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What Is Citizenship 1
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Unit12:Citizenship
Lesson12.1
WhatisCitizenship?
Contents
Introduction 1
LearningObjectives 2
Explore 2
Discover 4
DefinitionofCitizenship 5
ModesinAcquiringCitizenship 5
CitizenshipbyBirth 5
CitizenshipbyNaturalization 6
PhilippineCitizenshipLaws 7
Qualifications 7
PhilippineNaturalizationLaws 9
AdministrativeNaturalization 9
JudicialNaturalization 10
Legislativenaturalization 12
LossandRe-acquisitionofCitizenship 13
RightsandPrivilegesofFilipinoCitizens 15
Wrap-Up 18
TryThis! 20
ChallengeYourself 21
ReflectonThis 23
Bibliography 24
Unit12:Citizenship
Lesson12.1
WhatisCitizenship?
Introduction
What makes
a nation
great?
Who
is
responsible
for
its
political
and
economic
stability?
Is
it
reliant
on
the
government
and
its
effectiveness
in
promoting
the
rights
and
general
welfare
of
the
people?
Or
is
it
incumbent
upon
the
willingness
of
citizens
to
perform
their
duties
and
obligationstothecountry?
The Philippine Constitution states that “sovereignty resides in the people and all
government
authority
emanates
from
them.”
It
means
that
the
state
has
the
duty
to
protect
the rights and freedom of its
people.
Its
rule
must
be
based
on
the
consent
of
its
citizens.
Indeed, national development and democracy depend on the relationship between the
governmentanditscitizens.
12.1.W
hati sC
itizenship? 1
Unit12:Citizenship
In this lesson, we will explore this relationship by defining citizenship. We will learn how
citizenshipisgainedorlostandthedutiesandresponsibilitiesitentails.
LearningObjectives DepEdLearningCompetency
Att hee
ndo
ft hislesson,y
ous houldb
ea
ble
Inthislesson,youshouldbeabletodothe
toe
xplainc itizenship( HUMSS_PG12-IId-13).
following:
● Definecitizenship.
● EnumeratethequalificationsforPhilippine
citizenship.
● Differentiatethemodesinacquiringthree
processesofnaturalization.
● Explaintheimplicationsoflosing
citizenship.
Explore
IdentifyME! 10 minutes
Instructions
1. FindacopyofaPhilippinebirthcertificate.
2. Examineitscontentsandtheinformationpresentedinthisdocument.
3. Listthefieldsofinformationrequiredaboutthechild,themother, andthefather.
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
CHILD MOTHER FATHER
GuideQuestions
1. What
information
about
the
child,
the
mother,
and
the
father
are
required
to
register
achild’sbirth?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Whichinformationisimportantindeterminingthecitizenshipofachild?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Whyisitimportanttodeterminethecitizenshipofachild?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
Discover
The concept of citizenship came from the practice of
ordstoRemember
W
city-states in Ancient Greece and further developed
● statelesspeople—
under the Roman Empire. Both traditions viewed
thosewhohaveno
citizenship as membership in a political community.
recognizedcitizenship
However, at that time, only the propertied (e.g., in
inastateornation;
Athenian states) and free men (e.g., in the Roman
usuallyrefugeesor
Empire)weregrantedthestatusofbeingcitizens.
membersofaminority
culturalgroup
The ancient Greeks viewed citizenship—as expressed
● dualcitizenship—
the
in the writings of Aristotle—as the obligation to
legalstatusofbeinga
participate in the state's political activities and
citizenoftwocountries
affairs
to
"rule
and
be
ruled
in
return."
Thus,
Athenian
● ageofmajority- the
citizens were expected to perform their duties by
legalage,usually18
servingasjuryandparticipatingintheAssembly.
yearsofage
● foundling—
an
On the other hand, the Roman Empire put less
abandonedchild
emphasis on political participation and focused more
whosebiological
on the equal rights and legal status granted to its
parentsareunknown
citizens. Whether they come from Italy, the rest of
● alien—
a
citizenof
Europe, Africa, or Asia, Roman citizens were
anothercountry;a
guaranteed equal rights and protection within the
foreigner
empire’s vast territory. These two traditions have
greatlyinfluencedhowcitizenshipisunderstoodtoday.
Whatiscitizenship,andwhatdoesitentail?
