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T E C H N I C A L I N F O R M A T I O N F R O M T H E - h p - L A B O R A T O R I E S
!ATE VOL. • 1501 PAGE MILL ROAD • PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA 94304 • VOL. 17, NO. 9 MAY 1966
II
Fig. and -hp- Model 8405A Vector Voltmeter measures amplitudes and
phase simultaneously. Instrument has frequency range of 1 MHz to 1
GHz, dB, of 100 /iV full-scale, dynamic range of 95 dB, phase
resolution of O.I , and is simple to operate. Thus it makes feasible many
measurements which formerly were difficult or impossible.
AN IMPORTANT XKW INSTR1MENT, of the spectrum where information is istics, detecting Miller effects in tuned
which seems certain lo become one of often peculiarly dillicult lo obtain. RF amplifiers, tuning feedback ampli
the major electronic measuring instru Voltage and phase are so fundamen fiers, measuring the electrical length of
ments, lias recently been developed by tal in electrical engineering that the cables, measuring group delay, and
the -hp- Microwave Division. The RF new ec tor Voltmeter has an extraordi main others.
Vector Voltmeter (Fig. 1) is a two-chan nary number of applications. It can, Although adequate voltmeters for
nel millivoltmeter and phasemeter: it lor example, measure complex or vec measuring amplitudes over a wide fre
measures the voltage in channel A, and tor parameters such as impedance or quency range have been available for
simultaneously measures the phase an admittance, amplifier gain and phase some time, there has been no equally
gle between the fundamental compo shift, complex insertion loss or gain, convenient means for measuring phase.
nents of the signals in channels A and complex reflection coefficient, two-port Consequently, simultaneous measure
B; it may then be switched to measinc network parameters, and filter transfer ments of voltage and phase have not
the voltage in channel B so that gain functions. It can also be used as a se always been easy to make. Most systems
or loss may be determined. It makes lective receiver and as a design tool: whi< h are able to measure phase angles
these measurements over a broad fre possible applications are detec ting RF require several control adjustments for
quency ran ere (I ro 10(10 \TH/) in :i part leakage measuring antenna character each measurement, and manv of them
2 •
© Copr. 1949-1998 Hewlett-Packard Co.
20kHz
1 - 1000 MHz
Sampling
Probe
Fig. 2. Block diagram of -hp-
Model 8405A Vector Voltmeter.
Automatic phase control (APC)
uses phase-locked loop to tune
and phase-lock meter to channel
A signal. APC adjusts frequency
of voltage-tuned local oscillator Sampling
(VTO) which triggers sampling- Probe
type mixers in probes. RF signals
are reconstructed from samples
at intermediate frequency of 20
kHz, where voltage and phase are
measured.
are limited in frequency range, sensi The reference signal for the phase harmonics to 60 kHz, and so on, up to
tivity, and dynamic range. measurement is channel A. An auto the highest harmonic of the input sig
The new Vector Voltmeter (VVM), matic phase control circuit (APC) nal which falls within the 1-GHz band
on the other hand, operates over a fre tunes and phase-locks the instrument width of the samplers. Outputs are
quency range of 1 MHz to 1 GHz. It to the channel A signal. The frequency provided directly from the sampling
has high sensitivity and wide dynamic range of the APC is selected by means mixers in both channels. Since the in
range. Its phase resolution is 0.1° at of a front-panel control; there are 21 put waveforms are preserved in the IF
any phase angle at all frequencies, and overlapping ranges, each more than an signals, the VVM can be used to con
it operates with the simplicity of a volt octave in width. In making a measure vert many low-frequency oscilloscopes,
meter: the operator merely selects ap ment, the operator selects a frequency wave analyzers, and distortion analyz
propriate meter ranges, touches two range which includes the frequency of ers to high-frequency sampling instru
probes to the points of interest, and the signal which is driving the circuit ments for signals of moderate harmonic
leads voltage and phase on two meters. under test. The APC then tunes the content. A similar sampling principle
instrument automatically and essen was originally employed by -hp- in
As a voltmeter, the VVM has nine tially instantaneously (10 milliseconds), sampling-type oscilloscopes.1
voltage ranges, which have full-scale and keeps it tuned even if the input
sensitivities of 100 /tV to 1 V rms. Its for the voltage and phase measure
frequency drifts or sweeps at moderate
dynamic range is 95 dB, which means ments, the IF signals from the sam
rates (up to 15 MHz/second).
