Mole

 A mole is a unit of amount of substance. It is a general term to describe an amount of atoms, ions, or
molecules.
 A mole is defined as the amount of substance which contains the Avogadro number of particles. [Avogadro
number = 6 x 1023]

So, one mole of particle contains 6×1023 particles.

1 mole of any substance has its own particular mass. e.g. 1 mole of water = 18g

 Quoting the formula is a must in expression of mole of something.

1 mole of oxygen atoms, with a mass of 16g

1 mole of oxygen molecules, O2, with a mass of 32g.

Number of particles
Number of moles of particles =
6×1023

Molar mass
The mass of one mole (molar mass) of substance is its-

 Relative atomic mass of the element in grams if the substance exists as atoms.
Molar mass of sodium is 23 g which is equal to its Ar.
 Relative molecular mass in grams if the substance exists as molecules.
Example, molar mass of oxygen (O2) is 32g.
 Relative formula mass in grams if the substance exists as ionic compound.
Molar mass of MgO is

 Finding moles of a substance (mass is known):

Find the relative formula mass (Mr) or, relative atomic mass Ar of substance.

Mass of element (g)

Number of moles of an atom = or,
Ar of the atom
Mass of molecule (g) Mass of substance (g)
Number of moles of a molecule (substance) = =
Mr of the substance Mass of 1 mole (g)

 Finding mass of a substance (number of mole is known):

Find the relative formula mass (Mr) of substance.

Mr = mass of 1 mole of the substance.

Mass = number of moles × mass of 1mole (g)

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  Finding relative molar mass of a substance (number of mole and mass are known):

Mass of substance in grams

Mr of the substance =
Number of moles of molecule

Exercise (1): A conical flask contains 68.4 g of octane (C8H18). How many molecules of octane are there in the flask?

Solution: Number of moles of octane = mass of octane/M r of octane = 68.4/114 =0.6 mol

Number of molecules of octane = number of moles × Avogrado’s constant

= 0.6×6×10 23 =3.6×1023

Ar of the element × number of atoms of that element

 Percentage by mass of an element in a compound =
Mr of the compound

Exercise (6): Calculate the percentage of water in copper II sulphate crystals (CuSO 4.5H2O).

Solution: Mr of CuSO4.5H2O is 64+ 32+ (4×16) + (5×18) =250

Mr of H2O is (1×2) +16 = 18

Mr of the H2O × number of molecule of H2O in the formula
So, percentage of water = × 100%
Mr of CuSO4.5H2O

= [(18×5)/250] ×100% = 36%

Formula

Exercise (8):

The following results were obtained in an experiment to determine formula of an oxide of magnesium.

Sample results:

Mass of crucible + lid =26.25g

Mass of crucible +lid magnesium=27.72g

Mass of crucible + lid magnesium oxide= 28.52g

a. Find the empirical formula of the compound

b. If the Mr of oxide of manganese is 40, what is its molecular formula?

Solution: mass of magnesium = (27.72 - 26.52)=1.20g

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Mass of magnesium oxide produced= (28.52 - 26.52)g=2.00g

Mass of oxygen reacted = (2.00-1.20) g = 0.80g

Elements Mg O
Mass 1.20 0.80
Ar 24 16
Number of moles 1.20/24 =0.05 0.80/16 = 0.05
Ratio of moles 0.05/0.05 = 1 0.05/0.05 = 1
a) So, empirical formula= MgO

b) Mr from MgO = 24+16 =40

Relative formula mass

n = = 40/40 =1
Mr from MgO

Molecular formula of MgO is (MgO)1 = MgO

Exercise (9): Finding the n in BaCl2.nH2O [n is number of water moles of crystallization]

Solution: Mass of crucible=30.00g

Mass of crucible +barium chloride crystals, BaCl 2.nH2O =32.44g
Mass of crucible +anhydrous barium chloride, BaCl 2 =32.08g
Mass of BaCl2 =32.08–30.00=2.08g
Mass of water =32.44 – 32.08 = 0.36g

BaCl2 H2O
Mass 2.08 0.36
Mr 208 18
Number of moles 2.08/208 =0.01 0.36/18 = 0.02
Molar ratio 0.01/0.01 = 1 0.02/0.01 = 2
Empirical formula BaCl2.2H2O

BQ. Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulfate, CaSO4.nH2O. A sample of gypsum was heated in a crucible until all the
water of crystallization had been driven off. The following results were obtained:

Mass of crucible = 37.34 g

Mass of crucible + gypsum, CaSO4.nH2O =45.94g

Mass of crucible + anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4=44.14g

Calculate the value of n in the formula CaSO4.nH2O

(Ar: H=1, O= 16, Ca=40, S=32)

Solution:

Mass of anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4 = (44.14 - 37.34) g = 6.80g

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Mass of water = 45.94 – 44.14 = 0.86g

CaSO4 H2O
Mass 6.8 1.8
Mr 136 18
Number of moles 6.80/136 =0.05 1.8/18 = 0.1
Molar ratio 0.05/0.05 = 1 0.1/0.05= 2
Empirical formula CaSO4.2 H2O
So, n=2.