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
DefinitionofCitizenship
Today, citizenship is defined as the legal status given to the members of a political
community. Those who receive such status are called citizens. With this status comes
specificrightsandobligations,andallcitizensareequalinthisrespect(Marshall1950).
The
key
to
understanding
the
concept
of
citizenship
lies
in
the
following
questions:
How
does
one
become
a full
member
of
a political
community?
What
are
the
rights
and
obligations
that
it
entails?
ModesinAcquiringCitizenship
As mentioned above, citizenship is a legal status. Therefore, it is the law of the
state
that
enumerates the qualifications required to obtain this status. International laws recognize
the right of states
to
determine
who
are
or
are
not
their
citizens.
In
general,
there
are
two
(2)methodsinacquiringcitizenship:bybirthandbynaturalization.
Citizenshipb
yB
irth
A
person
acquires
citizenship
at
the
time
of
birth.
This
process
is
involuntary
since
the
state
automatically grants citizenship to a newborn child. The person then becomes a
natural-born
citizen
of
the
country.
However,
different
countries
may
have
varying
policies
regarding
this.
Usually,
a state
applies
one
or
either
of
the
principles
of
jus
sanguinis
and
jus
soli.
Jus sanguinis (right of blood) is the legal principle that, at birth, children acquire the
citizenship of their parents. Thus, if the child’s parents are Filipino citizens, their child
acquires the
legal
status
of
being
a citizen
of
the
Philippines.
Most
countries
recognize
this
principle.
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
Jus soli (right of soil) is the
legal
principle
that
anyone
born
within
the
territory
of
a state
automatically acquires citizenship. Some countries that recognize this principle are the
United States and Canada. However, in recent years, some of their government officials
soughttoendorlimitthisright.
Fig.1.T
hecitizenshipofanewbornchildisdeterminedbytheplaceofbirthorthe
nationalityofparents.
Citizenshipb
yN
aturalization
Naturalization is an act of giving the same rights, privileges, and duties to an individual
who
is
not
a natural-born
citizen
of
the
country.
A person
who
acquires
citizenship
through
thismethodisan
aturalizedcitizenofthecountry.
This legal process often requires the renunciation of previous citizenship. For example, a
natural-born
Filipino
who
emigrated
from
the
Philippines
to
the
United
States
can
become
a
naturalized American citizen upon fulfilling the requirements
of
the
naturalization
process
set
forth
by
US
laws.
Naturalization
can
also
provide
refugees
and
stateless
peoples
access
tocitizenship.
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
Table1.G
eneralmethodsinacquiringcitizenship.
InvoluntaryMethod VoluntaryMethod
Bybirth,becauseofbloodrelationship
Bynaturalization,exceptincaseofcollective
orplaceofbirth. naturalizationoftheinhabitantsofaterritory
whichtakesplacewhenitiscededbyonestate
toanotherasaresultofconquestortreaty.
Correspondston
atural-borncitizens. Correspondston
aturalizedcitizens.
PhilippineCitizenshipLaws
Qualifications
According
to
Article
4, Section
1 of
the
1987
Constitution, the
law
recognizes
the
following
asFilipinocitizens:
(1) thosewhoarecitizensofthePhilippinesattheadoptionofthisConstitution
(2) thosewhosefathersormothersarecitizensofthePhilippines
(3) those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenshipuponreachingtheageofmajority
(4) thosewhoarenaturalizedinaccordancewithlaw
CheckYourProgress
Based
on
the
qualifications,
which
of
the
principles
and
methods
in
acquiringcitizenshiparerecognizedbythePhilippinestate?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
The purpose of Section 1(1) is to protect the status of those who were already citizens
under
the
previous
laws.
The
1987
Constitution
took
effect
on
February
2,
1987,
and
thereby
retained the status of all those who legally acquired Filipino citizenship through the
qualifications
set
forth
by
the
1973
Constitution.
However,
this
does
not
include
those
who
were
initially
recognized
as
Filipino
citizens
by
the
1973
Constitution
but
lost
it
for
whatever
reasonbeforetheratificationofthenewConstitution.
Meanwhile, Section 1(2) grants citizenship status following the principle of jus sanguinis.
Under this provision, a child born of
at
least
one
Filipino
parent
is
recognized
as
a Filipino
citizen. This is regardless whether the parent is a natural-born or a naturalized Filipino
citizen.