that it can measure gains or losses of pling mixers are filtered so that only
up to 95 dB. The 10:1 voltage dividers In the input probes of the VVM are their 20-kHz fundamentals remain,
supplied with the instrument enable it sampling-type mixers which convert and the amplitudes of these funda
to measure voltages up to 10 V. the RF signals to a 20-kH/ interme mentals and the phase angle between
diate frequency, where the voltage and them are measured and displayed on
As a phasemeter, the VVM will
phase measurements are made. Feed the two front-panel meters (see block
measure phase angles between -(-180°
back stabilization of the mixers keeps diagram, Fig. 2). Since only the funda
and —180°. It has four ranges: ±180°,
the voltage conversion loss at 0 dB de mentals are measured, the amplitude
±60°, ±18°, and ±6°. The phase
spite environmental influences, and and phase readings are not affected by
meter can be offset up to ±180° in 10°
common local-oscillator drive for both the harmonic content of the input sig
steps so that any phase angle may be
samplers keeps the phase difference be nals. The narrow-bandwidth IF filters
read on the ±6° range, which has 0.1°
tween the IF signals equal to the phase (1 kHz) also retluce thermal noise at
resolution. For example, a phase angle
difference between the RF signals. the meter inputs. The dc meter signals
of -f-145° can be measured with 0.1°
for both voltage and phase are avail
resolution by selecting a phasemeter The RF waveforms are reconstruÃ- ted
able at the rear panel and can be used
offset of +140° or +150° and using at the intermediate frequency: the
to drive recorders.
the ±6° range. Phase readings are in fundamental components of the RF
dependent of the voltage levels in the waveforms are converted to 20 kH/. the 1 Roderick Carlson, 'The Kilomegacycle Sampling Oscillo
scope,' 'Hewlett-Packard Journal,' Vol. 13, No. 7, March,
two channels. second harmonics to 40 kHz, the third 1962.
• 3
© Copr. 1949-1998 Hewlett-Packard Co.
ISOfl
(a)
1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0
PROBE POSITION (mm)
(b)
(f)
PHASE-MEASURING CAPABILITIES phasemeter readings versus the posi of a human hair in the position of the
Figs. 3(b) and 3(c) demonstrate the tion of the slotted-line probe. The slotted-line probe was accompanied by
phase-measuring capabilities of the measured curve closely follows the the about a 2° phase change, and was easily
Vector Voltmeter. They show, first of oretical curve for an open-circuited resolved by the high-resolution (0.1°)
all, how the high phase resolution of lossless line. phasemeter.
the VVM makes possible very precise Without the 50-ohm load, the stand With the 50-ohm load, the VSWR
measurements of length. Fig. 3(b) also ing-wave ratio on the line was 50.5. was 2.26. Had the VSWR been 1.0, the
includes an example of the phase- This was determined by measuring the phase-vs-position curve would have
measurement accuracy of the instru maximum and minimum voltages on
ment. the line with the voltmeter of the VVM CORRECTION
To obtain the data for Figs. 3(b) and switched to channel B. The phase-vs- In the article 'RFI Measurements Down to
3(c), a 1-GHz signal was applied first position curve is the step-like curve of 10 kHz With Spectrum Analyzer Converter,'
Vol. 17. No. 7, March, 1966, the mixer input
to an unloaded slotted line and then to Fig. 3(b), and Fig. 3(c) shows one of the ports in Fig. 4 are incorrectly labeled. Top
the same slotted line with a 50-ohm steep portions of this curve with an port should be labeled 'L,' and center port
should be labeled 'X.' It is possible to burn
load [see block diagram, Fig. 3(a)]. expanded horizontal scale. The maxi out the mixer if the circuit is not connected
Probe A of the VVM was placed at the mum rate of change of phase can be properly, or if local oscillator power is too
high. Optimum LO power is about 5 mW.
output of the slotted line, and probe B determined from Fig. 3(c) to be 50° per Lower power levels can be used, but the third-
was attached to the movable slotted- millimeter, or 0.05" per micrometer. order intermodulation products of the mixer
will be larger.
