Mechanisms of Rock Fragmentation by Blasting

Fragmentation by blasting mechanisms Explosives Engineering
Mechanisms of rock
fragmentation by blasting
José A. Sanchidrián
¿How the rock breaks?

i) Shock: rh
Explosive Rock
 2 – 10 GPa
Reaction onset
CJ surface
Detonation
products
expansion
Pressure
P- and S-waves
José A. Sanchidrián. Fragmentation by blasting models. Applied Detonation Physics and Blast Modelling. Cambridge, 22-26 September 2014
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid 1

i) Shock: Shock transmitted to rock
Rock hugoniot:
𝑃 𝜌 C 𝑆𝑢 𝑢
Reactive hugoniot:
𝑃 𝑄 𝑏𝑢 𝑐𝑢
Rayleigh line:
𝑃 𝜌 𝐷𝑢
Reflected hugoniot:
𝑃 𝑄 𝑏 𝑢 𝑢 𝑐 𝑢 𝑢
𝑢 =2𝑢
P-wave velocity (m/s) 5844

S-wave velocity (m/s) 3300.4
Density (kg/m3) 2721.2

i) Shock: Shock transmitted to rock
0.143 ms 1 ms
VOD=5534 m/s
ROCK:
cP=5534 m/s
2.143 ms cS=3300 m/s
ρ=2721 kg/m3
How the rock breaks?

i) Shock:
Some models: ▪ Plastic compression and shear near the borehole wall.
NIOSH (shock decay)*:
Rock Explosive Scale / Layout /
rh ( rc  rh ) Geometry
   Pb e
rc Dynamic “crushing” (compressive, shear) strength Borehole pressure Borehole radius
Energy absorbing properties (fracture specific ‐ Density
Djordjevic (Griffith failure)**: energy, strength envelope, shear modulus...) ‐ VOD
rh
rc 
24 t
Pb Crushed zone
Borehole
Esen (model tests)***:
0.219 P- and s-
 P3  waves system
rc  0.812 rh  b 2  rh
 2G c  rc
*Iverson SR, Hustrulid WA, Johnson JC, Tesarik D, Akbarzadeh Y. 2010. The extent of blast damage from a fully coupled explosive charge,
Rock Fragmentation by Blasting: Proc. 9th International
Detonation. Symposium
Fast release ofonenergy
Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, FRAGBLAST 9, September 13-17,
2009, Granada, Spain. Sanchidrián JA, ed., Boca
at a highRaton, FL: CRC
pressure Press,
– the rockpp
in 459-468.
the
**Djordjevic N. 1999. Two-component ofborehole
blast fragmentation.
wall is smashed – p-International
Proc. 6th Symposiumrc on1 Rock
– 4 rFragmentation by Blasting-
and h (different
Fragblast 6, South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,
s-waves are formed Johannesburg, South Africa, pp 213–219.
estimations vary largely)
***Esen S, Onederra I, Bilgin HA. 2003. Modelling the size of the crushed zone around a blasthole, Int J Rock Mech & Min Sci 40: 485–495.
i) Shock:
▪ Plastic compression and shear near the borehole wall.
▪ Tensile and shear cracks

i) Shock – Tensile and shear cracks:
1 s
1 s
2 s
7 s
13,9 s
15,4 s
Radial cracks appear

20 s
on hoop tension some

diameters (2-3...) Hoop stress
diameters from the
28 s
tensile
borehole wall.
39 s
Johansson CH & Persson PA. 1970.
Detonics of high explosives. London &
New York: Academic Press.

