Fitting Integrands To Basic Integration Rules

508 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals
8.1 Basic Integration Rules

Review procedures for fitting an integrand to one of the basic integration rules.
Fitting Integrands to Basic Integration Rules

REVIEW OF BASIC
INTEGRATION RULES In this chapter, you will study several integration techniques that greatly expand the set
冇a > 0冈 of integrals to which the basic integration rules can be applied. These rules are reviewed
at the left. A major step in solving any integration problem is recognizing which basic
1. 冕 kf 共u兲 du ⫽ k冕 f 共u兲 du integration rule to use.
2. 冕关 f 共u兲 ± g共u兲兴 du ⫽
A Comparison of Three Similar Integrals
冕 f 共u兲 du ± 冕g共u兲 du See LarsonCalculus.com for an interactive version of this type of example.
3. 冕 du ⫽ u ⫹ C Find each integral.
4. 冕 u du ⫽
n u
n⫹1
n⫹1
⫹ C, a. 冕 4
x ⫹9
2
dx b. 冕 4x
x ⫹9
2
dx c. 冕 4x 2
x2 ⫹ 9
dx
n ⫽ ⫺1
Solution
5. 冕 du
u ⱍⱍ
⫽ ln u ⫹ C
a. Use the Arctangent Rule and let u ⫽ x and a ⫽ 3.
6. 冕 e du ⫽ e ⫹ C
u u
冕 4
x2 ⫹ 9
dx ⫽ 4 冕
1
x 2 ⫹ 32
dx Constant Multiple Rule
7. 冕 a du ⫽ 冢
ln a 冣
1
u
a ⫹C u
8. 冕 sin u du ⫽ ⫺cos u ⫹ C
1
3 冢
⫽ 4 arctan
x
3
⫹C 冣 Arctangent Rule
4 x
9. 冕 cos u du ⫽ sin u ⫹ C
⫽ arctan ⫹ C Simplify.
3 3
10. 冕 tan u du ⫽ ⫺lnⱍcos uⱍ ⫹ C b. The Arctangent Rule does not apply because the numerator contains a factor of x.
Consider the Log Rule and let u ⫽ x 2 ⫹ 9. Then du ⫽ 2x dx, and you have
11. 冕 cot u du ⫽ lnⱍsin uⱍ ⫹ C
12. 冕sec u du ⫽
冕 x2
4x
⫹9
dx ⫽ 2 冕
2x dx
x2 ⫹ 9
Constant Multiple Rule
ⱍ
ln sec u ⫹ tan u ⫹ C ⱍ ⫽2
du
u 冕 Substitution: u ⫽ x 2 ⫹ 9
13. 冕 csc u du ⫽ ⫽ 2 ln u ⫹ C ⱍⱍ Log Rule
ⱍ
⫺ln csc u ⫹ cot u ⫹ C ⱍ ⫽ 2 ln共x2 ⫹ 9兲 ⫹ C. Rewrite as a function of x.
14. 冕 sec u du ⫽ tan u ⫹ C

2 c. Because the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator, you
should first use division to rewrite the improper rational function as the sum of a
15. 冕 csc u du ⫽ ⫺cot u ⫹ C
2
polynomial and a proper rational function.
16. 冕 sec u tan u du ⫽ sec u ⫹ C 冕 x2

4x 2
⫹9
dx ⫽ 冕冢 4⫹
⫺36
x2 ⫹ 9
dx 冣 Rewrite using long division.
17. 冕 csc u cot u du ⫽ ⫺csc u ⫹ C

⫽ 冕 1
4 dx ⫺ 36 dx 冕
冕
Write as two integrals.
du u x2 ⫹ 9
18. ⫽ arcsin ⫹ C
冪a 2 ⫺ u2 1 x
冢冣
a
⫽ 4x ⫺ 36 arctan ⫹C
冕
Integrate.
du 1 u 3 3
19. ⫽ arctan ⫹ C
a 2 ⫹ u2 a a x
⫽ 4x ⫺ 12 arctan ⫹ C
冕
Simplify.
20.
du 1 u
⫽ arcsec ⫹C ⱍⱍ 3
u冪u2 ⫺a2 a a
Note in Example 1(c) that some algebra is required before applying any integration
rules, and more than one rule is needed to evaluate the resulting integral.
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8.1 Basic Integration Rules 509
Using Two Basic Rules to Solve a Single Integral
y
Evaluate 冕
0
1
x⫹3
冪4 ⫺ x 2
dx.
Solution Begin by writing the integral as the sum of two integrals. Then apply the
Power Rule and the Arcsine Rule.
冕冕冕
x+3 1 1 1
y=
4 − x2
2
x⫹3 x 3
dx ⫽ dx ⫹ dx
冪4 ⫺ x 2 0 冪4 ⫺ x
2
0 冪4 ⫺ x
2
冕冕
0
1 1
1 1
1 ⫽⫺ 共4 ⫺ x 2兲⫺1兾2共⫺2x兲 dx ⫹ 3 dx
2 0 0 冪2 ⫺ x
2 2
1
冤冥
x
⫽ ⫺ 共4 ⫺ x2兲1兾2 ⫹ 3 arcsin
x 2 0
−1 1
␲
The area of the region is approximately
1.839.
冢
⫽ ⫺ 冪3 ⫹
2
⫺ 共⫺2 ⫹ 0兲冣
Figure 8.1 ⬇ 1.839 See Figure 8.1.
TECHNOLOGY Simpson’s Rule can be used to give a good approximation of

the value of the integral in Example 2 (for n ⫽ 10, the approximation is 1.839).
When using numerical integration, however, you should be aware that Simpson’s
Rule does not always give good approximations when one or both of the limits of
integration are near a vertical asymptote. For instance, using the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, you can obtain
冕0
1.99
x⫹3
冪4 ⫺ x2
dx ⬇ 6.213.
For n ⫽ 10, Simpson’s Rule gives an approximation of 6.889.
Rules 18, 19, and 20 of the basic integration rules on the preceding page all have
expressions involving the sum or difference of two squares:
a2 ⫺ u2, a2 ⫹ u2, and u2 ⫺ a2.
These expressions are often apparent after a u-substitution, as shown in Example 3.
Exploration A Substitution Involving a 2 ⴚ u 2