Thus,
if
the
mother
is
a Filipino
citizen
and
the
father
is
a citizen
of
another
country,
the
child
is
still
considered
a natural-born
Filipino
citizen.
However,
if
the
child
is
born
within
the
territory
of
a different
state
that
recognizes
jus
soli,
or
if
the
father’s
country
follows
jus
sanguini,t hechildmayacquiredualcitizenshipstatus.
It is important to note that this provision placed Filipino mothers on equal footing with
Filipino
fathers
in
terms
of
giving
jus
sanguinis
to
their
children.
This
is
unlike
the
provisions
of the 1935
Constitution,
where
the
Philippine
state
automatically
granted
only
those
born
of Filipino fathers citizenship. Those born of Filipino mothers and foreign fathers had to
electorchoosetheirFilipinocitizenshipuponreachingtheageofmajority.
From 1935 to 1973, a child born of a Filipino mother, who was married to a foreigner, is
granted
an
inchoate
right
to
Filipino
citizenship.
For
this
reason,
Section
1(3)
maintained
the
optionofelectiontothosebornbeforetheratificationofthe1973Constitution.
Meanwhile, the current law provides that illegitimate or adopted children acquire the
citizenshipoftheirlegallyknownparents.
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
PhilippineN
aturalizationL
aws
Article 4, Section
1 (4), recognizes
the
existence
of
a naturalization
process
for
those
who
voluntarily choose to become Filipino citizens. Under current and existing laws, there are
three ways by which an alien or a natural-born citizen of another country or a stateless
personmaybecomeaFilipinocitizenbynaturalization.Thesearethrough:
● administrativenaturalization
● judicialnaturalization
● legislativenaturalization
AdministrativeN
aturalization
Republic Act 9139, also known as “T
he Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000,”
enumerates the qualifications in acquiring Filipino citizenship through an administrative
naturalization process. This process applies to foreigners born and resided in the
Philippines
all
their
lives,
who
never
saw
any
other
country
and
thought
they
were
Filipinos.
Toqualify,anapplicantmustbe:
● borninthePhilippinesandresidingthereinsincebirth;
● notlessthaneighteen(18)yearsofage,atthetimeoffilingofthepetition
● ofgoodmoralcharacterandbelievesintheunderlyingprinciplesoftheConstitution
● educatedwithPhilippinehistory,government,andcivicsinanyrecognizedpublicor
privateschoolinthecountry
● abletoderivesufficientincomefromaknowntrade,business,profession,orlawful
occupationtosupportselfandfamily
● abletoread,writeandspeakFilipinooranyofthedialectsofthePhilippines
● musthavemingledwiththeFilipinosanddisplayedasinceredesiretolearnand
embracetheFilipinopeople'scustoms,traditions,andideals
The
applicant
must
satisfy
all
the
enumerated
qualifications
to
be
eligible
for
administrative
naturalization. R.A. No. 9139 was enacted as a remedial measure intended to make the
process of acquiring Philippine citizenship less tedious, less technical, and more
encouraging.
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
The application process is commenced by filing a verified petition with the Special
Committee on Naturalization (SCN) at the Solicitor
General's
Office.
The
petition
is
then
published
once
a week
for
three
consecutive
weeks
in
a newspaper
of
general
circulation.
In
addition, the petition will be furnished to pertinent government agencies like the
Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA), the Bureau of Immigration (B.I.), and the National
Bureau
of
Investigation
(NBI)
for
clearance
and
lack
of
a derogatory
record
on
the
petitioner.
TheSCN,whohasthepowertoapproveordenythepetition,iscomposedofthe:
1. solicitorgeneralasitschairman
2. the secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs or his duly authorized
representative
3. thenationalsecurityadviserasitsmembers
JudicialN
aturalization
For foreigners who want to become Filipino citizens but were not born in the Philippines
and are natural-born citizens of other countries, the Commonwealth Act No. 473, also
knownasR
evisedNaturalizationLawapplies.