line probe. Fig. 3(b) is a plot of the Thus, a change equal to the diameter
(a)
90 -90
80
-120
f 70
O)
350
£60 - 1 5 0 I SO )
^ _ 300 00
_ 50 •
200
- Q
150 150 £
20 ^ o 100
120
10
o 90
1 0 . 0 1 0 . 5 1 1 . 0 1 1 . 5 12.0
FREQUENCY (MHz)
Fig. 4. Typical amplifier gain, phase, and between curves shows Miller effect of sec
group delay measurements, made with Vec ond-stage collector-base capacitance. Group
tor Voltmeter in setup shown in (a). Solid delay curves can be obtained by differentiat
curves of (b) were taken with switch on ing phase curve, or by changing input fre
second amplifier stage open, so that second- quency in increments of 2.78 X 10'kHz and
stage gain was greater than one. Dashed determining delay from corresponding
curves of (b) were measured with switch phasemeter changes with scale factor of 10"
closed, second-stage gain = 0. Difference /¿s per degree, where n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
Line Stretcher-
(a)
00
Forward gain s,, is measured with probe B in position
B Â °
B,. Output reflection coefficient «.-.• and reverse gain
ço
s,, are measured by turning transistor around in spe
cial jig and making same measurements as for s,, and
ï -90
s,,, respectively, (b) Amplitude and phase of s,, and
s,, measured with Vector Voltmeter are plotted on
-180 Smith chart using polar coordinates. Normalized in
DI 1 LO put and output impedances can then be read on im
MAGNITUDE pedance scales, (c) Si, and s-, for saine transistor.
Transistor was in grounded-emitter configuration with
50-ohm source and load impedances.
formation as other common types of pose more often in the future.2 ted using the polar coordinates of the
two-port network parameters, such as The parameter slt is the complex re chart, and then the normalized input
y-, z-, Ii-, or «-parameters, but are much flection coefficient at the input, or port reactance and resistance of the network
easier to measure and to work with at 1 , of a two-port network, with the net can be read directly from the reactance
high frequencies because, unlike the work terminated in equal source and and resistance scales.
other parameters, ^-parameters are not load impedances, usually 50 ohms. The Fig. 5(c) shows plots of reverse and
defined in terms of short circuits or reflection coefficient at port 2 is s2 ... forward gain sla and s21 obtained with
open circuits, which are difficult to ob The parameter s.,, is the complex the same transistor as Fig. 5(b), in the
tain at high frequencies. Now that transducer gain or loss from input to circuit of Fig. 5(a).
transistor gain-bandwidth products output, or port I to port 2, of a two- All of the measurements discussed
greater than 1000 MHz are becoming port network, again with equal source here, as well as many others, some of
common, new methods for specifying and load impedances. The reverse gain which are described briefly on pages 7,
transistor high-frequency performance iss1L,. 10 and 11 can be made quickly and
are coming into use. The i-parameters Fig. 5(b) shows a Smith-chart plot of easily with the new Vector Voltmeter.
will probably be employed for this pur- input and output reflection coefficients In the past, these measurements were
sn and s.,., as a function of frequency difficult to make, and often were not
for a high-frequency transistor. The made at all, because of the difficulty of
TIME SIGNAL ADJUSTMENT measurements were made over a wide obtaining phase information.
Time signals broadcast by NBS Standards measurement range from 100 to 1200
SAMPLING MIXERS
Radio Station WWVB (60 kHz) will be retarded MH/ with the new Vector Voltmeter,
200 milliseconds at 0000 hours. Universal Fig. 7 is a block diagram of the sam
Time, on June 1, 1966, according to an an using the setup of Fig. 5(a). The Smith
nouncement from the National Bureau of chart is useful for plotting sn and sL,2 pling-type harmonic mixers, which are
Standards. This adjustment ¡s in accordance located in the probes. These mixers are
with the policy of maintaining the WWVB
because the amplitude and phase of
pulses, which conform to the atomic-refer these reflection coefficients can be plot- similar to those used in -hp- sampling
enced second, within 100 milliseconds of time 2 George E. Bodway, 'Two-Port Power Flow Analysis of Linear oscilloscopes. They operate on a strob-
pulses referred to Universal Time. Active Circuits Using the Generalized Scattering Param
eters'; to be published. oscopic principle, sampling a high-
6•
© Copr. 1949-1998 Hewlett-Packard Co.