A Comparison of Three
Similar Integrals Which,
if any, of the integrals listed
Find 冕 x2
冪16 ⫺ x 6
dx.
below can be evaluated using Solution Because the radical in the denominator can be written in the form
the 20 basic integration rules? 冪a 2 ⫺ u2 ⫽ 冪4 2 ⫺ 共x 3兲2
For any that can be evaluated,
do so. For any that cannot, you can try the substitution u ⫽ x 3. Then du ⫽ 3x 2 dx, and you have
explain why not.
冕 3
冕 x2
冪16 ⫺ x 6
dx ⫽
1 3x 2 dx
3 冪16 ⫺ 共x 3兲2 冕 Rewrite integral.
冕
a. dx
冪1 ⫺ x2 1 du
冕
⫽ Substitution: u ⫽ x 3
3x 3 冪4 2 ⫺ u 2
b. dx
冪1 ⫺ x2 1 u
冕
⫽ arcsin ⫹ C Arcsine Rule
3x2 3 4
c. dx
冪1 ⫺ x2 1 x3
⫽ arcsin ⫹ C. Rewrite as a function of x.
3 4
Two of the most commonly overlooked integration rules are the Log Rule and the
Power Rule. Notice in the next two examples how these two integration rules can be
disguised.
A Disguised Form of the Log Rule
Find 冕 1
1 ⫹ ex
dx.
Solution The integral does not appear to fit any of the basic rules. The quotient form,
however, suggests the Log Rule. If you let u ⫽ 1 ⫹ e x, then du ⫽ e x dx. You can obtain
the required du by adding and subtracting e x in the numerator.
冕 1
1 ⫹ ex
dx ⫽ 冕
1 ⫹ ex ⫺ e x
1 ⫹ ex
dx Add and subtract e x in numerator.
REMARK Remember that
you can separate numerators but ⫽ 冕冢
1 ⫹ ex
1⫹e x ⫺
ex
1 ⫹ ex
dx 冣 Rewrite as two fractions.
冕冕
not denominators. Watch out for
this common error when fitting e x dx
⫽ dx ⫺ Rewrite as two integrals.
integrands to basic rules. For 1 ⫹ ex
instance, you cannot separate ⫽ x ⫺ ln共1 ⫹ e x兲 ⫹ C Integrate.
denominators in Example 4.
1 1 1 There is usually more than one way to solve an integration problem. For instance,
⫽ ⫹
1 ⫹ ex 1 ex in Example 4, try integrating by multiplying the numerator and denominator by e⫺x to
obtain an integral of the form ⫺兰 du兾u. See if you can get the same answer by this
procedure. (Be careful: the answer will appear in a different form.)
A Disguised Form of the Power Rule
Find 冕共cot x兲关ln共sin x兲兴 dx.
Solution Again, the integral does not appear to fit any of the basic rules. However,
considering the two primary choices for u
u ⫽ cot x or u ⫽ ln共sin x兲
you can see that the second choice is the appropriate one because
cos x
u ⫽ ln共sin x兲 and du ⫽ dx ⫽ cot x dx.
sin x
So,
冕共cot x兲关ln共sin x兲兴 dx ⫽ 冕 u du Substitution: u ⫽ ln共sin x兲
u2
⫽ ⫹C Integrate.
2
1
⫽ 关ln共sin x兲兴 2 ⫹ C. Rewrite as a function of x.
2
In Example 5, try checking that the derivative of

1
关ln共sin x兲兴 2 ⫹ C
2
is the integrand of the original integral.
Trigonometric identities can often be used to fit integrals to one of the basic
integration rules.
Using Trigonometric Identities
Find 冕 2
tan 2x dx.
TECHNOLOGY If you have Solution Note that tan2 u is not in the list of basic integration rules. However, sec 2 u
access to a computer algebra is in the list. This suggests the trigonometric identity tan2 u ⫽ sec2 u ⫺ 1. If you let
system, try using it to evaluate u ⫽ 2x, then du ⫽ 2 dx and
the integrals in this section.
Compare the forms of the 冕 tan2 2x dx ⫽
1
2 冕 tan 2 u du Substitution: u ⫽ 2x
冕
antiderivatives given by the
software with the forms 1
⫽ 共sec2 u ⫺ 1兲 du Trigonometric identity
obtained by hand. Sometimes 2
the forms will be the same, but
often they will differ. For ⫽
1
2 冕 sec2 u du ⫺
1
2
du 冕 Rewrite as two integrals.
instance, why is the antiderivative 1 u

ln 2x ⫹ C equivalent to the ⫽ tan u ⫺ ⫹ C Integrate.
2 2
antiderivative ln x ⫹ C?
1
⫽ tan 2x ⫺ x ⫹ C. Rewrite as a function of x.
2
This section concludes with a summary of the common procedures for fitting
integrands to the basic integration rules.
PROCEDURES FOR FITTING INTEGRANDS TO BASIC INTEGRATION RULES

Technique Example
Expand (numerator). 共1 ⫹ e x兲 2 ⫽ 1 ⫹ 2e x ⫹ e 2x
1⫹x 1 x
Separate numerator. ⫽ ⫹
x2 ⫹ 1 x2 ⫹ 1 x2 ⫹ 1
1 1
Complete the square. ⫽
冪2x ⫺ x 2 冪1 ⫺ 共x ⫺ 1兲 2
x2 1
Divide improper rational function. ⫽1⫺ 2
x ⫹1
2 x ⫹1
2x 2x ⫹ 2 ⫺ 2
Add and subtract terms in numerator. ⫽
x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 1 x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 1
2x ⫹ 2 2
⫽ 2 ⫺
x ⫹ 2x ⫹ 1 共x ⫹ 1兲2
Use trigonometric identities. cot 2 x ⫽ csc 2 x ⫺ 1
1 ⫺ sin x
Multiply and divide by Pythagorean conjugate.
1
1 ⫹ sin x
⫽
1
冢
1 ⫹ sin x 1 ⫺ sin x 冣冢冣
1 ⫺ sin x
⫽
1 ⫺ sin2 x
1 ⫺ sin x
⫽
cos 2 x
sin x
⫽ sec2 x ⫺
cos2 x
8.1 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.
Choosing an Antiderivative In Exercises 1–4, select the

correct antiderivative. 23. 冕 x2
x⫺1
dx 24. 冕 3x
x⫹4
dx
1.
dy
⫽
x
dx 冪x2 ⫹ 1 25. 冕 ex
1 ⫹ ex
dx 26. 冕冢 1
⫺
1
2x ⫹ 5 2x ⫺ 5
dx 冣
(a) 2冪x 2 ⫹ 1 ⫹ C
(c) 1
2 冪x
2 ⫹1⫹C
(b) 冪x 2 ⫹ 1 ⫹ C
(d) ln共 x2 ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ C
27. 冕共5 ⫹ 4x 2兲 2 dx 28. 冕冢 x 3⫹
2
x 冣
2
dx
2.
dy
⫽
x
dx x 2 ⫹ 1 29. 冕 x cos 2␲x 2 dx 30. 冕 csc ␲ x cot ␲ x dx
(a) ln冪x 2 ⫹ 1 ⫹ C (b)