ToqualifyforjudicialnaturalizationunderSection2ofCA473,thepetitionermustbe:
● notlessthantwenty-oneyearsofageonthedayofthehearingofthepetition
● aresidentinthePhilippinesforacontinuousperiodofnotlessthantenyears
● ofgoodmoralcharacterandbelievesintheprinciplesunderlyingthePhilippine
Constitution
● arealestateownerinthePhilippinesworthnotlessthanfivethousandpesos,
Philippinecurrency,ormusthavesomeknownlucrativetrade,profession,orlawful
occupation
● abletospeakandwriteEnglishorSpanishandanyoneoftheprincipalPhilippine
languages
● musthaveenrolledtheirchildreninanyrecognizedpublicorprivateschoolsthat
teachPhilippinehistory,government,andcivicsduringtheentireperiodofresidence
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
inthePhilippines
CheckYourProgress
Why do you think it is important for those applying to become
naturalized Filipino citizens to be educated in Philippine history,
government,andcivics?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Meanwhile,
the
required
ten
years
of
continuous
residence
may
be
reduced
to
five
years
in
exceptionalcases.Thisparticularqualificationappliestopetitionerswhohave:
● honorablyheldofficeunderanygovernmentunitofthePhilippines
● establishedanewindustryorintroducedausefulinventioninthePhilippines
● beenmarriedtoaFilipino
● beenateacherfornotlessthantwoyearsinaPhilippinepublicschoolorrecognized
privateschool
● beenborninthePhilippines
It is important to note that the special qualifications
only
apply
to
the
period
of
residence
required of a petitioner. All other qualifications mentioned in Section 2 of
CA
473
are
still
enforced.
A petition for judicial naturalization shall be filed with the competent court. The petition
mustspecifythefollowing:
● thedetailsofarrivalinthePhilippines,includingthedatesandtransportationused
● theaddressofresidence
● statementsofwitness
● allotherproofofqualifications
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
Legislativen
aturalization
A foreigner who made significant contributions to the nation may become a naturalized
Filipino citizen. This legal status is granted through an act
of
the
Philippine
Congress.
Like
any other legislative bill, legislative naturalization requires the process of three separate
readings done by both chambers of Congress,
their
concurrence,
and
the
signature
of
the
PhilippinePresident.
SomeforeignerswhowererecentlygrantedPhilippinecitizenshipare:
● MohamadWassimNanaa,aSyrianwhowasappointedashonoraryconsulgeneralto
Aleppoin2011.HehelpedintherepatriationofOverseasFilipinoWorkers(OFWs)
whowereaffectedbytheSyriancivilwar.HewasnaturalizedbyvirtueofRA11236of
2019.
● PeterLeslieWallace,anAustralianbusinessmanwhobuiltseveralfactoriesand
companiesinthePhilippines.Hiscontributiontolocalbusinessandsocio-civic
activitiesearnedtherecognitionofCongressandgrantedhimthestatusofFilipino
citizenbyvirtueofRA10685in2015.
● HansGuenterSchoof,aGermanphilanthropistwhoadmiredJoseRizalandfinanced
therenovationofRizalParkandco-publishedtheGermantranslationofEl
Filibusterismo.HewasgrantedFilipinocitizenshipthroughRA11247in2019.
● AthletessuchasMarcusDoubhitandAndrayBlatchewerealsonaturalizedthrough
RA10148in2011andRA10636in2014,respectively.
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
Fig.2.T
hePhilippineCongresspassedalawtomakebasketballplayerAndrayBlatchea
naturalizedFilipinocitizenandmakehimeligibletoplayintheG
ilasPilipinasteam.
The granting of citizenship through the naturalization process is one of the highest
privileges that the Republic of the Philippines can confer
upon
a foreigner.
It
is
a privilege
conferred upon
fully
qualified
persons
and
upon
strict
compliance
with
the
law.
Therefore,
the
courts
and
the
Congress
are
expected
to
be
mindful
that
the
naturalization
proceedings
areimbuedwiththehighestregardtothepublicinterest.
LossandRe-acquisitionofCitizenship
The 1987 Constitution provides that “P
hilippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the
manner
provided
by
law.”
As
a result,
Filipinos
who
lost
their
citizenship
in
the
Philippines
can
no longer enjoy the full civil, political, and economic rights under Philippine laws. On the
otherhand,theserightsaregrantedagainoncetheyreacquiredtheirFilipinocitizenship.