Fig. 6. Design team for -hp- Model 8405A Vector Voltmeter included
(1. to r.) Fritz K. Weinert, final-phase project leader, William R. Han-
isch, Allen Baghdasarian, Siegfried H. Linkwitz, Jeffrey L. Thomas,
and Roderick Carlson, initial- phase project leader.
•7•
© Copr. 1949-1998 Hewlett-Packard Co.
Fig. 7. Block diagram of sam
pling-type harmonic mixers used
in new VVM. Mixers operate on
stroboscopic principle, sampling
RF signal at different points in
cycle at successive sampling in
stants. RF waveforms are recon
structed in small steps at inter
mediate frequency: fundamental
component of RF signal is trans
posed to 20 kHz, second harmonic
to 40 kHz, and so on. Feedback
keeps IF voltage equal to RF
voltage.
delivers a constant output regardless a harmonic of the VTO frequency is generator again if the IF mode is in
of the input voltage. exactly the 20-kHz reference oscillator verted. The time required to complete
When an RF signal is applied to frequency: the tuning operation is about 10 milli
channel A and the instrument is not seconds.
tuned properly, the IF is not 20 kHz,
/.u-n/TTO=±20kHz. Overall gain of the phase-locked
and the search generator produces a loop is a linear function of the har
The 20-kHz IF can be either the 'in
ramp voltage which adjusts the fre monic number to which the signal is
verted' mode or the 'noninverted'
quency of the VTO. This changes the locked. A variable attenuator adjusts
mode, depending upon whether the
time between samples and, conse the loop gain to an optimal value for
signal is 20 kHz below or 20 kHz above
quently, changes the intermediate fre any signal frequency so that the gain
a VTO harmonic. The IF phase dif
quency. When the IF reaches 20 kHz, will be sufficient to ensure phase lock
ference is identical to the RF phase
the loop locks and controls the VTO but not so high that the loop oscillates.
difference only for the noninverted
so as to correct for changes in VTO The attenuator control knob is labeled
mode. For the inverted mode, the
frequency, signal frequency, or phase FREQUENCY RANGE, and has 21 overlap
phase angle is correct, but is lagging
modulation. ping octave-wide bands.
when the RF phase angle is leading. A
When the loop is locked, the differ sideband decision circuit detects the METER CIRCUITS
ence between the signal frequency and sideband mode and starts the search The voltmeter and phasemeter cir-
IF - CHANNEL A
Load as
Required
-20
^
Amplitude -50
Q -40
1-100
i
Z)
I -60
ï 20
3 10
MARGIN = tlldB
(PHASE = -180°)
19.9960 20.0000 20.0040
FREQUENCY (MHz) 1 2 4 1 0 2 0 4 0
FREQUENCY (MHz)
Expanded Smith chart plot of reflection coefficient Gain and phase shift of -hp- Model 8442A 20- Open-loop gain and phase shift for a transistor
of 50-ohm ±1% metal film resistor attached to MHz Crystal Filter as measured with new RF Vec amplifier circuit as measured with RF Vector Volt
BNC connector. Circuit was (a) with probe B in tor Voltmeter. meter Amplifier was iinctahlp, ac gain and phase
position Bl, resistor as device X, and only one margins indicate.
directional coupler.
ÃÃUÃÃÃÃ Current
Transformer
20-kHz IF output of Vector Voltmeter observed on Phase versus length of cable for system shown in
-hp- 120B Oscilloscope (bandwidth = 450 kHz). block diagram, calibrated at 75 MHz (quarter-
Input to VVM was 300-MHz carrier, amplitude wavelength = 1 m). Phase resolution of VVM is
modulated by 1-kHz signal. Oscilloscope was syn 0.1°, allowing length to be determined within 0.6
chronized to modulating signal only. mm at 75 MHz, or more accurately at higher
frequencies.
Phase Response vs. Test Point Impedance4: pler*. Voltage error introduced is less than
Less than ±2° 0 to 50 ohms, less than —9° ±6% 1 to 200 MHz, response is 3 dB down
25 to 1000 ohms. Effects of test-point imped at 500 MHz; if used on one channel only,
SPECIFICATIONS ance are eliminated when 10214A 10:1 Divider phase error introduced is less than ±(3 -f-
-hp- or 10216A Isolator is used. 0.185f/MHz)°.