2x
共x 2 ⫹ 1兲 2
⫹C
31. 冕 sin x
冪cos x
dx 32. 冕 csc 2 xe cot x dx
(d) ln共x 2 ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ C
冕冕
(c) arctan x ⫹ C
2 2
dy 1 33. dx 34. dx
3. ⫽ e⫺x ⫹ 1 7ex ⫹ 4
dx x 2 ⫹ 1
(a) ln冪x 2 ⫹ 1 ⫹ C (b) 2

2x
共x ⫹ 1兲 2
⫹C 35. 冕 ln x 2
x
dx 36. 冕共tan x兲关ln共cos x兲兴 dx
(c) arctan x ⫹ C
dy
(d) ln共x 2 ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ C 37. 冕 1 ⫹ cos ␣
sin ␣
d␣ 38. 冕 1
cos ␪ ⫺ 1
d␪
冕冕
4. ⫽ x cos共x 2 ⫹ 1兲
dx ⫺1 1
39. dt 40. dx
(a) 2x sin共x 2 ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ C (b) ⫺ 2 sin共x 2 ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ C
1
冪1 ⫺ 共4t ⫹ 1兲2 25 ⫹ 4x2
sin共x 2 ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ C (d) ⫺2x sin共x 2 ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ C
冕冕
1
(c) 2 tan共2兾t兲 e 1兾t
41. dt 42. dt
t2 t2
冕
Choosing a Formula In Exercises 5–14, select the basic
integration formula you can use to find the integral, and 6
43. dx
identify u and a when appropriate. 冪10x ⫺ x 2
5. 冕共5x ⫺ 3兲4 dx 6. 冕 t2
2t ⫹ 1
⫹t⫺4
dt 44. 冕 1
共x ⫺ 1兲冪4x 2 ⫺ 8x ⫹ 3
dx
7. 冕共
冪x 1 ⫺ 2冪x
1
兲
dx 8. 冕 2
共2t ⫺ 1兲2 ⫹ 4
dt 45. 冕 4
4x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 65
dx 46. 冕 1
x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 9
dx
9. 冕冪1 ⫺ t 2
3
dt 10. 冕 ⫺2x
冪x 2 ⫺ 4
dx Slope Field In Exercises 47 and 48, a differential equation,
a point, and a slope field are given. (a) Sketch two approximate
冕冕
solutions of the differential equation on the slope field, one of
11. t sin t 2 dt 12. sec 5x tan 5x dx which passes through the given point. (b) Use integration to
find the particular solution of the differential equation and use
13. 冕共cos x兲e sin x dx 14. 冕 1

x冪x 2 ⫺ 4
dx
a graphing utility to graph the solution. Compare the result
with the sketches in part (a). To print an enlarged copy of the
graph, go to MathGraphs.com.
Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 15–46, find
ds t dy 1
the indefinite integral. 47. ⫽ 48. ⫽
dt 冪1 ⫺ t 4 dx 冪4x ⫺ x2
15. 冕 14共x ⫺ 5兲6 dx 16. 冕 5
共t ⫹ 6兲3
dt
冢 0, ⫺
1
2 冣冢冣
2,
1
2
17. 冕 7
共z ⫺ 10兲7
dz 18. 冕 t 3冪t 4 ⫹ 1 dt
1
s
2
y
19. 冕冤 v⫹
1
共3v ⫺ 1兲3
dv 冥 20. 冕冤 4x ⫺
2
共2x ⫹ 3兲2
dx 冥 1
冕冕
t x
t2 ⫺ 3 x⫹1 −1 1 4
21. dt 22. dx
⫺t ⫹ 9t ⫹ 1
3
冪3x 2 ⫹ 6x −1
−1 −2
Slope Field In Exercises 49 and 50, use a computer algebra Finding an Integral Using Technology In Exercises
system to graph the slope field for the differential equation and 69–72, use a computer algebra system to find the integral. Use
graph the solution through the specified initial condition. the computer algebra system to graph two antiderivatives.
Describe the relationship between the graphs of the two
dy
49. ⫽ 0.8y, y共0兲 ⫽ 4 antiderivatives.
dx
50.
dy
dx
⫽ 5 ⫺ y, y共0兲 ⫽ 1 69. 冕 1
x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 13
dx 70. 冕 x⫺2
x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 13
dx
Differential Equation In Exercises 51–56, solve the differ-

ential equation.
71. 冕 1
1 ⫹ sin ␪
d␪ 72. 冕冢 ex ⫹ e⫺x
2 冣
3
dx
dy dy 2
51. ⫽ 共e x ⫹ 5兲2 52. ⫽ 共4 ⫺ e2x兲 WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS
dx dx
Choosing a Formula In Exercises 73–76, state the
dr 10et dr 共1 ⫹ et兲2 integration formula you would use to perform the integration.
53. ⫽ 54. ⫽
dt 冪1 ⫺ e2t dt e3t Explain why you chose that formula. Do not integrate.
冕
1
55. 共4 ⫹ tan2 x兲 y⬘ ⫽ sec2 x 56. y⬘ ⫽
x冪4x2 ⫺ 9 73. x共x2 ⫹ 1兲3 dx
Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 57–64,