Anatural-bornornaturalizedFilipinomayvoluntarilylosehisorhercitizenship::
● bynaturalizationinaforeigncountry(seeR.A.No.9225)
● byexpressrenunciationofcitizenship
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
● bysubscribingtoanoathofallegiancetosupporttheconstitutionandlawofa
foreigncountry
● byrenderingservicetooracceptingacommissioninthearmedforcesofaforeign
country(exceptundercertaincircumstances)
Meanwhile, Filipino citizenship may be lost involuntarily through
a court
order
canceling
a
previously issued certificate of naturalization or when a competent authority declares
the
personadeserterinthePhilippinearmedforcesinthetimeofwar.
The
voluntary
loss
or
renunciation
of
one’s
nationality
is
calledexpatriation.
This,
however,
is
not
allowed
in times
of
war.
Lost
citizenship
may
still
be
reacquired
in
accordance
with
the
provisions
of
the
law.
According
to
C.A.
No.
63,
re-acquisition
of
citizenship
may
be
done
by
naturalization, repatriation, or direct act of the law. An application for re-acquisition by
naturalization needs to undergo the naturalization process prescribed by law, provided
furtherthattheapplicantpossessesallqualificationsandnoneofthedisqualifications.
Fig.3.Thethreeprocessesofre-acquisitionofFilipinocitizenship.
Repatriation
applies
to
deserters
of
the
Philippines
armed
forces
and
women
who
lost
their
citizenship because of marriage to a foreigner. It is done by merely taking the necessary
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and registering in the civil registry.
Finally, re-acquisition through the direct act of Congress is similar to the process of
legislativenaturalization.
RightsandPrivilegesofFilipinoCitizens
The legal status of becoming a Filipino citizen comes with specific rights and privileges.
Filipinocitizenshavetherightto:
● livepermanentlyandownrealpropertyinthePhilippines
● engageinbusinessorcommerceasaFilipino
● practiceone'sprofessioninaccordancewiththelaw
● voteinPhilippineelectionsunderexistinglaws
Article
3 of
the
1987
Constitution
or
"T
he
Bill
of
Rights" outlines
the
personal
freedoms,
as
well as civil, political, economic, and social rights of citizens. Civil
and
political
rights
are
guarantees that the Filipino citizen is protected from the state's excessive exercise of its
power.Theseinclude,amongothers:
● therighttolife,liberty,andproperty
● therighttoafairtrial,dueprocess,accesstolegalassistance,andspeedydisposition
ofcases
● therighttoprivacyofcommunication
● thefreedomofspeechandthepress
● thefreedomofreligion
● therighttoinformationonmattersofpublicconcern
● thefreedomofassociationforpurposesnotcontrarytolaw
● therightofthoseaccusedofacrimefromtorture,force,violence,threat,and
intimidationbystateforces
Although civil and political
rights
need
not
be
codified
to
be
recognized
and
protected,
the
express inclusion of these rights in the Constitution guarantees that they can legally
demand these from the state. Any state authority or government instrumentality that
restrictsandviolatescitizens'civilandpoliticalrightscanbebroughttothecourts.
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
Meanwhile,Article8ofthe1987Constitutionstatesthecommitmentofthestatetoprovide
thes ocialandeconomicrightso
fitscitizens.Thisincludesthefollowing:
● thecommitmenttoupholdhumandignityandreducesocial,economic,andpolitical
inequalities
● theequalitytoeconomicopportunities
● thepromotionoffullemploymentandprotectionoftherighttostrike,securityof
tenure,humaneworkingconditions,andalivingwage
● therightoflandlessfarmerstoowndirectlyorcollectivelythelandstheytill
● therightofsubsistencefishermantopreferentialuseofthecommunalmarineand
fishingresources
● thecommitmenttomakeavailabledecenthousingandbasicservicesatan
affordablecost
● thecommitmenttomakeessentialgoods,health,andothersocialservicesavailable
atareasonablecost
● therightofwomentosafeandhealthfulworkingconditions,takingintoaccount
theirmaternalfunctions
● therighttoqualityandaccessibleeducationatalllevels
The 1987 Constitution has no specific section that
enumerates the duties and obligations of Filipino
citizens. In the 1973 Constitution promulgated during the
Martial
Law
period,
citizens
were
obligated
to
be
loyal
to
the
Republic,
to
the
Philippine
flag,
defend
the
state,
uphold
the
Constitution, and obey the laws. Citizens were also
duty-bound to cooperate with duly constituted authorities
and exercise their individual rights responsibly. Other
obligations expected of citizens were to engage in gainful
workandvoteduringelections.