10213-62102 Ground Clips (six furnished) for
MODEL 8405A Isolation Between Channels: Greater than 100
dB 1 to 400 MHz, greater than 75 dB 400 10214A and 10216A.
VECTOR VOLTMETER 5020-0457 Probe Tips (six furnished).
MHz to 1 GHz.
Instrument Type: Two-channel sampling RF milli Input Impedance (nominal): 0.1 megohm Accessories Available:
volt meter-phase m èter which measures volt shunted by approximately 2.5 pF; 1 megohm 10218A BNC Adapter, converts probe tip to
age level in two channels and simultaneously shunted by approximately 2 pF when 10214A male BNC connector, $6.00.
displays the phase angle between the two 10:1 Divider is used; 0.1 megohm shunted by 10220A Adapter, for connection of Microdot
signals. approximately 5 pF when 10216A Isolator is screw-on coaxial connectors to the probe,
used, ac coupled. $3.50.
Frequency Range: 1 MHz to 1 GHz in 21 over
10221A 50-ohm Tee, with GR874 RF fittings,
,
lapping octave bands (lowest band covers two Maximum ac Input (for proper operation): 3 V
for monitoring signals in 50-ohm transmis
octaves). p-p (30 V p-p when 10214A 10:1 Divider is
sion line without terminating the line,
Meter Bandwidth: 1 kHz. used).
$40.00.
Tuning: Automatic within each band. Automatic Maximum dc Input: ±150 V. 11529A Accessory Case, for convenient stor
phase control (ARC) circuit responds to the 20 kHz IF Output (each channel): Reconstructed age of accessories, includes two compart-
channel A input signal. Search and lock time, signals, with 20 kHz fundamental compo mented shelves and snap-shut lid, $8.50.
approximately 10 millisec; maximum sweep nents, having the same amplitude, waveform, 1250-0778 Adapter, both connectors type N
speed, 15 MHz/sec. and phase relationship as the input signals. male (UG-57B/U).
Voltage Range: Output impedance, 1000 ohms in series with 1250-0780 Adapter, type N male and BNC
Channel A: 1.5 mV to 1 V rms from 1 to 5 2000 pF, BNC female connectors. female (UG-201A/U).
MHz; 300 /iV to 1 V rms, 5 to 500 MHz; 500 Recorder Output: 1250-0846 Adapter, Tee, all connectors type
/¿V to 1 V rms, 500 MHz to 1 GHz; can be Amplitude: 0 to +1 Vdc ±6% open circuit, N female (UG-28A/U).
extended by a factor of 10 with 10214A proportional to voltmeter reading. Output General Radio type 874-W50 50-ohm Load
10:1 Divider. impedance, 1000 ohms; BNC female con (also available from -hp- under part no.
Channel B: 100 /iV to 1 V rms full scale (input nector. 0950-0090).
to channel A required); can be extended by General Radio type 874-QNP Adapter, GR 874
Phase: 0 to ±0.5 Vdc ±6%, proportional to
a factor of 10 with 10214A 10:1 Divider. and type N male (also available from -hp—
phase meter reading; less than 1% effect
Meter Ranges: 100 ¿¿V to 1 V rms full scale under part no. 1250-0847).
on Recorder Output and meter reading
in 10-dB steps. General Radio type 874-QNJA Adapter, GR
when external load is >10,000 ohms; BNC
874 and type N female (also available from
Full-Scale Voltage Accuracy: Within ±2% 1 to female connector.
-hp- under part no. 1250-0240).
100 MHz, within ±6% to 400 MHz, within RFI: Conducted and radiated leakage limits are General Radio type 874-QBPA Adapter, GR
±12% to 1 GHz, not including response to below those specified in MIL-I-6181D and 874 and BNC male (also available from
test-point impedance*. MIL-I-16910C except for pulses emitted from -hp- under part no. 1250-0849).
Voltage Response to Test Point Impedance: probes. Spectral intensity of these pulses is General Radio type 874-QBJA Adapter, G R
-fO, —2% from 25 to 1000 ohms. Effects of approximately 60 /zV/MHz; spectrum extends 874 and BNC female (also available from
test- point impedance are eliminated when to approximately 2 GHz. Pulse rate varies -hp- under part no. 1250-0850).
