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  • Computer Organization and Design: Instructions: Language of The Computer

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    The document discusses computer instructions and how they allow programs to be executed on a processor. It covers what a processor does when executing each instruction, including fetching the instruction, determining the operation and data, performing the computation, and fetching the next instruction. It provides an example of walking through the execution of a simple program. It also discusses MIPS instructions, the types of instructions, registers used in MIPS, and how memory is organized.

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    The document discusses computer instructions and how they allow programs to be executed on a processor. It covers what a processor does when executing each instruction, including fetching the instruction, determining the operation and data, performing the computation, and fetching the next instruction. It provides an example of walking through the execution of a simple program. It also discusses MIPS instructions, the types of instructions, registers used in MIPS, and how memory is organized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    15 views17 pages

    Computer Organization and Design: Instructions: Language of The Computer

    Uploaded by

    Schmaboe
    The document discusses computer instructions and how they allow programs to be executed on a processor. It covers what a processor does when executing each instruction, including fetching the instruction, determining the operation and data, performing the computation, and fetching the next instruction. It provides an example of walking through the execution of a simple program. It also discusses MIPS instructions, the types of instructions, registers used in MIPS, and how memory is organized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN 5th


    Edition
    The Hardware/Software Interface

    Chapter 2
    Instructions: Language
    of the Computer

    Contents

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 2

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 1


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    Executing programs on a computer

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 3

    Computer system

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 4

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 2


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    Inside a processor

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 5

    Programming a processor

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 6

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 3


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    Walk through the program execution


    • What will the processor do?
    – 1. Load the instruction
    – 2. Figure out what operation to do
    – 3. Figure out what data to use
    – 4. Do the computation
    – 5. Figure out next instruction

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 7

    1:Load r0 (i) from memory (location 7)

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 8

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 4


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    2:Subtract 2 from r0 (i) to see if it is 2

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 9

    3:Check if r1 is zero, and jump to done if it is

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 10

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 5


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    4: Increment r0 (i)

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 11

    5: Continue the loop

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 12

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 6


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    6:Subtract 2 from r0 (i) to see if it is 2

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 13

    7:Check if r1 is zero, and jump to done if it is

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 14

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 7


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    8: Increment r0 (i)

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 15

    9: Continue the loop

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 16

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 8


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    10:Subtract 2 from r0 (i) to see if it is 2

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 17

    11:Check if r1 is zero, and jump to done if it is

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 18

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 9


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    12: Crash because instruction 5 is invalid!

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 19

    Walk through the program execution

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 20

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 10


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    Introduction to instructions
    • Simpler commands/operations eventually lead to
    instructions
    • Instructions represent something the processor HW can
    actually do.
    • Instructions inherently suggest a sequence of 1s and 0s
    that the processor can understand
    • Example: Common DSP function is a multiply-accumulate
    operation: x = x + (y*z)
    • Some DSP processors have HW that can do this directly
    • Others may require two separate steps:
    • temp = y * z
    • x = x + temp, thus, there would not be a multiply-accumulate instruction

    MIPS instructions

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 22

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 11


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    Question:2 or 3 registers per instruction

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 23

    Types of instructions

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 24

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 12


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    Registers in MIPS

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 25

    Register order

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 26

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 13


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    Complex functions

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 27

    MIPS memory organization


     Register file and main memory

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 28

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 14


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    Memory vs. registers

    Read/write
    data

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 29

    Memory organization

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 30

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 15


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    Memory and register file

    1 word

    1 8word
    bits
    8 bits
    8 bits
    8 bits

    Viewing memory as bytes or words

    • Most data in MIPS is handled in words not bytes


    – A word is 32 bits or 4 bytes
    – A word is the size of a register

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 16


    The University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science 12 August 2021

    Access alignment

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 33

    Question

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 34

    Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer 17

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