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What is Sampling?

▷ Selecting few (sample) from a large group (sample population).

▷ e.g. Job satisfaction among public sector employees in Germany

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○ 16% of total population (approx. 13m) – Time/Cost consuming!!

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○ Select a suitable sample from 13m population
by Location – Munich, Berlin, Frankfurt

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■
■ by Department – Interior, Finance, Defence

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Sampling Terminology

Study Population – Total population (13m)

Job satisfaction among public sector

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Sample/Sample Size – Selected sample (n)

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employees in Germany

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Sampling Design – How sample is selected

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Sampling Unit – Each employee is an Unit
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Sample Statistics – Findings from sample

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Sampling Consideration

Size of Sample Variations in Sample

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Variation in Sample population

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Larger the sample
characteristics

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Accurate the findings Greater uncertainty
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Sampling Types in Quantitative Research

▷ Random (aka Probability)

▷ Non-Random (aka Non-Probability)
Mixed

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▷

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Random/Probability Sampling (1/2)
Randomly selected sample – each has equal and independent chance of
selection
Equal Independent
Probability of each sample being No sample is dependent on other

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selected is Equal sample

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Total employees: 100; Total employees: 100;
Agreed: 80, Department 5; Each department: 20 pax.

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Refused: 20 Department 2 says all 30 needs to be
(Not equal) included else none of them will
participate.

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(Not Independent; Not acceptable)

m Total employees: 100;

Department 20; Each department: 5 pax.
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Department 15 says all 30 needs to be
included else none of them will
participate.
(Not Independent; Acceptable)

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Random/Probability Sampling (2/2)
Sample selection technique

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Narrower focus for larger sample size (e.g. German Public Sector)

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e.g. Clustered by department and select 1000 from each
Cluster
Narrow focus with similar characteristics e.g. gender, age, earning,

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Proportionate: near equal distribution. of 100 - 50 men 50 women
Stratified Disproportionate: varied distribution: of 100 - 20 men, 80 women

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Choose from random numbers (manual/software)
Simple/Lottery
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Non-Random/Non-Probability
Non-Random – Sample features are wide/unknown

Select sample as you get Identify who you think Network sampling. Find
can provide one. He/she will find few

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until you reach total

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number correct/unbiased more
information

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Quota Sampling Judgemental Snowball

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Pre determined sample size Quan
Application

Qual When researcher want to stop

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Mixed Sampling

▷ Random and Non-Random

○ Identify total population (30)
○ Decide sample size (6)

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○ Calculate interval distribution (30/6 -› 5)
○ Spread the sample in intervals ( 5 in each interval)

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○ Take 1st sample who best suits (3rd from 5 in first internal)

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○ Take 2nd sample (must also be from 3rd position in next interval)

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Sample Size Calculation (1/2)

▷ Step 1 – Know your population size (precise or approx.)

○ Total number of employee: 1000 (approx.)
▷ Step 2 – Determine Margin of Error

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○ acceptable amount of error (generally 5%)
■ 60% of population would go for bus over car with 5% margin of error

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■ i.e. given entire population surveyed, you are confident between 55%-65% would go
for bus

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▷ Step 3 – Set Confidence Level
○
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Claim your confidence that you will meet your margin of error (typically 90%,
95% or 99%)
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■ i.e. given entire population surveyed, you are 99% confident between 55%-65%
would go for bus

▷ Step 4 – Determine Standard Deviation

○ Degree of variation; hard to determine
○ Value set at worst case - 0.5 (50%) to trigger larger sample 13
 Sample Size Calculation (2/2)

▷ Step 5– Find Z score

○ Fixed value based on confidence level
○ 99% confidence level -› Z of 2.58 (95% -› 1.96, 90% -› 1.65, 85% -› 1.44)

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▷ Step 6 – Use the formula
for known population for unknown population (Step 1 invalid)

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○ ○

𝑧2 × 𝑝 1−𝑃 𝑧 2𝑥 𝑃 1−𝑝
■

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ⅇ2 ⅇ2
■ 𝑧2 𝑥 𝑃 1−𝑝
1+
ⅇ2 𝑁 2⋅58 2 × 0.5 1−0.5
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2.582 × 0.5 1−0.5 2⋅58 2
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0.052
■ 2⋅582 × 0.5 1−0.5 665 sample
1+
.052 × 1000

(N ) population size
(z ) z-score
400 sample
(e ) margin of error
(p ) standard deviation
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Sampling Criteria (Quan vs. Qual)

▷ Quantitative
○ Unbiased
○ Represent specific group of population being researched on

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▷ Qualitative
○ Researcher powered

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■ Easily available

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■ Extend of knowledge
■ Sample related to specific phenomenon/issue
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