10214A 10:1 Divider or 10216A Isolator is from 1 to 2 MHz.
used. Complementary Equipment:
Power: 115 or 230 V ±10%, 50 to 400 Hz, 35 774D Dual Directional Coupler, 215 to 450
Residual Noise: Less than 10 t¿V as indicated on
watts. MHz, $200.00.
the meter.
Weight: Net 30 Ibs. (13,5 kg). Shipping 35 ibs. 775D Dual Directional Coupler, 450 to 950
Phase Range: 360°, indicated on zero-center
(15,8 kg). MHz, $200.00.
meter with end-scale ranges of ±180, ±60,
8491A (Option 10) 10-dB Coaxial Attenuator,
±18, and ±6°. Meter indicates phase differ Dimensions:
$50.00.
ence between the fundamental components of 163/4 in. wide, 7%2 in. high, 18% in. deep
8491A (Option 20) 20-dB Coaxial Attenuator,
the input signals. (425 x 185,2 x 467 mm) overall. Hardware
$50.00.
Resolution: 0.1° at any phase angle. furnished for conversion to rack mount 19 in.
wide, 631/3z in. high, 163/s in. deep behind Price: Model 8405A, $2500.00.
Meter Offset: -:180° in 10° steps.
panel (483 x 177,2 x 416 mm). Prices f.o.b. factory.
Phase Accuracy: Within ±1°, not including
Accessories Furnished:
phase response vs. frequency, amplitude, and Data subject to change without notice.
10214A 10:1 Divider (two furnished) for ex
test-point impedance.
tending voltmeter range. Voltage error in " Variations in the high-frequency impedance of
Phase Response vs. Frequency: Less than —0.2" troduced is less than =6% 1 MHz to 700 test points as the probe is shifted from point
1 MHz to 100 MHz, less than =3° 100 MHz MHz, less than. ±12% to 1 GHz; if used on to point influence the samplers and can cause
to 1 GHz. one channel only, phase error introduced is the indicated amplitude and phase errors.
Phase Response vs. Signal Amplitude: Less than less than ±(1 + 0.015f/MHz)°. These errors are different from the effects of
±2° for an amplitude change from 100 /¿V 10216A Isolator (two furnished) for eliminat any test-point loading due to the input imped
to 1 V rms. ing effect of test-point impedance on sam ance of the probes.
12
© Copr. 1949-1998 Hewlett-Packard Co.
A PORTABLE BATTERY-POWERED MULTI-FUNCTION METER
WITH LAB-QUALITY PERFORMANCE
THE EVER-USEFUL PORTABLE VOLT- ing the advantages of both the active significance, the meter circuitry is av
OHMMETER finds wide application pri and passive types of instruments with erage-responding, which provides read
marily because it is a passive device no sacrifice in portability. Accordingly, ings that approximate true rms values
requiring no external power. Unen a new portable transistorized multi on distorted waveforms more closely
cumbered by a line cord, it is easily function meter has been designed with than peak-reading voltmeters do.
moved from place to place and it can performance comparable to laboratory The dc measuring capabilities also
be readily operated where ac line instruments, but it requires only an benefit from the use of active devices.
power is not available. The absence of inexpensive dry-cell battery for power. DC input impedance is 10 megohms on
a line cord has a further advantage in The use of active devices makes it all dc voltage ranges, in contrast with
that a common source of ground loops possible for this instrument to have the usual 20,000 ohms per volt of the
is thereby eliminated. high-caliber ac performance. The passive multimeters, and the most sen
On the other hand, voltmeters with bandwidth of the new multimeter sitive of the nine dc voltage ranges has
active components are widely used, (_/,p_ Model 427 A) is specified as 10 Hz been made ±100 mV full scale with
even though ac line power may be re to 1 MHz but this range represents only 1 -mV scale resolution (the highest range
quired, because of the advantages that the flat portion of the response curve, is 1000 V full scale). Accuracy for both
amplifiers bring to voltmeter perform as shown in Fig. 1. Actually, the instru dc and ac voltage measurements is
ance. Compared to the passive voltme ment is useful throughout a range from ±2% of full scale, and this accuracy is
ters, the active types have greater sensi 1 Hz to 4 MHz. The most sensitive of maintained throughout a temperature
tivity, higher input impedance, and, the ten ac voltage ranges has been range of 0° to 50°C. Temperature drift
where ac as well as dc voltages are con made 10 mV full scale, and the highest in dc measurements is typically only
cerned, broader bandwidths. range is 300 V full scale. Furthermore, 1/2 mV/°C and a front panel control
Nowadays, transistor circuits can be the ac input impedance is 10 megohms allows any drift on the sensitive dc
readily included in the design of bat on all ranges (shunted by 20 pF or 40 voltage ranges to be zeroed.