evaluate the definite integral. Use the integration capabilities of 74. 冕 x sec共x2 ⫹ 1兲 tan共x2 ⫹ 1兲 dx
冕冕
a graphing utility to verify your result.
冕冕
␲兾4 ␲
x 1
75. dx 76. dx
57. cos 2x dx 58. sin2 t cos t dt x2 ⫹ 1 x2 ⫹ 1
0 0
59. 冕 0
1
xe⫺x dx
2
60. 冕 1
e
1 ⫺ ln x
x
dx 77. Finding Constants Determine the constants a and b such
that
61. 冕 0
8
2x
冪x 2 ⫹ 36
dx 62. 冕 1
3
x
2
2x ⫹ 3x ⫺ 2
dx sin x ⫹ cos x ⫽ a sin共x ⫹ b兲.
冕 2兾冪3
1
冕 7
1 Use this result to integrate
冕
63. dx 64. dx
0 4 ⫹ 9x 2 0 冪100 ⫺ x 2 dx
.
sin x ⫹ cos x
Area In Exercises 65–68, find the area of the region.
78. Deriving a Rule Show that
3x ⫹ 2
65. y ⫽ 共⫺4x ⫹ 6兲3兾2 66. y ⫽
x2 ⫹ 9 sin x cos x
sec x ⫽ ⫹ .
y y cos x 1 ⫹ sin x
15
0.8 Then use this identity to derive the basic integration rule
10
0.6
0.4
冕 ⱍ
sec x dx ⫽ ln sec x ⫹ tan x ⫹ C. ⱍ
5
0.2 79. Area The graphs of f 共x兲 ⫽ x and g共x兲 ⫽ ax 2 intersect at the
(1.5, 0) x points 共0, 0兲 and 共1兾a, 1兾a兲. Find a 共a > 0兲 such that the area
x 1 2 3 4 5
of the region bounded by the graphs of these two functions is 23.
−1 1 2
80. Think About It When evaluating
冕
67. y2 ⫽ x2共1 ⫺ x2兲 68. y ⫽ sin 2x 1
y y x2 dx
⫺1
2
1.0 is it appropriate to substitute
1
du
u ⫽ x2, x ⫽ 冪u, and dx ⫽
x 0.5 2冪u
−2 2
−1 to obtain
冕
x 1
−2 π 1
冪u du ⫽ 0?
4 2 1
Explain.
81. Comparing Antiderivatives 91. Surface Area Find the area of the surface formed by
(a) Explain why the antiderivative y1 ⫽ e x⫹C1 is equivalent to revolving the graph of y ⫽ 2冪x on the interval 关0, 9兴 about
the antiderivative y2 ⫽ Ce x. the x-axis.
(b) Explain why the antiderivative y1 ⫽ sec2 x ⫹ C1 is 92. Centroid Find the x-coordinate of the centroid of the
equivalent to the antiderivative y2 ⫽ tan2 x ⫹ C. region bounded by the graphs of
5
y⫽ , y ⫽ 0, x ⫽ 0, and x ⫽ 4.
冪25 ⫺ x2
82. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Using the graph, is
冕 0
5
f 共x兲 dx positive or negative? Explain. Average Value of a Function In Exercises 93 and 94, find
the average value of the function over the given interval.
y
1
93. f 共x兲 ⫽ , ⫺3 ⱕ x ⱕ 3
3 1 ⫹ x2
2
1
94. f 共x兲 ⫽ sin nx, 0 ⱕ x ⱕ ␲兾n, n is a positive integer.
x
1 2 3 4 6 Arc Length In Exercises 95 and 96, use the integration
capabilities of a graphing utility to approximate the arc length
−3
f(x) = 15 (x 3 − 7x 2 + 10x) of the curve over the given interval.
95. y ⫽ tan ␲ x, 关0, 14兴 96. y ⫽ x 2兾3, 关1, 8兴
97. Finding a Pattern

Approximation In Exercises 83 and 84, determine which
value best approximates the area of the region between the
(a) Find 冕 cos x dx. 3
x-axis and the function over the given interval. (Make your (b) Find 冕 cos x dx. 5
(c) Find 冕 cos x dx.

selection on the basis of a sketch of the region and not by
7
integrating.)
4x (d) Explain how to find 兰 cos15 x dx without actually
83. f 共x兲 ⫽ , 关0, 2兴 integrating.
x2 ⫹ 1
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) ⫺8 (d) 8 (e) 10 98. Finding a Pattern
4 (a) Write 兰 tan3 x dx in terms of 兰 tan x dx. Then find
84. f 共x兲 ⫽ , 关0, 2兴兰 tan3 x dx.
x2 ⫹ 1
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) ⫺4 (d) 4 (e) 10 (b) Write 兰 tan5 x dx in terms of 兰 tan3 x dx.
(c) Write 兰 tan2k⫹1 x dx, where k is a positive integer, in
Interpreting Integrals In Exercises 85 and 86, (a) sketch terms of 兰 tan2k⫺1 x dx.
the region whose area is given by the integral, (b) sketch the
solid whose volume is given by the integral when the disk (d) Explain how to find 兰 tan15 x dx without actually
method is used, and (c) sketch the solid whose volume is given integrating.
by the integral when the shell method is used. (There is more 99. Methods of Integration Show that the following
than one correct answer for each part.) results are equivalent.
冕 2
2␲ x2 dx 冕 4
␲ y dy
Integration by tables:
冕
85. 86.
1
ⱍ
共x冪x2 ⫹ 1 ⫹ ln x ⫹ 冪x2 ⫹ 1 兲 ⫹ C ⱍ
0 0
冪x2 ⫹ 1 dx ⫽
2
87. Volume The region bounded by y ⫽ y ⫽ 0, x ⫽ 0, e⫺x ,
2
and x ⫽ b 共b > 0兲 is revolved about the y-axis. Integration by computer algebra system:
冕
(a) Find the volume of the solid generated when b ⫽ 1.
1
(b) Find b such that the volume of the generated solid is
4
3
冪x2 ⫹ 1 dx ⫽
2
关x冪x2 ⫹ 1 ⫹ arcsinh共x兲兴 ⫹ C
cubic units.
88. Volume Consider the region bounded by the graphs of PUTNAM EXAM CHALLENGE
x ⫽ 0, y ⫽ cos x2, y ⫽ sin x2, and x ⫽ 冪␲ 兾2. Find the
volume of the solid generated by revolving the region about
the y-axis.
100. Evaluate 冕2
4
冪ln共9 ⫺ x兲 dx
冪ln共9 ⫺ x兲 ⫹ 冪ln共x ⫹ 3兲
.
This problem was composed by the Committee on the Putnam Prize Competition.
89. Arc Length Find the arc length of the graph of © The Mathematical Association of America. All rights reserved.
y ⫽ ln共sin x兲 from x ⫽ ␲兾4 to x ⫽ ␲兾2.
90. Arc Length Find the arc length of the graph of
y ⫽ ln共cos x兲 from x ⫽ 0 to x ⫽ ␲兾3.
8.2 Integration by Parts 515
8.2 Integration by Parts

Find an antiderivative using integration by parts.
Integration by Parts
In this section, you will study an important integration technique called integration by
Exploration parts. This technique can be applied to a wide variety of functions and is particularly
Proof Without Words Here useful for integrands involving products of algebraic and transcendental functions. For
is a different approach to instance, integration by parts works well with integrals such as
proving the formula for
integration by parts. This
approach is from “Proof
冕 x ln x dx, 冕 x 2 ex dx, and 冕 ex sin x dx.
Without Words: Integration Integration by parts is based on the formula for the derivative of a product
by Parts” by Roger B. Nelsen,
d dv du
Mathematics Magazine, 64, 关uv兴 u v
dx dx dx
No. 2, April 1991, p. 130, by
permission of the author. uv vu
v where both u and v are differentiable functions of x. When u and v are continuous, you
u = f(x) v = g(x) can integrate both sides of this equation to obtain
s = g(b)
uv 冕 uv dx 冕 vu dx
r = g(a) 冕 u dv 冕 v du.
u By rewriting this equation, you obtain the next theorem.

p = f(a) q = f(b)
Area 䊏Area 䊏 qs pr THEOREM 8.1 Integration by Parts
冕 s
u dv 冕 p
v du uv 冤冥
共q, s兲
If u and v are functions of x and have continuous derivatives, then
冕冕
r q
共 p, r兲
冕 r
s
u dv uv 冤冥
共q, s兲
共 p, r兲
冕 q
p
v du
u dv uv v du.
Explain how this graph

