𝒏(𝑯𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝚪(𝒌)
𝒌=𝟐

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𝒏
𝟏 𝚪 ′ (𝒌 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏!) − ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟐 𝝍(𝒌) 𝑪−𝑺
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏!) − ∑ ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏(𝑯𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝚪 (𝒌 ) 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 (𝑯𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝒌=𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝟏
(𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝑯𝒏 + ) − 𝒏𝑯 𝒏 + 𝒏
𝒏+𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝑪−𝑺
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝑯𝒏 + 𝑯𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒏 − 𝟏 − 𝒏𝑯𝒏 + 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝑯𝒏
𝒏+𝟐 𝒏+𝟐 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟐) + 𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝟏
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏+𝟐 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) − 𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) − 𝟏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 𝚪 ′ (𝒌 )
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏!) − ∑ )=
𝒏→∞ 𝒏(𝑯𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝚪(𝒌)
𝒌=𝟐
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)) − 𝝍(𝒏)(𝒏 − 𝟏)) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏(𝑯𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟐)
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ( ) − 𝝍(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏) + 𝝍(𝒏)(𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝑪−𝑺 𝚪 𝒏 + 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝑯𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏) − (𝒏)(𝑯𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝝍(𝒏) − 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ; (𝝍(𝒙)~ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)
𝒏→∞ 𝑯𝒏
𝒏+𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝒏 ) − 𝟏 −𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝑯𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝑯𝒏

𝚪 ′ (𝒌 )
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏! − ∑ = ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒌 − ∑ 𝝍(𝒏) = ∑ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒌 − ∑ (𝑯𝒏−𝟏 − 𝜸) ⇒
𝚪(𝒌)
𝒌=𝟐 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟐 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟐
𝒏
𝟏 𝚪 ′ (𝒌 ) 𝟏
(𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏!) − ∑ )= (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏! − (𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝑯𝒏−𝟏 − 𝜸))
𝒏(𝑯𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝚪 (𝒌 ) 𝒏(𝑯𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝒌=𝟐

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𝟏
= (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏! − (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 − 𝟏)); (∵ 𝑯𝒏−𝟏 − 𝜸 ≅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 − 𝟏))
𝒏(𝑯𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏! = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝟏) ≅ (𝒏 + ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏 − 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏! − (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 − 𝟏)) ≅ (𝒏 + ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒏 − 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝝅 −
𝟐 𝟐
−(𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝟏
(𝒏+ ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏+𝟏) (𝒏−𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏−𝟏)
𝟐
≅ 𝟏 and ≅𝟏
𝒏(𝑯𝒏 −𝟏) 𝒏(𝑯𝒏 −𝟏)
𝟏
𝒏 − 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝝅
→𝟎
𝒏(𝑯𝒏 − 𝟏)
Therefore,
𝒏
𝟏 𝚪 ′ (𝒌)
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏!) − ∑ )
𝒏→∞ 𝒏(𝑯𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝚪 (𝒌)
𝒌=𝟐
1598.
Find a closed form:
∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = ∑ ∫ (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )−𝒏 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒏 𝟎
𝒌=𝟏

𝒏
∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 ) 𝟏 (
𝛀 = ∑ ∫ (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )−𝒏 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ⋅ ∑ 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞
𝒙𝒏 𝟏
∑ = ∫ (∑ 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 |𝒙| < 𝟏 ⇒
𝒏 𝟏−𝒙
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝒏
∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝒙 𝒏 𝟐 ) 𝒙𝟐 ( 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
∑ = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝒙 − 𝟏| ⇒ ∑ 𝒙 + 𝟏 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | 𝟐 | = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 )
𝒏 𝒏 𝒙 +𝟏 𝒙
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ; (𝟏)
𝟎 𝟎