 The percentage of each element is directly proportional to its mass in grams.

Thus, the mass of each element in 100g of compound is its percentage in the compound.

Q. Compound X contains 40.0%, Carbons, 6.6% Hydrogen and 53.3% Oxygen. Its relative molecular mass is 180.
What is the molecular formula of X?

Solution:

C H O
Percentage in compound (%) 40 6.6 53.3
Ar 12 1 16
Number of moles 40/12 = 3.33 6.6/1= 6.6 53.3/16 = 3.33
Ar/ Number of moles 3.33/3.33 =1 6.6/3.33 = 2 3.33/3.33 =1
Molar ratio 1 2 1
Empirical formula CH2O
Relative mass from empirical formula = (12+1×2+16) =30

So, n= 180/30 =3

Molecular formula = (CH2O) 3 = C3H6O3

Q. A sample of hydrated copper (II) sulphate weighs 124.8g. The sample has been determined to contain 31.80 g of
copper ions and 48.00g of sulphate ions.

a) How many molecule of water of crystallization are present in the sample?

b) Deduce the actual formula of hydrated copper II sulphate.

Solution:

a) 124.8 = 31.80 + 48.0 + n 18 = 79.80 + n 18

So, 18 n = 124.80 - 79.80 = 45

So, n = 2.5

b)

Cu SO4
Mass 31.80 48.00
Mr 63.50 96
Number of moles 31.80/63.50 =0.50 48/96= 0.50
Molar ratio 0.50/0.50 =1 0.50/0.50= 1
Empirical formula CuSO4.2.5H2O
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  Calculate reacting masses using experimental data and chemical equations:

Exercise (10): Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide that can be made by completely burning 6g of magnesium in
oxygen.
Equation for reaction: 2Mg+O2- 2MgO
1. Calculate the amount, in moles, of magnesium reacted

Ar of Mg is 24
Amount of magnesium= (6÷24) =0.25mol

2. Calculate the amount of magnesium oxide formed

The equation tells us that 2 mol of Mg for 2mol of MgO; hence the amount of MgO formed is the same as the amount
of Mg reacted.
Amount of MgO formed is 0.25mol

3. Calculate the mass of MgO formed

Mr of MgO+ (24+ 16) = 40

Mass of magnesium oxide = (0.25x40) =10g

BQ. Titanium is manufactured by heating titanium (IV) chloride with sodium.

TiCl4(g) + 4Na(l) Ti(s) + 4NaCl(s)

1.0g of TiCl4 is reacted with excess sodium

(Ar: Na = 23, Ti = 48, Cl =35.5)

a. calculate the amount in moles of TiCl4 reacted.

b. calculate the amount in moles of Ti formed.

c. calculate the mass of Ti formed.

d. calculate mass of sodium chloride formed.

e. calculate the mass of Ti formed when 1 tonne of TiCl 4 reacts with excess sodium (1 tonne is 1000000g)

 Limiting reactant: the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction is known as the limiting reactant.
 The reactant that is not used up in a reaction is called the excess reactant.
 The quantity of products formed in a reaction is always determined by the quantity of the limiting reactant.

BQ: 1.0g of CaCO3 is reacted with 0.015 mol of HCl:

CaCO3(s) +2HCl (aq) CaCl 2 (aq)+H2O(l) +CO2(g)

a) Determine which reagent is present in excess.

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b) Calculate the mass of CO2 produced.
(Ar: Ca =40, C =12, O=16)

Number of moles of CaCO3 = 1.0/100 = 0.01 mol

From equation, 1 mole of CaCO3 reacts with 2 mol of HCl,

So, 0.01 mol CaCO3 reacts with 2× 0.01 mol = 0.02 mol HCl

There are less than 0.02 mol of HCl, therefore HCl is limited.