This formula expresses the original integral in terms of another integral. Depending on
proves the theorem. Which
the choices of u and dv, it may be easier to evaluate the second integral than the
notation in this proof is
original one. Because the choices of u and dv are critical in the integration by parts
unfamiliar? What do you
process, the guidelines below are provided.
think it means?
GUIDELINES FOR INTEGRATION BY PARTS

1. Try letting dv be the most complicated portion of the integrand that fits a basic
integration rule. Then u will be the remaining factor(s) of the integrand.
2. Try letting u be the portion of the integrand whose derivative is a function
simpler than u. Then dv will be the remaining factor(s) of the integrand.
Note that dv always includes the dx of the original integrand.
When using integration by parts, note that you can first choose dv or first choose
u. After you choose, however, the choice of the other factor is determined—it must be
the remaining portion of the integrand. Also note that dv must contain the differential
dx of the original integral.
Find 冕 x
xe dx.
Solution To apply integration by parts, you need to write the integral in the form
兰 u dv. There are several ways to do this.
冕共x兲共e x dx兲, 冕共e x兲共x dx兲, 冕共1兲共xe x dx兲, 冕共xe x兲共dx兲

u dv u dv u dv u dv
The guidelines on the preceding page suggest the first option because the derivative of
u x is simpler than x, and dv ex dx is the most complicated portion of the integrand
that fits a basic integration formula.
dv e x dx v 冕冕 dv e x dx e x
REMARK In Example 1,
ux du dx
note that it is not necessary to
include a constant of integration Now, integration by parts produces
when solving
冕 u dv uv 冕
冕
v du Integration by parts formula
冕冕
v e x dx e x C1.
xe x dx xe x e x dx Substitute.
To illustrate this, replace v ex
by v ex C1 and apply xe x e x C. Integrate.
integration by parts to see that To check this, differentiate xe x e x C to see that you obtain the original integrand.
you obtain the same result.
Find 冕 x 2 ln x dx.
Solution In this case, x 2 is more easily integrated than ln x. Furthermore, the

derivative of ln x is simpler than ln x. So, you should let dv x 2 dx.
dv x 2 dx v 冕 x 2 dx
x3
3
1
u ln x du dx
x
Integration by parts produces
冕 u dv uv 冕 v du Integration by parts formula
冕 x 2 ln x dx
x3
3
ln x
x3 1
3 x
dx 冕冢冣冢冣 Substitute.
TECHNOLOGY Try graphing

x3
ln x
3
1
3
x 2 dx 冕 Simplify.
冕
x3 x3
x3 x3 ln x C. Integrate.
x2 ln x dx and ln x 3 9
3 9
You can check this result by differentiating.
on your graphing utility. Do you
get the same graph? (This may
take a while, so be patient.)
d x3
dx 3 冤
x3
ln x C
9
x3 1
3 x
x2
冥
共ln x兲共x 2兲 x 2 ln x
3 冢冣
One surprising application of integration by parts involves integrands consisting of

single terms, such as
冕 ln x dx or 冕 arcsin x dx.
In these cases, try letting dv dx, as shown in the next example.
An Integrand with a Single Term
Evaluate 冕 0
1
arcsin x dx.
Solution Let dv dx.
dv dx v 冕 dx x
1
u arcsin x du dx
冪1 x 2
y 冕 u dv uv 冕 v du
Integration by parts
formula
) )
1,
π 冕 arcsin x dx x arcsin x 冕冪1 x 2
x
dx Substitute.
冕
π 2
2 1
y = arcsin x x arcsin x 共1 x 2兲1兾2 共2x兲 dx Rewrite.
2
x arcsin x 冪1 x 2 C. Integrate.
Using this antiderivative, you can evaluate the definite integral as shown.
1
x
冕 0
1
冤
arcsin x dx x arcsin x 冪1 x2 冥
1

1
2
The area of the region is approximately
⬇ 0.571
0.571.
Figure 8.2 The area represented by this definite integral is shown in Figure 8.2.
TECHNOLOGY Remember that there are two ways to use technology to

evaluate a definite integral: (1) you can use a numerical approximation such as the
Trapezoidal Rule or Simpson’s Rule, or (2) you can use a computer algebra system
to find the antiderivative and then apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Both
methods have shortcomings. To find the possible error when using a numerical
method, the integrand must have a second derivative (Trapezoidal Rule) or a fourth
derivative (Simpson’s Rule) in the interval of integration; the integrand in Example 3
fails to meet either of these requirements. To apply the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus, the symbolic integration utility must be able to find the antiderivative.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION To see how integration by parts is used to prove

Stirling’s approximation
ln共n!兲 n ln n n
see the article “The Validity of Stirling’s Approximation: A Physical Chemistry Project”
by A. S. Wallner and K. A. Brandt in Journal of Chemical Education.
Some integrals require repeated use of the integration by parts formula.
Repeated Use of Integration by Parts
Find 冕 x2 sin x dx.
Solution The factors x 2 and sin x are equally easy to integrate. However, the
derivative of x 2 becomes simpler, whereas the derivative of sin x does not. So, you
should let u x 2.
dv sin x dx v 冕 sin x dx cos x
u x2 du 2x dx
Now, integration by parts produces
冕 x 2 sin x dx x 2 cos x 冕 2x cos x dx. First use of integration by parts
This first use of integration by parts has succeeded in simplifying the original integral,
but the integral on the right still doesn’t fit a basic integration rule. To evaluate that
integral, you can apply integration by parts again. This time, let u 2x.
dv cos x dx v 冕 cos x dx sin x
u 2x du 2 dx
Now, integration by parts produces
冕 2x cos x dx 2x sin x 冕 2 sin x dx Second use of integration by parts
2x sin x 2 cos x C.
Combining these two results, you can write
冕 x 2 sin x dx x 2 cos x 2x sin x 2 cos x C.
When making repeated applications of integration by parts, you need to be careful

not to interchange the substitutions in successive applications. For instance, in Example 4,
the first substitution was u x 2 and dv sin x dx. If, in the second application, you
had switched the substitution to u cos x and dv 2x, you would have obtained
冕 x 2 sin x dx x 2 cos x 冕 2x cos x dx
x 2 cos x x 2 cos x 冕 x 2 sin x dx
冕 x 2 sin x dx
thereby undoing the previous integration and returning to the original integral. When
making repeated applications of integration by parts, you should also watch for the
appearance of a constant multiple of the original integral. For instance, this occurs when
you use integration by parts to evaluate 兰 e x cos 2x dx, and it also occurs in Example 5
on the next page.
The integral in Example 5 is an important one. In Section 8.4 (Example 5), you will
see that it is used to find the arc length of a parabolic segment.
Find 冕 sec3 x dx.
Solution The most complicated portion of the integrand that can be easily integrated is
sec2 x, so you should let dv sec2 x dx and u sec x.
dv sec2 x dx v 冕 sec2 x dx tan x
u sec x du sec x tan x dx