tery-powered voltohmmeters, combin pF, depending on range). Of especial As an ohmmeter, the new multi-
3
2
1 \
0
-1
-2
3
5 10 \ 2 34
Hz MHz
© Copr. 1949-199813
Hewlett-Packard Co.
:; Operating point .
/Load line
Vgso
vds
(Increased temperature)
DESIGN LEADERS
function meter has 7 mid-scale ranges on dc so that the same floating input
IS1
from 10 ohms to 10 megohms with a terminals can be used for both ac and
mid scale accuracy of ±5%, and it can dc voltage measurements. AC voltages
read resistance values to as low as 0.2
ohm.
The instrument thus has lab-quality
performance, but it retains the rugged-
at frequencies of 60 Hz and higher and
with peak amplitudes 100 times greater
than full scale (up to 450 volts peak)
affect a dc reading less than 1%. In the
> fe
ness and portability of the passive mul ac mode, the input is capacitively-cou- James M. Colwell Noel M. Pace
timeter, in addition to being well- pled to remove any dc component from Jim Colwell joined the -hp- Love-
suited for all-around use in the lab or the ac. Thus, both the ac and dc signals land Division development group after
service shop, it brings laboratory pei- at the same point in a circuit, such as graduation from Purdue University
formance to the field, to boats, to air dc bias and ac signal level, may be with a BSEE degree in 1964. Since
joining -hp-, Jim has worked on am
craft, or to any situation where ac line measured without changing input con plifiers and metering circuits with the
power is not readily available. nections. Model 427A Voltmeter as his major
COMMON AC AND DC INPUTS responsibility. He is presently studying
The separate ohms input is discon
toward his MSEE degree at Colorado
The new multimeter was designed nected by internal switching while State University. Jim is a member of
with large rejection of superimposed ae making voltage measurements to pro- Eta Kappa Nu and IEEE.
Fig. Rec Typical zero stability of -hp- Model 427 A Voltmeter. Rec
ord was made in laboratory environment subject to usual tempera
ture fluctuations of ±2°C.
tect both the instrument and the cir counteracted by an equal but opposite temperature coefficient similar to the
cuit. All inputs are disconnected when drift in the field-effect transistor (FET) FET gate.
the instrument is turned off, thus re input circuit. The FET drain current The measures taken in this instru
moving any loading from external cir is supplied from a constant current ment to compensate for the tempera
cuits that remain connected to the source, thus placing the load line ture susceptibility of solid-state devices,
voltmeter. shown in Fig. 1 parallel to the constant plus the use of metal film resistors,
gate-source voltage (V,.,) lines. The wire-wound potentiometers, and tem
TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION
FET is biased above the critical bias perature-compensated voltage regula
A major problem in the design of
point (operating point of zero tempera tors, result in a total instrument tem
any sensitive dc measuring instrument
ture coefficient) so that the FET oper perature coefficient typically less than
concerns drift, which affects reading
ating point (Q) shifts slightly with a i/, mV/°C. Operating temperature
accuracy. Although chopper amplifiers
change of temperature to compensate range is 0 to 50°C. The overall dc zero
are widely used to eliminate drift, the
for temperature-induced changes in the stability of the new multimeter under
design of the -hp- Model 427A Volt
rest of the amplifier. laboratory conditions is shown by the
meter did not include a chopper am
graph of Fig. 5.
plifier for two reasons. First of all, the Leakage current from the FET gate,
current drain of a chopper system which actually amounts to only a frac CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT
would not permit the use of an inex tion of a nanoampere, is opposed in A block diagram of the new multim
pensive dry-cell battery. Secondly, the the input attenuator by an equal re eter in the dc voltage mode of opera
chopper system would increase the cost verse leakage current from a diode con tion is shown in Fig. 6. The input is
above the target price level. nected in parallel with the FET gate. fed directly to the precision attenuator
In place of a chopper amplifier, an Minimum offset voltage in the atten and then through the two-section de-
amplifier was designed in which the uator is thus assured. The reverse- filter to the Impedance Converter. The
unavoidable drift of transistors was biased diode was selected to have a Impedance Converter is a unity-gain
-
CONVERTER
COM o-
15
© Copr. 1949-1998 Hewlett-Packard Co.