20 30 40 Tensile cracks
μs μs μs
Shear cracks
50 60 70
μs μs μs
Yoon J, Jeon S. 2010. Use of a modified particle-based method in simulating blast-induced rock fracture. In Sanchidrián JA (ed.),
th
Fragmentation by Blasting, Proc. 9 Int. Symp. Rock Fragmentation by blasting – FRAGBLAST 9, Granada, Spain, September 2009, pp 13-17

Tensile cracks
Shear cracks
Yoon, Yeon (2009)*

20
30
40
50
60
70 Geometry
Fracture toughness μs Borehole pressure Borehole radius
Fracture specific energy
Crack tip velocity
Compressive, Tensile strength, Strength envelope

Geometry
Discontinuity status of rock Products expansion P/V path Borehole radius
Fracture toughness
Crack tip velocity
ii) High pressure gases:

▪ Crack opening (pre-existing or newly-formed)
≈ 0.1 - 0.5 ms
Reflection and transmission of waves at discontinuities
1 2
𝜎
Incoming wave
Transmitted wave
𝜎 2
Reflected wave
𝜎 1 𝜇 𝜎 1 𝜇
𝜎 1 𝜇
𝜌 𝑐
𝜇
𝜌 𝑐
Reflection and transmission of waves at discontinuities

𝝆𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝝆𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝆𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝝆𝟐 𝒄𝟐
1 2 1 2
𝜎 𝜎
1
𝜎 𝜎
𝜎 →0
If 𝜌 𝑐 ≫ 𝜌 𝑐
𝜎 → 𝜎
iii) Tensile waves from reflections at

discontinuities:
▪ Opening of pre-existing or newly formed cracks.
▪ Tensile failure of rock.
𝜌 𝑐
𝜇 →∞
𝜌 𝑐
𝜎 → 𝜎
Tensile
wave
≈ 0.2 - 0.5 ms/m
Discontinuity or
free surface

iii) Tensile waves from reflections at
discontinuities:
▪ Opening of pre-existing or newly formed cracks.
▪ Tensile failure of rock.
Geometry
Crack tip velocity Products expansion P/V path Burden
P-wave velocity Spacing
Fracture toughness Delay
Tensile strength
Tensile
wave
Tensile fracture
≈ 1-5 ms/m
Discontinuity or
free surface
iv) Movement:
▪ Flexural breakage of large blocks with closed
cracks.
▪ Fragment breakage due to mutual collisions and
fall impact.
Rock Explosive Scale / Layout / Geometry
Discontinuity status of rock Products expansion P/V path Burden

Tensile strength Bench height
Compressive strength Delay
≈ 5-15 ms/m
This is what we get:

Fragmented rock
Summary
Parameters influencing the rock blasting process:
Event / Phase Rock Explosive Scale / Layout /

Geometry
i) Shock – Dynamic “crushing” (compressive, shear) strength Borehole pressure Borehole radius
Crushed zone Energy absorbing (fracture specific energy, strength ‐ Density
envelope, shear modulus...) ‐ VOD
i) Shock – Fracture toughness One of these can be substituted Borehole pressure Borehole radius
Shear and tensile Fracture specific energy by Young’s modulus
cracks Compressive, Tensile strength, Strength envelope
Crack tip velocity
ii) Gas – Discontinuity status of rock Products expansion P/V path Borehole radius
Crack opening Fracture toughness
Crack tip velocity
iii) Shock & Gas – Crack tip velocity Products expansion P/V path Burden
Tensile waves P-wave velocity Spacing
Fracture toughness Delay
Tensile strength
iv) Movement Discontinuity status of rock Products expansion P/V path Burden
Tensile strength Bench height
Compressive strength Delay

Mechanisms of Rock Fragmentation by Blasting

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Fragmentation by blasting mechanisms Explosives Engineering

¿How the rock breaks?

¿How the rock breaks?

P-wave velocity (m/s) 5844

¿How the rock breaks?

How the rock breaks?

How the rock breaks?

How the rock breaks?

Radial cracks appear

on hoop tension some

How the rock breaks?

How the rock breaks?

Yoon, Yeon (2009)*

Rock Explosive Scale / Layout /

How the rock breaks?

ii) High pressure gases:

How the rock breaks?

Reflection and transmission of waves at discontinuities

How the rock breaks?

Reflection and transmission of waves at discontinuities

How the rock breaks?

iii) Tensile waves from reflections at

How the rock breaks?

How the rock breaks?

Rock Explosive Scale / Layout / Geometry

Discontinuity status of rock Products expansion P/V path Burden

This is what we get:

Event / Phase Rock Explosive Scale / Layout /

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