冕 u dv uv 冕 v du
Integration by parts
formula
冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x 冕 sec x tan2 x dx Substitute.
冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x 冕 sec x共sec2 x 1兲 dx Trigonometric identity
冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x 冕 sec3 x dx 冕 sec x dx Rewrite.
2 冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x 冕 sec x dx Collect like integrals.
2 冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x ln sec x tan x C ⱍ ⱍ Integrate.
冕 sec3 x dx
1
2
1
sec x tan x ln sec x tan x C.
2 ⱍ ⱍ Divide by 2.
Finding a Centroid
y A machine part is modeled by the region bounded by the graph of y sin x and the
x-axis, 0 x 兾2, as shown in Figure 8.3. Find the centroid of this region.
y = sin x
Solution Begin by finding the area of the region.
) π2 , 1)
冕
1 x
兾2 兾2
A
0
sin x dx cos x 冤冥 0
1
sin x Now, you can find the coordinates of the centroid. To evaluate the integral for y, first
2 rewrite the integrand using the trigonometric identity sin2 x 共1 cos 2x兲兾2.
冕冕
x
Δx π 兾2 兾2 兾2

冤冥
1 sin x 1 1 sin 2x
2
y 共sin x兲 dx 共1 cos 2x兲 dx x
A 0 2 4 0 4 2 0 8
兾2
Figure 8.3 You can evaluate the integral for x, 共1兾A兲兰0 x sin x dx, with integration by parts. To
do this, let dv sin x dx and u x. This produces v cos x and du dx, and you
can write
冕 x sin x dx x cos x 冕 cos x dx x cos x sin x C.
Finally, you can determine x to be
x
1
A 冕兾2
0
冤
x sin x dx x cos x sin x 冥
兾2
0
1.
So, the centroid of the region is 共1, 兾8兲.
As you gain experience in using integration by parts, your skill in determining u

and dv will increase. The next summary lists several common integrals with suggestions
for the choices of u and dv.
SUMMARY: COMMON INTEGRALS USING INTEGRATION BY PARTS

REMARK You can use the 1. For integrals of the form
冕冕冕
acronym LIATE as a guideline
for choosing u in integration by x n e ax dx, x n sin ax dx, or x n cos ax dx
parts. In order, check the
integrand for the following. let u xn and let dv e ax dx, sin ax dx, or cos ax dx.
Is there a Logarithmic part? 2. For integrals of the form
Is there an Inverse trigonometric
part? 冕 x n ln x dx, 冕 x n arcsin ax dx, or 冕 x n arctan ax dx
Is there an Algebraic part?
let u ln x, arcsin ax, or arctan ax and let dv x n dx.
Is there a Trigonometric part?
3. For integrals of the form
冕冕
Is there an Exponential part?
e ax sin bx dx or e ax cos bx dx
let u sin bx or cos bx and let dv e ax dx.
In problems involving repeated applications of integration by parts, a tabular

method, illustrated in Example 7, can help to organize the work. This method works
well for integrals of the form
冕 x n sin ax dx, 冕 x n cos ax dx, and 冕 x n e ax dx.
Using the Tabular Method

See LarsonCalculus.com for an interactive version of this type of example.
Find 冕 x 2 sin 4x dx.
Solution Begin as usual by letting u x 2 and dv v dx sin 4x dx. Next, create

a table consisting of three columns, as shown.
Alternate u and Its v and Its
Signs Derivatives Antiderivatives
x2 sin 4x
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
For more information on the 2x 14 cos 4x
1
tabular method, see the article 2 16 sin 4x
“Tabular Integration by Parts” by 0 1
64 cos 4x
David Horowitz in The College
Mathematics Journal, and the Differentiate until you obtain
article “More on Tabular Integration 0 as a derivative.
by Parts” by Leonard Gillman in The solution is obtained by adding the signed products of the diagonal entries:
冕
The College Mathematics Journal.
To view these articles, go to 1 1 1
x 2 sin 4x dx x 2 cos 4x x sin 4x cos 4x C.
MathArticles.com. 4 8 32
8.2 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.
Setting Up Integration by Parts In Exercises 1– 6, dy t2 dy

33. 34. x2冪x 3
identify u and dv for finding the integral using integration by dt 冪3 5t dx
parts. (Do not evaluate the integral.)
Slope Field In Exercises 35 and 36, a differential equation,
1. 兰 xe2x dx 2. 兰 x 2e 2x dx a point, and a slope field are given. (a) Sketch two approximate
3. 兰共ln x兲2 dx 4. 兰 ln 5x dx solutions of the differential equation on the slope field, one of
which passes through the given point. (b) Use integration to
5. 兰 x sec2 x dx 6. 兰 x2 cos x dx
find the particular solution of the differential equation and use
Using Integration by Parts In Exercises 7–10, evaluate a graphing utility to graph the solution. Compare the result
the integral using integration by parts with the given choices of with the sketches in part (a). To print an enlarged copy of the
u and dv. graph, go to MathGraphs.com.
7. 冕 x3 ln x dx; u ln x, dv x3 dx 35.
dy
dx
x冪y cos x, 共0, 4兲 36.
dy
dx
ex兾3 sin 2x, 共0, 37 兲
18
冕
y y
8. 共4x 7)ex dx; u 4x 7, dv ex dx 11 5
9. 冕 x sin 3x dx; u x, dv sin 3x dx
10. 冕 x cos 4x dx; u x, dv cos 4x dx −6 4

x
Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 11–30, find

x
the indefinite integral. (Note: Solve by the simplest method— −4 −2 2 4 −5
not all require integration by parts.)
11. 冕 xe4x dx 12. 冕 5x

e2x
dx
Slope Field In Exercises 37 and 38, use a computer algebra
system to graph the slope field for the differential equation and
冕冕
graph the solution through the specified initial condition.
e1兾t
13. x3e x dx 14. dt
t2 dy x x兾8 dy x
37. e , y共0兲 2 38. sin x, y共0兲 4
冕冕
dx y dx y
15. t ln共t 1兲 dt 16. x5 ln 3x dx
Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 39– 48,
17. 冕共ln x兲2

x
dx 18. 冕 ln x
x3
dx
evaluate the definite integral. Use a graphing utility to confirm
your result.
19. 冕 xe 2x
共2x 1兲2
dx 20. 冕 x 3e x
共x 1兲2
2
dx
2
39. 冕 0
3
xex兾2 dx 40. 冕 0
2
x 2 e2x dx
21. 冕 x冪x 5 dx 22. 冕 x

冪6x 1
dx
41. 冕 0
兾4
x cos 2x dx 42. 冕 0

x sin 2x dx
23. 冕 x cos x dx 24. 冕 t csc t cot t dt

43. 冕 0
1兾2
arccos x dx 44. 冕 0
1
x arcsin x 2 dx
25. 冕 x3 sin x dx 26. 冕 x2 cos x dx