Number of moles of HCl = 0.015 mol

From equation, 2 mol of HCl reacts with 1 mole of CaCO3,

So., 0.015 HCl mol reacts with (0.015/2) = 0.0075 mol of CaCO3

There is more than 0.0075 mol of CaCO3, therefore CaCO3 is in excess.

b) According to equation, 2 mol HCl produces 1 mol CO2

0.015 mol HCl produces (0.015/2) = 0.0075 mol CO2

Mass of CO2 produces = (44× 0.0075) = 0.33g

Calculate percentage yield

The actual yield is the amount of product that's actually there to be used at the end of the manufacturing
process.
The predicted yield is the amount that might have been expected if nothing had got lost along the way.
In practice, some product will be lost during the process when purifying the product by filtration or evaporation or
when transferring a liquid or when heating.
Percentage yield = (actual yield x 100%) / predicted yield

BQ. Copper sulfate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O, can be made by heating copper (II) oxide with dilute sulfuric acid and then
crystallizing the solution formed.

a) Calculate the maximum mass of crystals that could be made from 4.00g of copper (II) oxide using an excess of
sulfuric acid.

CuO(s) +H2SO4 (aq) CuSO4(aq) +H2O(l)

CuSO4(aq) +5H2O(l) CuSO4.5H2O(s)

b) If the actual mass of copper (II) sulfate collected at the end of the experiment was 11.25g, calculate the percentage
yield.

(Ar: H=1, O=16,S=32,Cu=63.5)

Solution:

a) Mr of CuO = 63.5 +16 = 79.5

Number of moles = 4.00/79.50 = 0.0503 moles

Mr of CuSO4.5 H2O = 63.5+ 32+ (16×4) + 5 [(1×2) + 16] = 249.5

From equation, 1 mol CuO produces 1mol CuSO4

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So, 0.0503 mole CuO produces (1× 0.0503) moles = 0.0503 moles CuSO4

Again, 1mole CuSO4 produces 1 mole CuSO4.5 H2O.

So, 0.0503 moles CuSO4 produces 0.0503 moles CuSO4.5 H2O.

Mass of theoretical CuSO4.5 H2O = 0.0503 × 249.5 =12.55g

Maximum mass of crystals =12.549g

b) Actual yield of copper (II) sulfate =11.25g

So, Percentage yield = (actual yield / predicted yield) ×100% = (11.25/12.55)×100% = 89.64%

Carry out mole calculations using volumes and molar concentrations.

Mole = Volume (cm3) /1000 x Concentration (mol/dm3)

Concentration in g/dm3 = Concentration in mol/dm3 x Mr
Molar volume of a gas and usage of its values (24 dm 3 and 24,000 cm3) at room temperature and pressure
(r.t.p) in calculations.
Volume of one mole of any gas is molar volume. It is 24dm 3 or 24000 cm3 at R.T.P.

A chemical equation which is expressed by using word is called word equation.

e.g.: Carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A chemical equation which is expressed by using symbols is called chemical equation.
e.g.: C(s) + O2 (g ) CO2(g)

Use the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) in chemical equations to represent solids, liquids, gases and
aqueous solutions respectively,
 (s) for solids
 (l) for liquids
 (g) for gases
 (aq) for aqueous solution

 One mole of any gas occupies 24dm3(24000cm3) at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p). It is called molar
volume.

Volume of gas in cm3 at r.t.p

Number of moles=
24000cm3

Volume of gas in cm3 at r.t.p = Number of moles × 24000cm3

Volume of gas in dm3 at r.t.p = Number of moles×24

Example: What is the volume, in dm3, of 8g oxygen gas at r,t,p.

Solution:
Mass of oxygen
Number of moles of hydrogen = = = 8/32 = 0.25 mol
Mr of oxygen

So, Volume of oxygen = 0.25 × 24 = 6 dm3

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Example: Calculate the volume of 0.01g of hydrogen at r.t.p.
Number of moles of hydrogen = mass/mass of 1 mol = (0.01/2) mol = 0.05 mol
Volume of hydrogen = number of moles molar volume = 0.005 × 24000cm3 =120cm3
Example: In an experiment, hydrochloric acid was reacted with calcium carbonate at room temperature and pressure.
80 cm3 of carbon dioxide was produced. Calculate the number of molecules of carbon dioxide given off.
Solution: number of moles of carbon dioxide given off = 80/24000 = 3.33 ×10-3 mol
Number of molecules of carbon dioxide given off = number of moles Avogadro’s constant.
= 3.33 ×10 -3 mol × 6×1023
= 2.00×1021

Example: Calculate the mass of oxygen gas (O2) in a room that measures 4m high, 8m wide and 10m long. Assume
that air contains 20% oxygen. (1m3=106 cm3)
Solution: volume of air in the room = 4 × 8 ×10 =320 m3 =320 ×106 cm3
Volume of oxygen in the room =(320 ×106 cm3) 20% =64 ×106 cm3
Mass of oxygen = number of moles of oxygen × Mr
= volume of oxygen /molar volume × 32
(64 ×106 cm3)/(24000cm3) × 32
= 8.53× 104 g

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