12.1.W
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Unit12:Citizenship
Although
it
is
rightful
and
reasonable
to
expect
all
citizens
to
perform
these
civic
duties,
its
codification
made
it
legally
enforceable
against
the
citizens.
The
Marcos
regime
used
these
provisions as legal bases to implement draconian measures to the extent of violating
the
civil, political, and economic rights of citizens. Moreover, it gave the state the unbridled
power to prosecute
those
deemed
"uncooperative"
with
authorities,
regardless
of
whether
their
actions
are
in
line
with
their
democratic
right
to
free
speech,
peaceable
assembly,
and
association. Due to this experience, the post-Martial Law 1987 Constitution ultimately
removed
these
provisions
and
essentially
relied
on
citizens'
voluntary
performance
of
their
dutiesandobligationstothestate.
InPhilippineContext
MaryGraceNatividadS.Poe-Llamanzaresv.COMELEC
TheLawphilProject.“MaryGraceNatividadS.Poe-Llamanzares
v.COMELEC,G.R.Nos.221697&221698-700,March8,2016.”
AccessedApril7,2021.
https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2016/mar2016/gr_221697_2
016.html,lastaccessedonJune03,2021.
MaryGraceNatividadS.Poe-Llamanzaresv.COMELEC
Asummary
In
2015,
Senator
Grace
Llamanzares
Poe
filed
her
candidacy
for
Philippine
Presidency.
To
qualify for Philippine President, she declared in her certificate
of
candidacy
that
she
is
a
natural-born
citizen
of
the
Philippines,
resided
in
the
country
for
ten
years,
and
renounced
herUScitizenship.
Petitions to deny her candidacy were filed before the COMELEC. The petitioners
questioned her qualifications, mainly being a natural-born citizen of the country. The
12.1.W
hati sC
itizenship? 17
Unit12:Citizenship
petitioners argued that since Senator Grace Poe was a foundling and her biological
parents are unknown, the
principle
of
jus
sanguinis
(i.e.,
the
determination
of
citizenship
based on blood relations) can not be applied to grant her the status of a natural-born
citizen.TheCOMELECgrantedthepetitionandcanceledhercandidacy.
Senator Poe filed certiorari before the Supreme Court (SC), seeking a review of the
decision of COMELEC. The SC reversed the ruling and affirmed that the
Senator,
and
all
otherfoundlingsinthecountry,arenatural-bornFilipinocitizens.
In its decision, the SC affirmed that foundlings are, as a class, natural-born
citizens
as
a
matter
of
law.
This
conclusion
is
supported
by
evidence
that
the
Constitution's
framers
did
not
intend
to
discriminate
against
foundlings.
Likewise,
the
customary
rule
in
international
lawistopresumefoundlingsasnatural-borncitizensofthecountrywheretheyarefound.
12.1.W
hati sC
itizenship? 18
Unit12:Citizenship
Wrap-Up
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
● Citizenship is defined as the legal status granted to members of a political
community.Thisstatusbestowsequalrightsandobligationsuponallmembers.
● The Philippine Constitution guarantees its citizens the full enjoyment of their civil,
political, economic, and social rights. The laws enforce and protect these rights
againstanyentity,includingstateauthoritiesandgovernmentinstrumentalities.
● Citizenship may be acquired by birth and by naturalization. The table below
summarizesthegeneralmodesandprocessesinacquiringiscitizenship:
ModesinAcquiringCitizenship Processes
citizenshipis
determinedbytheplace
involuntary;the
ofbirth(e.g.the
jussoli
stateautomatically
territoryofagiven
grantscitizenship
state);n
otrecognized
Bybirth toanewbornchild,
inthePhilippines
whothenbecomes
an
atural-born
citizenshipofparentsis
citizen passedontotheirchild;
jussanguinis
recognizedinthe
Philippines
12.1.W
hati sC
itizenship? 19
Unit12:Citizenship
requires
administrative
approval;applicableto
administrative
foreignerswhowere
borninthecountryand
residedheresincethen
voluntary;thestate
requiresac
ourt
grantscitizenship
decision;applicableto
uponpetitionofa
Bynaturalization foreignerswhowere
foreigner,who
judicial
notborninthecountry
thenbecomesa
butestablishedlifein
naturalizedcitizen
thecountry
requiresane
nactment
ofalaw;applicableto
legislative foreignerswhohave
significantcontribution
tothecountry
● Filipino citizens may lose their citizenship through voluntary and involuntary
methods.However,itcanstillbere-acquiredthroughthefollowingprocesses:
○ naturalization
○ repatriation
○ adirectactoftheCongress
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
12.1.W
hati sC
itizenship? 20
Unit12:Citizenship
TryThis!