45. 冕 0
1
e x sin x dx 46. 冕 0
1
ln共4 x2兲 dx
27. 冕 arctan x dx 28. 冕 4 arccos x dx

47. 冕 2
4
x arcsec x dx 48. 冕 0
兾8
x sec2 2x dx
29. 冕 e3x sin 5x dx 30. 冕 e 4x cos 2x dx

Using the Tabular Method In Exercises 49–54, use the
tabular method to find the integral.
Differential Equation
differential equation.
In Exercises 31–34, solve the 49. 冕 x 2e 2x dx 50. 冕 x 3e2x dx
31. y ln x 32. y arctan

x
2
51. 冕 x3 sin x dx 52. 冕 x3 cos 2x dx
53. 冕 x sec2 x dx 54. 冕 x 2共x 2兲3兾2 dx 64. Using Two Methods Integrate 冕 x冪4 x dx
(a) by parts, letting dv 冪4 x dx.
Using Two Methods Together In Exercises 55–58, find
(b) by substitution, letting u 4 x.
the indefinite integral by using substitution followed by
integration by parts. Finding a General Rule In Exercises 65 and 66, use a
55. 冕 sin冪x dx 56. 冕 2x3 cos x2 dx

computer algebra system to find the integrals for n ⴝ 0, 1, 2,
and 3. Use the result to obtain a general rule for the integrals
for any positive integer n and test your results for n ⴝ 4.
57. 冕 2
x 5e x dx 58. 冕 e冪2x dx
65. 冕 x n ln x dx 66. 冕 x ne x dx
WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS Proof In Exercises 67–72, use integration by parts to prove
59. Integration by Parts the formula. (For Exercises 67–70, assume that n is a positive
integer.)
(a) Integration by parts is based on what differentiation
rule? Explain.
(b) In your own words, state how you determine which
67. 冕 x n sin x dx x n cos x n 冕 x n1 cos x dx
parts of the integrand should be u and dv.

60. Integration by Parts When evaluating 兰x sin x dx,
68. 冕 x n cos x dx x n sin x n 冕 x n1 sin x dx
explain how letting u sin x and dv x dx makes the

solution more difficult to find.
69. 冕 x n ln x dx
x n1
共n 1兲2
关1 共n 1兲 ln x兴 C
61. Integration by Parts State whether you would use

integration by parts to evaluate each integral. If so, identify
70. 冕 x ne ax dx
x ne ax n
a

a 冕 x n1 e ax dx
what you would use for u and dv. Explain your reasoning.
冕 ln x
冕冕 x2e3x dx
71. 冕 e ax sin bx dx
e ax共a sin bx b cos bx兲
a2 b2
C
冕
(a) dx (b) x ln x dx (c)
x e ax共a cos bx b sin bx兲
(d) 冕 2xe dxx2 (e) 冕 x
冪x 1
dx (f) 冕 x
冪x 2 1
dx
72. e ax cos bx dx
a2 b 2
C
Using Formulas In Exercises 73–78, find the integral by

using the appropriate formula from Exercises 67–72.
62. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph of f 73. 冕 x2 sin x dx 74. 冕 x 2 cos x dx
shown in the figure to answer the following.
y
75. 冕 x5 ln x dx 76. 冕 x 3e2x dx
4
3
77. 冕 e3x sin 4x dx 78. 冕 e2x cos 3x dx
2
Area In Exercises 79–82, use a graphing utility to graph the
1 f ′(x) = x ln x
region bounded by the graphs of the equations. Then find the
x area of the region analytically.
−1 1 2 3 4
−1
79. y 2xex, y 0, x 3
(a) Approximate the slope of f at x 2. Explain. 1
80. y xe3x, y 0, x 0, x 2
(b) Approximate any open intervals in which the graph 10
of f is increasing and any open intervals in which it 81. y ex sin x, y 0, x 1
is decreasing. Explain.
82. y x3 ln x, y 0, x 1, x 3
83. Area, Volume, and Centroid Given the region bounded

63. Using Two Methods Integrate 冕 x3
冪4 x 2
dx
by the graphs of y ln x, y 0, and x e, find
(a) the area of the region.
x
(a) by parts, letting dv dx. (b) the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region
冪4 x2 about the x-axis.
(b) by substitution, letting u 4 x 2. (c) the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region
about the y-axis.
(d) the centroid of the region.
84. Area, Volume, and Centroid Given the region bounded 93. Vibrating String A string stretched between the two
by the graphs of y x sin x, y 0, x 0, and x , find points 共0, 0兲 and 共2, 0兲 is plucked by displacing the string h
(a) the area of the region. units at its midpoint. The motion of the string is modeled by a
Fourier Sine Series whose coefficients are given by
冕冕
(b) the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region
1 2
about the x-axis. n x n x
bn h x sin dx h 共x 2兲 sin dx.
(c) the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region 0 2 1 2
about the y-axis. Find bn.
(d) the centroid of the region. 94. Euler’s Method Consider the differential equation
85. Centroid Find the centroid of the region bounded by the f共x兲 xex with the initial condition f 共0兲 0.
graphs of y arcsin x, x 0, and y 兾2. How is this (a) Use integration to solve the differential equation.
problem related to Example 6 in this section?
(b) Use a graphing utility to graph the solution of the
86. Centroid Find the centroid of the region bounded by the differential equation.
graphs of f 共x兲 x2, g共x兲 2x, x 2, and x 4.
(c) Use Euler’s Method with h 0.05, and the recursive
87. Average Displacement A damping force affects the capabilities of a graphing utility, to generate the first
vibration of a spring so that the displacement of the spring is 80 points of the graph of the approximate solution. Use the
given by graphing utility to plot the points. Compare the result with
y e4t 共cos 2t 5 sin 2t兲. the graph in part (b).
(d) Repeat part (c) using h 0.1 and generate the first
Find the average value of y on the interval from t 0 to t . 40 points.
88. Memory Model (e) Why is the result in part (c) a better approximation of the
A model for the ability M of a child to memorize, measured solution than the result in part (d)?
on a scale from 0 to 10, is given by
Euler’s Method In Exercises 95 and 96, consider the
M 1 1.6t ln t, 0 < t 4 differential equation and repeat parts (a)–(d) of Exercise 94.
where t is the child’s age in 95. f共x兲 3x sin共2x兲 96. f共x兲 cos冪x
years. Find the average f 共0兲 0 f 共0兲 1
value of this model
(a) between the child’s 97. Think About It Give a geometric explanation of why
冕冕
first and second 兾2 兾2
birthdays. x sin x dx x dx.
0 0
(b) between the child’s
third and fourth Verify the inequality by evaluating the integrals.
birthdays. 98. Finding a Pattern Find the area bounded by the graphs of
y x sin x and y 0 over each interval.
Present Value In Exercises 89 and 90, find the present value (a) 关0, 兴 (b) 关, 2兴 (c) 关2, 3兴
P of a continuous income flow of c冇t冈 dollars per year for Describe any patterns that you notice. What is the area
冕 t1 between the graphs of y x sin x and y 0 over the interval