AC INPUT AC POST
ATTENUATOR ATTENUATOR''
amplifier that matches the input to the dude a voltage source to drive current
low impedance of the meter move through the unknown resistance, as SPECIFICATIONS
ment, using the FET to achieve very shown in Fig. 8. The sets of series re -hp-
high input impedance. sistances, Ra and Rb, are chosen such MODEL 427A
VOLTMETER
The Impedance Converter, which that an open circuit at the input causes
has a response from dc to 4 MHz, is full scale (infinity) deflection of the DC VOLTMETER
VOLTAGE RANGES: ±100 mV to ±1000 V
also used in the ac mode of operation meter. When the unknown resistance, full scale in a 1,3, 10 sequence (9 ranges).
ACCURACY: = 2% of full scale on any range
to match the high impedance of the in Rs, has the same value as R^ in parallel (O'C to 50°C).
INPUT RESISTANCE: 10 megohms on all
put to the low impedance of the broad with R,,, meter deflection is half scale. ranges.
band ac attenuator (the ac mode also AC REJECTION: Superimposed peak AC volt
The ohmmeter infinity adjustment ages 60 Hz and above and 100 times
uses a two-step ac attenuator at the greater than full scale affect reading less
is made by the same front panel con than 1%. 450 volts peak maximum.
input). A second amplifier is switched trol that zeroes the dc voltage ranges. OVERLOAD: 1200 Vdc on any range.
stable gain in the ac mode. Each rec 300 hours of continuous operation or by 40 pF on 10 mV to 1 V ranges; 20 pF
on 3 V to 300 V ranges.
tifier conducts for a full half cycle of up to 700 hours of intermittent opera RESPONSE: Responds to average value of
input; calibrated in rms volts for sine
the ac waveform; hence, the meter re tion (a series regulator allows the in wave input.
OVERLOAD: 300 V rms momentarily up to
sponds to the average value of the strument to function with rated accu 1 V range. 425 V rms maximum above 1 V
range.
racy on battery voltages as low as 15
waveform. The scale, however, is cali OHMMETER
volts).
brated to read the nns value of a sine RESISTANCE RANGES: 10 ohms center scale
wave input. For those applications where the in to 10 megohms center scale (7 ranges).
ACCURACY: -5% of reading at midscale
strument may remain in one place, a (0°C to -i-50°C).
Resistance measurements use the dc SOURCE CURRENT:
voltage measurement circuits but in- built-in power supply has been de
signed for operation on an ac line.
Instruments with this modification
have a rear panel switch that discon
nects the power line and places the
instrument on battery operation when
complete isolation from power line GENERAL
FLOATING INPUT: May be operated up to
ground is desired. 500 Vdc above ground. (Ohms input open
in any function except 'OHMS'; volts input
open when instrument is 'OFF').
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS POWER: 22'/2 volt dry cell battery (Eveready
No. 763 or RCA VS102).
The -hp- Model 427A Voltmeter was Option 01: Battery operation and ac line
operation (selectable on rear panel). 115
designed at the -hp- Loveland Labora or 230 V =20%, 50 Hz to 1000 Hz, V2 W.
tories under the project leadership of SIZE: Standard -hp— !/3 module. Nominally
5% in. wide, 6% in. high, 8 in. deep.
Noel Pace. Product design was by Li WEIGHT: Net, 5V, Ibs. (2,36 kg); Shipping,
6i/2 Ibs. (2.9 kg).
onel K. Danielson and circuit design ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE:
11039A Capacitive voltage divider (1000:1)
was by the undersigned. Many helpful 25 kV max.
PRICE: -hp- 427A: $195.00 with battery.
ideas and suggestions were provided by Option 01; AC line and battery operation
$230.00.
Marco Negrete. Prices f.o.b. factory
Fig. 8. Ohmmeter circuits. — /urnes M. Colwcll Data subject to change without notice
16
© Copr. 1949-1998 Hewlett-Packard Co.