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𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 − 𝟐
𝟐
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟏) ⋅ 𝒙′𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟏) − ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
= 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
𝟏
𝟏
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)|𝟎 −
𝟎
𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
−∫ ( − + ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝝅 𝝅 𝟏
= (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟐 + ) ⋅ − (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) + (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟐 )|𝟎 =
𝟐 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − + − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 − ; ( 𝟐)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟖 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝒙) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙|𝟎 − ∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝝅 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐
𝝅 𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= − −∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟏)| = − + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟒 𝟎 𝒙 +𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟒 𝟐 𝟎 𝒙 +𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (− ∫ 𝒅𝒙)
𝟐 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 =𝒕 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒕 + 𝟏) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒕)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ⋅ 𝒅𝒕 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 =
𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟎 √𝒕 𝟐√𝒕 𝟐 𝟎 𝒕
∞ 𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝒕 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝝅𝟐
= ∑ (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = ∑ = ⇒
𝟐 𝟎 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝟒
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝝅𝟐 −𝟏
𝝅 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ⇒ ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + ; ( 𝟑)
𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟒𝟖 𝟎 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒𝟖
From (1),(2),(3) it follows that:
𝟏
𝛀= (𝝅𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐)
𝟒𝟖
𝟏 ∞
((𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )−𝟏 )𝒏 𝟏
−𝟏
𝟏
𝛀=∫ ∑ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 − 𝟐
) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒏 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐) −𝟏
= ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝟐𝑰𝟐 ,
𝟎 𝟎

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𝟏
𝑰𝟏 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
𝟐𝒙
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ ⋅ ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟐) −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐)
𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
( (
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 + 𝒙 [𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 + 𝒙 ] − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
=
𝟏 𝟏
= (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝟐) [𝒙 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )] + (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟒
Putting limits, we get:
𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝝅 𝟏
𝑰𝟏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 + + (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟐) ( − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐)
𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟐
Now,
∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙=−𝒖 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 ∞ −𝟐𝒖𝒏 𝒕=𝟐𝒏
𝑰𝟐 = ∑ ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − ∑ ∫ 𝒖𝒆 𝒅𝒖 =
𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
=− ∑ 𝟐 ∫ 𝒕𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = − ∑ 𝟐
𝟒 𝒏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟎 𝟒 𝒏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
Using partial fraction decomposition, we get:

∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝝅
𝑰𝟐 = ∑ 𝟐
+ ∑ − ∑ = ⋅ + ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 −
𝟒 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝝅 𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝝅
𝛀 = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝟐𝑰𝟐 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 + + (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝟐) ( − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐) − 𝟐 ( + ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − ) =
𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒𝟖 𝟐 𝟒
𝝅 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 +
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒𝟖
Solution 3 by Katrick Chandra Betal-India
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
𝟏
𝛀=∑ ∫ 𝟐 𝒏
𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 − ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐
= − ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐)
𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 𝟎

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𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 −𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙𝒅𝒙
= [𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙 ) {𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − }] − 𝟐 ∫ (𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − ) 𝟐
−
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
−𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) −𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
−𝟐 [𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 {𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙− }] + 𝟐 ∫ (𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − ) =
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝒙
𝟏
𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ( − )−∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟒 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
+ ∫ (𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − − 𝟐 ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 +
𝟒 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)
+𝟐 ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝒙
𝟏
𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 )𝟐 ]𝟏
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝜻( 𝟐)
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − [(
+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟎 + [ ] − =
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎
𝟒
𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐 𝝅𝟐

= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − + + − = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − +
𝟒 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐𝟒
1599. Find:
𝒏
𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏 − 𝟏)! ∑
𝒏→∞ (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌 (𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒏−𝒌
𝒌=𝟎

Solution 1 by Kamel Gandouli Habib Rezgui-Tunisia
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝝎𝒏 = ∑ ; 𝒗 𝒏 (𝒌) =
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌 (𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌 (𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒏−𝒌
𝒌=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝒗𝟐𝒏 (𝒌) = ; 𝒗𝒏 (𝟐𝒏) = 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒌 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒌) 𝟐𝒏−𝒌 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒏 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝒗𝟐𝒏 (𝒌) ⇒ 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝒗𝟐𝒏 (𝒌) = = 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒌 = 𝒏.
(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐𝒏
≤ 𝒗𝟐𝒏 (𝒌) ≤ , ∀𝒌 ∈ ℕ
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏

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𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
𝟐𝒏
≤ ∑ 𝒗𝟐𝒏 (𝒌) ≤ , ∀𝒌 ∈ ℕ
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
𝟐𝒏
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
≤ ( 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 ) ! ∑ 𝒗 𝒏 ( 𝟐𝒏) ≤
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
𝟐𝒏
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
≤ ( 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 ) ! ∑ 𝒗 𝒏 ( 𝟐𝒏) ≤
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)