Pⴝ c冇t冈e ⴚrt dt 关n, 共n 1兲兴, where n is any nonnegative integer? Explain.
0
99. Finding an Error Find the fallacy in the following
where t1 is the time in years and r is the annual interest rate argument that 0 1.
compounded continuously.
89. c共t兲 100,000 4000t, r 5%, t1 10

dv dx v 冕 dx x
90. c共t兲 30,000 500t, r 7%, t1 5 u
1
du
1
dx
x x2
Integrals Used to Find Fourier Coefficients In
Exercises 91 and 92, verify the value of the definite integral, 0 冕 dx
x

1
x 冢冣
共x兲冕冢
1
x2 冣
共x兲 dx
冕
where n is a positive integer.
dx
1
冦
2 , x
冕 n is odd
n
91. x sin nx dx So, 0 1.
2 Juriah Mosin/Shutterstock.com
, n is even
n
92. 冕

x2 cos nx dx
共1兲n 4
n2

Fitting Integrands To Basic Integration Rules

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508 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

8.1 Basic Integration Rules

Fitting Integrands to Basic Integration Rules

3. 冕 du ⫽ u ⫹ C Find each integral.

13. 冕 csc u du ⫽ ⫽ 2 ln u ⫹ C ⱍⱍ Log Rule

14. 冕 sec u du ⫽ tan u ⫹ C

16. 冕 sec u tan u du ⫽ sec u ⫹ C 冕 x2

17. 冕 csc u cot u du ⫽ ⫺csc u ⫹ C

Using Two Basic Rules to Solve a Single Integral

TECHNOLOGY Simpson’s Rule can be used to give a good approximation of

For n ⫽ 10, Simpson’s Rule gives an approximation of 6.889.

Exploration A Substitution Involving a 2 ⴚ u 2

A Disguised Form of the Log Rule

A Disguised Form of the Power Rule

Find 冕 共cot x兲关ln共sin x兲兴 dx.

冕 共cot x兲关ln共sin x兲兴 dx ⫽ 冕 u du Substitution: u ⫽ ln共sin x兲

In Example 5, try checking that the derivative of

Using Trigonometric Identities

instance, why is the antiderivative 1 u

PROCEDURES FOR FITTING INTEGRANDS TO BASIC INTEGRATION RULES

Choosing an Antiderivative In Exercises 1–4, select the

(a) ln冪x 2 ⫹ 1 ⫹ C (b)

(a) ln冪x 2 ⫹ 1 ⫹ C (b) 2

13. 冕 共cos x兲e sin x dx 14. 冕 1

Differential Equation In Exercises 51–56, solve the differ-

Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 57–64,

95. y ⫽ tan ␲ x, 关0, 14兴 96. y ⫽ x 2兾3, 关1, 8兴

97. Finding a Pattern

(c) Find 冕 cos x dx.

8.2 Integration by Parts

u By rewriting this equation, you obtain the next theorem.

Area 䊏Area 䊏 qs  pr THEOREM 8.1 Integration by Parts

Explain how this graph

GUIDELINES FOR INTEGRATION BY PARTS

冕 共x兲 共e x dx兲, 冕 共e x兲共x dx兲, 冕 共1兲 共xe x dx兲, 冕 共xe x兲共dx兲

Solution In this case, x 2 is more easily integrated than ln x. Furthermore, the

冕 u dv uv  冕 v du Integration by parts formula

TECHNOLOGY Try graphing

One surprising application of integration by parts involves integrands consisting of

In these cases, try letting dv dx, as shown in the next example.

An Integrand with a Single Term

Solution Let dv dx.

Integration by parts produces

TECHNOLOGY Remember that there are two ways to use technology to

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION To see how integration by parts is used to prove

Some integrals require repeated use of the integration by parts formula.

Repeated Use of Integration by Parts

Find 冕 x2 sin x dx.

dv sin x dx v 冕 sin x dx cos x

冕 x 2 sin x dx x 2 cos x 冕 2x cos x dx. First use of integration by parts

dv cos x dx v 冕 cos x dx sin x

冕 2x cos x dx 2x sin x  冕 2 sin x dx Second use of integration by parts

冕 x 2 sin x dx x 2 cos x 2x sin x 2 cos x C.

When making repeated applications of integration by parts, you need to be careful

冕 x 2 sin x dx x 2 cos x 冕 2x cos x dx

x 2 cos x x 2 cos x 冕 x 2 sin x dx

Find 冕 sec3 x dx.

dv sec2 x dx v 冕 sec2 x dx tan x

u sec x du sec x tan x dx

冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x  冕 sec x tan2 x dx Substitute.

冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x  冕 sec x共sec2 x  1兲 dx Trigonometric identity

冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x  冕 sec3 x dx 冕 sec x dx Rewrite.

2 冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x 冕 sec x dx Collect like integrals.

Find 冕共cot x兲关ln共sin x兲兴 dx.

冕共cot x兲关ln共sin x兲兴 dx ⫽ 冕 u du Substitution: u ⫽ ln共sin x兲

13. 冕共cos x兲e sin x dx 14. 冕 1

Area 䊏Area 䊏 qs pr THEOREM 8.1 Integration by Parts

冕共x兲共e x dx兲, 冕共e x兲共x dx兲, 冕共1兲共xe x dx兲, 冕共xe x兲共dx兲

冕 u dv uv 冕 v du Integration by parts formula

dv sin x dx v 冕 sin x dx cos x

冕 x 2 sin x dx x 2 cos x 冕 2x cos x dx. First use of integration by parts

冕 2x cos x dx 2x sin x 冕 2 sin x dx Second use of integration by parts

冕 x 2 sin x dx x 2 cos x 2x sin x 2 cos x C.

冕 x 2 sin x dx x 2 cos x 冕 2x cos x dx

x 2 cos x x 2 cos x 冕 x 2 sin x dx

冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x 冕 sec x tan2 x dx Substitute.

冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x 冕 sec x共sec2 x 1兲 dx Trigonometric identity

冕 sec3 x dx sec x tan x 冕 sec3 x dx 冕 sec x dx Rewrite.

冕 x sin x dx x cos x 冕 cos x dx x cos x sin x C.

So, the centroid of the region is 共1, 兾8兲.

11. 冕 xe4x dx 12. 冕 5x

17. 冕共ln x兲2

21. 冕 x冪x 5 dx 22. 冕 x

29. 冕 e3x sin 5x dx 30. 冕 e 4x cos 2x dx