TrueorFalse.W
ritet rueifthestatementiscorrect.Otherwise,writef alse.
________________ 1. Citizens are members of
a political
community
who
enjoy
civil
andpoliticalrights.
________________ 2. Aristotle viewed citizenship as the obligation to participate in
theAssemblyandperformjuryduty.
________________ 3. Jus
sanguinis
is
the
legal
principle
that
a person’s
citizenship
is
determinedbytheplaceofbirth.
________________ 4. Jus soli is the legal principle that translates to “the right of
blood.”
________________ 5. Naturalization is an act of legally adopting foreigners as full
members of the political community and
providing
them
with
equalrightsandprivilegesaccordedtocitizens.
________________ 6. Judicial naturalization, as provided by the Commonwealth
Act
No. 473, applies to foreigners who were born in the country
andresidedhereineversince.
________________ 7. Administrative naturalization requires an act of Congress to
grantcitizenshiptonatural-borncitizensofothercountries.
________________ 8. The voluntary loss or renunciation of citizenship is called
repatriation.
________________ 9. Filipino citizens who voluntarily renounce their Philippine
citizenshipcannolongerre-acquireit.
________________ 10. AllFilipinonationalsareattheonsetFilipinocitizens.
12.1.W
hati sC
itizenship? 21
Unit12:Citizenship
ChallengeYourself
Essay.A
nswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.
1. Compareandcontrasttheadministrative,judicial,andlegislativenaturalization.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Distinguishbetweenanatural-borncitizenandanaturalizedcitizen.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Provide a concrete situation that will result from a person’s loss of Philippines
citizenship.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
RubricforGrading
The rubric below is a suggested one. Your teacher may modify it based on your needs.
Consultyourteacherforthefinalrubric.
PerformanceL
evels
1 2 3 Suggested
Criteria Score
Beginning
Proficient Advanced
Weight
Proficiency Proficiency
Content Theanswerisunclear
Theanswerisclear
Theanswerisclear
andinsufficient;there
butbarelysufficient;
andsufficient; the
×3
isamajorflawinthe
thereisaminorflaw
argumentationis
12.1.W
hati sC
itizenship? 22
Unit12:Citizenship
argumentation. intheargumentation. excellent.
Organization Theanswerdoesnot
Theanswerflows
Theanswerflows
flowlogicallyandits
logically,butitsparts
logicallyanditsparts
×2
partsarenotclearly
arenotclearly
areclearlystructured.
structured.
structured.
Mechanics/ Therearemanymajor
Thereareminor
Therearevirtuallyno
errorsinsentence
errorsinsentence
errorsinsentence
LanguageUse ×1
construction,
construction,
construction,
grammar,orspelling.
grammar,orspelling.
grammar,orspelling.
TotalPossibleScore 18
ReflectonThis
Answerthefollowingquestionbriefly.
Iscitizenshiparightoranobligation?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
12.1.W
hati sC
itizenship? 23
Unit12:Citizenship
Bibliography
Ayson, Florentino G. and Dolores Aligada-Reyes. Fundamentals of Political Science, 2nd Ed.
MandaluyongCity:NationalBookstore,2000.
Divina Law. “Fast Break to Philippine Citizenship. Last modified, October 29, 2018.
https://www.divinalaw.com/dose-of-law/fast-break-philippine-citizenship/
“Edison So v. Republic of the Philippines G.R. No. 170603, January
29,
2000.”
The
LawPhil
Project. Accessed April 7, 2021.
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/jan2007/gr_170603_2007.html.
Marshall,T.H.C
itizenshipandSocialClass.Berkley:CambridgeUniversityPress,1950.
“Republic
of
the
Philippines
vs.
Kerry
Lao
Ong
G.R.
No.
175430,
June
18,
2012.”
The
LawPhil
Project. Accessed April 7, 2021.
https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/jun2012/gr_175430_2012.html.
GovPh. “The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.” Accessed April 7, 2021.
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/
12.1.W
hati sC
itizenship? 24
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