𝟐𝒏−𝟏
≤ 𝝎𝟐𝒏 ≤
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
∵ 𝒏! = √𝟐𝒏𝝅 ( )
𝒆
𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒏
√𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) (
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
≅ 𝟐 ) (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) =
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏
√𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒏

= (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏 𝒆𝒏
𝒏
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)
= ( ) →𝟎
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏 𝒏𝟐 + 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
√𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
≅ √𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒆−𝒏 ≤ (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒆−𝒏 → 𝟎
𝒆𝒏
Similarly for 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
𝟏
𝒗𝟐𝒏+𝟏 (𝒌) ≤ ,
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐𝒏 (𝟐𝒏)𝟐𝒏
𝟐𝒏+𝟏
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐)𝟐𝒏!
(𝟐𝒏)! ∑ 𝒗𝟐𝒏+𝟏 (𝒌) ≤ → 𝟎 ⇒ 𝝎𝟐𝒏+𝟏 → 𝟎
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐𝒏 (𝟐𝒏)𝟐𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
Therefore,
𝒏
𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏 − 𝟏)! ∑ =𝟎
𝒏→∞ (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌 (𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒏−𝒌
𝒌=𝟎

𝒎
Let 𝒎 ∈ ℕ − {𝟎}, 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒙 (𝒎 + 𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒎−𝒙 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ [ 𝟐 ]

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𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟏) + (𝒎 − 𝒙) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒎 + 𝟏 − 𝒙)
𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒎−𝒙
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒎 + 𝟏 − 𝒙) − =
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒎+𝟏−𝒙
𝒙+𝟏 𝒎−𝒙 𝒎
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )− < 𝟎, ∀𝟎 < 𝒙 < [ ]
𝒎+𝟏−𝒙 𝒎+𝟏−𝒙 𝟐
𝒎 𝒎 𝒎
Thus, 𝒇 decreases on [𝟎, [ 𝟐 ]] ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝒇 ([ 𝟐 ]) , ∀𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, [ 𝟐 ]].
Hence,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
≤ =
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒌) 𝟐𝒏−𝒌 𝒏
( 𝒏 + 𝟏 ) ( 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏
and
𝟏 𝟏
≤
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐 − 𝒌) 𝟐𝒏+𝟏−𝒌 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟏
𝟐𝒏
𝟏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)!
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)! ∑ < =
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏−𝒌 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏
𝒌=𝟎
(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)!
Let 𝒃𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐𝒏 and
𝟐𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 (𝟐𝒏)! (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐)
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝟏)! ∑ <
(𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟏−𝒌 (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟏
𝒌=𝟎
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐)!
=
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟏
(𝟐𝒏+𝟐)!
Let 𝒄𝒏 = (𝟐𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐𝒏+𝟏 . We prove that: 𝒃𝒏 , 𝒄𝒏 → ∞ for 𝒏 → ∞.
𝟐
𝒃𝒏 𝟏 ( 𝒏 + 𝟐) 𝟐 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒆𝟐
= (𝟏 + ) ⋅ [(𝟏 + ) ] →
𝒃𝒏+𝟏 𝒏 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟑) 𝒏+𝟏 𝟒
𝒆𝟐
As > 𝟏, 𝒃𝒏 → 𝟎 as 𝒏 → ∞. Similarly, 𝒄𝒏 → 𝟎 as 𝒏 → ∞.
𝟒
Now,
𝒏
𝟏
𝟎<∑ < 𝒃𝒏 , 𝒄𝒏
(𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒌 ( 𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒏−𝒌
𝒌=𝟎
As 𝒃𝒏 → 𝟎, 𝒄𝒏 → 𝟎 as 𝒏 → ∞. Therefore,

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𝒏
𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏 − 𝟏)! ∑ =𝟎
𝒏→∞ (𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒌 (𝒏 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)𝒏−𝒌
𝒌=𝟎
1600.
𝒅𝒙
𝛀𝒏 (𝒙) = ∫ , 𝒏 ∈ ℕ∗ , 𝛀𝒏 (𝟏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝒙(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒏 )
Find:
𝛀(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏𝛀𝒏 (𝒙)) , 𝒙 > 𝟎
𝒏→∞

𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 𝒏 ( 𝒙) = ∫ 𝒏
= ∫ 𝒏 𝒏
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ( 𝒏 − ) 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙( 𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒕 𝟏 𝒙𝒏
= ∫( − ) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝑪 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )+𝑪
𝒏 𝒕 𝒕+𝟏 𝒏 𝒕+𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝛀 𝒏 ( 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝑪 ⇒ 𝑪 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝒏
Thus,
𝒙𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝒙 𝒏
𝒏𝛀𝒏 (𝒙) = (𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟏 + 𝒙𝒏 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒏
𝟏
If 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟐 , 𝟎 < 𝟐𝒙 < 𝟏 ⇒ (𝟐𝒙)𝒏 → 𝟎
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏𝛀𝒏 (𝒙) = −∞ 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒙 < .
𝒏→∞ 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
For 𝒙 = 𝟐 we have: 𝒏𝛀𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟏 𝒏
) → 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 as 𝒏 → ∞.
𝟏+( )
𝟐
𝟏
For 𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟏, (𝟐𝒙)𝒏 → ∞, 𝒙𝒏 → ∞ ad 𝒏𝛀𝒏 (𝒙) → ∞ as 𝒏 → ∞.
𝟏 𝟏
For 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏, 𝒏𝛀𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐𝒏 𝒙𝒏 ) → ∞ as 𝒏 → ∞.

For 𝐱 > 𝟏:

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𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝛀 𝒏 ( 𝒙) = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 −
𝒙 ( 𝒙 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏
Hence,
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝛀(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏𝛀𝒏 (𝒙)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝒏 + 𝟏)] =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒏→∞
𝒙𝒏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
𝒙 +𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝟏
+ 𝟏
𝒙𝒏
Solution 3 by Satyam Roy-India
For 𝐱 > 𝟏:
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒙−𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏
+𝟏=𝒖 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 𝒏 ( 𝒙) = ∫ = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝒖| + 𝑪 =
𝒏
𝒙( 𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟏 𝒏 𝒖 𝒏
𝒙𝒏 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | 𝒏 + 𝟏| + 𝑪
𝒏 𝒙
Hence,
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏𝛀𝒏 (𝒙)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | 𝒏 + 𝟏|) = − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | 𝒏 + 𝟏| = 𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 𝒙 𝒏→∞ 𝒙

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RMM - Calculus Marathon 1501 - 1600

1 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

2 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

3 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Proposed by Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan

4 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Now, use the result:

Solution 2 by Amrit Awasthi-Punjab-India

Hence, rewriting the product, we have:

5 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Proposed by Kaushik Mahanta-Assam-India

6 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

7 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

8 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

1505. Evaluate the integral in a closed-form

Proposed by Srinivasa Raghava-AIRMC-India

= 𝟒 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝟔√𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + √𝟐)

9 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Based on (𝟏), we get that:

10 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

1507. Prove that:

11 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Solution 2 by Mohammad Rostami-Afghanistan

12 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

13 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Proposed by Sujeethan Balendran-SriLanka

We also have the trivial results,

14 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

1510. For 𝒏 > 1, we have:

15 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Differentiating respect to 𝒙, we have:

16 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Proposed by Asmat Qatea-Afghanistan

17 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

18 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

19 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Solution 2 by Cornel Ioan Vălean-Romania

1513. Find without any software:

Proposed by Orxan Abasov-Azerbaijan

20 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

21 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

22 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

23 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

24 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

25 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Solution 3 by Muhammad Afzal-Pakistan

Solution 4 by Adrian Popa-Romania

26 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

27 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Solution 3 by Muhammad Afzal-Pakistan

Solution 4 by Adrian Popa-Romania

28 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

29 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Solution 2 by Akerele Olofin-Nigeria

1520. Let 𝒃 > 𝒂 > 𝟏 and 𝒏 be a positive integer. Prove that:

Proposed by George Apostolopoulos-Messolonghi-Greece

30 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

Solution 2 by Ruxandra Daniela Tonilă-Romania

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒏+𝟏

31 RMM-CALCULUS MARATHON 1501-1600

1521. If for 𝒏 ≥ 𝒌 and 𝒏, 𝒌, 𝒂 > 𝟎; 𝒏, 𝒌 ∈ ℕ;

Proposed by Amrit Awasthi-India

Integrating under the same interval we have: