C YC LO D A O F F R A TE RN T E S

A C O M PILATI O N O F

E X IS T IN G A UT H E N T IC I N F O R M A T I ON A N D T HE R E S UL T S O F
O R I G I NA L I N V E S T I G A T I ON A S T O T HE O R I G I N , D E R I VA
TI ON , F O UN D ER S ,
D E VE L O P M E N T, A I M S ,
EMB L EM S ,

C HA RAC T E R , A N D P E R S ONN E L O F

MO R E T HA N S IX H UN D R E D S E C R ET
S O C IE T IE S IN T HE UN IT E D S T A T ES

S U PP L E M E NT E D BY

F A MI L Y T R E ES O F GR O U P S O F S O C I E T I E S , C O M PAR AT IVE S T AT I S T I C S
O F M E M B E R S HI P , C HA R T S , P L A T E S , M A P S , A N D
T HE N A M E S O F M AN Y

R E PR E S E N T A T IV E ME MB E R S .

CO MP I L E D AN D E D IT E D BY

A L BE R T C . S T E VE N S
ASS O C IA TE E D I TO R A N DAR D D I C T I O N AR Y
O F T H E ST A N D F OR ME R . E D I TO R O F B R A D ST R E E T S
’

A S S IS T E D BY M O RE T H AN O N E T H O US AN D
ME M B E R S O F L I VI N G S E C R E T S O CI E T I E S

N E W Y O R K CIT Y
P AT E RS O N , N . J

H A M I L T O N P R IN T I N G A N D P U B L I S H IN G C O M P AN Y
1 899 .
 t r ed acc o rdi n g t o A c t o f Co n g r ess in t h e year 1 896 b y
E n e ,

AL B E R T C S T E V E N S in t h e O ffi c e O f t h e L i b ra ri a n o f Co n g r ess
. .
 THIS B O OK IS D E D I CAT E D

T H AT UN I V E RS A L B R OT H E R H OO D ,

TO W H IC H I N T R UT H
, , BE LON G T HE GO O D M E N A ND T RUE OF

AL L F R AT E R N IT I E S .

— T HE A UT H O R .
 D ic i ti s o m n is i n i m bec ili ta te es t
-

et g ra ti a, et c ari tas . —C ic erO .

R eas on , c ert ai n , w ou ld ob lige ev er

y m an t o p urs ue
th e gen eral h app in ess as t h e m ea ns t o p roc u re an d es t a b l is h h is
o w n ; an d yet , if, bes ides t h i s c on s iderat io n, t h ere were n ot a

n at ura l inst in c t p romp t m g m en to des ire th e w elf a re

-

an d s a t is

f a c t io n o f oth ers , sel —lov e,

f i n defi an c e f th e
o a dm on it ion s o f
reas on , wo u ld q uic k ly ru n all th ings i n to a s t at e o f war an d

c on us ion — T h e S pe c tat o r S e pt 1 1 7 1 4
f , .
, .
 P R EF A C E

I N t h e C Y C L O PZ D I A O F F R A T E R N ITI E S
E
a ll pr evi o u sl y ac qu i red i nf or m a ti on on t h e
t h e fi rs t a tt em p t i s m ad e so far as k no w n
, , s u bj ec t S O m u c h th a t i s n o t t r u e h as
.

t o t rac e fro m a soc i o l og i ca l po i n t of V i ew

, , b een w r i tt en abo u t secr et soc i eti es by th ei r
t h e d ev el op m en t of S ecr et S oc i eti es in t h e f r i en d s as w ell as enem i es and so m u c h
, ,

U n ited S t a t es . th a t i s of d o u b t f ul a u th en ti c it y r egard i ng
F reem aso n ry of co u rse i s s h ow n t o b e
, , th em app ears in w h a t h a v e b een co n s i der ed
t h e m o th er fra t er ni t y in fac t as w el l as . s t an dard w or k s th a t an a na l y ti ca l s u pp l e
in n a m e ; b u t par ti c ul ar i n ter es t w ill a tt ac h m en t ary t r ea ti s e b eco m es a n ec essit y .

t o d et a il s co n n ec ti n g m a ny of t h e m ore More th a n h a l f t h e secret soc i eti es in t h e

i m p or t a nt fra t ern i ti es w i th Fr eem aso n ry . U n i t ed S t a t es pay d ea th s i c k acc i d en t d i s , ,

B road er an d f ull y as i nt eres ti ng i s t h e fac t

, , ab il i ty f u nera l o r o th er b enefi t s T h ey are
, ,
.

th a t in free and d em ocra ti c A m er i ca th er e an o u t gro w th of t h e O ld E n gl i s h frien dl v

are m or e s ecr e t soc i eti es an d a l ar ger ag soc i eti es an d o f Maso n i c i n fl u enc es an d are ,

gregat e m em b ersh i p a m o ng s uc h or ga n i za g enera ll y d escr i b ed as b en efi c i ary a nd c h ar

ti o n s th a n in al l o th er c i vili z ed co u n t r i es . itabl e o rga n i za ti o n s so m eti m es as fra t er n a l
,

T h e probab l e ex t en t O f t h e i n fl u en c e o f ord ers T h ei r t o t a l m em b ersh i p i s en o r

.

s ecret soc i et y li fe m ay b e i n f erred fro m t h e m o u s and i s grow i n g rap i d l y T h e m o ve .

fac t th a t m ore th a n A m er i ca ns m en t repr es en t s a sys t em o f O O O perat iv e in

“
-

are m em b ers of 3 0 0 s u c h o rga n i za ti o n s s u ran c e u s u all y c h arac t er i z ed as pro t eo

”
, ,

w h i c h co n f er abo u t d egrees ti o n an d i s a tt rac ti ng t h e a tt en ti o n of n ot

,

n o vi ti a t es a n n u a l l y a i d ed
,
in i n s t a nc es by
, ,
o n l y O ld l i ne i n s u ra n c e co m pan i es b u t of ,

a w ea l th of parap h er na li a an d d ra m a ti c c ere l egi sl a tu res as w ell .

m o ni a l w h i c h r i v a l s m od er n s t a ge effec t s . S o i m po r ta n t h as thi s bran c h O f s ecret

Mo re th a n m em b ers are a nn u a ll y soc i et y li fe b eco m e th a t i t h as b een gi v en
,

ex t en d ed t r ea t m en t u n d er N a ti o n a l Fra
'

add ed t o t h e ro ll s O f Maso ni c Lod ges in t h e ,

U n i t ed S ta tes ; qu it e as m an y j o i n t h e Od d t er na l C o ngr ess w hi c h c h ap ter i s co n t r i b

F el low s and o n e h a l f as m a ny t h e K n i ght s
,
-

a t ed by Maj o r N S B oy n t o n of Por t H u
. .

o f Py th i as ; m ore th an j o i n o th er ro n M i c h
,
R etu r n s as t o t h e n a tu r e of t h e
.

s ecret soc i eti es t h e l od ges c h ap ters or

, , ,
pro tec ti o n o r b en efit s gi v en and m eth ods of ,

co u n c il s of w h i c h d o t t h e co u n t ry a l m os t co ll ec ti ng t h e sa m e w i th cos t s per cap i t a

,

co i n c i d en tl y w i th t h e erec ti o n o f c h u rc h es a t v ar i o u s p er i od s h a v e b een f u r n i s h ed by
,

an d sc h oo lh o u s es . n earl y a ll t h e l ar ge b en efi c i ary soc i eti es ,

I t i s rarel y th a t o n e in t en of t h e ac ti v e an d are p u b li s h ed in f ul l T h e acco m pa ny

.

m em b ers of s ecr et soc i et i es i s fa m ili ar w i th in g a n a l ys i s a nd co m par i so n are by M r .

t h e or i gi n an d g row th of hi s o w n f ra t er n it y ,
Fra n k G reen e m a n agi ng ed it or of B rad
,

and n o t o ne in a h u n dr ed h as a fa i r c o n s t r eet s T h i s f ea tu r e sh o ul d pro v e of ex

’
.

c ept io n of t h e r el a ti o n of h i s o w n o r ga n i za c ept io n al i nt er es t t o m em b ers of b en efi c iarv

ti o n t o li k e soc i eti es o r of t h e or i gi n and

, o rd ers .

ev o l u ti o n of l ead i ng orga n i za ti o n s w h i c h O n e o f t h e r ev el a ti o n s of t h e boo k i s f o u n d

for m t h e s ecr et soc i et y w orl d For thi s
. in t h e ref eren c e t o s ecr et s i s ter h oods at
reaso n n o t o nl y t h e new m em b ers t ac h ed t o b enefi c i ary fra t er n i ti es as w ell ,

o f s u c h soc i eti es eac h y ear b u t O l d er breth

,
as separa te soc i eti es of wo m en r el a ti v es of ,

ren as w ell s h o u l d fi n d in t h e C Y C L O P I D I A
, m em b ers of bro th er h oods n u m b eri ng a lt o ,

O F F R A T E R N ITI E S a v a l u ab l e s u pp l em en t t o g e th er abo u t h a l f a m illi o n wo m en A m o ng .

Vi PR E F A CE

th e l arger are t h e D a u gh t ers of R eb ek a h Mod er n O cc u lt S oc i eti es are n o m i na ll y

,

t h e O r d er o f t h e E as t er n S t ar Lad i es of t h e m or e n u m ero u s th a n th ei r fo ll ow i n wo ul d
, g
M a ccab ees t h e R a th bo ne S i s t ers Py th i a n seem t o warra nt
, , N ear l y a ll h a ve b een .

S i s t er h ood t h e D a u gh ters of L i b er t y t h e bas ed u po n Maso ni c d eg rees o r l egen ds

, , .

D a u gh ters of A m er i ca an d o th ers In ad T h e o nl y n o tewor th y s u r vi v o r i s t h e T h eo

, .

d i ti o n th ere are m a ny b enefi c i ary soc i eti es sop h i ca l S oc i et y M rs A nn i e B esa nt s u c

, . .
,

w h i c h ad m it bo th m en an d wo m en c essor t o M ada m e H el en P Bl a v a t s k y
.
.
,

T h e r es ul t s o f an ex a m i n a ti o n of s t a n dard w r i t es i nt er es ti n g l y r egard i ng th i s S oc i et y
h i s t or i es o f F reem aso n ry con d en s ed f o r t h e f or t h e C Y C L O PZE D I A O F F R A T E R N ITI E S
, ,

C Y C L O P JE D I A O F F R A T E R N ITI E S i gn ore un m a ki ng s ev era l po i n t s w hi c h w ill a tt rac t t h e

,

corrobora t ed t rad iti o n s as t o or i gi n an d a tt en ti o n o f Maso n i c s tu d en t s .

g row th b u t em body t h e co n c l u s i o n s of t h e
, As v ery few a m o ng th ose w h o h a ve h er e
ab l es t m od ern Maso n i c hi s t or i a n s S u pp l e t o f ore t r ea t ed of ev en t s d u r i ng t h e p er i od
.

m en t ary c h ap t ers o n F r eem aso n ry co n t ai n 1 82 7 t o 1 84 5 h a v e appr ec i a t ed t h e par t t h e

m u c h th a t i s p u b li s h ed f or t h e fi rs t ti m e a n ti Maso n i c agi t a ti o n p l ay ed in p eop l i n g
.
-

In a ll O f th em t h e vi ew po i n t i s th a t o f t h e w h a t m ay b e ca l l ed t h e s ecr et soc i et y wor l d

-

i n qu i r i ng Freem aso n yo u ng or O ld Too thi s i n t er es ti ng t op i c i s qu i t e full y d i sc u ss ed

t
,

mu c h i s l ef t n owadays for h e new l y m ad e un d er t h e h eads

.

A n ti Maso n ry
-
” C ol ,
“ -

Mast er Maso n t o fi nd o u t by s tu dy i ng t h e l ege Fra ter n iti es P at r i o ti c O rd ers and 77 ( 4

”
, ,

th o u san d an d o ne boo k s good bad an d , I n d ep end en t O rd er of O dd F ell ows

, , .

in d i ffer en t t r uth f ul and t rad i ti o n a l w ith

, T h e ex t en t t o w hi c h t h e R o m a n Ca th o l i c
,

w hi c h t h e Sh el v es of Maso n i c l i brar i es are C hu rc h h as a n t a go n i z ed s ecret soc i eti es in

fill ed T h e r es u lt s of pro l o nged i n v es ti A m er i ca i s r ef erred t o in par t u n d er
”
.
, ,

gat io n a e r e m bod i de in sp c i a l c h ap ters

e A nti M aso n ry ; b u t i t s l a t er a tti tu d e
”
-

on Freem aso n ry a o g N eg ro es i n c lu d l oo ki ng w ith o u t d i sf a v or o n t h e form a ti o n

m n ,

ing t h e E ngl i s h A m er i ca n an d S co tti s h o f pr i v a t e b en efi c i ary an d c h ar it ab l e orga n

, ,

Rit es ; F reem aso n ry a m o ng t h e M or m o n s iz at io n s do es n o t app ear t o h a v e r ec ei v ed

, ,

co n t a i ni ng O r i gi n a l m a tter co nt r i b u t ed by t r ea t m en t el sew h er e T h e m o v em ent i s s ig .

br eth r en f am i li ar w ith t h e wor k O f t h e M or n ific an t in th a t i t con s titu t es t h e r evi v al O f

fi f t y y ears ago ; a l ittl e Freem aso n ry wh o ll v w” “
an d
“
m o n Lod ge a t N a u v oo Ill ,

Fr eem aso nry a m o n g t h e C hi n es e

.

”
,

C h u rc h ,
ith i n t h e
.

w hi c h p h ras e ac qu i res a n ew m ea n i ng Ma A m o ng t h e or i g i na l c h ar t s m aps fa m i ly

.
, ,

so n i c Rit es th ei r or i gi n grow th an d d i s t rees and o th er d i agra m s prepar ed f o r

, , , , ,

t rib ut io n of m em b ers hi p th ro u gh o u t t h e t h e C Y C L O P EE D I A O F F R A T E R N ITI E S are t h e

wor l d th ei r p res en t co n d i ti o n r el a ti o n s hi p f o ll ow i ng :
, , ,

and m od es O f go v er n m en t are pr es en t ed 1 S ecret S oc i et y M em b ers hi p Map O f t h e

, .

m or e c l ear l y p er h aps th a n ev er b ef or e
, , U n ited S t a t es ; .

S co tti s h Ri t e Fr eem aso n ry t h e d i sc u ssi o n o Maso ni c Map of t h e W or l d ;

, t

O f w hi c h i nc lu d es a li s t of t h e n a m es an d 3 S pr ead of Fr eem aso n ry f ro m E ngl a n d .

add resses O f all th i r t y th i rd d egr ee Free-

th ro u gh o u t t h e W or l d ;
m aso n s in t h e U n it ed S t a t es i s d ea lt w i th 4 N u m b er
,
of Freem aso n s in V ar i o u s .

so as t o m a k e p l ai n m u c h th a t i s m isunder C o u n t r i es ;
s t ood T h e w or k i n v o l v ed in prepar i ng thi s 0 N u m b er of Mas ter Maso n s in eac h O f
1

c h ap t er nec ess i t a t ed r et rac i ng t h e s t eps o f t h e L ead i n g Maso n i c Ri t es ;

m a n y w h o h ad go n e th a t way b ef or e M as 6 R el a ti o n s h i p o f t h e E ngl i s h A m er i ca n
. .
, ,

t er Maso n s w ill fi nd t h e s t o ry a br i ef an d an d S co tti s h Rit es of Fr eem aso n ry ;

c l ear ex pos iti on of w h a t h as O f t en b een 7 L egiti m a t e an d Ill egiti m a t e S co tt is h .

b efo gged . Rit e Maso n i c B od i es ;

 GE N E AL O GICAL OR F AMI LY T RE E OF SE C RE T S O CI E T I E S .

w m w m
w a q
o 3 s w
m 5
8 2 0
5 m
m m
0
A 3 : a
m
a
F

2 9
m a
.

b
o
$ : o e ?
5 r
n
-
8 8 2
o
n g 2 .
a
o 0 5 : 0 m H ;
m 8 0 En 6
2 u

5 i—
u e
9 $ o
o
8 c

“
n 5 0 e
n
fl
5 c z
s
2 2 5 m a a r
: . .

8
c
m w ? a
c 1
w S c
» r m e m
a o w 0 r o
n > a 2 r _ .
E
e
B o m
?
-

o 9.
fl
a
S
0 1 $ d m g
2 5 2 a E ” :
9
3
.

r
z z

9
1 1 e
f
m 2 5
.
5 3 ; l l o
m
0
s m
m
5 2 >

a
o
,
m
a
m
£ 2 m
w a o g o
Z
8 m i 5 w : m n
m o
o
; m m o l a
S
fl

o o z F m
z
g
z
z
n s a i a z r z
m e o
g o o

m m m m m m 5 m m m m m m o
v
o n g n
o
m

3
a e o a 4 2
9 a
w
3 3 3 3 g 3 u o n
s z 0 l m m m
g m w o s 5 . g e m w
m g 9 a
c
m
5
e a
i 8 w c
m ? o
m
o
0 g x md 0 m 6
3
2 5 0
9 é w$
a : . : m
0 i a e e
3
c
G m 3
— Kl
a
3 i 3
m
o
5
a 9
e

f s a o
5 G 0 :
g 9 o
n 8 s
n.
0 u. 5 r
8 : 2 : 2 5 w o 0 5
i 8 .
>
m E 5:
2 z
m 2 s
.
2 e
a
: w o o 0
» 8
:
w 3 0
2 e
o
n
i o E 3 2 5 Z a a
m
5 v 0 3
n
9
.
e z 2 s
w fi 8
i
e
.
0
. .

m
o
—
e
9 l
s z
2
3 $ l
.

d 1 o
1 o n 3 9
a > e a
s n
5 n. n. q o a

9 6
r n 5 .
i g 8 1 0
fi Z
.

s
n
2 5 o o n
o i E s : 5 m E 6
w 2 z
a
1
s
m
.
e
1 s 0
s | m E 2 i E t

—l
.
a e a
m o -
z O ? e 0 9 o x
m S
a
> s
t .
o
s g
.
: 2 0 n
n
s 3
5 5
o
$
o n
g
“v
m o
2
-
g
.
r
.

? 7
z m e
b a
0
3 0 9 3 5 5 .

g Q e
m Q
.
a
w o
5 6 5 1 ;
o o c
3 6 g ai
o m

m w u
n
e 2 1 K o 9 . o
m 3 8 w e
r 0
a s 8 3
.
m o
m z c : c c 8 x
9
o
a 2
.

e z
?
n

a o e .

0 c ? 2
P 5
.
s
5
n s 5
z i 5 i a
S
—
m 3 0 m
.

a e .
. o
u 0
o
w c o
8 2 ? v m
m

g s 5 o
2
w
o

o
.

e e a s :
o
;
s
a 6 a
d
q : o E r
g
2
5 :
i
.

:
o
5 9
m
0 3
fi 3
c :

c
a
S
q
m
l

m
n
r
m
o
v iii PR E FA C E

8 . O d d F ell ow s hi p i t s B ra n c h es and , B a t es J o h n L
, U n i ted O rd er of P il gr i m .
,

S c hi s m s ; Fa th ers B os t o n Mass , , .

9 . O rd ers O f W h it e and of N egro O d d F el B ay l ey J I n d ep en d en t O rder of Fores t ers

, ,

l ows and th ei r B ra n c h es ; Toro n t o O nt , .

10 . O r i gi n and R el a ti o n s hi p of O rd ers of B ec k C h ar l es F
, A F and A M D e .
, . . .

Fo res t ers ; t ro it M i c h , .

11 . Pa t r i o ti c and Po li ti ca l S oc i eti es 1 7 6 5 , B ell a m y Marsd en K n i gh t s of H o n or W il

, , ,

(S o n s of L i b er ty ) t o da t e (A m er i can m ingt o n N C , . .

Pro t ec ti v e Assoc i a ti o n ) ; B er n s tei n Pa u l A m er i ca n S tar O rd er N ew

, , ,

12 . A m er i ca n Co ll ege Frat er n iti es an d th ei r Yor k .

E x t en s i o n ; B esa n t M rs A n n i e T h eosop hi cal S oc i et y

,
.
, ,

13 . R el a ti o n s hi p o f T em p eran ce S ecret S O Lo n do n E ngl an d ,

.

c iet ies ; B i en Jul i u s B nai B r i th N ew Yor k

, ,
’ ’
, .

H ebrew S ecret C h ar i t ab l e O rgan i za ,

B i erc e C A , O rd er O f t h e G o l d en R od
. .
, ,

ti o n s ; D et ro i t M i c h , .

’
1 5 Ra il road E m p l oy és B ro th er h oods an d
.
,
Bi gel ow J osep h H ill Co ll ege Fra t er niti es
, , ,

1 6 Labor O rga ni za ti o n s
. C o ll ege C i t y N ew Yor k .

S tu d ent s O f t h e c u r i o u s w ill b e i n t eres ted Bi ggs D S A m er i can L egi o n of H o n or

, . .
,

in t h e d i sc u ss i o n s of a n ti R o m a n Ca th o li c -

B os t o n Mass , .

S ecret soc i eti es soc i eti es w hi c h fa v or a . Bl oss J M Equ i tab l e A i d U n i on T i tu s

, . .
, ,

s i l v er m o n et ary s t a n dard m ys ti ca l orga ni , vi ll e Pa ,

.

z at io ns t o t eac h eco n o m i cs for t h e en c o ur , B o l t o n D eWit t C

, K n i ght s of Py thi as .
, ,

agem ent of r ecr ea ti o n en f orc i ng l aw an d , Pa t erso n N J ,

. .

ord er f or carry i ng o u t r ev o l u ti o nary de

, B o u ght o n J S O rd er o f S el ec t Fr i en ds
,
. .
, ,

s i g ns fo r i nd ul gi ng in ecc en t r i c i ty and f or
, ,
Law renc e K an , .

s u b v er t i ng l aw and o rd er T h e l i s t i s no t . B ow l es G F T h e U n i v ersa l B ro th er h ood

, . .
, ,

a l o ng o n e b u t i s i n teres ti n g as a soc i o l o gi
, N a t c h ez M i ss ,
.

c al r eco rd . B oyd W T A F an d A M C l ev el an d O
,
. .
, . . . .
, , .

T h e l abor en t a il ed in co m p il i ng th e B row n F L ,
I m p ro v ed O rd er of Hept a
. .
,

C Y C L O P E D I A O F F R A T E R N ITI E S h as b een sop h s S cra n t o n Pa , ,

.

l i gh t ened by t h e c o O perat io n of m em b ers of Bu c ha na n J a m es I saac A F and A M, ,

. . . .

t h e soc i eti es na m ed ; and f or m u c h th a t i s P i tt sb u rg Pa , .

m er i t o r i o u s h er ei n par ti c u l ar cr ed i t i s in ,
B u n dy W illi am E
,
S o n s of Vet eran s .
, ,

p ar t d uet o th os e w h os e n a m es are app end ed ,

U S A C i n c i nna t i O
. . .
, , .

t o w h o m t h e war mes t ac k no w l ed gm ent s are Bu rm es t er C h ar l es E Adj u t a nt G enera l

,
.
,
-

ex t en d ed G A R O m a h a N eb
. . .
, , .

A del nb eh agen Pa u l A F and A M

, , . . . .
,
B u rn ett D Z K ni ght s o f Py thi as W as h
, . .
, ,

H a m b u rg N eth er l a n ds , . ingt o n D .C ,
.

A l la n F W A F and A M Gl asgow
, . .
, . . . .
, ,
B u r t o n A l o nzo J O rd er o f t h e E as ter n
,

S co tl a n d . S t ar N ew Yor k N Y
, , . .

Ar th u r P M B ro th er h ood o f Loco m o ti ve
, . .
,
B u r t o n J o h n R Mod er n O rd er of C ra f t s
,
.
,

E ng i neers C l ev el a n d 0 , ,
. m en D et ro i t M i c h
, , .

B ac ku s R ev J E , I nd ep end en t O rd er o f
. . .
, C am pfi el d G eorge A I n d ep en d en t O rd er
,
.
,

G ood T em p l ars R o m e N Y , ,
. . of Fo res t ers D et ro i t M i c h , , .

B a n gs A l gerno n S U ni t ed O rd er o f t h e
,
.
,
Car l os J a m es J S t P at r i c k s A lli an c e of
,
.
,
.
’

G o l d en C ross A u gu s t a Me , , . A m er i ca N ewar k N J , , . .

B as k ett S , A F and A M Ev ers h o t

. . . . .
, ,
Car na h a n Maj or G enera l J a m es R K ni gh t s
,
-
.
,

D orc h es ter E ngl and , . of Py thi as I nd i a napo li s In d , , .

 P R E FAC E ix

Carso n E T A F and A M C i n c i n
, . . . . .
, Do nne ll y T M W oodc h opp e rs A ssoc i a
, . .
,
’
~

n a ti O , . ti o n J ers ey C i t y N J
, , . .

Ca r t er J o h n M A F and A M B a lti
, .
, . . . .
, D o r e J o h n P Massac hu sett s Ca th o li c O r
, .
,

m ore M d , . der O f Fo r es t ers B os t o n Mass , , .

C h ase I ra J Tr i be o f B en Hu r C rawfo rds

, , D o rf S a m uel B r i th Abrah a m N ew Yor k
, ,
’

, .

v ill e In d ,
.
D or i s T C A nc i en t O rd er of t h e S anh e
, . .
,

C h u rc hill C R ob er t C o ll ege F ra t er n i ti es
,
.
, d r i m Ri c h m o nd V a , , .

N ew O r l ea n s La , . D o rwel l R R , G ood S a m ar i t a n s and

. .
,

C l a ncy J J A nc i en t O rd er of Hi b er ni a n s
, . .
, , D a u ght ers of S a m ari a S t am ford C o nn , , .

Trent o n N J , . .
D o u gh er t y J o h n S w i t c h m en s U n i o n N
, ,
’

, .

C l are R al p h B
, K n i gh t s o f t h e Mys ti c .
, A K a n sas C i t y MO
.
, , .

C h a i n P hil ad el p hi a Pa , ,
. E a v en so n M ar vi n M S o ns of T e m p era n c e
, .
, ,

C l ar k E E O rd er O f R ailwav C o n d u c t ors
,
. .
, , P hil ad el p hi a Pa , .

C edar R ap i d s Ia ,
. E d el s t ei n J o h n A F and A M J ers ey
, , . . . .
,

C l ar k M i ss F M N ew E ngl a n d O rd er of
,
. .
, C i ty N J , .

Pro t ec ti o n B os t o n Mass , ,
. E d m u nd s G A F and A M C ar th a ge
, .
,
. . . .
, ,

C l ar k so n T h add eu s S G A R, O m ah a .
,
. . .
, ,
Ill .

N eb . E i d so n W R , A m er i can B enev o l en t As
. .
,

C l end en en G W Mys ti c O rd er of t h e
,
. .
, soc i a ti o n S t Lo ui s M O , .
, .

W o rl d F ul t o n Ill
, ,
. Elli nger M B n ai B r ith N ew Yor k
, .
,
’ ’
, .

C li f t J A u gu s tu s A F and A M S t
,
.
,
. . . .
,
. E ngel h ard t A u gu s t B en ev o l en t O rd e r of
, ,

J o hn s N F ,
. . B u ff al o es N ew Yor k , .

Coffi n S el d en J C o ll ege Frat er ni ti es La

, .
, , Ev eret t D B ro th erh o od of Loco m o ti v e
, .
,

fay ette C o ll ege E as t o n Pa , , . E ngi neers C l ev el a nd 0 , , .

C o l by Ar thu r W
, Co l l ege Fra t er n i ti es .
, , Fa il ey J a m es F
, O rd er of I ro n H a ll In .
, ,

C l ev el a n d O ,
. d ian apo l is, I n d .

Co ngdo n J osep h W A F and A M ,

.
,
. . . Farrell J H . . .
,
R oya l Arca n u m ,
Pa t ers o n ,

Pa t erso n N J , . .

C o tter Fra n k G Ac t ors O rd er O f Fr i en d

,
.
,
’
F i el d s M F , A F an d A M (negro )
. .
, . . . .
,

s hi p N ew Yor k ,
. S t Lo u i s M O
.
, .

Cow en T h o m as B ,
C o l l ege Fra t er ni ti es .
, , Fow l er G eorge W A nc i e nt O rd er of U ni t ed
, .
,

W ill i a m s t ow n Mass , . W or k m en D et ro i t M i c h , .

C ruet t J o h n W I m pro v ed O rd er O f H ep
, .
,
F ran t z en C J R o v al B enefit S oc i et y N ew
,
. .
, ,

t aso ph s B a l ti m or e M d , , . Yor k .

C ul b er t so n W il li a m K n i ght s of t h e G o l d en
, ,
Fros t D M K ni gh t s of R ec i proc i t y G ar
, . .
, ,

E a gl e P h il ad el p h i a Pa , ,
. den C i t y K an , .

C u m m i n gs T h o m as H
C a th o l i c K n i ght s
, .
, Gal am i M A F and A M A th e ns
, .
,
. . . .
, ,

of C o l u m b u s B os t o n M ass , , . G reec e .

D a ni el s W i lli a m P O r d er of R a i l way C o n Ga n s W ill i a m A

’ ’

,
.
, ,
B nai B r i th N ew Yor k .
, , ,

d uc t o rs C edar R ap i ds I a , ,
.

D as e W i lli a m H K ni gh t s of t h e R ed C ross
, .
, ,
G arwood S S O rd er o f H o m e B ui l d ers
,
. .
, ,

S pr i n gfi el d 0 , . P hil ad el p hi a Pa , .

D ay F ess end en L U n i t ed O rd er O f t h e
, ,
G as t o n F r ed er i c k T h e G ran d Fra t er n it y
, , ,

Go l d en C ross L ew i s t o n Me , ,
. P hil ad el p h i a Pa ,
.

D e L eo n D an iel D
K ni gh t s o f Labor N ew
,
.
, , G erard D W Tr i b e of B en Hu r C ra w
,
. .
, ,

Yor k . fords vi ll e In d ,
.

D e yo J o h n H A F an d A M (negro )
,
.
, . . . .
, G il d ers l eev e C h arl es E O rd e r of U n i t e d
,
.
,

A l ba ny N Y ,
. . A m e r i ca n s Ne w Yor k , .
 P R E F AC E

Gl e nn G W I nd ep en d e n t O rd e r of R ec h a
, . .
, Hi tt , G eorge C .
, O rd er of I ro n H a ll , Ih
b it es S y k es V a , ,
. dianapo l is, In d .

G ooda l e H G A F an d A M J a m a i ca
,
. .
,
. . . .
, , H o l d en S F K ni ght s an d Lad i es of
, . .
,

Q ueen s C O N Y .
, . . A m e r i ca N ew Yor k , .

G o r m a n A r thu r R A F an d A M B a l
, , . . . .
, H o l m a n O li v er D , O rd er of U n it ed .
,

t i m o re M d , . Fr i e n d s N ew Y ork , .

G ra h a m R ev G eorge S
,
O rd er of I ro n . .
, H o l m es M B A n c i en t O rd e r of H ib er
, . .
,

H a ll P hil ad el p h i a Pa
, , . h i an s N ew Yor k , .

G r et z i n ger W i lli am C C o ll e ge Fra t ern i ti es

, .
, H op k i n s A W I n ter na ti o na l O rd er of
,
. .
,

L ew i sb u rg Pa , . T w el v e L ea v en wor th K an , ,
.

G r i es t W C
,
T h e U n i t ed S t a t es B en efit
. .
,
H uc l ess R ob er t A F and A M (n egro )
, , . . . .
,

Fra t e r ni t y B a l ti m or e M d , ,
. N ew Yor k .

Grifii n M ar ti n I J I r i s h C a t h o l i c B en ev
,
. .
, Hu gh es J a m es L T h e L oya l O range As
, .
,

o l en t U n i o n P h il ad e l p hi a Pa , , . soc i a t i o n T oro n t o O n t , ,
.

G ross F W Un i t ed B ro t h ers in Fr i en d
,
. .
,
I r vi ng E B A F an d A M (negro )
, . .
, . . . .
,

s hi p V i c t or i a T ex
, , . A l ba ny N Y , . .

G winn el l J o h n M ,
A m er i ca n L egi o n of .
,
J ac k so n T h or n t o n A , A F and A M .
,
. . . .

H o n or N ewar k N J , ,
. .
(negro ) W a s h i ngt o n , D C ; . .

H a h ne I r vi n A
,
I nd ep end en t O rd er o f .
, J o n es C C Adj ut a n t G eneral G A R
, . .
,
-

, . . .

M ec h a n i cs P h il ad el p hi a Pa , ,
. R oc k f ord Ill , .

H a m il t o n W R A F an d A M Car
,
.
, . . . .
, J o n es C h arl es R
, O rd er of E qu it y I n .
, ,

t h age Ill ,
. dian apo l is, In d .

H a m m er H H A dj u t a n t G eneral S o n s
,
. J o h n s t o n J o h n G O r der o f P en t e P hil a
.
, , , .
,

O f V et era n s U S A R ead i n g Pa d el p h i a Pa
,
. . .
, ,
.
, .

H arb u rger Juli u s I n d ep en d en t O rd er

,
~
J o h ns t o n T h o m as E O rd er O f K n i gh t s o f
, , , .
,

Fr ee S o n s o f I sra el N ew Yor k Fr i en dsh i p P hil ad el p hi a Pa ,

.
, ,
.

H arp er G S O rd er o f t h e W orl d W h eel

,
. .
,
K elih er S y l v es t er A m er i can R a i l way , , ,

ing W Va ,
. U n i o n C hi ca go Ill
.
, , .

H arr i so n H L esli e K n i gh t s of S t J o h n Ki m p t o n C ar l W O rd er o f U n i ty P hil a

, .
,
.
, .
,

an d Ma l t a N ew Yor k ,d el p h i a Pa .
, .

H ar t e H M K n i ght s of H o n o r N ew Yor k Ki ng C h arl es M B enev o l ent and P ro t ec

,
. .
, ,
.
,
.
,

H assewell J N P at r i o ti c O rd er S o ns o f
, .
ti v e O rd e r o f El k s Pa t erso n N J
.
, , , ,
.

A m er i ca S cra n t o n Pa ,
K i tt rell L A 2 K ni gh t s of Py thi as (ne ,
.
, .
,

H ay es J o h n W K ni ght s of L abor P hi l a
, gro ) Maco n G a
.
, , , , .

d el p hi a Pa ,
K rap e W i lli am W K n i gh t s o f t h e Gl ob e
. , .
, ,

H ell er S M H o m e P al l ad i u m K a nsas
,
.. .
,
Fr eepor t Ill , ,
.

C i ty M O , . Ku h n J o h n R C a th o li c B en ev o l en t L e , .
,

H enn essy J C N a t i o na l R es er v e Assoc i a

, .
gi o n B roo kl y n N Y
.
, , ,
. .

ti o n K a nsas C i t y M O
,
La m b E F O rd er of U n i ted Fr i end s O f ,
.
,
. .
,

H en ry W i ll i a m O rd er of A m ara n th D e
,
M i c hi ga n F li nt M i c h
, , , ,
.

t ro it M i c h ,
Lan d er W F . K ni ght s and Lad i es O f ,
. .
,

H er m a n L A h av as I sra el N ew Yor k
, .
, A za r C hi c ag o Ill , .
, ,
.

H errifo rd J o s ep h B
,
I n t er na ti o na l O rd er La u r en c e R D A F and A M S pr i ng , , . .
,
. . . .
,

of T we l v e C hilli co th e M o ,
fi el d Ill , .
,
.

Hi bb en E H N o r th er n Fr at er na l Insur Law l er T h o m as G G A R
, . .
,
R oc k f ord , .
,
. . .
,

a n c e Assoc i a ti o n Mars h all t o w n Ia Ill , , . .

H i n c kl ey G eorge C C o ll ege Fra t er ni ti es Law renc e G E

,
N a ti o na l Far m ers A l
.
, , ,
. .
,
’

Pro vi d enc e R I l ian c e Mari o n 0

, . . , , .
 P R E F AC E

L ea h y J o h n P U ni o n Fra t er na l A ll i a n c e
,
.
, , Ma nn D r D H I n d e p en d en t O rd er G oo d
, . . .
,

B os t o n M as s , .
T em p l a rs B roo kl y n N Y , , . .

L e ah y T h o m as A F an d A M R oc h
, ,
. . . .
, Mar k ey D P K n i gh t s of t h e Maccab ees
, . .
, ,

e s t er N Y , . .
Por t H u ro n M i c h , .

Maso n E C R oya l Tr i b e of J os ep h S e
’
L ee J P S t Pa t r i c k s A lli a nc e of A m er
,
. .
,
.
, . .
, ,

i ca O ra nge N J
, ,
. . da li a Mo , .

Maso n J os ep h Fo rest ers of A m er i ca P at

’
L eisers o h n L eo n ard B r i th Ab ra h a m N ew
, , , , , ,

Yo r k . ers o n N J , . .

L enb ert J G , G ra n d U ni t ed O rd er O f
. .
, Maso n J J A F an d A M H a m ilt o n
,
. .
, . . . .
, ,

O dd F ell ow s (negro ) Ne w Yor k , . O nt .

L e rc h G eorge L
, C o l l ege Fra t er ni ti es .
, , Mason J W , Pro t ec t e d H o m e C i rc l e
. .
, ,

C li n t o n N Y ,
. . S h aro n Pa , .

L ev y F erd i n a n d S o n s of B en j a m i n N ew
, , , Ma u l sby D L C o ll ege Fra t er ni ti es T u f t s
, . .
, ,

Yo r k . C o l l ege M assac hu s ett s , .

L e v y Ma gn u s I n d ep en d en t O rd er o f A m sr
, , May W i l li a m H J r A F and A M
, .
, .
, . . . .
,

i ca n I s ra eli t es N ew Yo r k ,
.
W as h i ngt o n D C , . .

Loc k ard L B ,
K n i ght s and Lad i es o f
. .
, M en d enh a l l B A F and A M D a ll as .
, . . . .
,

H o n or B radford P a , ,
. C it y Ill , .

Lo e w en s t ei n E A F an d A M N ew ,
.
,
. . . .
, M i ll s A G M i li t ary O rd er of L o v al L e
,
. .
,

Yor k .
gi o n N ew Yor k ,
.

L u ns t ed t H en ry N a t iv e S o n s o f t h e G o l d
, , M i ner S L , N a ti o n a l Fra t er n a l U n i o n
. .
, ,

en W es t S an F ra n c i sco C al , ,
. C i n c i nn a ti 0 ,
.

L a th i n O tt o L F R oya l S oc i et y of G oo d
,
. .
, M it c h ell C W K n i ght s of t h e G o l d en
, . .
,

F el l ows B os t o n Mass , ,
. E agl e Ma n s fi el d 0 , ,
.

Lyo n D M u rray A F and A M E d i n

, .
,
. . . Mo nah a n J a m es I r i s h N a ti o n a l O rd er of
, ,

b u rgh S co tl a nd ,
. Fores t ers N ew Yor k ,
.

M c C arro ll F L i b er ty S h ep h erds of B eth

, .
, Moo re E T C o ll ege Fra ter n i ti es S wa th
, . .
, ,

l eh em N ew ar k N J , , . . m o r e C o l l ege S wat h m o re Pa , , .

M c C len ac h an C h ar l es T A F an d A M ,
.
,
. . . .
,
M oor e R B A F and A M E li zab eth
, . . . .
,

Ne w Yo r k . N J . .

M c C l in t o c k E S A n c i e n t O rd er of t h e
, . .
, Moor m a n Gen G eor ge U n it ed C o n fed .
,

Pyra m i ds Top ek a K an , , . erat e V et er an s N ew O r l ea n s L a , ,

.

M c C lurg J o h n J r T em p l ars o f L ib ert v

, , .
,
Mors e H H O rd er of C h osen Fr i en ds
, . .
, ,

O f A m er i ca N ew Yor k , . N ew Yo r k .

M c L augh li n J a m es J Massa c hu s ett s

,
Mo tt J La w ren c e W or k m en s B en efit S o
, .
,

C a th o li c O r d er of Fo r es t ers B os t o n , . c iet y B os t o n Mass, , .

M c L ean A l ex a n d er I lli n o i s O rd er o f M n
, ,
M o tt D r Va l en ti n e A F an d A M N ew
, .
,
. . . .
,

t u a l A i d Maco m b I ll , ,
. Yor k .

M ac k ery L A F and A M E di n b u r gh
,
.
, . . . .
, ,
M ul f o rd J o h n M A m er i ca n I n s u ra n c e
,
.
,

S co tl a n d . U ni o n C o l u m b u s 0 , ,
.

Magil l J os ep h R G ran d U n it ed O rd er O f
,
. M ull G eor ge F
,
C o ll ege Fra t ern i ti es ,

O d d F ell ows (n egro ) N ew Yo r k , . Fra n kli n and Mars h a ll La ncas t er Pa , ,

.

Ma h o ney J o h n R I n d ep end en t O rd er of
,
.
,
M u ll i ga n J o h n K n i ght s of H o n o r Y o n
, , ,

R ec h ab i t es W as h i ngt o n D C , ,
. . k ers N Y , . .

Ma l co l m S a m u el L , O rd er of U n i t ed .
,
M ulli ga n R a l p h R ,
K n i gh t s of H o n or .
, ,

Fr i en d s N ew Yo r k , . Yo n k ers N Y ,
. .

Ma ll ard R e v R ob er t Q C o ll ege Fra t e r n i

, . .
,
M u n d i e P J N at io nal Un io n o f I ro n and
,
. .
,

ti es N ew O r l ean s L a
, ,
. S t eel W or k ers Yo u ngs t ow n O , , .
x ii P RE FAC E

M u nger Fra n k E E m p i r e K ni gh t s of R e
, .
, P earso n A L , U n i o n Ve t eran s L egi o n
. .
,
’
,

l i ef B u ffa l o N Y
, , . . P i tt sb u rg Pa , .

My ers A ll en O B enev o l en t and Pro t ec ti v e

, .
, P ec ki n pa u gh T h o m as E I m pro v e d O rd e r , .
,

O rd er of El k s C i n c i nn a ti 0 , , . of R ed M en C l ev el a n d 0 , , .

Myr i c k H erb er t Pa t ro n s of I n d u s t ry
, , , P ell i n J F, A F an d A M H a v ana
. .
,
. . . .
, ,

S pr i ngfi el d Mass , . C u ba .

N aso n E d w i n H S h i el d of H o n or P hil a
,
.
, , P er ki n s E C , I ron H a ll B a lti m or e
. .
, , ,

d el p hi a Pa ,
. Md .

N ee d h a m J am es F G ra n d U nit ed O rd er
, .
, P erry J o h n A
, A F an d A M P hil a .
, . . . .
,

of O dd F ell ows (negro ) P hil ad el p h i a ,

. d el p hi a Pa ,
.

N i c h o l s J o h n T em p l ars of L i b er t y N ew
, , , Peters A C , A F and A M (negro )
. .
, . . . .
,

Yor k . N ewar k N J , . .

N i c h o l so n G enera l J o h n P M ili t ary O r

, .
, P ett er Fra n k S L oya l Ad d i ti ona l B e ne fi t
, .
,

der o f L oya l L egi o n P hi l ad e l p hi a Pa , ,

. Assoc i a ti o n J e rs ey C it y N J , , . .

N i c h o l so n J a m es B I n d e p end en t O rd er o f
,
.
, P hil li ps R ev E S A n c i en t O rd er of Hi
, . . .
,

O d d F ell o ws P h il ad el p hi a Pa , ,
. b ern ians P l a i n s Pa , , .

N i el s en R ennus A F and A M C op en
, , . . . .
, Po pp er H I n d e p en d en t O rd er Free S o n s
, .
,

h agen D enm ar k ,
. o f J u d a h N ew Yor k , .

N i sb et M i c h a el A F an d A M P hil a
, ,
. . . .
, Por t er E H C o ll e ge Fra t er n i ti es B el o i t
, . .
, , ,

d el p h ia Pa ,
. Wis .

N o ec k el A G ,
T h e C o l u m bu s M u t u al
. .
, Pos t A u g u s t N a ti o n a l Fa r m ers A lli an c e
, ,
’
,

B enefi t Assoc i a ti o n P hil ad el p hi a Pa , ,

. M o u l to n I a , .

N or th co t t W i ll i a m A M od er n W ood m en
,
.
, Pow ell J B R M o dern K ni gh t s F i d el it y
, . . .
,

o f A m er i ca G reen vill e Ill , , . L eagu e K a nsas C i t y K an , , .

Oa k es H en ry W N ew E ngl a nd O rd er of
,
.
, Pow ell M V O rd e r of Ra il way T el eg
,
. .
,

Pro t ec ti o n A u b u r n Me , , . raph ers V i n t o n Ia , , .

O C o nn el l J a m es I n t er n a ti o n a l A ssoc i a
’
, ,
Pr esso n G S , A F and A M B er ne . .
,
. . . .
, ,

ti o n o f Mac h i n i s t s Ri c h m o n d V a , , . S w i t z erl a n d .

O C o n n o r P J A n c i en t O rd er of H ib er
’
, . .
,
R am s ey W a l t e r M C oll ege Fra t e r ni ti e s
, .
, ,

n ian s S a v a n n a h G a
, , . Lafay ette I nd , .

O d d i J S A F and A M A l ex a n dr i a
,
. .
, . . . .
, , R ay P et er S
, M D A F and A M .
, . .
,
. . . .

E gyp t (negro ) B roo kl y n N Y , , . .

O li v er E dward O rd er of S o ns of S t G eorge
, ,
.
, R eev e S La n s i n g D D A m er i ca n Pa t r i o ti c
, .
, . .
,

S an F ra nc i sco Ca l ,
. L eagu e B roo kl y n N Y , ,
. .

O ro n h yat ek h a D r I nd ep end en t O rd er of ,
.
,
Rey no l d s W a l ter D ,
S ex enni a l L e ag u e .
, ,

Fores t ers T oro nt o O nt , , . P hil ad el p hi a P a ,

.

O R o urk e W ill i a m Ca th ol i c K n i gh t s of Ri d i ngs C C Pa t ri arc h a l C i rc l e of A m er

’
.
, ,
.
, ,

A m er i ca For t W ay ne In d , ,
. i ca M orr i s I ll
, , .

Pa l m er A l an so n E c l ec ti c Ass em b l y B rad
, , , R iesen b erg er A C o ll ege Fra t er n iti es S t e
,
.
, ,

ford Pa ,
. v en s I n s ti tu t e H obo k e n N J , ,
. .

Pa l m er G eorge W T em p l ars o f L i b er t y
,
.
, , R ob i nso n C h ar l es H O rd er of E gi s B a l
, .
, ,

B roo kl y n N Y ,
. . ti m or e Md ,
.

Pa n coas t E H S h i el d o f H o nor P hil a

,
. .
, ,
R ob i nso n W A ,
C o l l ege Fra t ern iti es . .
, ,

d el p h i a Pa ,
. B ethl eh em Pa , .

Par k er B F I ndep en d en t O rd er of G ood

,
. .
,
R od r i gu es Fra n c esco d e F ,
A F and .
,
. .

T em p l ars M il wa u k ee W i s , , . A M H a vana C o l on
. .
, , .

Pa t o n A n d rew H I m pro v ed O rd er o f R ed
,
.
,
R o nem us Fra n k L ,B ro th erh ood of R a il .
,

Men D a nv e rs Mass, , . way Car m en C edar R ap i ds I a , , .

 P E R F AC E x iii

R oose F ,
F ra t er nal U n i o n of A m eri ca
. F .
, , S i m ons W N , O rd er of U ni t e d A m er i can
. .
,

D en v er C o l o , . M ec h an i cs N orwa l k C o nn , , .

R oo t C J
,
W oo d m en of t h e W or l d
.
, S l a tt ery M J A nc i en t O rd er of H ib er
, . .
,

O m a h a N eb , . h i a n s A l ba n y N Y, , . .

R os en th a l B I nd ep e nd en t O rd e r Free
,
.
, S m a ll ey F ra nk C o ll ege F ra t er ni ti es S yra
, , ,

S o n s of J uda h N ew Yo r k , . c u s e U ni v ers it y S yrac u s e N Y , , . .

R os e n th a l H en ry I m p ro v ed
,
O rd er , , S m i th Ado n V eil ed Prop h et s o f t h e E n
, ,

K n i gh t s of Py th i as E v a n s vill e In d , ,
. c h a nt ed Real m N ew Yor k ,
.

R os en th a l M orr i s K es h er S h el B arzel
, , , S m ith D P O rd er o f U n i t ed Fr i en ds of
, . .
,

N ew Y or k . M i c h i ga n D et ro it M i c h , , .

R oss J a m es C K n i gh t s of Py th i as (n egro )
,
.
, , S m i th G eorge K C o nca t ena ted O rd er of
, .
,

S a v an n a h G a H oo H oo S t L ouis M o
'

-
. .
, ,
.
,

R oss T h eodor e A I nd e p end en t O rd er o f

,
.
,
S m ith G enera l J o h n C A F an d A M
,
.
,
. . . .

O d d F ell ow s B al ti m or e M d , ,
. C hi ca go I ll ,
.

R o u s ell E d ward Fra t ern a l A i d Assoc i a

, ,
S m ith T J K n i g ht s o f t h e G o l d en Rul e
,
.
,

ti o n Law r en c e K an
, , . C i n c i nna ti O ,
.

Ru gh W J A n c i ent and Ill u s t rio u s O rd er

, . .
,
S m ith W J A m er i can Gl ass Ma k ers
,
.
’

K ni gh t s o f M a l t a P i t t sb u rg Pa , ,
. U n i o n P i tt sb u rg Pa , ,
.

Ru ss ell W illi a m T A F and A M B al

,
.
, . . . .
,
S p eel m an H V Adj u t a n t G enera l S o ns
,
. .
,
-

ti m or e M d , . of V et era n s U S A C i nc i nna t i O ,
. . .
, ,
.

S a n d ers J a m e s P I nd ep en d en t O rd er o f
, .
,
S p eth G W A F an d A M B ro m l ey
,
. .
,
. . . .
, ,

O d d F ell ow s Yo n k ers N Y , ,
. . K ent E ngl a n d ,
.

S and e rso n P ercy O rd er of S o n s o f S t

, ,
. S poo ner W R R oya l S oc i ety of G ood F el
,
. .
,

G eor ge N ew Y o r k ,
. l ow s N ew Yor k
,
.

S ar gen t F P B ro th er h oo d of Loco m o ti v e
, . .
,
S tead T B al l a n A nc i en t O rd er of Fores
,
.
,

F i rem en Peor i a I ll , , . t ers E ngl a n d

,
.

S a u n d ers T W I n d ep e nd e n t O rd er of
, . .
,
S tear ns J o h n B C o ll ege Fra ter ni ti es Bu r
,
.
, ,

Fo res t e rs of Illi n o i s C hi cago Ill , , . l ing t o n V t ,

.

S c h aal e C h a r l es F
,
Pa t ri o ti c O rd er of .
,
S t ebb i ns J o h n W I nd ep en d en t O rd er of
,
.
,

A m er i ca S t Lo u i s Mo , .
, .
Od d F el lows R oc h es t er N Y , ,
. .

S c h o rd Lo ui s G U n i t ed A n c i en t O rd er of
, .
, S t ees F E
, . Pa t r i o ti c O rd er S o n s of A m er
.
,

D r u i d s S an Fra n c i sco C al , , . i ca P hil ad el p h i a Pa

, ,
.

S co tt G eo rge A F an d A
, M N ew ,
. . .
S t ep h en so n Mary H G A R ,
Pet ers .
,
. . .
,

Yor k . b u rg Ill , .

“
S co t t G eorge A
, N a ti o n a l P ro t e c ti v e L e .
,
S tev ens D E O rd er o f th e Fra t er na l Mys
,
. .
,

gi o n W a v er l y N Y, ,
. . ti c C i rc l e P hi lad el ph i a Pa , , .

S c o t t ro n S R A F and A M (negro )
, . .
, . . . .
,
S tevenso n A E ,
I n d ep en d en t O rder o f . .
,

B roo kl y n N Y ,
. .
Fores t ers C hi cag o Ill , , .

S e ars J o h n M I nd ep en d en t and In t er na
, .
,
S t eward C C ,
G ra nd U n i ted O rd er o f
. .
,

t io n al O rd er of O w l s N as hvil l e T en n , ,
G a lil ean F i s h er m en B r i s t o l T enn , ,
.

S en d ersen W C C o ll ege Fra t ern i ti es

, . .
, ,
S t ewar t J a m es F
,
I n d i an R ep u b l i ca n .
,

G a m b i er 0 , .
L eag u e Pa terso n N J , ,
. .

S e r v e r J o h n O rd er of U n i t ed A m er i ca n
, ,
S t G eor ge Arc h i bal d A F an d A M
.
, ,
. . . .
,

M ec h a n i cs P hil ad el p h ia Pa , , . D u b li n I rel a n d , .

S hi pp J F U ni t ed C o nf ed era t e V et era ns
, . .
, ,
S t o lt s W illi a m A
,
U n i ted O rd er of For .
,

C h a tt a noo ga T enn , . es ters C h i ca go I ll, ,

.

S h irrefs R A A F an d A M E li za
,
. .
, . . . .
,
S t ow ell C L A F and A M R oc h est er
,
. .
,
. . . .
, ,

b eth N J , . .
xiv P RE FACE

S t ringh ain , L eR o y M of H o no r W all ac e C o l o l R B r u ce U ni o n V eteran s .

, T em p l ars , ne .
,
’

an d T em p era n c e, Ri p l ey N Y L egi o n P hil ad el p hi a Pa ,

. .
, , .

S tu bbs T J C o ll ege Fra t er n i ti es W i l W a tki n s J am es S

,
. I m pro v ed O rd er of , ,
.
,

liam sb urg V a , Hept aso ph s B a lti m or e M d

.
, , .

S ul eb M A F an d A M Ca i ro E gyp t W ea th erb ee J O rd er o f Rai l way T el eg

,
.
,
. . . .
, , .
,

S ull av o u E m a n u el A F and A M (n e
, raph ers V i n t o n I a ,
. . . .
, ,
.

g ro ) N ew B edford Mass
, Week s J osep h D A F and A M P itt s ,
.
,
.
,
. . . .
,

S ul li v a n B Fra n k O rd er o f H ept aso ph s

,
. b u r g Pa , , ,
.

or S W . D el . Wei h e W i lli a m A m al ga m a ted Assoc i a ti on .

, , ,

S ull i v a n T i m o th y F Ca th o l i c K n i ght s of
, I ro n an d S teel W o r k ers P itt sb u rg Pa
.
, ,
.

C o lu m b u s B os t o n Mass Wen d e E r nes t M D O rd er of t h e I ro

, , .
, ,
. .
,

Tay l or H aro l d O rd er of I ro n H al l I n d i a n
, q uo is B u ffal o N Y
, , , ,
. .

apo lis I n d , W hi te R L C K n i ght s of Py thi as N as h

.
,
. . .
, ,

Tay l or W R Mo ll y Maguires Pit t sb urg Pa

,
. .
, vill e T enn , , , .

T errell G eorge Co ll ege Fra t er n iti es M id W il so n J W N a ti o na l Far m ers A lli a nc e

, , , ,
. .
,
’
,

dl et o w n C o nn ,
C h i ca go Ill .
,
.

T hi el e T h eod ore B Ca th o l i c O rd er of For W il so n W H K n i gh t s o f B i r m i ngh a m

, .
, ,
. .
, ,

es t ers C hi ca go Ill , P h il ad el p hi a Pa ,
.
,
.

T h o m pso n J W K n i ght s o f Py thi as W il so n W W ar ne C o lu m b i an L ea gu e D e

,
. .
, , ,
.
, ,

W as h i n g t o n D C t ro it M i c h
,
. .
,
.

T i pp er F S J r O rd er of U nit ed A m er i W ood C B K n i gh t s of t h e G o l d en E agl e

,
. .
,
.
, ,
. .
, ,

c an M ec h a n i cs S t a m ford C o nn P h il ad el p h i a Pa , ,
.
, .

T i t co m b V i rgi n i a C Pa t r i o ti c L eag u e of W ood E O K n i gh t s of t h e L o v al Gu ard

,
.
, , . .
, ,

t h e Rev o lu ti o n B roo kl yn Fl i nt M i ch .
,
.

T odd Q u i n t o n K n i gh t s of Bi r m i ngh am W oo d rufi C S T em p l ars o f H o n or and

, , ,
’
, . .
,

P hil ad el p h i a Pa T em p era n c e Newar k N J

, .
, , . .

To m p k i n s U r i a h W H om e C i rcl e N ew W oo dward R ev C S T em p l e o f H o nor

,
.
, , ,
. . .
, ,

Yor k . Newar k N J , . .

Too m ey D P Ca th o l i c K n i gh t s of C o l u m W oo l s ey G eorge F U n i ted O rd er o f Fo r

,
. .
, ,
.
,

b u s B os t o n Mass
, es t ers S t Pa ul M i n n
, .
, .
, .

T r i m b l e J o h n Pa t ro n s of H u sban d ry W r i gh t G eorge W O rd er o f Hept asoph s

, , , ,
.
, ,

W as hi ng t o n D C or S W M , N orfo l k V a . . . . .
, ,
.

T ro u t m a n C h ar l es E , U ni o n V etera n s W r i gh t W illi a m B Mod er n A m er i ca n .

,
’
,
.
,

L egi o n W as hi ng to n D C , Fra terna l O rd er E fii ngh am Ill ,

. .
, ,
.

Ty l er C W J r O rd er U n i t ed A m er i can Yo u n g J a m es K n i gh t s of t h e G o l d en
,
. .
,
.
, , ,

M ec h a ni cs Ri c h m o n d V a , E agl e B a l ti m o re Md ,
.
, , .

U n d er hil l C F R oya l Fra tern i ty M i n ne

,
. .
, ,

apo ll s M i nn , W h ere t h e or i gi n o f so m a ny fra ter ni ti es

.

U n v erza gt C H N a ti o n a l F ra t er na l A lli h as b een l argel y or in par t obsc u red th ro u gh

,
. .
,

a n c e B a l ti m or e M d
, t h e wa n t of v o l u n t ary c h ro n i c l ers and so m e
,
.
,

U pso n I r vi ng S
, C o ll ege Fra t ern iti es ti m es by r easo n of t h e em p h as i s p l ac ed o n ,

N ew B r u nsw i c k N J t h e l egen dary acco u n t s o f th ei r b egi nn i ngs

,
. .
,

Vert iean F W Pa t ro n s of I n d u s t ry Por t i t h as o f t en b een d i ffi c u lt t o arr i v e a t al l t h e

,
. .
, ,

Hu ro n M i c h ,
f ac t s T h e searc h f or t r uth h ow e ver h as
. .
, ,

W a i t e G H arry K n i gh t s of t h e Mys ti c b een co n d u c ted w i th o u t b i as in an h o nes t

,
.
, ,

C h a i n Por t D i c ki n so n N Y
, en d ea v or t o co ll a t e as m u c h as poss i b l e of , . .

W a lki ns h aw L C Co ll ege Fra te rn iti es th a t w hi c h m ay b e k n ow n co nc e rn i ng thi s

, . .
, ,

L ew i sb u rg Pa i n teres ti ng p h as e of soc i a l l if e
, . .
 IN T R O D U C T I O N

V E RY few am o ng t h e s i x m illi o n m em b ers i nt elli gen t i d ea of th e rel a ti o n s hi p of th e

of n ear l y th r ee h u n d red secr et soc i eti es , hu n dr ed s of s ecret soc i eti es w hi c h h a v e l ef t
fra tern iti es an d s i s ter h oods in t h e U n i t ed
, an i m pr ess u p o n A m er i can soc i o l o i ca l d e
g
S t a t es are fa m il i ar w i th t h e or i gi n hi s t ory , ,
v el o pm en t in t h e ei ht een th an d n i n et een th
g
or f u nc ti o n of th ese o rga ni za ti o n s T hi s .
c en tu r i es m ay b e n u m b er ed o n th e fi ngers
,

h as b een n o t ed by t h e em i nen t E ngl i s h Ma of o ne h a nd i f i n d eed th ere are as m a n y as

,

so n i c hi s t or i a n R ob er t F G o u l d w h o o n
, , , th a t ; and it i s in ord er t o r em edy thi s t o ,

page 1 5 7 v o l i i of h is Hi s t ory of Free p l ac e i t w ithi n t h e r eac h of prac ti ca ll y every

”
, .

m aso n ry says : T h e m em b ers o f a s ecret

, m em b er o f ev ery s ecr et soc i et y t o fa m ili ar
soc i et y are rarel y co n v ersan t w i th i t s or i gi n iz e hi m s el f w ith th es e i m por t a nt par ti c ul ars
and hi s t ory
” Ma n y h a ve a fa i r k n ow l ed ge
. th a t t h e t as k of co m p il i ng t h e C Y C L O P E D I A
,

of t h e ex ten t m em b ers hi p and t h e m ore

, , O F F RA T E R N I T I E S was b e u n
g T h e i m por .

i m m ed i a t e obj ec t s of t h e soc i eti es t o w h i c h t a nc e of s u c h a w or k m ay h ardl v b e o v er

th ey b el o n g ; b u t t h e r ea l h i s t or i es of t h e es ti m a t ed i n c l u d i ng as it d o es p ro l o nged
, , ,

or i gi n an d d ev el op m ent of m a ny o f t h e o l d er or i gi na l i n v es ti ga ti o n of hu n d r eds o f t rad i

or ga n i za t i o ns h a v e so of t en b een en v el op ed ti o n s an d c h ro ni c l es of m any organ i za ti o n s ;
in m ys t ery o r fo u n d ed o n m y thi ca l i nc i
, t h e ex a m i n a ti o n of a l l o f t h e b es t an d m a n y
d en t s or t rad i ti o ns th a t t h e a verage m em
, , o th er o ffi c i a l or a u th or it a ti ve hi s t or i ca l and
b er u nl ess par ti c ul ar l y i n ter es t ed and w ill
, o th er p u b l i ca ti o n s ; and l as t b u t no t l eas t , ,

ing t o d ev o t e ti m e and s tu d y t o t h e t as k ,
t h e enli s t m en t o f t h e co op era ti o n of h un
s el do m b eco m es a t r u s t wor t h y so u rc e o f ih d r eds of t h e b es t i nfor m ed m em b ers of
-

form a ti o n as t o th e fra t er n i t y of w hi c h h e near l y al l exi s ti ng an d so m e ex ti n c t s ecr et

m ay b e a co n sp i c u o u s and h o n or ed repre soc i eti es t o t h e en d th a t l ittl e i f a ny thi ng

,

sen t at iv e . m ay r em a i n un do ne t o pres en t in prop er ,

L ength y and ex h a u s ti v e hi s t or i es of so m e p ersp ec ti v e a pa n oram i c vi ew of t h e secr et

,

of t h e o l d er and l arger s ecr et soc i eti es in soc i et y wor l d in A m er i ca w h i c h w il l pre ,

t h e U n it ed S t a t es h a v e b een p u b li s h ed b u t , s er ve t h e s eq uen ce and rel a ti o n s hi p of s u c h

m os t of th em are ex p en s i v e a nd r equ i r e o rga ni za ti o n s .

ti m e and s tu dy t o enab l e t h e read er t o b e W h en i t i s k now n th a t m or e th a n

co m e fa m il i ar w i th t h e d et a il s o f th ei r c o n ~
ca nd i da tes for m em b ers hi p are i ni ti a ted
t en t s In t h e r u s h of o u r l a tt er —day c i vil i
. ev ery y ear i n t o A m er i ca n s ecr et fra t ern i
z at io n t h e b u sy c i ti z en fi nd s l i ttl e ti m e t o
, ti es and s i s t er h oods a l o ne i n t o t h e
,

por e o v er t h e w ea l th of in c i d en t w ith w h i c h Maso ni c Fra ter ni t y an d as m a n y m ore i nt o

,

su c h w or k s p rop er l y abo u nd It h as th ere .

, t h e I n d ep en d en t O rd er o f Od d F el l ows of ,

fo re rem a i ned for t h e few t o k n ow of th a t

, w h o m as a r ul e 60 per c en t b eco m e m ore
, ,
.

w h i c h t h e m a n y h a v e b een s t r u ggl i ng t o or l ess ac ti ve m em b ers t h e n eed for a c o m ,

acco m p l i s h t o l earn w h en c e th ey cam e and

,
preh en s i ve wor k w hi c h w ill p resen t t h e im
wh i th er t ra v elli n g . por t a n t fac t s co n c er n i ng a ll sec ret soc i eti es
F ew w h o are w ell in for m ed o n th e s u bj ec t fro m a u n iv ersa l p o i n t of vi ew b eco m es
w ill d en y th a t t h e Maso n i c Fra t er ni ty i s apparen t .

d i r ec tl y o r ind i r ec tl y t h e par en t organ i za N o t w i th s t an d i ng t h e cen tu ry s ext rao rdi ’

ti o n of a ll m od er n secr et soc i eti es g ood , , nary d ev el op m en t in a gr i c ultu r e co m m erc e , ,

bad and i n d i fferen t ; b u t f ew er s till are ab l e

, m a n u fac t u res in t h e ar t s in t h e d is sem i
,

t o ex p l a i n wh y or h o w T h ose w h o h a ve an . na ti o n of i n t ellig enc e in t h e m ac hi ner y of

,
xvi I NT R O D UC TI ON

fi na nc e and in good go ver nm en t i n t eres t

, , t w en t y fi v e h u nd red Freem aso n s in t h e
-

in t h e o l d er an d b ett er t yp es of s ecret soc i U n it ed S t a tes p er h aps fi v e h u n dred m em ,

et ies h as g row n w i t h ev en g r ea t er rap i d i t y , b ers of t h e S t Ta m m an y (pa t r i o ti c ) s ecret.

i f o n e m ay j u d ge fro m t h e i n cr ease in m em soc i eti es an d t h e few sca tt ered m em b ers

,

b ersh ip an d prosp er i t y T h i s m ay com e in

.
of P h i B et a K appa a t Ya l e H ar v ard and , ,

t h e na tu r e of a s u rpr i s e t o m a ny w h o k n ow D ar tm o u th Co ll eges T h e C Y C L O PE D I A o r .

l it tl e of t h e ex t en t or i m por t a nc e of t h e F RA T E R N I T I E S t rac es m ore th a n s i x h u n

s ecr et soc i ety wor l d and i t ga th ers i n ter , d red s ecr et soc i eti es in t h e U n it ed S ta t es
est for ev ery s tu d e nt of m a n k i nd in th a t it
'

s i nc e 1 7 9 7 of w hi c h m ore th a n th ree h un
,

s u gges t s an i nq u i ry i nt o t h e ca u se of thi s d red an d fi f ty s u r viv e w i th a m em b ers hi p ,

a tt rac ti o n and ra i ses t h e qu es ti o n w h eth er

, a m o u n ti ng t o 4 0 per c en t of t h e pr es ent .

t h e m ys ti ca l s i d e t o o u r na tu res h as n o t ex m a l e pop ul a ti o n of t h e co un t ry w h o are

pan ded r el a t iv el y m or e rap i d l y th a n th a t t w e nt y o ne y ears of age in co n t ras t w i th
-

w hi c h l o o k s m a i nl y t o m a t er i a l c o m f or t .
l ess th a n o ne qu ar ter of 1 per c en t of t h e -
.

D u r i n g t h e s ev enteen th c entu ry t h e sp een ad ul t m a l e pop ul a ti o n w h o w er e m em bers

l a ti v e s u cc essors t o t h e a n c i en t E ngl i s h of secret fra t er n i ti es o ne h u n d red y ears ago .

op era ti v e Fr eem ason s add ed t o th ei r sy m bo l

is m draw n f ro m t h e wo rkingm en s gu il ds
,
’ M A SO N I C B O D I E S .

of t h e m i dd l e ages m a n y of t h e c h arac t er A m ri c a n R i te : L o d g
e Ch p t r C u nc il s and es , a e s, o ,
,

is t ic s of t h e o l d er r eli gi o u s and m ys ti ca l C m m an d r i s
o e e .

S co tt i h R ite : G ran d L o d g s f P erf c t i n C nn

s e o e o o
soc i eti es T h u s th ere m ay b e fo u n d in ,

il Ch ap t r C ns i s t r i es an d S uprem C u n
.
,
e s, e s, o o , e o
m od er n F reem aso n ry t rac es of t h e E gyp c i ls .

ti a n El eu s i ni a n M i th ra i c A do niae Cab i
, , , , C o nc o rdant O rde rs R o yal O rd er of Sc o tl an d ;
r i c and D r u i d i c Mys t er i es al l of w h i c h
, , ,
K ni g h t s of the R ed C ro ss o f C o nstant i ne .

M as o n ic B o d ies to w h i c h r m ons a e
r

w h en undefi l ed t a u gh t p u r ity i m m or t ali ty A on -

o n ly F ee as r
, , ,

a nd t h e ex i s t enc e of an ev er l i v i n g an d t r u e -
E lig ibl M o d r n S c i ety o f R i cruc i ns S
e e o os a ov

ig n C o ll g
ere f A ll i d M a n i c D eg r
e eo A e so ees h
G od T h ei r c erem o ni a l s w ere d i vi d ed i nt o
.

c i nt Ar abi c O rd r
e f N b l s f t h e M y st i c e o o e o
d eg rees in w h i c h w ere co nf erred s ecret S hr i n M y t i c O rd r V i l d Pr ph t f t h e
e s e , e e o e s o

O rd r o f O wl and t h e “
m ea n s of r ecogn iti o n an d eac h h ad a , E nch ant ed R al m I n d p nd nt I nt r nat i nal e e e e , e o

l egen d w h i c h by d ra m a ti c r epresen t a ti o n e sid d g re T al l

s, e e e,
, ,

i m pressed u po n t h e no vi ti a te t h e l esso n th a t C d ars o f L b an n

e e o .

D ead o D o rm a n t R i t e f M m ph i
r O r i nt al R it e
t h e way t o li f e i s by d ea th
o e s e
Maso ni c sym
f M em ph i and M is im R it f S w d nb rg
.

o s ra eo e e o
b o l is m and c erem o n i a l s s h ow a l so t h e influ O rd er f M rt i n i sts o a .

en c e o f t h e t eac hi ngs of t h e G n os ti cs t h e I r g ula r o S pu r i us M a n i B d i 1 Am r

“
, r e r o so c o es e
”
.

K abba li s t s Py th agorea ns D r u s es Ma ni
, , , i c an and Sc tt i h R i te b d i am o ng n o s o es e

eh eans a nd t h e ear l i er R os i cr u c i a n s It gr 2
o es C r n au and Seym u r C r n au e e o e e

S c t t i s h R i t ”b d ies
-

.
.
,

o e o
was b et w een 1 7 2 3 and 1 7 40 th a t t h e paren t .

m od er n s ecr et soc i et y sp r ea d f ro m E ngl a n d

A l C l nd e t i n M s ni c L o d g s ; S c i ty f t h
so , a s e . a o e o e o e

I llu m i nat i and t h C v nant ; F m aso n v e o e ree r

th ro ugh o u t E u rop e an d i n t o t h e B r i ti sh am ng t h o E ar l y M r m n e Ch i n e F m o o s es ree a

co l o ni es Af t er t h e A m er i ca n W ar of t h e
.
s n ry in A m r i c a
o F r m a so nr y m ng A m r
e ee a o e

R ev o l u ti o n i t b eca m e w ith o ne or t wo ,
i c an N g r s ; A n t i M as nry at Ho m a nd
e oe -
o e

po l i t i ca l seeret so c iet ies fo u nd ed by Free

'

A b r d ; Stati t i c s f F re m n ry a nd a l is t
oa s o e as o .

o f D i t i ngu i h d A m r i c an
s wh a s w r
e e s o re o r e e
m aso n s t h e d i r ec t o r i n d i r ec t so u rc e of all
,
F r ma n ee so s
s ec ret soc i eti es for m ed in A m er i ca s i n ce
.

th a t ti m e W i th a few ex c ep ti o n s t h e li k e
. V a r i o u s A m er i ca n M il i tary O rders an d

i s t r u e co nc er ni ng secret soc i eti es in Eu rop e s ecret soc i eti es fo l l ow ed b y C o l o ni a l and ,

for m ed s i n ce 1 74 0 . A nc es t ra l O rd ers t a k e th ei r i n sp i ra ti o n ,

O ne h u n d red y ears ago th er e w er e abo u t fro m t h e S oci et y of t h e C i nc i nna ti fo u n d ed ,

x viii IN T R O D UC T I O N

in 1 7 83 by pro m i nen t A m e r i ca n o ffi c ers o f Cre c nt T he s e .

t h e W ar of t h e R ev o lu ti o n, n ear l y i f no t N at i nal O rd r o f V i d ett s o e e .

O rd er o f R d W h it and B lue e e,
all of w h o m w er e F r eem aso n s
.
,

L yal M n f Am ric an Lib rty

.

o e o e e .

M I L I T A R Y O R D E RS A N D S O C I E T IE S S n f t h S il .
o s o e o .

A m er i c n Pr t tant As so c i at i n a o es o
S c i ty f t h e C i nc i nn at i (W a o f R vo lut i on)
.

o e o r e

M i l i tary O rd r f t h L yal L eg i n
e o e
*
J u n i r A m r i c a n P ro testant A s mat io n
o o
.

o e so .

G rand Ar m y f t h R ep u bl i c o e
L o y al K n i g h t s o f A m er i c a
.

O rd er of A m r i c an F re m n
.

e e e
S n f V et ans
.

o s o er
,

U n i n V t ran L g i o n
o e e
.

e
B n v l nt O rd r o f B er an e e o e e e s.

G uard f Lib r ty
.

s o e
W o m n s R el i f C o rp
.
’
e e s
* A m r i an Pr t c t i v A
c i at i o n (A P
.

c o e e e s so
L ad i es f t h G ran d Ar m y f t h R ep ub l i c
o e
*
o
W m en s H i t r i c al So c i ty e .

o
’
s o e
. .

A i d So c i t y f t h S ns o f V t rans
.

e o e o e e

Au x ili ary t t h U n i o n V et ran L g i o n

o e
*
J u n i o r A m r i c an Pro tec t i v A sso c i at i o n
e e
.

e e .

C n t i tut i nal R f r m C lu b
.

o s o e o
L oyal L ad i es L ag ue ’
e .

N at i o nal A em b l y P at r i o t i c L eagu e ss
.

S ld i er s and S ai l o rs L ag ue , .
’ '
o e
*
O rd r Li tt l R ed Sc h o o l H o u se
Ad vanc e G u ard f A m er i c a o G rand A rm y o f A m er i c n P at r i o t i c L ea ue
o
.

r
e e .

g a
P ro g ress a nd ,
D aug h t r s f C l um bi a e o o
.

Un i ted C o nfedem t e V et ran e

O rd r o f A m eri c an U n i n
s .

e
.

o .

T h e S o ns of L i b er ty co m pos ed l a rge l y O rd r f A m r i c an S h i el d , e o e .

of an d gen era ll y o fii eered by Fr eem ason s U n i ted O rd r f D ep ut ies ,

e o .

app e ar ed b efo re th e W ar of t h e R e v o lu ti o n Mi nute M en f 1 890 ,

o .

K ni g h t s o f R c i p ro c i ty
an d was s u cc eed ed b y th e S o n s of S t * e .

Am r i c an K n i g h ts f Pro t c t i o n
.

e o e
Ta m i n a an d S t Ta m m a ny S oc i eti es and * T m p la r f Lib rty
.

.
,
e s o e
th e l a tt e r in 1 8 1 3 by t h e S oc i et y of R ed
.

P at r i ots o f A m r i c a e .

M en . T h e Impro v ed O rd er o f R ed M en D a ug h ter s f t h R p u b l i c
. o e e .

( 1 8 3 4 ) w as a f u rth er o u t gro w th b u t w i th S i l v r K n i g h ts f A m er i c a an d
,
e o ,

c h ar i t ab l e an d b en e v o l en t ra t h er th a n po S i l v r L ad i s f A m er i c a e e o .

lit ic al f ea tu r es
P at r i t i c L agu e o f t h R v o lut i o n o e e e .

I nd i an R p ub l i c an L eagu
.

e e .

PA T R I OT I C A N D P O L ITI CA L O R D E R S S n o f Lib rty (2 d) .

o s e .

S ns f Lib rty
o o e
L o yal W m n o f A m er i c an Lib r ty o e e .

F r em n P r t c t i v S i lv er F ed erati o n
.
'

e s o e e
S n o f S t T am i na e .

o s

T am m any S c i ety
.

C olum bi an O rd r
o
.

M
or
i nut e M n f 96
e
e o
’
.

S c i ty f R ed M en
o e o
,
L ad i o f A b r ah am Li nc l n
.

es o .

O rd er U ni t d A m er i c an M ech ani c s
e
.

L ad y T ru B l u s f t h e W o rl d (O range) e e o .

Pr o test an t K n i g h ts f A m r ic a
.

o e
J un i o r O rd r U n i t d A m r i c an M c h ani c s
e e
L e e
.

” yal O r a nge I n s t i t u t i o n
.

o
S o n f 76 O rd r Sta r S p angl d B anner (K n w
s o e e o
.

W o m n L o yal O r ange A s c i at i n ’
so o
N t h i ng P ar ty)
o
R
e s .

o yal B l ac k K n i gh t f t h C am p o f I s r ael
.

s o e
P at r i t i c O rd r S ns o f A mer i c a
.

o e o

P at ri t i c D aug h t r f A m eric a
o e s o
N a t i nal F ar m rs A ll i an c e
.

o e
’
.

O rd r f t h M y t i c Br t h erh d
.

e s o oo
O rd r o f Tru A m r i c an e o .

e e e s
* A m er i c an O rd r U n i t d C at h l i c anti A P
.

D aug h t rs o f Lib r t y
e e .
( e e o s -
. .

D augh t r s f A m r i c a
e o e
T h e ger m of A m er i ca n pa t r i o ti c and po
.

U n i t d So n o f A m r i c a
e s
l i
e
t ic al s ecr et
.

soc i eti es m ay b e t rac ed t o

*
J u ni r S n f Am r i c a
o o s o e
e Loya l O ra n ge I n s ti tu ti o n fo u n d ed in
.

Br th rh d f t h e U n i n
o e oo o
t h ,
o .

P at r i t i c O rd r o f T ru Am er i c ans
o e
I r el a n d in 1 7 9 5 T h e l a tter h ad Maso ni c
e .
.

A m r i c an K n i g h t
e s. a nt ec ed en t s an d for a few y ears h ad ,

O rd r U n i t d A m er i c ans
e e t h e co op era ti o n of i n d i vi d u a l Fr ee m aso ns
. .

T em p l ars .

I t s c ard i n al pr i n c i p l e was an d i s l oya l ty , ,

O rd r f A m er i c an Star
e o .

F r nd A c c p ted A m er i c ns
ee a e S c i t i s m ar k ed w i t h an asteri k are st i l l in
a . o e e s

O rd er N at i v Am r i c ans e e x i t nc . e s e e .
 I N T RO D U C T I ON xi x

t o t h e occ u pa nt s of t h e B r iti s h th ro ne an d K app a A l ph a (U ni on) .

oppos i ti o n t o t h e R o m a n Ca t h o l i c C h urc h S i g m a Ph i (U n i o n) .
.

D elt a Ph i (U n i o n)
I t d i d n o t app ear in t h e U n i t ed S t a t e s as an
.

I K A (T r i n i ty)
o rga n i za ti o n un ti l 1 870 b u t O ra nge i s m d i d
. . . .

A l ph a D elta Ph i (H am i lto n)
, ,
.

an d t h e m em b ers of e ar li er A m er i ca n pa t r i S k ull and B o nes (l o c al Y al e) .

,

no unc ed
“
o t i c s e cr et soc i eti es (1 84 0—1 8 5 5 ) w er e pro
N a ti v e A m er i ca ns an d a n t i
P s i U p s i l o n (U n i o n)
M y s t i c al 7
”Wesl eyan
( )
.

B eta T h et a P i (Mi am i )
R o m a n C a th o li c T h e O rd ers of U ni t ed .

Ch i P s i (U n i o n )
.

A m e r i ca n M ec h a n i cs (S en i or an d Ju n i or )
.

S cro ll and K ey (l o c al Yal e)

“
,

S o n s of A m er i ca B ro th er h ood o f t h e U n i o n
.
,

T h e R ai n b o w (U ni v Mi ss i ssi pp i )
'

, , . .

A m er i ca n P ro t es t an t A sso c iatio n t h e K n ow D elta K a pp a E p s i l o n (Y al e)

, .

N o thi ng par t y (O rd er of t h e S t ar S pangl ed Z eta P s i (U n i v N ew Y o rk) . .

B a n n er ) an d o th ers w er e co n sp i c u o u s d u r
, ,
D elta P s i (C o lu m bi a) .

T h et a D elta Ch i (U n i o n)
ing t h e p er i o d r ef err ed t o an d a ll ex c ep t
.

Ph i G am m a D elta (Was h and J effers o n)

, ,

t h e K n ow N o th i n g par t y ex i s t t o day w i th
. .

Ph i D elta T h eta (Mi am i )

- -

,
.

o t h ers spr ead i ng in t o t h e A m er i can Pro Ph i K app a S i gm a (U n i v P enns yl v ani a) . .

t ec t iv e Assoc i a ti o n m o v em en t w h i c h h as Ph i K app a P si (J eff P en nsyl v an i a)

, .
, .

b een co n sp i c u o u s in A m er i ca n p o l i t i cs Ch i Ph i (Pr i nc et o n) .
.

A m er i ca n co ll ege s ecr et soc i eti es b et ter S i g m a Ch i

S i g m a A l ph a E p s i lo n (F ni A l ab am a)
,
v
k n ow n as G r ee k l ett er fra t ern i ti es h a v e an
. .

Ch i Ph i (U n i v N o rt h C a ro l i na)
,

i nd i rec t co nn ec ti o n w i t h t h e hi gh grad es o f
. .

Ch i Ph i (H o b ar t) .

Freem as o n ry w h i c h w er e el ab o ra t ed in t h e D elta T au D elta (B eth an y) .

ei gh t een th c en t u ry and in so m e i n s t a n c es a
,
A l ph a T au O m ega (V i rgi n i a Mil I nst ) . .

m or e d i r e c t i n sp i ra ti o n fro m t h e par en t K app a A l ph a So ut h er n (W as h i ngto n L ee) ,

-
.

K app a S i g m a (U n i v V i rg i n i )
s ecr et soc i e t y T h ey co ns ti tu t e a soc i a l and . a .

P i K app a A l ph a (U ni v V i rg i ni a)
.

l it e rary ar i s t ocracy T h er e are n ea rl y t hi r t y

. .

S i g m a N u (V i rg i n i a Mil I ns t ) . .

i m por t an t o n es an d t w i c e as m any m o r e o f
, T o l f s H ead (Y al e) V ’
.

co n s e qu en c e N earl y al l h a v e G r eek l ett er L oc a l G reek L etter a nd o th er C o lle e S oc ieties

.

g ,

ti tl es u s u a l l y t h e i n i ti al s of a m o tt o P h i
, Ph i N u T h et a (Wes l ey an) ; Kapp a K app a
.

B et a K appa t h e o l d es t was fo u n d ed at t h e
,
K app a (D ar t m o uth ) ; D elt a P s i (2 d) (U n i v
, .

C o l l ege of W i lli a m and Mary V i rgi n i a in V t ) ; A l ph a S i g m a P i (U n i v A l ph a .

, ,

S i g m a Ph i (M ar i ett a) ; Hé B o ul e (So ph S o c ;
1 7 76 w h e n c e i t was t a k e n t o Ya l e and .

,
Y al e) ; E t a Ph i (So ph S o c Y al e) ; L am b d a .

H ar v ard and th en c e t o o th er co ll eges Ri v al

.

,
Io ta (U ni v .

G reek l ett er fra t ern i ti es d i d n o t b egi n t o

P rofess iona l : A l ph a Ch i O m ega (m u s i c ) ; Ph i
app ear u n til 1 82 5 s i n c e w hi c h ti m e th ey
,
A l p h a S i g m a (m ed i c i ne) Ph i D elta Ph i (l aw)
h a v e m u l ti p l i ed rap i d l y Ri v a l ry b et w een P hi S i gm a K app a (m ed i c i ne) ; N u S i g m a N u
.

th em is k een and co l l ege soc i a l li f e i s c h ar

, (m ed i c i ne) Q T V (ag r i c ultu r e) . . . .

ac t eriz ed accord i n g as a s tu d en t i s a m em
S c ien t ific : B erz el ius ( Y al e) ; Ph i Z et a M u (D art
b er of o ne o r a n o t h er o r of n o n e of th em , m o ut h ) ; T h et a X I S i g m a D elta Ch i (Y al e) .

Man y of t h e b es t k n ow n n a m es in t h e pro Wom en s S oc iet ies A l ph a B eta T au A l ph a Ph i

-

f ess i on s in l it era tu r e and in p o liti ca l li f e

, K app a A l ph a T h et a ; B eta S i gm a O m i cro n ; ,

m ay b e fo u n d in t h e l i s t s of co ll ege a l u m n i G am m a Ph i B eta D elta G am m a D elta D el ta ,

m em b ers of th es e fra t er n i ti es D elta ; K app a K app a G am m a ; P E O

.
. . .

S i g m a K app a P i B eta Ph i .

C O LL E G E G RE E K L E TT E R A N D OT H E R
F R A T E RN I T I E S H o no ra ry S i g m a Ch i (l o c al C o r nell )
.
! ,

Ph i B ta K app a (fo und d at

e e W il l i am and M ary) . x tinc t
E .

Ch i D lta T h ta (Y al )
e e e .
f A l so Ch i D lta T h ta (le e oca l Y ale) pr ev i o usly
, ,

Ch i P h i (Pr i nc eto n) . nam d e .

XX I N T R O D UC T I O N

E xtinc t : A l ph a Si gm a T h eta ; D lta Beta Xi ; K nigh ts of P yt h ias o f N o rth and Sout h Am eric a e
,

Del ta K app a (fre h m an) ; K app a S i g ma E p i l n E u ro p e A s i a an d Af r i c a (negro )

s s o , , .

(fres h m an) K app a S i g m a P h i ( ph o m re) ; T o ta l A bs tinence F iendly S oc i et i Ind ep end ent

so o
r es
Ph i T h eta P si all l o c al Y al e so c i ties ,
O rd er f Rech abi tes ; S o n o f T em p eranc e
e .

o s
N o n S c r et eD elt a U p i l o n (Wi ll i am s) G amm a N u s
I n d p en d nt O rd r o f G d T em p l a rs ; R o yal
-

e e e oo
(l o c al Y al x t i nc t ) e, e
T m p l ars o f T em p eranc I nd ep en d ent O rd r
.
,
e e e

o f G o d Sam a rit ans n

T h e ear li er o ffsp r i n g of t h e Maso n i c Fra ( g r ) an d o t h ers o e o , .

t ernit y i n c l u d ed t h e O dd F e ll ow s (E ngl a n d ) T h e A n c i en t O rd er o f U n i t ed W or k m en ,

“
,
1 73 9 D ruids 1 7 61 ; an d t h e Fo r es t ers fo u n d ed in P en nsy l v an i a by a F r e em aso n
, ,

1 7 80 fr i en d l y soc i eti es w ith M aso ni c j u s t a f t e r th e C i vi l W ar i s th e o r i i n a l

, ,
g ,
t h u m b m ark s o n th ei r r itu a l s and in th ei r m
u tu a l ass ess m en t b ene fi c i a ry (pro t e c ti o n in
c e r e m o n i a l s b u t d iffer i ng in th a t th ei r t h e na tu r e of i ns u ra n c e s e cr et soc i et y and
,
) ,
pr i m ary p u rpos e s w e r e t o pay t o m em b ers h as h ad m a ny s u cc e ss f u l i m i t a t o rs T h e .

sp ec i fi ed s i c k d i sab i li t y f u neral and o th e r t o t a l m e m b ers hi p o f th es e o r a ni za ti o ns i s

, , ,
g
b e nefit s T h ey are co n sp i c u o u s a m o ng h un abo u t
.
t h e aggr ega t e p ro t e c ti o n
d r eds of o th er E ngli s h fr i end l y soc i eti es i s f ull y an d t h e app ro x i m a te ,

an d are t h e for er u nn ers o f t h e A m e r i ca n ih

a nn u a l s um pa i d r e l a ti v es of d ec eas e d m em
s u ra nc e or secret b en e fi c i ary soc i eti es of b ers i s abo u t T h e K n i gh t s ,

w h i c h th er e are m ore th a n o n e h u n dr e d an d of Pyt hi as for med af t er t h e C i vi l W ar

, ,
fi f t y T h e O dd F e ll ows w er e i n t rod u c ed c o m b i nes t h e f ea tu r es o f b o th fr i en d l y and
.

i nt o t h e U n i t ed S t a t es in 1 8 1 9 t h e For es t th e assess m en t b enefi c i ary so c i eti es N earl y ,

.

e rs in 1 834 (l a t er in and th e D r u i d s
a ll t h e t w en t y fi v e s e cr e t l abor orga n i za -

abo u t 1 83 9 T h e I m pro v ed O rd er of R ed ti o ns all of w h i c h h a v e so m e of th e fe a tu r es

.

M en a l read y r e f err e d t o i s th e o l d es t of fr i end l y soc i et y an d o th er ass ess m e n t

, ,

fr i e n d l y soc i et y of A m e r i can or i gi n T h e b enefi c i ary p l a n s w er e f or m ed w i thi n a few .

,
’ ’
B ua i B ri th a H ebrew fr i en d l y o r r el i ef so y ears af t e r t h e or a n i za t io n o f t h e K n i h t s
,
g g
c iet y was fo r m e d a t Ne w Yor k c i t y in 1 84 3
,
of Labo r in 1 86 8 b ut t h e o l d er T o ta l ,
, ,

an d h as s ev era l fo ll ow ers
Abs ti nenc e s ec ret soc i eti es o ut of a doz en
.

BE NE VO L E N T O R FR I E N D L Y in th a t g ro u p app ea r ed abo u t s i x t y y e ars ,

S O C I E TIE S ago .
.

I nd ep n d nt O rd er o f O dd F ell ow
e e M U T U A L A SSE SS M E N T F R A T E RN IT IE S s . .

I m pr ved O rd r f R ed M en
o e o
A nc i ent O rd er U n i ted W r k m en
.
o
A nc i nt O rd er f F o rest ers
.

e o
K nig h t f t h e M yst i c Ch ai n
.
s o
F o re t rs f A m eri c a
.

s e o
K n i g h t f H o no r
.
s o
K ni g h ts o f Pyt h i as
.

.
K ni g h t s o f t h G o l d en E agl e e
G ran d U n i t ed O rd er f O dd F ell o ws (neg ro)
.

L eg i n f t h e R d Cr s
o .
o o e os
U n i ted A nc i n t O rd r f D ru i d s
.

e
K ni g h t o f B i r m i ngh am
e o .
s
A nc i ent O rd r o f H ib ern ians
.

e
O rd r o f t h e G o l d n C r .

e e o ss.
Ir is h Nat i o nal O rd er o f F r ters K n i g h t s and L ad i e o es
f H o nor
.

s o
B n vo l nt and Pr tec t i v O rd er o f E lk
.

e e e o
R oyal A rc anu m e s .

S n f H rm an
.

o s o e .
S h i el d f H no r o o
G rm an O rd er f H a uga i
.

e o
Am i c an L eg i on o f H no r
r r .

er o
Anc i ent and I l lu t r i us O rd r K n i g h ts f M al t a
.

s
O rd r f Ch o n F r i end s
o e , o .
e o se
A c to rs O rd r f F r i nd s h i p
.

e o e
O rd r f S p ar t a .

e o
C o nc at nat d O rd r o f H H O
.

e e e
O rd r f t h e R ed C r ss
00 O .

e o o
Art isans M utu al O rd r o f Pro tec t i n
.

U n ited O rd er P i l gri m F at h ers

e o .

O rd r o f S t G o rge
.

e . e
I owa L eg i o n f H o no r
.

o
O rd r f S c tt i s h C l ans
.

e o o
H o m C i rc l .
e e
O rd r f t h W o rl d
.

e o e .

O rd r o f San h dr i m
e e
*
In so m i nstanc es w it h asses s m ent b enefi c i ary
. e

Anc i ent E s eni c O rd er s f atu re . e s .

 I N T R O D UC T I O N

M o d ern W oo d m en o f A meric a . N at i o nal F raternal U ni o n .

M o dern W oo d m en o f t h e W o rl d . F r ater nal M yst ic C irc l e.

H o m e F o ru m B enev ol ent O rd er . A m er i c an B enefi t Soc i ty e .

L o yal Kni g h ts and L adies . O rd r f Sta r of B th l eh em

e o e .

O rd er o f Un i t ed F r i end s . K n ig h ts and L ad i o f t h G ol d n P rec ep t es e e .

N at i nal U ni o n
o . W e ter n K ni g h t Pro t c t i v A sso c i at i o n
s s e e .

U n it d State B enefi t F raternity

e s . Li g h t o f t h A g e es .

P ro tec ted H o m e C i rc l e . O rd r U n i t d C m m rc i al T ravel er s

e e o e .

R oyal So c i ety o f G d F ell w oo o s. F rat r nal U ni n o f A m r ic a

e o e .

K ni g h t o f t h e M ac c ab ees
s . A nc i ent O rd r o f F r m it h s e ees .

K ni gh ts o f t h e G ol d n Ch ai n e . I m p r v d O rd r K n i gh t o f P yt h ia
o e e s s.

I nd ep end nt O rd r o f Ch n F r i nd s
e e o se e . P a t r i arch al C irc l f A m r i c a e o e .

Kn i g h t f t h G o ld en R ule
s o e . Kn i g ht o f t h e L o yal G u ard
s .

R oyal L agu e e . N at i v S o ns o f t h G l d n W st
e e o e e .

N o rt hwe ter n L egi n f H n r

s o o o o . R y al Stand a rd f A m r i c a
o o e .

G ran d F rat rn it y e . Anc i ent O rd er f P y ram i d o s .

N ew E ngl an d O rd r o f Pr t ec t i o n
H b r w : I nd p en d ent O rd r B nai B r i t h ; I nd e
e o . ' ’
e e e e
U nited F rat rnal L agu e e e .

p nd ent O rd er F ree S n o f I s rael O rd er f

e o s o
O rd r f U n i ty
e o .

B r i t h A b rah am I nd ep end ent O rd er S n

'

o s
E m p i re K n i g h t s o f R el i ef
-

f B enj a m i n
o K h S h l B a l ; I m p r v ed es er e rze o
U n i ted F ri end s o f M ic h i gan .

O rd er B nai B r i t h I nd p end ent O rd er S ns

’ ’
e o
F rat rnal A i d A so c iat i o n
e s .

o f A brah am ; F r e S o ns o f J u d ah ; A h a as e v
N atio nal P r t ec t i v e L eague
o .

I rael I nd pend ent O rd r f A m r ic an I s rael

s e e o e
M o d rn K n i g h t s Fi d l i ty L eague
e e .

ites and A m er i c an St ar O rd r e
M yst i c W o r k ers o f t h e W rl d
.
,
o .

K nigh ts and L ad i es o f S ec u r i ty .
R om an C a t h l ic C at h o l i c B n v l nt L egi on
o e e o e

C anad i an O rd er f Ch osen F riend s o .

K n i gh ts o f C olu m bu C at h l i c K n i gh ts o f I ll i s o

Nati nal F rat erni ty

o .
n i o sC at h l i c O rd er o f F o r ter K n i g h ts f
o es s o

T ri b o f B en Hur
e .
F at h r M t h w I r i s h C at ho l i c B nev o l ent
e a e e

C o lu m b u s L eagu e .
U ni o n C at h o l i c M utu al B n vo l ent Un i n e e o

O rd er f Iro qu o i s
o .
C at h l i c W m en s B nev o l ent L g i n St P at
o o
’
e e o . .

P ru d ent Patr i c i ans o f P o rn p n e .

r i c k A ll ianc o f A m er ic a and o t h ers
’
s e , .

H o m e P all ad i u m .
N eg r o U n i t d Br thr n o f F r i nd h i p and S i st r
e e e e s e s

G o ld en S t ar F ratern i ty .
o f th Myster i ou T en I nt rnat i o nal O rd er
e s e

I nd p n d n t O rd r f F o resters
e e e e o .
o f T wel v K ni g h t s and D augh t r f T ab r ;
e, e s o o

I nd p n d ent O rd er o f F o resters o f Illi no i s

e e .
G r and U n i t d O rd r G ali l ean F i h erm en
e e s .

C anad i an O rd r o f F o resters e .

U nited O rd er f F re t rs f Mi nnesota
o o s e o .
S H O R T T E R M A SSE SS M E N T S O C IE TI E S .

Pennsyl v ania O rd r o f F o res ters e

Pr og ress i v e E n d o wm ent G uil d
.

O rd er f Hept aS O ph s o r S W M
o
.

Sex enn i al L eag ue

. . .
,

Im p ro v d O rd r f Hept as ph s
e e o o
.

E c l ec t i c A s sem b l y
.

O rd e r f C o nt i nental Uni n
o o
.

R oyal B enefi t Soc i ety

.

A meric an I nsuranc e U n i o n .

O rd er o f P ente
.

I nd ep n d nt O rd r C h n F r i nd s f Ill i no i
e e e o se e o s.
.

Ch s n F r i en d s o f C anad a
o e
O rd er o f E g i s .

O rd er o f I r o n H all B al t i m o re C it y
.

L ague o f Am eric an G erm an F r iend

e s
,

M o d er n O rd er o f C rafts m en
.

O rd er of S l c t F r i end s
e e
.

I nter nat i o nal F r aternal A ll i an c e

.

K ni g h ts and L ad i o f t h G o l d n Star es e e
.

O rder o f H o m e B u i l d ers
.

L o yal A dd i t i o nal B enefi t A c iat i n sso o

.

C o lu m b us M utual B enefi t Asso c i at i o n

.

K ni g h ts and L ad i es o f t h e Fi res i d e .

O rd e r o f E q u i t y
.

K n ig h ts o f t h e G l o b e .

““
N at i onal D otar e
.

K ni g h ts o f S b r i ty Fi d l i ty and Integr ity

.

o e ,
e , .

Ind?P de t O rd er O f M c h anl c s
e e ’

T he ass ess m e nt b en e fi c i ary fra t er niti e s

N at o nal R es rve Asso c iat n
i e
,

io
an d s i s t er h o o ds h a v e a s en ti m e n t a l as w ell
.

R o yal T ri b o f J s ph e o e .

O rd er o f M utual P rot ec ti on .
as a prac ti ca l bas i s In s m a ll e r c i ti e s t h ey .
xx i i I N T R O D UC T I O N

u s u rp t h e c l u b and w h ere m en and w o m en , ,

T he B r th rh od o e o .

are ad m i tt ed fo r m c en t r es fro m w h i c h A m al gam at d A so c i ati on f I ro n and Steel

e s o

W o rk r
,
e s.
em a n a t es a vi t a l soc i a l i n fl u en c e B egi n .

A m er i c an F l i nt G l ass Wo rk r U ni o n e s
’

n i ng abo u t 1 84 0 af t er t h e s u bs i d e n c e of t h e
.

,
I nt r nat i nal A s c i at i n f M ac h i n i st
e o so o o s .

a nti M aso n i c agi t ati o n F r eem aso n ry in t h e

-

, N at i o nal U n i n of I r n and S t l W r kers

o o ee o .

U n i ted S t a t es as in E ngl an d an d m a n y K n i g h t f St Cr i p i n
s o . s .

o th er co u n t r i es h as g row n an d prosp er ed ,
O rd r f C o m m rc i al T l graph rs
e o e e e e .

b eyo n d pr ec ed ent l ea vi ng in i t s wa k e m or e , R a il way B ro t h er h oods : L c m t i ve E ng i neers o o o

th a n th i r t y occ ul t h er m eti c t h eO S O ph ic o r , , ,
C nd uc to r s ; Fi r m en ; T l g raph ers ; T rai n
o e e e

m n ; Sw i tc h m n ; C ar m en ; A m er i c an R ail
e
rel ig io us b ro th er h oods o r soc i et i es T he e

w ay U n i n
.

o
t ra nsp l a n t ed E ngli s h fr i en d l y soc i et y fi nd s
.

co ngen i a l so i l h ere b u t i s o u t n u m b er ed by ,
C O O P E R A TIV E A N D E D U CATIO NA L .

t h e assess m ent b en efi c i ary fra t er n iti es m a n y ,

T h W he l
e e .

of w hi c h ad m i t bo th m en an d w o m en T h e .
P at r n s f H u b andry
o o s .

l a t t er v ar i ety of t h e m od er n sec ret soc i e ty P atr ns f I n d u t ry

o o s .

S v r i g ns o f H u s b andr y
o e e
h as co m m erc i a l i z ed t h e m ec h an i s m o f o l d er
.

S v r i g ns f I nd u st ry
o e e o .

fra t e rn i ti es by carry i n g o n a sys t em of B rot h erh o d f t h C p rati ve C ommonwealt h

o o e oo e .

co op era ti v e i n s u r an c e in b ro th er h ood s de
S O C I A LI S T I C
s i gned in so m e i n s t a n c es t o ad v a nc e soc i a l
.

o r po li ti ca l obj ec t s t o t a l abs ti nen c e co op er

,
U n i v er sal R ep ub l i c o f t h e E art h .

N ew O rd er o f B u i l d er s
, ,

a ti v e b u y i ng an d s ell i ng t h e c u lt i v a ti o n
.

, Cro wned R ep ub l i c .

of pa t r i o t i s m t h e pro t ec ti o n of th e i n t er es t s C o m m o nwealt h o f J esu s .

of l a bor an d t h e p ro pa ga ti o n of par ti sa n
,
O rd er o f t h e G rand O r i ent .

po l i ti ca l vi e ws O n t h e w h o l e i t h as en .
,
S O C I A L A N D R E C R E ATIV E .

c o uraged th e d ev el op m en t of prac ti ca l So ns o f M alta (ex t i nc t) .

co op era ti o n m or e p er h aps th a n any o th er , , O r i ent al O rd er o f H u m i l i ty .

o n e i n fl u en c e . So ns o f Ad am (ex t i nc t ) .

L o y al O rd er o f M o o s e
M Y S T I CA L T H E O S O PH I CA L
.

A N D .

I nd ep en d ent O rd er o f O ld M en .

O rd er o f t h e O m ah L angu age .
So ns o f Id l e R es t .

T em pl e o f I s i s .
T h e O r i ental s .

So c i et y o f E l eu si s .
O rd er o f W o o d c h o pp ers .

Br t h rh o d o f t h e W e t G at
o e o s e .
I nd ep en d ent O rd er o f G o ph ers .

O rd r f t h M ag i
e o e .

H er m t i c Br t h r f L u x r
e o e s o o . T he s ev era l l aw an d ord e r I r i s h an d ,

O rd r f t h S S S a nd Bro th er h oo d f Z Z
e o e . . . o . .
o th er r ev o l u ti o n ary soc i eti es and v ari o u s ,

R R Z Z . . . .
l aw l ess s ecret assoc i a ti o n s w h i c h h a v e b een
O rd r f t h S ufi
e o e .

pro m i n en t for br i ef p er i ods w i thi n th e c en

Br t h erh d f t h N ew Li fe
o oo o e
t u ry d o n o t r equ i r e ex t end ed d i sc u ss i o n
.

A nc i nt O rd r f O s i r i s
e e o .
,
.

E t is t s f t h W st o e e
so er .

R E V O L U TIO N AR Y S O C IE TIE S
R c h e t r B r t h rh d
.

o s e o e oo
K n i g h t o f t h G l d n C i rc l e
.

O rd r f S E K
e o
s e o e .

K m K lu x K l an
. . .

Fi ft h O rd r f M l c h i ed ek and E gyp t i an S ph i nx
e o e z .
.

O rd r f t h \Vh it S hr i n f J ru al m
e o e e e o e s e
U ni n L agu f A m er i c a
o e e o .

F n i an Br t h rh o d
.

G en ii f N t i n K nowled g and R l i g i ns
o a o s, e, e o
e o e o .

C l n na—G a l
.

Alt ru i st i c O rd r f M y t r i es e o s e
a -
e .

K n i g h t f t h I nner C i rc l e
.

s o e .

L AB O R O R GA N IZ ATIO N S . Br t h rh oo d o f U ni t d I r i sh men
o e e .

T h I n t r nat i nal
e e o .
U ni t d Br th rh d
e o e oo .

K ni gh t f L ab r s o o I r i h R p u bl i c an Brot h erh ood

s e

T ri angl C lu b ”
.
.

e .
I nd u t r i al Arm y
s .
 I N T R O D UC T I O N x x iii
I ro n B rot h erh o o d. b ers of an orga n i za ti o n fo u n d e d t o a ll e vi at e
O rd er o f R eu b ens (P atr i o t W ar).
s u ffe ring t o i nc ul ca t e good m ora l s l oya lt y
, ,
L eague o f N at i o nal Ar m en i an R ac e .

t o co u n t ry an d t o d o good u n t o o t h ers
,

w h eth er s u c h a n ord er of m e r i t i s n o t as
OT H E R S .

O rd er of M ul es . T h e M afi a .
h o n or ab l e as o ne cr ea t ed by pr i n c e or po t en

T ram p F ratern i t i es .W h i te C ap s .
t a t e w h o l i n k s h i s n a m e w i th r i bbo n c ross
, ,

T h e C am o rra. M o ll y M agu i res . or w r ea th ? T h e for m er are t h e o u tgiv

i ngs of ar m i es w h i c h m eet in pr i v a t e b u t ,

H er e in d em ocra ti c A m er i ca we c an w h os e p u rpos es o f b enev o l en c e an d p eac e

, ,

boas t n o O rd er of t h e B a t h o r G ar ter n o are k n ow n o f all m i ght y i nflu enc es f or t h e

, ,

r i bbo n of t h e L egi o n o f H o no r o r I ro n spread of t r u e fra t er n i ty T h ey are of t en .

C ross ; b ut t h ere m ay w ell b e r easo n for h a rd l y l ess r esp l en d en t th a n d ecora ti o n s

as ki ng w h e th e r d ecora ti o n s of m er i t cr ea t ed co n f erred by ro y a l t y b u t ar e oft en m ore
,

by or or m em w or thil y b e s t ow e d .
2 A N C I E N T ARA B I C O R D E R O F NOB LE S O F T HE M Y S T I C S H RI NE

al is t ic s ec ti o n s bro u g ht fro m C a i ro by S h er G eo rge W M ill ar A l b er t P M o .

, .

w oo d C C am pb ell o f N ew Yor k . B ut as
“ . riart
y D a n i el S i c k el s
, John W , .

t h e F l or en c e r it u a l
”
ca m e fro m O r i en t a l
E u rop e an d was m ar k ed w it h c er t a i n “ S i m on s S h erw oo d C C a m pb ell
,

w h o t o geth er w i th A l b er t L R a wso n
.
,

”
, .
,

s ec ti o n s o f t h e K ora n f or n o t es an d a ll u Arab i c t ra n s l at or S ep t em b er 2 6 1 8 7 2 , , ,

s i o n s w h i c h fac il it a t ed r evi s i o n for use in i n s t i tu t ed M ecca T em p l e A A O N M S , . . . . . .

,

A m er i ca D r F l em i ng w it h t h e ass i s t an c e
,

o f Pro f essor A L R aw so n c o m p il ed t h e
.

. .
,

,
t h e fi rs t o r par en t T em p l e in t h e U n i t ed
S t a tes A s t h e n ex t s ess i o n was h el d
.
“
w o r k w h i c h b ec am e t h e fo u n da ti o n of t h e J a n u ary 1 2 1 8 7 4 i t m ay b e s een t h a t t h e
, ,

O rd er in A m er i ca D r F l em i ng r eco u n t s . . O rd er d i d n o t gro w rap i d l y in t h e fi rs t few

t h e i n c i d en t s co nn ec t ed w ith or gan i z i n g th e y ears O n J a n u ary 4 1 8 75 D a m asc u s
.
, ,

S h r i n e in t h e U n it ed S t at es as f o ll ows , T em p l e R oc h es t er N Y , w as o rga n i z ed , . .
, ,

M r F l r nc w s ent r t i n d a a M a n at
. o e e a e a e s so
w hi c h ga v e so m e i m p etu s t o t h e O rd er and ,

M r i ll in B k h ara T m p l f t h Ar abi c B k
a se es , o e e o e e D r F l em i n g Po t en t a t e o f M ecca f ro m 1 8 71
.
,

t h H a t t h i t i m s i m p ly w i t n d t h p n
as . e s e es s e e o e u nt i l 1 8 86 i n v es t ed t h e f o l l o w i ng t h i r t y
,

ing i n f t h ex t r i c c rem n i al s w h i ch ch ar
s es s o o e o e e o
t hi rd d egree Fr eem aso n s w ith t h e prero ga
a t c i th
er z e p l it i c r l i g i u rd r f B k ta h f
e o o -
e o s o e o e s o
t iv es of Pas t P o t en t a t es t o en ab l e th em t o
O r i n tal E urop
e A m n i to r i l h i t r i c an d x
e . o a ,
s o ,
e
,

l r c i v ed t h r It d i d co op era t e ac ti v el y in es t ab l i s h i ng sub o rd i
pl n at y m a nu cr i p t h
a or s . e a so e e e e .

n t m b r ce t h t r i c I nn r T m p l x m pl ific a n a t e T em p l es :O rrin W el c h S yrac u s e N Y

o e a e es o e e e e e e ; , .

bl i g t i n n t h U nw r i tten L w ”w h i ch
, .

ti n o or o a o , or e a , J o h n D W illi a m s El m i ra N Y ; C h ar l es
.
, , . .

is n ev r i m p a rt d t any n ex c p t fr m m o ut h t
e e o o e e o o H T h o m so n Cor n i n g N Y ; To w n s en d
. .
, , .

S h r tl y aft r w rd M r F l r n c w a i m i l ar l y
ea
F o n d ey J o h n S D i c k er m a n an d R ob er t
r . o e a . o e e s s

f a v r d in A l g i r and A l pp T hr u g h l tt r and
.
, ,
o e e s e o o e e s
H W at er m an A l ba n y N Y ; J o h n F
.

c m m nd at i n h fi nall y c u r d t h m anu c r i p t
~
.
, , . . .
o e o s e se e e s

m n i t o r h i to ry an d d cr i p t i v e m atter fr o m w h i ch
o ,
s es
C o ll i n s N ew Yo r k N Y ; J o h n L S t et
, ,
. . .

s prang t h O rd r in t h i c un try It w a in A l gi r s
e e s o . s e ti n i u s C i n c i n n a ti O ; V i n c en t L H u r l
, , . .

an d A l pp t h at h é w a
e
r c i v d i nt t h I nner T m
o s e e e o e e b u r t C hi c ago Ill ; S a m u el H H arp er
, , . .
,

pl u n d r t h d o m i n f t h Cr sc ent and fi r t b
e e e a o e e s e P i tt sb u rg P a ; an d G eo rge S co tt Pa t er
, .
,

c am e p r f t h o ter i c w rk t h e Unw r i tt n
o s ses so o e es o , e
so n N J In Ju n e 1 8 7 6 an I m p er i a l
L aw an d t h e S h ayk s b l i g at i n S u b q u ntl y h
’ ,
. .
, ,
o o se e e
(g o v er n i n g) C o u n c i l w as or g an i z ed a t N ew
.

v i i ted C ai r E gy p t and w as ad m i tt d an d l
s o, -
,
e , co

lec t d m r e f O r i nt al h i t r y an d t h m anu sc r i p t
o e o e s o e
Yo r k C i t y w i th t h e fo ll o w i n g l i s t o f o ffi
,

o f M m r i al C er m n i al s
e o
” B ut M r F l r nc e w a e o . . o e s c ial s W a l t er M F l em i ng N ew Yor k Im .
, ,

nev er f ull y r c g ni d p s s sed o f aut h r i ty u nt i l

‘

perial P o t en t at e ; G eo r ge F L od er R oc h es
e o ze or o se o .
,

l ng aft r h i r tu r n t o A m r i c a A ll h p
o e s e d e . e o s sess e
t er D ep u t y Po t en t a t e
, P hili p F L en h ar t .

w s a d i c nn c t d r i f h ts in A rabi c and ,
a s o e e se es o s ee
B roo kl y n C h i ef R abba n ; E dward M L
:

F r nch w i t h s m e m arg i nal m m r and a m ad b

e , o e o e y
, . .

h i m l f fr m v rb al elu c i d at i n in A l pp T hr ugh
se o e o e o . o
E hl ers N ew Yor k Ass i s t a n t R abba n ;
, ,

Pr f r A l b rt L R aws n t h e w i t h t h r
o ess o e . o se, o e s re W ill i a m H W h i ti n g R oc h es t er Hi gh .
, ,

i d
ce ve ft rward t h rou g h c rr p nd nc ab r ad
a e o es o e e o ,
Pr i es t S a m u el R Ca r t er R oc h es t er O r i en .
, ,

c o m pr i s d t h t r an l at i n fr m w h i ch t h O rd r
e e s o s o e e t a l G u i d e A aro n L N or th rop N ew Yo r k .
, ,
st ar t d h r e M r F l r nc nd m y l f rec i v d
e e . . o e e a se e e
T r eas u r er W ill i a m S Pa t erso n N ew Yo r k
aut h r i ty t i n t r d u c t h O rd r h r
.
, ,
o o o e e e e e
R eco rd er ; A l b er t P M or i ar t y N ew Yo r k
.

.
, ,

J u n e 1 6 1 8 7 1 a t Maso n i c H all N o
O n , , , . F i n a n c i a l S ecr et ary ; J o h n L S t etti n i u s .
,

1 1 4 E as t T h i r t een th S t r eet N ew Yor k C i t y , ,

C i n c i nn a ti F i rs t C er em o n i a l Mas t er B en
,

M essrs F l em i n g an d F l or en c e co n f erred s o n S h erwood N ew Yor k S eco n d C er e

”
.
, ,

the n ew O rd er u po n t h e f o ll ow i ng S co t m o n i a l Mas t er S am u el H a rp er P i tt sb u r g , ,

t i s h Rit e Fr eemaso n s : E d w ard E d dy ,

Mars h a l ; Fra n k H B asco m M o n t p el i er .
, ,

O swa l d M er l e d A ub ign é J a m es S ’
, . C ap t a i n of t h e G u ard ; and G eorge S co tt ,

C h app ell J o h n A M oo r e,
C h ar l es .
,
Pa t erso n O u t er Gu a rd , M eeti ngs o f t h e .

T M c C len ac h an
. W illi a m S Pa t erso n , .
,
I m p er i a l C o u nc il h a v e b een h el d a nn u a ll y ,
 A N C I E N T ARA B I C O R D E R O F NOB L E S O F T HE M Y S TI C S H RI N E

an d o ffi c ers el ec t ed t r i enn i a ll y A t t h e . a l l S t a t es eac h w ith a d i s ti n c ti v e Arab i c o r

,

fi f th s ess i o n o f M ec ca T em p l e J a n u a ry 1 6 , , o th er O r i en t a l n am e an d for m ra ll y i ng ,

1 8 7 7 t h er e was a l ar ge i n c r eas e in m em
, po i n t s n o t o nl y f o r pro m i nen t Freem aso ns
h ers h i p and i t was a n n o u nc ed th a t t h e
,

I m p er i a l C o u n c i l h ad p er f ec t ed i t s r i tu al “ ,
w h o r es i d e a t t h es e c i ti es b u t v er it ab l e
M ec cas of h osp it a l i t y good f ell ows hi p an d ,
,

s t a t u t es h i s t o ry d i p l o m as d i sp en sa ti o n s
an d c h a r t ers ;
,
”
,

th a t m em b ers T em p l es “ ,

,
,

,
t r u e b ro th er h oo d f or al l vi s i ti ng N ob l es
N o t t h e l eas t c h ar ac t er i s ti c a m o ng a gr ee
.

d ep u ti es an d r ep res en t a ti v es n o w ex t en d
,
a b l e f ea tu r es o f t h e O rd er are t h e
pil gr i m
fro m t h e ex t r em e eas t t o t h e w es t an d , a ges by m em b ers o f o n e or m o r e T em p l es
fro m t h e n o r th t o t h e so u th of o u r j u r i s t o s i s t er T em p l es or t o d i s t a nt po i n t s of
d i c ti o n ”an d th a t t h e O rd er w as d es ti ned
,

, gen era l i n t er es t w hi c h w i th s i gh t s eei ng

, ,
-

“
t o b ec o m e w h a t h as pro v ed t o b e t h e cas e
.

a m os t p op ul a r and pow er f u l o n e in
, a n d t h e ex t en s i o n a n d r ec ep ti o n of S h r i ne

h osp i t a l i t y u s u al l y p ro vi d e enj oyab l e ex

,

A m er i ca I n th a t y ear th er e w er e f o u r
. c u rs io n s o f a w eek o r a for t n i ht s d u ra
g
T em p l es r ep res en t ed at t h e I m p er i a l C o u n t i o n P il g r i m a ges fro m a ll o v er t h e co u n t ry
.

c il and d i sp en sa ti o n s w er e g ra n t ed t o f o r m
, t o s ess i o n s o f t h e I m p er i al C o u n c il by s pe ,

o th ers In 1 8 7 9 M ecca T em p l e t oo k o n
. c ial t ra i n s b ear i n
g N ob l es d ecora t ed w i th
n ew l i f e l a rgel y th ro u g h t h e eff or t s of
, f ez z es an d c r esc ent ti ger cl a ws co n s titu t e -

A u gu s tu s W P et ers C h a r l es H IIeyz er
.
, .
—
, i n v as i o n s o f obj ec ti v e po i n t s w h i c h t h e in
an d J o s ep h B E a k i n s w h o l a i d t h e fo u n d a
.
, h ab i t an t s th ereof s el d o m i f ev er f orget , ,
.

ti o n s fo r t h e el abo ra t e c er em o n i a l go r geo u s , It i s li k ew i s e an a m i ab l e c u s t o m t o o rga ni z e

sc en i c effec t s a nd r eal i s ti c d ra m ati c r en d i
, f a m il y th ea t r e par ti es a t l eas t o n c e eac h
ti o n s of t h e r i tu a l o f t h e O rd er w h i c h h a v e , y ear In so m e i n s t a n c es t h e N ob l es w h o
.
,

s i n c e d i s t i n gu i s h ed i t B y t h e end o f 1 8 7
. . a re d eco ra t ed w i t h f ez z es an d c l aws an d are .

th ere w er e rep o r t ed th i r t een T em p l es w i th , acco m pa n i ed by w i v es and fa m il i es r equi re ,

a t o t a l m em b ers hi p of 4 3 8 N o b l es s i nc e , t h e en ti r e s ea ti ng capac i t y o f t h ea t r es an d ,

w h i c h ti m e t h e p ro gr ess o f t h e O rd er h as i t i s n o t i n f req u en t th a t o n e or m or e of
b een o n e of u n i n t err u p t ed p ro sp er it y A t a . th os e b eh i n d t h e f o o tli gh t s o n s u c h occa
p u b l i c i n s t a ll a ti o n c erem o n y a t M ecca T em s i o n s are enti tl ed t o an d d o w ear t h e m ys ti c
, ,

pl e in 1 884 m a n y l ad i es w er e p r es en t an d
, ,
sy m bo l s of t h e O rd er T h es e en t er t a i n .

m en t s are s u pp l em en t ed an n u a ll y by car n i
’
so g r ea t was t h e i n t er es t t h a t l ad i es r ec ep
ti o n s h a v e s i n c e b een a f ea tu r e a m o n g
en t er t a i n m en t s f o r w h i c h t h e S h r ine i s “
v a l s a t w h i c h o nl y c hi l d r en o f t h e Maso n i c
,

nobil i t y are ad m i tt ed t o b e en t er t a i n ed ,

n o t ed . T o gi v e th em p er m a n en c e th ey by m em b ers o f t h e O rd er W it h t h e a nnu a l .

h a v e b een i n v es t ed w i th a c er em o n i al an d ,
p u b li c r ec ep ti o n s an d car n i v a l s w h er e t h e ,

ga th er i ng s of th i s c h arac t er are n o w k n o w n d eco ra ti o n s i n c l u d e sc en es f ro m A rab l i f e

as C o u r t s of t h e D a u g h t ers of I s i s T hi s . an d a w ea lth o f O r i en t a l o r n a m en t a ti o n t h e ,

or ga n i za ti o n was fo r m ed O c t ob er 3 0 1 888 , , genera l p u b l i c a t l a r ger c iti es i s fa m il i a r

,

t o c u lti v a t e soc i a l r el a ti o n s b et w een l ad i es I t i s d i ffi c u l t t o a n a l yz e and r eco n c il e t h e

of t h e N ob l es o f t h e Mys ti c S h r i ne I t s . so m ew h a t fra g m en t ary acc o u n t s of t h e
g o v er n m en t i s i n d ep en d en t u n d er th e ,
o r i gi n an d d ev el op m en t o f t h e Arab i c O rd er
j u r i sd i c ti o n of M ecca C o u r t fro m w hi c h ,
o f w hi c h t h e S h r i n e i s sa i d t o b e a de
o th er T em p l es m ay r ec ei v e c h ar ters en sc en dan t an d , i t m ay w el l b e d o u b t ed
ab l i ng t h em t o es t ab l i s h C o u r t s
T h e ex t en s i o n of t h e Mys ti c S h r i n e d ur
.

“
w h eth er s u c h a tas k c an be s u cc essf ull y
p er f o r m e d T h e O r i g i n and Hi s t ory of
.

ing t h e pas t t en y ears h as ex c eed ed a l l t h e A n c i en t Arab i c O rd er of t h e N ob l es of

prec ed en t a m o n g l i k e soc i eti es T em p l es . t h e Mys ti c S h r i n e c o m p il ed and co l l a t ed
h a v e b een es t ab l i s h ed a t l ead i ng c en t r es in by D r W a l t er M F l em i ng and W illi a m S
. . .
4 AN C I E N T ARA B I C O R D E R O F NO B L E S O F T HE M Y S T I C S H R I NE

Pa t e rso n copyr i ght 1 894 by A n d r ew H

, , , . h a v e ex p l a i ned w h y t h e S oc i et y abroad h ad
K ell o gg N ew Yor k C i t y s t a t es th a t i t was
,

i n s ti tu t ed by K a l i f A l ee co u s i n ger m a n
,

,
“ -
l o ng b een carr i ed with i n t h e Maso n i c b ody
an d t o h a v e g i v en it h ad t h ey so d es i r ed a , ,
,

an d s o n in l aw -
of M o h a m m ed in t h e y ear
-

, d i s ti n c tl y M aso n i c a ll i a nc e S o m e of t h e .

64 4 A D . at M ecca A rab i a
.
, as an I n qu i
, , r eco gni z ed O rd ers app en d en t t o Fr ee
s i ti o u or V i gil a n c e C o m m itt ee t o d i sp en se m aso n ry h a v e h ad l ess r i gh t t o c l a i m th a t
j u s ti c e u po n c r i m i n a l s w h o escap ed th ei r h o n or B u t as m em b ers h i p in t h e O rd er of
.

j u s t d es er t s t h ro u g h t h e t ard i n ess of t h e N ob l es of t h e M ys ti c S h r i n e in A m er i ca i s
co u r t s and a l so t o p ro m o t e r eli gi o u s t o l era
, co n fi ned t o Fr eem aso n s i t s fo u n d ers h er e ,

ti o n a m o ng c u ltu r ed m en of all n a t i o n s m ay b e r egard ed as h a vin g b u il d e d w it h d i s

evi d en tl y a sor t of A rab i c V eh m er i c h t e o r cr et i o n i n gen u it y and w i sd o m
g , , , .

t w en t y fi rs t d egr ee
-
T h e c er em o n i a l in
. T h e j ew el of t h e O rd er i s a c r esc en t gen ,

t hi s organ i z ati o n w as cr u d e m em b ers h i p ,

erally m ad e of t h e c l aws of t h e B eng a l ti er
g ,

b ei ng ac qu i r ed o n t a k i ng t h e A rab oa th . u ni t ed a t t h e bas es w it h a g o l d s etti ng .

I t i s d ec l ar ed t o h a v e h ad a co n t i n u o u s T h e S p h i n x i s eng ra v ed o n o n e s i d e an d a ,

ex i s t en c e in O r i en t a l co u n t r i es an d now ,
pyra m i d u rn an d s t ar o n th e o th er T h e
, .

em b l em m ay a l so b ear t h e d a t e of the
ga t h ers aro u n d i t s S h r i n es t h e b es t ed u ca t ed
’
an d m os t c u lt i v a t ed c l ass es a m o ng M o h a m ow n er s i n i ti a ti o n i n t o t h e O rd er and an
”
m edan s H eb r ews and C h r i s ti a n s
, ,

F l em i n g w r i t es t h a t i t i s d er i v ed fro m a
Dr
“ . . Arab i c m o tt o
La ti n
K u wa t w a G h ad ab
R ob u r et F u ror
, o r in
an d in E n gl i s h
”
, ,

p o l i ti c o —r el i gi o u s ord er of t h e Arab i c Mo S t r ength an d F urv T h e cr esc en t i s .

h am m edans w h i c h ex t en d s al l o v er E urop e ,
u s u a ll y s u sp en d ed fro m a sc i m i t ar an d ,

t er m ed t h e B ekt as h b u t in t h e O r i gi n h o l ds a s t ar p en d en t b et ween i t s d ro op i ng
an d H i s t ory
” i t i s s t a t ed th a t t h e B ekt as h h or n s T h e cr esc en t h as b een a r el i g i o u s
.

are m er el y a m o ng t h e m os t h o n o r e d pa em b l em in a ll a ges in t h e E as t an d in so m e
”
,

“
t ro n s o f t h e N ob l es
in a ti m e of g r ea t p er i l
w h o m i t p ro t ec t ed
” T h e B ekt as h
,
co u n t r i es i s a p o l iti c al en s i gn T h e an c i en t
G r eek s u s ed t h e c r esc en t as an em b l em
.

“
”
.

are sa i d t o n u m b er s ev era l hu n d r ed t h o u o f t h e u n i v ersa l M o th er of al l li vi n g t h i ngs .

san d an d t o h a v e h ead qu ar ters a t Ca i ro

, ,
T h e S h r i n e for eso t er i c r ea so n s em p l oys
D a m asc u s J er u sal em S m yr n a C o n s t a n ti
, , ,
t h e cr esc en t w ith i t s h or n s po i n t i ng d ow n
n ep l e Ad r i a n op l e T eh era n B en a r es T an
, , , ,
w ard : T h e s ett i ng m oo n of t h e o l d fa it h a t
g i er O ra n M ecca an d at o th er c i ti es in t h e t h e m o m en t of t h e r i s i n g sun of t h e n ew
”
, , ,

far E as t T h e c h i ef of t h es e d er vi s h es a t
. f a i th in t h e b ro th er h oo d of all m a n ki n d .

M ecca i s d ec l a r ed t o b e t h e p r i n c i pa l offi c er T h e o r i gi n of t h e u n i v ersa l u se of t h e fez

of t h e A rab i c Mys ti c S h r i ne I t w ill j u s tl y . a m o ng Mos l e m s w h en c e of c o u rs e S h r i n e
, , ,

s u rp r i s e m a n y s t u d en t s o f S ecr et S oc i eti es m em b ers get i t i s t o l d as f o ll ow s

”
,

of A l l A ges t o l ear n t h a t Ada m W ei s W h n p i l g r i m ag s t M c c a w re i nt erru p t ed b y

e e o e e

h a u p t t h e f o u n d er of t h e I llu m i na ti in
,

B a v a r i a in 1 7 7 i s c l a i m ed
, a m o ng t h e “ th e Cru ad ab u t a n 980 t h M o h am m ed ans
s es , o

w t o f t h N i l j u rn y d t o F z (or F as ) in M
es e e o e e
.
,

e
e

,
0

m od er n p ro m o t ers of t h e p r i n c i p l es of t h e r c c a t a h ol y c i ty A m ng t h e fl u r i s h i ng
o o. s o . o o

”
O rd er o f t h e Mys ti c S h r i n e i n E u rop e as m nu fac t u r s f t h e c it v w a a h ad
a e o in g c all d s e ~ c o v er e
,
t ar b os h n w k n wn a a f w h i c h w a d y d sc ar
o ,
o o s ez , s e
w ell as F re d er i c k t h e G r ea t M i rab ea u , ,
let f t h e s tu d n ts in a g r eat
or e c h o l at t h at c i ty s o .
,

G o eth e S p i n o za K a n t Lord B aco n C a

, , , , In t h at w ay it b c m e a m ar k o f l ar n i n g an d
e a e ,

v o u r M az z i ni G ar i b al d i V i c t or E m a n u el
, , . , g r ad u all y d i s p l ac ed t h r f r m s an d c l r
o f h at
e o o o s o s .

an d o th ers m o s t of w h o m are k n ow n t o h a v e It w as c ar r i d in a ll d i r c t i n b y c arav ans an d

e e o s ,
,

b een F r eem aso n s I t w o ul d s eem as i f th i s t hu s b ec am t h d i t i ng ui s h i ng h ad d ress o f Mes

e e s e -

l m in every p art f t h em p i re
.

e s o e
d i sco v ery wo ul d h a v e b een s u ffi c i en t t o en
.

ab l e t h e fo u n d ers o f t h e A m er i ca n O rd er t o D u r i ng th e pas t e i gh t y e ars th e O rd er

 A N C I E N T ARA B I C O R D E R O F NOB L E S O F T HE M YS TIC S H RIN E 5

in t h e U n it ed S t a t es h as g row n a t t h e
w h i c h n o n e of t h e s ecr et r el i ef ra t e in
of f u ll y .
O n ex t en d ed t o s i c k o r d i s t r ess ed N ob l es i s in
m em b ers a nn u all y .

J a n u ary 1 1 89 9 i t s t o t a l m em b ers h i p was c l u d ed O n e of t h e m o s t i m por t a n t an d

, , .

abo u t d i s t r i b u t ed a m o ng s ev en t y c h arac t er i s ti c f ea t u r es o f t h e O rd er i s f o u nd
*
n i n e T em p l es a t as m a n y c i ti es I t s C h r i s t in i t s gen ero u s d o na ti o n s t o F reem aso n s in .

m as do n ati o n s t o t h e p o or an d t o b enev o l en t n eed of ass i s t a n c e w hi c h i s d o ne so s ecr etl y

i n s ti tu ti o n s r ec en tl y a m o u n t ed t o o v er th a t t h e w o r l d nev er h ears of i t and few ,

T empl es of t h e ill ys ti c S h ri ne — A l ab am a B i r T em p le Sec o n d Sat u rd ay O m ah a T ang i er T em

, ,

m ing h am , Z am o r a T em l e, p Fi r W d n d ay
st
'
e es , pl e F o u r t h F r i d ay
,
N ew M ex i c o : A l b u qu erq ue .
,

M arc h J une S p t m b r A i i o n a : Ph oenix E l

, ,
e e e .
‘
z , B al lut A byad T em p l e Sec o n d M o n d ay N ew , .

Z ar ib a h T em p l F i r st M o nd ay N v m b r D c m e, ,
o e e , e e Y o r k : A l b any Cypr u s T em p l e subj ec t t o c all , ,

b e J an uary F eb ru ary M a rch Apr i l

r, Ar k n a
, , , . a s s Bro o k l yn Kis m et T em p l e o n c all ; Buff alo Is
, , ,

P i ne B l uf S ah ar a T em p l e Fi r t W d ne d ay C al
, ,
s e s . m ai l i a T em p l e 2 9 t h N ew Y o r k M ecc a T em p l e
, , ,

if nia : L
or A ng l A l M al ik ah T m p l T h i rd
os e es , a e e, Call o f P otentate ; R oc h ester D am as c us T em p l e , ,

F r i d ay ; S an F r anc i c Isl am T em pl S c n d s o, e, e o f o u r t i m es a year ; T ro y,O r i ental T em p l e T h i rd ,

Wed ne d ay C o l o rad o D n v r E l J b el T m p l
s . e e , e e e, F r i d ay U t i c a Z iya ra T em p le Fi rst W ed nes d ay
, ,

M arch J u ne S p t m b r D ec m b er C nn c t i c ut
, , e e e , e . o e W atert ow n M ed i a T em p l e Sec o n d M o nd ay N o rt h
‘

, , .

Br id gep o r t P y ram i d T em p l Sec o nd W d n d ay

, e, e es , C ar o li n a Ch arlo tte O as i s T em p l e no stated ti m e , , .

e x c p t J ul y and A ug u t H ar tf rd S ph i n x T m
e s o , e N o r t h D ak o t a : F argo E l Z agal T em p l e e v ery , ,

pl e, S c nd T h u rs d ay D i t r i c t f C lu m b i :
e o . s o o a T h u rsd ay O h i o : C i nc i nnat i Sy r i an T em p l e C all
.
, ,

W a h i ngt n A l m as T em p l e C all o f P ot ntat

s o , , e e. o f P o t entat e C level an d A l K o r an T em p l e P l eas , ,

F l r i d J ac k s n v i ll M o r c c o T m p l F i r t F r i
o a o e, o e e, s u re o f P o t entate ; C o lu m b u s A l add i n T em p l e , ,

d ay aft r T h i d Tu e d ay
e
'

G rgi a A t lant a Y aa
r s . eo , Sec o n d T h u rsd ay D ayto n A nt i o c h T em pl e n u , ,

rab T m p l e T h i rd W ed nesd ay ; Sav an nah A l

e, , ec c er tai n O k l ah o m a : O kl ah o m a I nd i a T em p l e
.
, ,

T em p l C al l f P t nt at
e, I d a h B i s C i ty E l
o o e e . o o e , T h i rd T h u rs d ay O reg o n : P o rtl and A l K ad er .
,

K ra h T m p le S ec nd T h u r d y Illi n i Ch i
o e ,
o s a . o s : T em p l e F o ur th W edn esd av
,
O nt ar i o C anad a .
,

c ag M d i na h T m p l e M nt h l y ; P eo r i a M
o, e e ,
o , o T o r o nt o R aineses T em p l e A ugus t N o vem b er
, , , ,

h am m ed T m p l S c nd Tu sd ay R c k f rd T e
e e, e o e o o , Apr i l P en ns y l v an i a E r i e Zem Zem T em pl e C al l
.
, ,

b al a T m p l F u r t h W ed n d ay I nd i ana I n d i
e e, o es . o f P o t en t at e ; Ph il ad el ph i a L u L u T em p l e Fi rst , ,

a na p l i M u r at T em p l e F o u r t h F r i d y I wa :
o s, , a . o W ed nes d ay ; P i ttsb u rg Syr i a T em p l e C al l o f P 0 , ,

C ed ar R ap i d s E l K ah i r T m p l n c all D av n , e e, o e t entate R ead i ng R aj a h T em p l e F o u rt h W ednes , ,

p rt K aab a T m p l Fi r t Tue d ay K ansa :

o , e e, s s . s day ex c ep t J ul y an d A ugu s t ; W i l k es b a rr e I r em
, ,

L av en w rt h A b d ll ah T em p l Fi r t and T h i rd
e o ,
a e, s T em p l e T h i rd W ed nesd ay R h o d e Is l and : Pro v
,
.

F r i d ay Sali na I i s T m p l T h i r d Tu d ay K en , s e e, es . i d enc e P al es t i ne T em p l e F o u r t h M o n d ay D ec em
, , ,

tuc k y L u i v i ll K ai T m p l S c o n d M nd ay
o s e, os r e e, e o . b er M a rch J u n e O c to b er
,
So ut h D ak o ta : D ead
, , .

L ui s i ana N w O rl ans J er u s al m T em p l e Quar

o e e , e , wo o d N aj a T em p l e Fi r st Satu rd ay M arc h J une
, , , , ,

t ly
er M ai n : L wi t n K r a T m p l F u r t h
. e e s o , o e e, o Sep tem b er ; S i o u x F all s E l R i ad T em pl e T h i rd , ,

T hu r d ay J anuar y May Sep t m b er N v m b er

s , , ,
e ,
o e ,
Wed nes d ay T ennessee : Ch attano o ga Al h am b ra
.
,

D ec em b r M ary lan d B alt i m o re B u m i T em pl

e . o e, T em p l e T h i rd F r i d ay M em ph i s A l C h ym ia T em
, ,

2 9t h 3 0t h o r 3 l t
, M a ach u t t B t n A l pp
, s . n ss se s os o , e o
ple D ec em b er a n d M arc h
,
T ex as : Aust i n B en .
,

T m p l C al l o f P t ntat e ; S pr i ng fi el d M el b a
e e, o e -
, H ur T em p l e F r i d ay after app earanc e of Cr esc ent
,

T m p l F o u rt h T h u r d ay ex c ep t J ul y and A ng
e e, s , in t h e W est D all as H el la T em p l e T h i rd T h urs , ,

us t . Mi ch igan G rand R ap i d Sal ad i n T m p le : s, e , d ay .Utah : Salt L ak e C i ty E l K al ah T em p l e , ,

C l l f P o tentat e ; D t r i t M sl mT m p le Fi r st
a o e o , o e e ,
T h i rd W ed nesd ay V er m o nt : M o ntp el i er M o u nt . ,

Tues day M arq u ette Ah m ed T m pl e Fi rst ,

e ,
S i nai T em p l e Sec o nd F r i d ay M arc h Ju ne S ep
, , , ,

W d n s d ay
e e M innesota Mi nneap l i Zu h rah
. o s, t em b er D ec emb er V i rg i n i a : R i c h m o nd Ac c a
,
.
,

T em p l e F o u rt h F r i d ay ; S t P aul O sm an T em p l e
, .
, ,
T em p l e F o u rt h T h u rs d ay ex c ep t J une J u ly A u
, , , ,

May 2 3t h O c t o b er 20 t h J anu a r y 1 9t h
, M i s is ,
. s gu s t W ash i ngto n : S p o k an e E l K atif T em p l e
. , ,

s i pp i : M er i d i an H am asa T em p l e F ou rt h T h u r s , ,
Fi rst W ed nesd ay ; T ac o m a A fifi T em p l e T h i rd , ,

day . Mi s so u ri K an sas C i ty A rarat T em p l Fi r t , e, s W ed nesd ay W est V i rg i ni a : Ch ar l esto n B en i

.
,

W d n d ay ; S t J os ph M il a T m p l F u rt h
e es . e ,
o e e, o K ed em T em p l e Sec o nd T h u r sd ay W h eel i ng O s i
, ,

W d nes d ay ; S t L o ui s M o ol ah T em p l e T hi rd
e .
, , ris T em p l e
Sec o nd and F ou rt h F r i d ay W i s c o n
, ‘
.

W ed n sd ay M o n t ana : H lena A l g r i a T em p l e
e . e , e , sin M il wauk ee T ripo li T em p l e Sec o n d W ed nes d av
, , .

S c nd T h u rs d ay N eb ra k a : L i nc o l n S esos tr i s
e o . s , W y o m i ng R awl i ns K erei n T em p l e L ast F r i d ay , , .
6 A N C I E N T ARA B I C O R D E R , E T C .
, O F NO R T H A N D S O U TH A M E R I CA

b eyo n d th os e in i m m ed i a t e i n t er es t ev er N ew O rl ea n s ; S S S co tt P u eb l o C o l ;
. .
, , .

k n ow of i t M o h a m m eda n i s m i s n o t ad v o
. T h o m as P Ma h o m et O m a h a ; J os ep h S
.
, .

c at ed by t h e r itu a l of t h e A m er i ca n O rd er , C u s ti s N ew Yor k ; J D S co tt For t W or th

, . .
, ,

b u t t h e sa m e r esp ec t i s i n c u l ca t ed for D eit y T ex . an d J o h n C o l em a n

, W a t er V a l l ey , ,

as in A rab i a an d el s ew h er e . M i ss A t t h e sa m e m eeti ng i t was p l ann ed

.

A n c i e n t A r a b i c O rd e r o f N o b l e s o f t o o rg a n i z e a w o m en s a u x il i ary t o b e k n o w n
’
,

t h e M y s t i c S h ri n e o f N o r t h a n d S o u t h as t h e D a u gh t ers o f t h e Pyr a m i d T h er e .

A m e ri c a — T hi s i s a soc i a l an d fra t er n a l w ere t w en t y th r ee T em p l es r ep r es en t ed an d

-

o rgan i z a ti o n of n eg ro es w h i c h s eek s t o ,
m or e w er e t o b e i n s ti tu t ed .

p ara ll el t h e A n c i ent Arab i c O rd er o f N o b l es A n c i e n t O r d e r o f F r e es m i t h s (D er

of t h e Mys ti c S h r i n e (S ee t h e l a t ter ) As . . A lt e O rd en d er F ieisc h m ied e) — A ccord i n g
'
.

t h e A A O N M S ad m i t s o nl y Fr eem aso n s
. . . . . . t o o l d c h ar t ers w h i c h are a ll eged t o b e
w h o are K n i gh t s T em p l ars o r h a v e r ec ei v ed s til l in ex i s t enc e in t h e S u p r em e bod y
t h e thi r t y s eco n d d egr ee A n c i en t an d A c
-

,
in G er m an y th i s G er m a n s ec r et s e
,

c ept ed S co t ti s h Rit e so t h e A A O N M , . . . . . c iet y carr i es i t s o r ga n i za ti o n bac k m or e

S of N o r th an d S o u t h A m er i ca r ec ei v es
. y ears t h a n a l m os t an y o th er s i m i l ar body .

o nl y th o se w h o h a v e t a k en t h e hi gh er d e T h e ex t r em e s ec r ecy w i th w h i c h i t s p ro

g r ees co n f err ed in n egro Maso n i c bo d i es . c eedin gs an d t rad i ti o n s are s u rro u n d ed

S ee Fr ee m aso n ry a m o n g N egro es ) T h r en d ers i t so m ew h a t d i ffi c ul t t o ob t a i n d e
( e .

G ra n d C o unc il of t h e A A O N M S . . . . . . t a il ed i nf or m a ti o n co n c er n i ng i t V ar i o u s .

of N or th an d S o u th A m er i ca was i n s ti p u b li s h ed ac co u n t s p rof ess t o t rac e i t s o r i

t ut ed a t C h i c ago J u n e 1 0 1 8 93 by J o h n
, , , gin as far bac k as t h e ei gh t h c en tu ry t o ,

G J o n es an d o th ers It i s d ec l ar ed th a t M r
. . . W es t p h a l i a w hi c h a t t h a t t i m e i n c l u d ed
, , ,

J o n es i s t h e firs t n eg ro in t h e U n i t ed S t a t es t h e r egi o n b et w een t h e E l b e an d t h e Rhi n e ,

t o r ec ei ve t h e S h r i n e d eg r ee a nd th a t i t was
c o nf err ed u po n h im by s ev era l m em b ers “ ,
and t h e pr es ent R ep u b li c o f S w i t z er l a n d

I t w ill i n t er es t S co tti s h Rit e F r eem aso n s

.

”
,

o f t h e G ra nd C o u nc il o f A rab i a w h o w ere as w ell as o th er s tu d en t s of t h e s u bj ec t of

in a tt en da n c e a t t h e W o r l d s s ec r et soc i eti es in t h e M i dd l e A ges t o
’
in C h i c ago
”
,

F ai r I t i s l ik el y th a t J o n es an d asso c i a t e
. l ear n t h at th i s bro th er h ood i s sa i d t o h a v e
n eg ro N ob l es r ec ei v ed th ei r S h r i n e r itu al o r i g i na t ed in t h e V eh m i c C o u r t s an d th a t ,

in t h e s a m e m a n n er as t h e n egro K n i gh t s t h e c l a i m i s m ad e th a t t hi s s ecr et or ga n i z a
T em p l ars ob t ai n ed th ei rs I n 1 8 95 a m eet . ti o n t h e F rees m it h s o f t o d ay h as h ad a
,
-

ing of t h e G ra n d C o u n c il of t h e A A O N . . . . co n ti n u o u s ex i s t en c e ev er s i n c e W h eth er .

M S o f N o r th an d S o u th A m er i ca w as
. . i t h as o r n o t i t pr es u m es l i k e so m e
, ,

h el d a t C h i cago I t s o ffi c i a l s w er e so m e . o th er an d b ett er k no w n s ecret soc i eti es ,

o f t h e m or e ac ti v e n egro F reem aso n s in t o s u pp l y t h e li n k s b et w een t h e t i m e of

t h e U n i t ed S t a t es T h e l i s t i s as f o l l ows. t h e V eh m ger i c ht e an d t o day T i re A m er -
.
~

J o h n G J o n es C h i c ago w h o pr es i d ed ;
.
, , i ca n b ra n c h o f t h e soc i e ty d ecl ar es th a t t h e
J os ep h H S h r ev e C h i ca go ; D W D em p
.
,
. . V eh m ger i c h t e flo u r i s h ed f ro m t h e r ei gn of
se
y C h i c ag o ; R ob er t II II uc l es s
,
N ew .
, C h arl em a g ne m os tl y in G er m a n y w h er e it
, ,

Yo r k I W D u n m o r e C hi ca go ; W W
. .
, . . ex erc i s ed a c o n s i d erab l e i n fl u en c e b et w een

Mad d en B al ti m o r e ; W P F l oyd I n d i a n
, . .
, t h e t w el f th an d s i x t een th c en tu r i es in p u t ,

apo l is ; D F S evill e W as h i n gt o n D C ;
. .
, , . . ti n g do w n t h e l aw l ess ness an d d i sr egard
T h o m as W L o ga n K a n sas C i t y M o
. B , ,
. . for a u th o r i t y w h i c h p r ev a il ed th ere It .

M S h oo k C l ev el a n d ; R e v D r J B S t a n s
.
,
. . . . c o n s ti tu t ed c o u r t s fo r t h e pro t ec ti o n o f t h e
b c rry N ew Yor k ; J a m es H L ew i s N ew
,
.
, i nn oc en t and oppr ess ed w hi c h w er e as ,

Yo r k ; M L H u n t er N ew Yor k ; J F
. .
, . .
eas il y app roac h ed by t h e lrum b l es t as h i gh

S co tt C h a th a m O n t ; E A W i lli a m s
, , . . .
, es t . T h e V eh m ger i c ht e b eca m e an i m m e n s e
 A NC I E N T O R DE R O F F R E E S M IT H S

pow er n o t o n l y t h ro u gh o u t W es t p h a l i a b u t
, , c i vi l s uit s and o th ers of t r i vi al c h arac t er ,

el s ew h er e in G er m a n y ; an d w h il e f ro m t h e , w hi l e t h e l a tt er t oo k c h arge o f c r i m es o f
p o i n t of v i ew of t h e p r es en t t i m e i t was a ,
m or e s er i o u s n atu r e T h e acc u s ed in t h e
.

l aw l ess orga n i z ati o n i t was as a m a tt er of , , p roc ed u r e of t h es e c o u r t s was c i t ed by h av

f ac t a so c i et y of t h e m os t l aw ab i d i n g of
,
-
ing t h e s u m m o n s n a il ed o v er h i s d oo r a t
th at ti m e d es i gn ed t o b r i ng t o j u s ti c e t h e
,
ni h t
g or i f i t was n o t k n ow n w h er e h e
, ,

e vi l d eer of w h a t ev er ra n k in soc i et y an d
-

, l i v ed b y f as t en i ng f o u r cop i es a t a c ross
,

t o see t h a t p u n i s h m en t was m et ed o u t . ro ad n ea r h i s s u ppos ed r es i d en c e N o n e .

T h e F reesm it h s w hi l e c l a i m i ng d i r ec t d e
, b u t t h e i n i ti a t ed w as ad m itt ed d u r i ng t h e
s c en t fro m t h es e V eh m i c c o u r t s ca rry th ei r , s ess i o n s o f t h e s ec r et co u r t an d any o ne ,

e x i s t en c e far en o u g h bac k t o d a t e f ro m t h e fo u n d p res en t w h o was n o t a m em b er w as

p er i o d w h en t h e co u r t s w er e u s ed f o r t h e p u t t o i n s t a n t d eath T h e o nl y p u n i s h .
~

ex ec u ti o n of j u s ti c e i gn or i ng t h e p er i od
,
m en t i n fl i c t ed by t h e s ecr et co u r t w as
w h en t h ey b eca m e as th ey af t erwa rd s d i d
, ,
d ea t h ; and in cas e t h e co n v i c t ed acc u s ed
in t h e h a n d s of t h e n ob il it y i n s t r u m en t s for , w as n o t p r es en t t h e fi rs t o f t h e i n iti a t ed t o
,

u n wor th y p u rp os es O n e of t h e l a t es t o f
. m eet h im was bo u n d t o p u t h im t o d ea th
t h e V eh m i c c o u r t s was t h a t h el d a t C ell e ,
an d l ea v e t h e k n i f e w i t h t h e cab ali s ti c l et

in H a n o v er in 1 5 6 8 a lt h o u gh i t h as b een
, , t ers b es i d e t he b ody t o s h o w t h e d eed was
h eard of a t l a t er da t es I t i s r el at ed th a t . n o t a m u rd er W it h t h e r evi v a l of law
.

J ero m e B o n apar te in 1 81 1 abo li s h ed o ne of an d ord er an d l e a l p roc ed u r e

g D er A lt e ,

t h e l a t er f o r m s o f t h e V eh m ger i c h t e in A u s O rd en d er F reis c h m iede i s d ec l ar ed t o h a v e

t r i a a t w h i c h ti m e it was k n ow n as D er
,
t a k en t h e p l ac e of t h e V eh m ger i c ht e w i th ,

A l t e O rd en d er F reis c h m ied e B u t th e . so m e o f t h e m or e d ead l y c h arac t er i s ti c s o f

O rd er w as in ex i s t en c e in o th er por ti o n s of t h e l a tt er l ef t o u t and so m e of t h e b en ev o
,

G erm a n y a t t h e ti m e w h er e it i s s till c o n , _
l en t f ea t u r es o f m o r e m od er n s ecret soc i e
t i n ned an d h ad a l arge m em b ers h i p A
, . ti es i n corpora t ed .

c a n d i da t e fo r i n i t i a ti o n i n t o t h e O rd e r w as T h e fi rs t Lod ge o f t h e F reis c h m ied e in

r equ i r ed t o b e a C h r i s ti a n n ev er t o h a v e ,
t h e U n i t ed S t a t es w as or ga n i z ed in B a l
b een ex co m m u n i ca t ed o r o u tl a w ed and n o t ,
ti m or e in 1 8 6 5 an d a s eco n d o n e w as
,

a par t y t o any t r i a l b ef or e t h e V eh m e H e . for m ed in W as h i n gt o n in 1 8 66 Af t er .

was r equ i r ed t o t a k e a so l em n o a t h t o s u p t h e o r ga n i za ti o n o f t h e th i rd Lod ge in

c eed in gs
“
p or t t h e H o l y V eh m t o co n c ea l i t s p ro
fro m w i f e an d c hi l d f a th er an d
,

,
th i s co u n t ry w hi c h w as in P hil ad el p hi a in
,

1 8 6 7 t h e O rd er t oo k o n a rap i d g row th
, .

m o th er s i s t er an d bro th er fi re and w i n d
, , ,
T h er e are t h o u sa nd s o f m em b ers of t h e so
fro m a ll th a t t h e sun s hi n es o n and t h e c iet y in thi s co u n t ry t o day b u t co m para -

ra i n w et s an d fro m ev ery b ei ng b et w een

,
t iv el y l ittl e i s k now n abo u t t h e i n s ti tu ti o n ,

h ea v en an d ear th an d t o br i ng b ef or e t h e
,
an d m em b e rs t h er eof app ear c h a ry abo u t

t r i b u n al ev ery th i n g w ith i n h i s k n o w l ed ge givi ng i n for m a ti o n I t appar en tl y a v o i ds

.

t h a t f el l u n d er i t s j u r i sd i c ti o n H e was . p u b l i c i t y n o t o nl v r egard i ng i t s affa i rs b u t

, ,

t h en i n v es t ed w it h t h e s i gn s by w h i c h t h e r egard i n g i t s m em b ers h i p an d l oca ti o n .

m em b ers r eco gn i z ed eac h o th er an d pre . L od ges are b eli ev ed t o b e es t ab l i s h ed in al

s en t ed w i th a rop e an d a k n i f e u po n t h e ,
m os t ev ery S t a t e in t h e U n i o n w hi c h are ,

l a tt er of w h i c h w er e t h e l ett ers S S G G . . . .
, go v er n ed b y S t at e o r G ra n d L od ges an d t h e ,

s u ppos ed t o m ea n S t r i c k S t ei n G ras G r ei n , , , ,
l a tt er are co nt ro ll ed by t h e S u pr em e Lod ge
o r R op e S t o ne G rass G ra i n O ne v ar i et y
, ,

o f V eh m i c co u r t h el d it s m eeti n g s op en l y
, .

“
o f t h e U n it ed S t a t es w h i c h i s sa i d t o m eet
r eg ul ar l y o n t h e fi rs t h o u r of ev ery l eap
,

”
,

w h il e t h e p roc eed i ngs of t h e o th er w er e y ear T h e L od ge roo m s ar c all ed S m i th

.

e
s ecr et . T h e fo r m er t oo k j u r i sd i c ti o n in ies , an d r ep r es e nt t h e fi rm am ent t h e ,
8 A NC I E N T O RDE R O F OS I R I S

pr es i d i ng offi c er b e i ng t h e S un t h e s eco nd in W i lli a m D r ex l er of Pa t erso n N J G rand

, , . .

c o m m a n d t h e M oo n and t h e t hi rd et c rep C o u n sell o r J acob H i m m el sbac h of N ew

, , .
, ,

r esen t i n g o th er p l an et s o r h ea v en l y b od i es Yo r k ; G ra n d S ecr et ary W ill i a m M er t z o f

.
,

T h e r i tu a l o f t h e O rd er h as n o r el i gi o u s Pa t erso n N J and G ra n d T r eas u r er , .

,

c h a rac t er i s ti cs a r ec o gn i ti o n of a h i gh er E m i l B a u m gar t en of Pa t erso n N J

, , . .

pow er b ei ng t h e o n l y r equ i s i t e fro m t h os e It i s o n l y fa i r t o s t a t e th a t th er e are n o

s eeki n g ad m i ss i o n T h e obj ec t s o f t h e r easo n s for b el i evi ng th a t t h e A n c i en t O rd er
.

soc i et y are i n t ell ec tu al d ev el op m en t t h e of F rees m it h s h a v e h ad any m or e d i rec t

,

ex t en s i o n of w i sd o m an d t o l era ti o n s i c k co nnec ti o n w ith t h e V eh m ger i c h t e o f t h e

,

b en efit s an d li f e i n s u ra n c e T h e l o w er b o dy M i d d l e A ges th a n h a v e any of t h e h aut e

.

in t h e o rga n i za ti o n i s en ti tl ed t h e Fr ee Mas grades of t h e A n c i en t an d Acc ep t ed S co t

t ers an d co n t a i n s s i x d eg rees T h e r ega l i a ti s h Rit e o f Freem aso n ry an d th er e are
.
,

i s co m p os ed of a red sas h w i th th r ee s t ars sev era l ex t er na l evi d en c es th a t t h e fo u n d

.

Af t er an h o n orab l e car eer in t h e O rd er for ers o f t h e F reesm it h s h a v e p a tt er n ed af t er

a y ear t h e d egr ee of G ra n d Mars h a l i s so m e of t h e em b l em s an d c er em o n i a l s of t h e
,

co n f err ed w ith a b l ac k sas h an d s ev en R ite E c os sa is

, T h er e are h ow ev er rea .
, ,

s t ars Af t er th a t co m es t h e G ra n d Mas t er so n s f or c red i ti n g t h e i n sp i ra t i o n o f t h e F r ee

.

d egree w i th t h e b l u e sas h an d s ev en s t ars s m i th s t o so m e of th e ear l i er wo rk ing m en s

, ,
’

w h en t h e m errrb er i s en titl ed t o w ear h i s g u il d s in G er m a n y .

sword T h e hi gh es t d eg r ee b es t o w ed i s eu
. A n c i e n t O r d e r o f O s i r i s — Ih t h e h i s .

t itl ed C a v a li er an d i s co n f erred a f t er t h r ee t ory obj ec t s an d a i m s of thi s m od ern

, , ,

y ears an d an ex a m i n a t io n in as t ro n o m y and A m er i ca n O rd er p u b l i s h ed in 1 88 7 n o , ,
‘

t h e sc i en c es . O nl y a C a v a l i er m ay b eco m e m en ti o n i s m ad e of i t s h ead qu ar t ers It is .

Pr es i d en t o f a S u pr em e L od ge t h e em b l em g o v er n ed by a S u pr em e T r i b u na l and d ea l s
, ,

of w h i c h d egr ee i s t h e C ross o f t h e K n i g ht s in L ess er and G r ea t er Mys t er i es all o f

, ,

a s as h of red b l ac k and b lu e w ith a ll t h e w h i c h are d ec l a r ed t o h a v e b een i n s ti tu t ed

, ,

s t ars an d a sw ord and a d a gger T h es e in vi r tu e w i t h t h e n ob l es t obj ec t s in vi ew

, .
,
.

o fii c ial s e x erc i s e so m ew h a t t h e sa m e pre I t s w at c lrw o rds are T r u th J us t ic e, and ,

rogat iv es as S o v er ei gn G ra n d I n sp ec t o rs E qu it y an d i t s eek s t o c l o th e t h e n a k ed , ,

G enera l of t h e thi r ty th i r d an d l as t d egree f eed t h e h u ng ry ed u ca t e t h e o rp h a n an d

“ ”
-

, ,

of t h e A n c i en t and Acc ep t ed S co tti s h Ri t e of t o k n o w eac h o th er an d o u rsel v es .

Fr eem aso n ry h a vi n g acc ess t o a ll t h e b od i es

, A n t i M a s o n r y — O r ga n i z ed oppos i ti o n
-
.

an d th ei r a rc h i v es an d b ei n
, g en ti t l ed t o t o Fr eem aso n ry h as s h ow n i t s el f in th r ee
sp ec i a l h o n ors a t a ll vi s i t s L i k e so m a n y for m s s i n c e t h e r ev i v a l in 1 7 1 7 w h en t h e
.
,

yo u nger s ecr et so c i eti es th i s o ne p o ssess es fo u r Lo n d o n Lod ges un i t ed t o f or m a G ra n d

,

a m o tt o in th r ee w ord s — T r u th F i d el it y Lo d ge T h e fi rs t ca m e and s til l em a n a t es

, ,
.

an d S ecr ecy (W a h r h ei t T r eu e u nd e fro m t h e R o m a n C a th o li c C h u rc h ; t h e

, ,

S c h w i egen ) T h e ob l i ga ti o n s of t h e O rd er s eco nd f ro m o n e or m or e o fi sh o ot s of t h e
.
,

r eq u i r e ev ery m em b er t o ass i s t un for tu n a t e S c o t c h P r esby t er i a n C h u rc h an d th e t h i rd

o r d i s t r ess ed b r eth r en Lod ges pay fi v e w as co n sp i c u o u s in t h e U ni t ed S t a t es fo r
. .

d o ll ars w eekl y in cas e of s i c k n ess of m em a d ecad e a f t er t h e d i sapp eara n c e of W illi a m

b er s $1 2 5 in cas e of t h e d eath o f a m em b er s M orga n o f B a t a vi a N Y w h o i t w as sa i d
,
’
, . .
, , ,

w i f e an d $5 00 t o t h e h ei rs of a m em b er in w as abo u t t o d i sc l os e t h e s ec ret s of t h e Fra

,

c as e of hi s d ea th A rec en tl y p u b l i s h ed l i s t t ern it y A l m os t a ll po l i ti ca l a n t ago n i s m t o

. .

of o ffi c i al s of t h e S u p r em e Lod ge of t h e Freem aso n ry in Eu rop e m ay b e t rac ed t o t h e

U n i t ed S tat es i n c l u d ed t h e fo l l ow i ng : i nfl u en c e of t h e R o m an Ca th o l i c C h u rc h .

G r an d H o n orary Pr es i d en t W illi a m D u r i n g t h e s ev en y ears fro m 1 7 1 7 t o 1 7 24

,

S c hl u m pf of N ew Yo r k ; G ra n d M ars h a l t h e Fra t er n it y a tt rac t ed th e a tt en ti o n o f

,
10 A N T I M A SO N RY -

m em b er h ave establ i h d c ertai n l aw w h i ch bi nd

s s e s n o t ed by G o u l d in h i s H i s t ory o f Fr ee “
t h m l v t ac h t h r and w h i ch in p art i n
e se es o e o e , ,
e
m aso n ry
” ,
,

P i u s V I I spo k e t o t h e sa m e eff ec t .

lar, c mp l
o t h i r m em b rs u nd er t h e everes t
e e e ,
s
in 1 82 9 G r eg o ry X V I in 1 8 3 2 an d P iu s I X
p n alt i b y v i rtu o f an at h t ak n o n t h e H ol y
. .
, ,
e es , e o e
in 1 84 6 1 8 6 4 an d a t o th er d a t es L eo X I I I
Scr i p tu r t o pre r v a n i nv i ol ab l c r c y in r
es , se e e se e e , ,
. .

l at i o n t v ryt h i ng t h at p as in t h i r m eet i ng a a i n c o n fi r m ed t h es e d ecr ees of h i s pr ed e

o e e ses e s . g
c esso rs in 1 8 8 4 an d ex t en d ed t h e oppos iti o n
,

T he b ul l f u r th er d ec l ar es th a t th es e soc i o f t h e R o m a n C h u rc h t o t h e O d d F el l ow s ,

et ies h ad b eco m e s u sp ec t ed o f b ei n g h u r t f u l t h e K n i gh t s of Py thi as a nd t h e S o n s of ,

t o t h e t ra n q uil i t y o f t h e s t a te and t o t h e T em p era n c e Abo u t t en y ears ago t h e

.

sa f et y of t h e so u l ; th at i f t h e ac ti o n s o f Card i n a l a t Q u eb ec t oo k s t eps t o p rev en t

Fr eem aso n s w er e i rr ep roac h ab l e th ey w o u l d R o m a n C a th o l i c s in hi s j u r i sd i c ti o n f ro m
n o t so car ef u l l y c o n c ea l th em fro m t h e j o i n i ng t h e K n i g h t s o f Labo r a sec r et l abo r ,

li gh t ;an d a l l b i s h ops s u p er i o rs an d o rd i na, , an d soc i a li s t soc i et y fo u n d ed by a Fr ee ,

r i es w er e en j o i ned t o p u n i s h t h e F r eem aso n s m aso n w h i c h h as so m e o f t h e o ut ward f o r m s

,

w i th t h e p en a l ti es w hi c h th ey d es er v e as , an d c h arac t er i s ti c s of Fr eem aso n ry B u t so .

p eop l e gr ea tl y s u sp ec t ed of h er esy h a vi n g , m u c h oppo s iti o n was ex c i t ed th a t o n an ap ,

r eco u rs e i f n ec essary t o t h e s ec u l ar arm

, ,
. p ea l t o R o m e t h e ac ti o n w as n o t s u s t a i ned
,
.

T h r ee y ears b efor e t h i s in A m s t erda m , A r ep l y t o an i n qu i ry d i r ec t ed t o C ard i na l

a Maso ni c L od ge roo m w as fo rc i b l y Gi bb o n s s t a t es th a t t h e F en i a n B ro th er h oo d
en t er ed an d i t s f u r n itu r e d es t roy ed by a an d i t s s u cc esso r t h e C l a n n a ga el are n o t
”
- -

, ,

crow d o f fa na ti cs w h os e z ea l h ad b een appro v ed by t h e C h u rc h in r ef er en c e t o ,

k i n d l ed by so m e of t h e c l ergy A l th o u gh . w h i c h n o ex p l a n a ti o n i s n ec essary O n .

C l em en t s b u l l d i d n o t m eet w i th a fa v or
’
J a nu ary 6 1 89 5 t h e R o m a n C a th o l i c A rc h
, ,

ab l e rec ept io n in F ra n c e in I t al y m a n y s u s b i s h op o f C i n c i nn a ti o n t h e a u th or i t y o f t h e
‘

, ,

pec t ed of b ei n g F r eem aso n s w er e arr es t e d H o l y S ee a nn o u n c ed t h e pos i ti o n of t h a t

,

an d p l ac ed in d u n geo n s as w ell as so m e ac , C h u rc h w it h r esp ec t t o t h e O d d F ell o ws ,

c u sed of h a vi n g f u r n i s h ed a n a sy l u m t o t h e K n i g ht s o f Py th i as t h e S o n s o f T em ,

M aso n i c L od ges L i k e m eas u r es t o c r u s h eran c e an d i n c i d en t a ll y F r eem aso n ry in

.
p , , , ,

t h e F ra t er n i t y w er e r eso r t ed t o in S pa i n a nd par t as fo l l ow s
in Por tu g a l an d in 1 7 4 5 Maso n i c ass em b l i es
, A ll t h e o rd i nar i es o f t h e v ar i o u s d i o c es es o f t h e
w er e pro h i b i t ed th ro u gh o u t S w it z er l an d U ni ted S tates m u st use t h ei r ex ert i o ns t o k eep t h e
u n d er t h e s ev er es t p ena l ti es In 1 7 4 8 a .
f a i thf ul away fro m al l and each o f t h e t hree so c i e
M aso n i c Lod ge a t C o n s t a nti n op l e was d e t i es c all ed t h e O dd F ell o ws t h e K ni g h ts o f Pyth i as , ,

an d t h e S o ns o f T em p er an c e A nd t h e f a i t hful
m o lish ed an d i t s m em b ers w er e a rr es t ed
.

,
t h em sel v es m us t b e ad m o n i s h ed o f t h i s ; a nd i f ,

b u t u lti m at el y d i sc h arged th ro u gh t h e in after t h e ad m o n i t i o n t h ey s t i ll adh er e t o t h es e so

,

t erpo s it io n of t h e B r i ti s h M i n i s t er In .
c iet ies a n d w i ll n o t
,
l eav e t h em effec tu ally t h ey ,

S c o tl a n d in 1 75 7 t h e S y n o d of S ti r li n g d e
, ,
m us t n o t b e ad m i tte d t o t h e S acr a m ents .

b arr ed a ll ad h er i ng Fr eem aso n s fro m t h e Fi rst t h ese s o c i et i es seem t o h av e a d ec i d ed in

,

fl uenc e t o l ea d C at h o l i c s t o ward F r eem as o n r y an d

o rd i n a n c es of r el i gi o n w h en c e poss i b l y m ay ,
, , ,
F reem as o nry is u nd er t h e ab so lute c o nd em nat i o n
b e fo u n d t h e o r i gi n o f so m e o f t h e opp os i ti o n
and ex c o m m u n i c ati o n o f t h e Ch u r c h I w i ll no t
t o t h e Fra t er n i t y in o ne o r m o r e b ran c h es
.

st o p t o c o ns i d e r t h e r eas o n s fo r t h i s ex c ep t t o dr aw ,

o f t h e S co t c h C h u rc h T h e Papa l h ull o f . yo u r attenti o n t o t h e d ec l ared and i m p l ac ab l e h at red

1 7 3 8 w as co n fi r m ed an d r en ew ed by B en e o f M aso n s aga i ns t t h e Ch u r c h and ag a i n s t all r el i

d i c t X I V in 1 7 51 an d by P iu s V I I in 1 82 1 g i o ns i nter es ts T h i s is o p enl y an d ang r i l y av owed

.

by t h e l ead i ng M aso ns o f E u ro p e a nd m an i f es ted

. . .
,

L eo X I I in h i s Apos t o l i c E d i c t Qu a Gra
,

b y t h e i r s ata ni c wa rfar e agai ns t ev er yt h i ng Chr i s

.
, ,

m ora 1 82 6 i n c l u d ed t h e ac t s an d d ec r ees
’

, , t i an p ar t i c ul arl y in I tal y and F ranc e In o ur

,
.

o f t h e ear l i er pop es o n thi s s u bj ec t an d , c o u nt r y t h i s s p i r i t d o es n o t seem t o pr ev ai l yet

o rd ered th em t o b e ra ti fi ed for ev er As . t h ere h as b een no act i o n b y t h e M aso ns o f t h i s
 A N T I M A SO N RY
-

11

co u ntry su ffi c ien t t o sat i s fy t h e Ch u rch t h at t h ey m ys ter i es w h ic h i nstruc ted h e m ay h r aft er

e e be
a re s ec u r ed ag a i ns t t h e i n f us i o n o f t h e s p i r i t o f t h ei r in .
” H h a n g ua rant e as t t h ch ar c ter f
e s o e o e a o

b ret hren . N o w i t is o f ten s een t h at t h e

, t he my t r i
se T h y m ay b e b las ph m i es ag i n t
s e es . e e a s

ac t i v e pr o m o ters o f t h es e so c i et i es n o w c o nd em n ed , , G d o ,t reas o n ag i n t h i c u nt ry o r i nj u t i c
or a s s o , s e

a re al s o zeal o u s M as o ns ; an d i f a C at h o l i c is aga i n t h i sn ig h b r O f c ur h h p i t will

s e o . o se, e o es

d raw n i nto o ne o f t h em h e is in c o nt i nual a nd ,

n t b
o an d t h e m em b r s m y s
e so , it wi ll n t b e a ay o e .

f am i li ar ass o c i at io n w i t h t h e ad m i rers o f M aso nry , B ut h w an a m an c n c i nt i u l y put h i m lf

o c o s e o s se

a nd i m m ed i at el y ex p o s ed t o i m bib e t h ei r sent i u nd r such an t h a nd su ch p nalt i s w i t h no

e oa e e ,

m ent s c o n sc i o us l y o r u n c o n s c i o u s l y
,
A ga i n m o r e .
,
o t h r pr t c t i o n b ut t h ei r say i ng ? His at h i o n
e o e o s

p o s i t i v ely and m o re st ro ngly d o t h es e s o c iet i es tend r c rd T h ei r ayi ng i a p a i ng wo rd

e o . s s ss .

t o weak e n a C a t h o l i c s r eg ard fo r t h e d o c t r i nes o f

’
Su ch b l i gat i ns f b l i nd b d i nc a c nt rar y t
o o o o e e e re o o

t h e Ch u rc h and fo r h er S acram ents a nd o t h er t h n tu r al c ns c i nc

e a fm n o e e o a .

ad m i n i s t r a t i o ns T h ey d o no t I b el iev e , ,

f o r m a ti o n o f
.

ex pr es sl y a n t ag o n i z e t h e C h u rch s t e ch i ngs and

’
a
T he Pos t of t h e G ra n d a

p rac t i c es ; a nd C at h o l i c s w h o are in t h em m ay A r m y of t h e R ep u b l i c at N o t r e D a m e In ,

pro b ab l y s ay v ery h o n estl y t h at t h ey h a v e no t seen

o r h ea rd a ny t h i ng o pp o s ed t o t h e Ch u r c h B ut wh ic h
,

“
d i a n a in J ul y 1 8 9 7 t h e m em b ersh i p o f
wa s c o m p os ed w h o ll y of R o m a n
, .

”
.

th es e so c i et i es do pro f ess t o i nc ul c ate m o ral i t y w i t h Ca th o l i c p r i es t s s h ow s s t r i ki n g c o nt ras t s

o u t t h e h el p o f t h e Ch u rch T h ey i nt ent i o nall y o r
,

in t h e vi ew s of th a t C h u rc h co n c er n i ng
.

u ni ntent i o n all y d i s po se a m an t o b el i ev e t h at i f h e
prac t ises t h e natu ral v i rtues— o f h o nes t y t ru t hful ,
v ar i o u s s ec r et soc i eti es A rc h b i s h op R ya n .
,

n es s so b r i et y
,
ph i lan t h ro py et c — t h en h e is a ll
, ,
in r ep l y i n g t o a v o t e o f th an k s fro m a
t h at a m an o ugh t t o b e an d als o t o b el i ev e t h at P h il ad el p h i a Pos t G ra n d Ar m y o f t h e R e ,

h e c an pr ac t i s e t h ese v i rtu es q ui te s uffi c i entl y b y p u b l i c in 1 89 6 was q u o t ed in t h e d a il y

, ,

t h e f o rc e o f h is o w n w i ll ; t h at h e d es no t need o
p ap ers in par t as f o ll ows :
t h e s p ec i al h el p s w h i ch o ur L o rd f ur n i s h es t h ro u g h
H is Ch u r c h T h i s is c all ed n a t u ral r el i g i o n t h at
. I do b l i v t h ere w v r any g n ral c n
no t e e e as e e e e o

is su c h k no wl ed ge o f Go d an d s u c h pra c t i c e o f a
,
dem nat i n f y u r O rd r b y t h Ch u rch alt h ug h
o o o e e ,
o

go o d l i fe as a m a n c an r ea ch b y h is
o w n na t u r al i nd i v i d u l bi h p m ay h av m i s i nterpr t d y u r
a s o s e e e o

r eas o n and st rengt h It l ea v es o ut rev eal ed re

.
c ns t i tut i n It h n bj c t i o nab l f atu r t h t
o o . as o o e e e es a

l igio n ; t h at i s t h e o t h e r t rut h s w h i ch Go d h as
,
Ic n a and i
s ee, un i v ers l l y ac k n w l d ged b
s th a o e y e

rev eal ed t o m an t hro u g h t h e s acred Scr i p tu res , C h u rch at l rg in t h c u nt r y t o d

a e Y u r O rd r e o -
ay . o e

t hro ug h o ur L brd J esu s Chr i s t a nd His A p o s tl es . is f u nd d

o n ch a r i tab l
e an d fr at r n al fell w h i p
o e e o s

I t l eaves o ut t h e nec ess i t y o f g r c e o ur red e m p a , an d p t r i t i s m

a P at r i t i m is fro m Go d and t h
o . o s ,
e

t i o n fro m s in t hro u g h t h e l i fe and d eat h o f t h e C t h l i c Ch u rc h s h ul d t h ref r b t h fi r t t

a o o , e o e, e e s o

S o n o f Go d m ad e m an I t l ea v es o ut t h e m eans
. nu r tu r i t e .

o f g r ac e g i v en us b y G o d in His S ac r am e nts the

O ne s i g n i fi ca n c e o f th i s l i es in t h e fac t
,

H o l y Sac r ifi c e o f t h e M ass and t h e o th er m i n i st ra

,

.
th at t h e G r an d Ar m y was o rga n i z ed by O dd
t i o n s o f t h e Ch u rch In a wo rd it l ea ves o ut t h e ,

s up e r na t u r al end o f m a n a n d
F ell ow s and Fr eem aso n s and i s l argel y m ad e
t h e s u p e r natu r a l

m ea ns g i v en h im t o r each t h at end O f c o u rs e
u p of th em l i k e th em i t i s f o u n d ed o n
. .
,

t h e na t u ral t end enc y o f s u ch a n ass o c i at i o n is t o

c h ar i t ab l e an d f ra t er na l f ell ows hi p an d pa
d i s p o se m en t o t h i nk l es s ea r nes tl y ab o ut Ch r i st i an ”
t r i o ti s m an d i s s ecr et h as gr i ps password s
A nd i t h as t o o b ee n o b s er v ed t h at C at h o l i c s
, , , ,
it y , ,

ob li ga ti o n s an d an i n i ti at or y c erem o n y
,
.

freq uent i ng t h ese s o c i et i es g rad uall y c o o l in t h ei r ,

.

T h e r ef u sa l of t h e C hu rc h of R o m e t o c o n
l o v e fo r t h e Ch u rc h b ec o m i ng i n d i fferent t o h er
,

d em u t h e K n i gh t s o f Labor and t h e G ra n d
d o c t r i nes and c areless o f o b ser v i ng h er prec epts .

So m e m ay res i s t t h i s tend enc y b ut t o o m an y y i el d

A r m y o f t h e R ep u b l i c i s th er ef or e an ap
, , ,

t o it A nd t h e v ery f ac t o f t h ei r s eei ng no t h i ng in
.
paren t t r i u m p h o f d i p l o m acy A R o m a n .

t h e L o d g e t o d i stu r b t h ei r r el i g i o n m ak es t h em all
C ath o l i c A n ti Maso n i c I n t er n a ti o n a l C o n
t h e m o r e l i ab l e t o d r i f t d ow n u nc o nsc i o u s l y
-

“
in
.

g r e ss w as h el d a t Tr i en t A u s t r i a , ,

R ef err i n g t o t h e n a tu r e o f t h e a l l eged S ep t em b er 1 8 9 6 t o m a k e k n ow n t o , ,

ob li ga ti o n of o ne o f t h e co n d em n ed soc i e ev e rybody t h e i m m en s e m ora l an d m at er i a l

ti es t h e Arc h b i s h op co n ti n u ed
, evil do n e by Fr eem aso n ry t o t h e C h u rc h

T h i s o at h and t h ese p enalt i es app l y t o all and t o soc i et y and t o s eek r em edy by way ,
12 A N T I M A SO N RY
-

of a p er m a nen t i n t er na ti o n a l orga n i za Chr i s t l i ke and t h e Ch ri st i an s p ec i ally t h m i ni ster e e

”
,
,

ti o n a ga i n s t t h e C raf t In a p u b li s h ed .
-
o f Chr i t i ut o f p l ac
s , i n s uch su rr u nd i ngs !
s o e o

l ett er t o t h e c l er gy app ro v i ng th a t m eeti ng O rgani d s ec rec y inv i t s su s p i c i n O rgani z d se

ze e o . e

c r c y is a m enac e t o s c i ty It n atu ral ly l ad s t o

,
e o e . e
t h e c oadj u t o r t o Card i n a l T asc h er ea u a t
end s and m an a nd i n vites p er o ns t h at n
e d c on
s s ee
Q u eb ec d en o u n c ed Fr eem aso n ry a s an in
fern al s ec t
”an d a d i ab o l i ca l o r an i za
g
“ c eal m nt W h ever c all s any m an G rand M aster
e .

m ak es h i m el f a g r an d s l av s
o

S c r t rd ers no t e e e o
”
.

ti o n. T h e L ond on T i m es sa i d of t h e o nl y l rd it o v er t h ei r o w n m m b er s b ut u n d r t ak e
o e , e

t d i c t ate o n t er m o f d at h t h e c o n d uc t o f t h se
o s e
C o n gr ess th a t abo u t ei gh t h u n dr ed p erso n s o

o ut i d e t h ei r rgan i at i n L et everyo ne w h nt rs
s o z o o e e
a tt en d ed i t of w h o m s i x h u n dr ed w er e
.

a ec ret so c i t y k n w t h at h e p ar t s wi t h h is l ib er t
,
s e o
y ,
c l ergy m en ; and th a t w hil e t h e sp eec h es , p uts h i n c k und r a y o k e and f tter h i f t H e
s e e , e s s ee .

w er e m od era t e Fr eem aso n ry w as a tt ac k ed

, v i rtuall y ay I am yo u r b east d ri v e m e I a m
s s ,

as b ei n g oppos ed t o t h e d i v i n e l aw and t h e y u r s l av c m m and m e I y i l d m y w n w ill and

o e, o e o

C h u rc h ” W h at ev er obj ec ti o n t h e C h u rc h
.
j ud g m nt t t h er e o o s .

o f R o m e m ay h a v e t o Freem aso n ry in O rga ni z ed oppo s i ti o n t o Fr eem aso n ry

Fra n c e o r el s ewh ere o n t h e C o nti n en t w h ere ,
a m o n g Pro t es t a n t r el i gi o u s bod i es h as n ot
t h e B i b l e h as b een r em o v ed f ro m Maso n i c b een of s u ffi c i ent i m por t a n c e t o a tt rac t
a l t ars o r w h ere F r eem aso ns h av e b een ao
,
p u b l i c a t t enti o n d u r i ng t h e pas t fi f t y y ears ,

c us ed of co n sp i r i n g a ga i n s t t h e Pop e i t i s ,
b ei ng l argel y co n fi ned t o a few of t h e m i n o r ,

evi d en t th a t Pop e C l em en t s b ul l a a i n s t
g
’
sc hi s m a ti c s ec t s W h en d el ega t es fro m .

Fr eem aso n ry in 1 73 8 (r enew ed an d c on s ev era l of th es e b od i es m eet t o f u l m i n a t e

fi r m ed b y a l l h i s s u c c essors ) i s f eeb l y en
fo rc ed t o d ay T h e c o n s eq u en c es o f an at “
a ga i n s t t h e C ra f t th ey so m eti m es ca l l th em
s el v es a C h r i s ti a n Assoc i a ti o n I nt erde
,

”
- -
. ,

t em p t in t h e U n i t ed S t a t es an d t h e U n i t ed n o m in at io n al A nti S ec r et C o n v en ti o n ,
-

K i n gd o m t o h a v e i t carr i ed o u t l i t era ll y S u c h a ga th er i ng w as h el d a t M i nneapo l i s ,

w o u l d s u gges t a p rob l em in w h i c h a r es i s t N o v em b er 1 8 95 an d r eso l v ed , ,

i b l e b od y m eet s an i m m o v ab l e bod y .
T h at , p i ni n s c r t c i ti ar c n
in o ur o o , e e so e es e o

T h e P en n sy l v a n i a C h r i s ti a n R efor m C o n d m m d b y t h x am p l and t h wo rd f J e us Ch ri st ;
e e ee e e o s

v en t io n oppos ed t o s ecr et soc i eti es h el d a t

, ,
t h at uc h s c i t i m u t i nj u r m n w h o c o m p e
s o e es s e e os

t h e F i rs t U n i t ed Pr esby t er i an C h u rc h th m u n i t i ng in fr at r nal f ll w h i p b el i evers and

e ,
e e o s

n n b l i v rs
,
o e an d t h us t en d i ng t
e e sep ar te t h em o a
P h il ad el p h i a F ebr u ary 1 89 4 d ec l ar ed F r ee
-
,

, ,
m aso n ry s o ca ll ed t h e S oc i et y of J es u it s
-
,
fr m t h Sav i u r f m n t h at su c h o rd rs a h o s
o e o o e e re
t il t o t h e h m e l i f d pr i v i ng w i f and ch i l d r n o f

, , ,
e o e, e e e
an d a ll soc i eti es w hi c h i m po s e an oa th o n t h e c m p an i o ns h i p an d h l p f h u b and an d f at h r
o e o s e ,

m em b ers t o ob ey u n k n ow n l aws un sc rip , a nd t n d i ng t o d

e t roy t h e c nfi d enc e a nd y m p at h yes o s

tu ra l ti n C h r i s ti a n an d ti n A m er i ca n an d
,
- -

,
w h i ch s h ul d b t h f u nd at i o n f h om e l i f th at
o e e o o e

t h c h u rc h
e f J u s C hr i st are t h e Go d app i nted
es o es o
m em b ers h i p in th em d eg rad i ng an d im
-

ag n c y f t h e r d m p t i n f t h w o r l d and t h at
,
or e e o o e
‘
e
pl o red t h e S t a t e an d N at io n t o d ec l ar e
,

s cr t
e ec i ti es tend t d t r y t h m by r i v al ry and
so e o es o e
m em b ers o f a ll s uc h soc i eti es o u tl a ws .
s u b t i tut i n and t h at t h L dge at h a e in n
s o e o o s r co

A t a s ess i o n of t h e S y n od of t h e R e s i t nt w i t h g
s e d c i t i en h i p and t h at go d c it i z ns
oo z s , o e

for m ed Pr esby t er i a n C h u rc h in P h il a ,
s h u ld w i t h t and and O pp o t h em
o s se .

d el p h i a in J u n e 1 894 a repor t was ad op t ed

, ,

c o n d em n i n g s ecr et soc i eti es as b ei n g o r

,

“ T h o u gh po li t i ca l p ers ec u ti o n of F r ee
m aso n s an d op pos i t i o n t o F r eem aso n ry in
gan iz ed o n t h e pr i n c i p l e of s ec r ecy an d fo r
t h e p u rpo s e of co n c ea l m en t w i th o u t p r evi In 1 89 1 t h e rd ai ned m i ni s ters to tal nu m b er of o

in t h e St at e o f N e w Y o r k w h o w ere affi li at ed F ree

o u s k n ow l ed ge of t h e th i ngs t o b e c o n
m as o ns w as as f o ll ows M et h o d i s t 288 E p i sc o p al , ,
c eal ed .

1 46 B ap t i s t 1 1 2 Pr es b yter i an 5 9 U ni v ers al i st
, , ,

Su ch a so c i ety is c o nt rary t o t h e s p i r i t and l etter o f 31 C o ng regat i o nal 2 1 D utc h R ef o r m ed 1 3 , ,

t h e rel i g i o n o f J es u s Chr i s t T h e g r i p t h e p ass . ,

Chr is t i an 1 3 L uth eran 1 1 Jew 7 ; U nitarian
, , , ,

w o rd t h e d ar k ened wi nd o w t h e gu ard ed d o o r are no t

, ,
1 R efo r m ed Jew 1 t ot al 703 , , .
 A N T I M A SO N RY
-

13

E u r op e S o u t h Am er i ca and el sew h er e
, , s i d es th a t in N ew Yor k N ew E ngl a n d , ,

a broad h a v e gen era l l y b een d ue t o R o m a n P en n sy l v a n i a O hi o and M i c hi ga n po l iti ca l

, ,

C a th o l i c i n fl u en c e t h er e i s an ex c ep ti o n in,
par ti es c h u rc h co ng r ega ti o n s fa m il i es
, , ,

t h e p ro h i b i ti o n of m eeti ngs o f t h e soc i et y an d fr i en ds w er e d i vi d ed o n t h e i ss u e T he .

in Ru ss i a . Maso n i c Fra t er n i t y r ep u d i a t ed t h e ac t s of
In t h e U n i t ed S t a t es an A n ti Maso n i c -

i nd i vi d u a l Fr eem aso n s ac c u s ed o f Mor

’
po li ti ca l par t y m ad e i t s app eara n c e in ga n s abd u c ti o n an d co op era t ed w ith t h e
,

1 8 2 7 and w as ac ti v e in so m e o r a ll of
,
a u th o r i ti es in an effo rt t o br i n g t h e g u ilt y
t h e M i dd l e an d N ew E ngl a n d S t a t es o nes t o j u s ti c e ; b u t a w h i r l w i n d o f p u b li c
for t h e n ex t t en y ears I t was t h e o ut . co n d em na ti o n was a i m ed a t t h e C raf t in
g ro w t h o f w h a t was k n o w n as t h e M o r ga n gen era l an d w o u l d n o t h e s t ay ed
, T h e re .

aff a i r . W ill i a m M o rgan of B a t a vi a , s ul t w as th a t d u r i n g t h e n ex t few y ears

,

G enes ee C o u n t y N Y w h o c l a i m ed t o b e
, . .
, hu n d r eds o f Maso n i c Lod ge war ra n t s w ere
b ut i s n o t k n o w n t o h a v e b een a Fr ee , s u rr end er ed T h e i n s i s t en c e by W eed and
.

m aso n h a d a b oo k in pr ess w hi c h was s ai d

, o th ers th a t t h e b ody f o u n d in O c t ob er ,

t o r ev ea l t h e s ec r et s of t h e Maso n i c Fra 1 82 7 , wa s th a t o f M o rga n (s u ppos ed t o

t ern it y H e was arr es t ed o n S ep t em b er
.
,
h a v e b een d row n ed in S ep t em b er ,

1 1 1 8 2 6 o n a c h ar ge of p eti t l arc en y an d
, , , h el p ed t o fan t h e po l iti ca l fl a m e w h i c h re
p u t in j a il a t C a na n da i gu a N Y T h e , . . s u i t ed in t h e fo r m a t i o n o f t h e A n ti Maso n i c -

s t o ry go es t h a t h e was r el eas ed o n t h e par t y in w h i c h W eed S eward and th ei r

, , ,

n i g h t of S ep t em b er 1 2 t h o n t h e pay m en t of f r i end s w er e l ead ers W h en W eed was .

t h e a m o u n t o f t h e ex ec u ti o n t o t h e j a il er s co n fro nt ed w it h t h e i n co n s i s t en cy o f h i s
’

w ife t h e j a il er b ei ng abs en t an d g u ard ed by c l a i m th a t t h e body wa s Mor ga n s h e i s

“
’
, , ,

s ev era l m en was t a k en in a c l os ed carr i a ge

’
cr ed i b l y r epor t ed t o h a v e r ep li ed It s a
”
,

t o Fo r t N i a gara o n N i a g a ra R iv er w h ere a l l
, , good en o u g h Morga n u n ti l af t er el ec ti o n ,

t rac e of h im wa s l o s t so f ar a s h i s r el a ti v es , w hi c h h as b eco m e a s t oc k p o lit i ca l p h ras e

a n d t h e p u b l i c w er e co n c er n ed M o r e th a n . t o th i s d ay M o rga n was n ev er s een d ead
.
,

a y ea r a f t erwar ds in O c t o b er 1 82 7 a m u c h , , , o r a l iv e af t er h i s ab d u c t ors l ef t h im
,
In .

d eco m p os ed bod y of a m an was fo u n d o n t h e W eed s a u t ob i o g rap h y h e s ays th a t J o h n

’

s h or e o f La k e O nt ar i o n o t far fro m t h e , W h i t n ey o n e of M o rgan s abd u c t ors c o n

,
’
,

m o u t h of N i a gara Ri v er M o r ga n s w i f e .
’
,
f essed t o h im a t A l ba n y in 1 83 1 th a t , ,

T hu r l o w W eed and o th ers w h o k n ew Mor

,
M o r ga n wa s carr i ed t o Fo r t N i agara w it h t h e
g an d ec l ar ed th a t t h e bod y w as Mor ga n s
,
’

,
u n d ers t a n d i n g th a t C anad i a n Fr eem aso n s
n o t w i t h s t a n d i ng t h e f a m il y of T i m o th y w o ul d f u r n i s h h im a r et rea t in t h e D o
M u n ro e a C a n ad i a n fi s h er m a n w h o w as
,
m i n i o n b u t t h a t th ey r ef u s ed t o d o so
, ,

d row n ed a fe w m o n th s b efo r e w er e pos i ,

w h er eu p o n Mo rga n w as th row n o v erb oard
t i v e th a t t h e body was M u nro e s T h u r l o w ’
. f ro m a rowboa t in N i a gara Riv er W eed
”
.

W eed it w ill b e r eca ll ed fi rs t ros e i n t o

, ,
sa y s h e p ro m i s ed t h e s ec r et w o ul d n o t b e
p o l i ti ca l p ro m i n en c e t h ro u g h h i s c o n n ec d i vu l ged w hil e any of t h e abd uc t ors li v ed .

t i o n w i t h t h e M o r ga n a ffa i r B o t h h e . In 1 8 69 W eed sa v s h e w ro t e W h i t n ey as k ,

a n d W i ll i a m H S eward m em b ers o f t h e
.
, ing f o r a w r i tt en acc o u n t of t h e a ffa i r f o r
N a ti o na l R ep u b l i ca n par t y w er e k een l y ,
p u b li c ati o n a f t er W hi t n ey s d ea th w h en ’
,

ali v e t o t h e oppor tu n it y t o r i d e i n t o pow er h e l ear n ed t h a t W hi t ney h ad j u s t d i ed .

th ro u gh a po l iti ca l par t y t o b e cr ea t ed o ut W eed s acc o u n t of thi s d i d n o t app ear u ntil

’

o f t h e s t or m t o w h i c h M or ga n s d i sapp ear
’
1 8 83 . S ev era l p erso n s w er e app r eh end ed
a n c e ga v e r i s e T h e Maso n i c F ra t er n i t y
.
for t h e ab d u c ti o n of Mo rga n b u t n o ne ,

s u ffer ed s ev er el y fro m t h e o u t cr y a ga i n s t i t ,
w er e co n vi c t ed T h e A n ti M aso ni c p ar t y
.
-

and s o fi e rc e w as th e s en ti m en t o n bo th ap p ear ed in w es t er n N ew Y or k ear l y in

14 A N T I M A SO N RY
-

“
1 82 7 ; an d a i d ed in par t by t h e
in 1 82 8,
goo d en o u g h M o rga n u n ti l a f t er el ec
c h arac t er of th e soc i et y do es no t ca ll for
ex t en d ed r efer enc e
,

ex c ep t w i th r esp ec t t o
”
,

ti o n, p o ll ed v o t es fo r G o v er n o r s u c h p u b l i ca ti o ns as h a ve h ad s uffi c i ent
o f N ew Yor k S t a t e o u t of a t o t a l o f , w ei g ht t o a tt rac t genera l a tt en ti o n P er .

and as C h ar l es M

L o u i s s t a t es
,
,

“
H ar v ey S t
t w o y ears l a t er i t m ad e
,
.
, . h aps t h e ear li es t of th ese was T h e N a tu ra l
”
Hi s t o ry o f S t a ff ords h i re by R ob er t P l o t , ,

s u c h i n ro ads o n t h e N ew Yo r k S t a t e N a p u b li s h ed a t O x ford E ngl a n d in 1 6 86 , ,

t io nal R ep u b l i ca n o r ga n i za ti o n th a t t h e w h i c h ad m i tt ed th at p erso ns o f t h e m os t
l a tter v i r tu a ll y v a n i s h ed ” and t h e A n ti em i n en t qu a li t y d i d n o t d i sda i n t o b e of
”
,

M a so n i c par t y b eca m e for t h e ti m e b ei ng ,

t h e f ell ows hi p Maso nry D i ssec t ed by
.
,

t h e o n l y opp o n en t of t h e D em oc r acy in
th a t S tat e In V er m o n t an d P enn sy l v a ni a
S am u el Pr i c h ard was p u b li s h ed a t Lo nd o n
in 1 73 0 an d r ep li ed t o i n
,

A D ef en c e of “
”
.
,

i t a l so d i sp l ac ed t h e N a ti o n a l R ep u b l i c an Maso n ry by J a m es A n d erso n Lon do n in

, , ,

o rga n i za ti o n and i t s ec u red a s t ro ng f oo t

,
1 73 8. B et w een 1 7 6 2 an d 1 7 6 8 th er e was a
h o l d in O h i o Massac h u s ett s and a few , ,
“
fl ood of boo k s a tt ac ki ng t h e F ra t er n i t y n o t a
” “ ,

o th er S t a t es T h e A n ti Maso n s en t er ed
.

t h e n a ti o n a l fi el d fo r t h e Pr es i d en ti a l c an
-
b l y J ac hi a d B oaz
n n

or t h e G ra n d Mas ter K ey
H i ra m
T he
“ ,

v ass o f 1 83 2 by n o m i n a ti ng W illi a m W i r t
, T h r ee D i s ti nc t K noc k s an d in t h e

of M ary l a n d f o r Pr es i d en t an d A m os
Ell m ak er of P enn sy l v a n i a f o r V i c e Pr es i
,

-
Lo n do n enti tl ed
,
“
y ear l as t n am ed a ser m o n a l so p u b li s h ed at
Maso n ry t h e W ay t o
,

d ent by n a ti o n a l c o n v en ti o n as ear l y as
, ,
H ell , W h er ei n i s C l ear l y Pro v ed
S ep t em b er 1 83 1 t h e fi rs t n a ti o n a l Pr es i
, , bo th fro m R easo n and S cr i p tu re th a t al l
d en ti a l co n v en ti o n in o u r h i s t ory T hi r w h o Profess t h e Mys t er i es are in a S ta te of
”
.

t een S t a t es a l l n or th er n ex c ep t D el awar e
, ,
D a m na ti o n . T h e fi n a l E ngli s h wor k of
an d Mary l a n d w er e r ep r es en t ed T h ey , . thi s c h arac ter app ear ed a c en tu ry ago in ,

m et ear l y t o c o m p el t h e N a ti o n a l R ep u b
, 1 7 9 7 w r i tt en by J o h n R ob i so n Pro f esso r
, ,

lic an s t o w i th h o l d t h e ca nd i d a cy fro m of N a t u ra l P hil osop h y an d S ecret ary of t h e

,

H en ry C l ay w h o w as a Freem aso n T h e
, . R oya l S oc i et y of E d i n b u rgh I t was en .

N a ti o n a l R ep u b l i ca n s n o m i n a t ed C l ay ,
ti tl ed Proofs o f a C o n sp i racy a ga i ns t al l
h ow ev er w h o w as bad l y b ea t en by A n d r ew
, t h e R el i gi o u s and G o v er n m en t s of E u rop e
J ac k so n w h o was a l so a Fr eem aso n O n l y carr i ed o n in t h e S ecr et M eeti ng s of Free
m aso n s Illu m i na ti and R ead i ng S oc i eti es ”
, .

o ne S ta te V er m o n t was carr i ed by t h e
, , , , ,

A nti Maso n s
-
A s a d i s ti n c t p ar t y t h e
. and ow es p r es er v a ti o n so l el y t o t h e p er m a

A n ti M aso n s nev er t oo k p ar t in a no th er
-
n en cy o f t h e i n s titu ti o n i t so u gh t t o d es t roy .

P res i d en ti a l ca m pa i gn b ei ng abso rb ed by
t h e W hi gs w hi c h s u cc eed ed t h e N a ti o n a l
,
,

Fra nc e was “
T h e ear li es t a nt a go n i s ti c p u b l i ca ti o n in
La G ra nd e L um i ere ” th e ,

R ep u b li can par t y in 1 83 4 In S t a t e c an . a u th o r of w hi c h h ad sev era l i m i t a t ors t h e ,

v as ses in V er m o n t an d P enn sy l v a n i a t h e b es t k n ow n of w h o m was t h e Abb é B arruel ,

A n ti Maso n s r em a i ned a fac t o r for s ev era l w h o w ro te M em o ires po u r ser vi r a l h is

'
’

”
-

y ears el ec ti ng J os ep h Rit ner G o v ern or of

,
t o i r e (111 J ac o b inism B arruel was a pr i es t
.

P en n sy l v a n i a in 1 83 5
ganiz at io n s k n ow n a s
S o m e of t h e o r
A m er i ca n par ti es “
. an d a roya l i s t and was so a ffec t ed by t h e re
,

sul t s of t h e Fr en c h R ev o l u ti o n th a t h e in

in t h e pas t t w ent y y ears h a v e h ad a n t i s i s t ed t h e co n sequ enc es of th a t m o v em en t

Maso n i c p l a nk s in t h ei r p l a t f o r m s b u t ,
w ere t h e o u t co m e of t h e m ac h i na ti o n s of t h e
th ei r v o t es h a v e b een t oo few t o b e Fr eem aso ns o r J acob i n c l u bs Bu t w h er e .

co u n t ed . R ob i so n was cal m an d d i spass i o na t e B ar ,

I nd i vi d u a l prej u di c e aga i n s t o r obj ec ti o n r u el b eca m e ab u s i v e A n ti Maso n i c p u bl i ca

.
-

t o Fr eem aso nry m erel y b eca u se of t h e secret ,

ti o n s in S pa i n and I t al y h av e bee n co n fi ne d

p r i nc i pall y t o t h e b ull s of t h e pop es an d
ed i c t s o f t h e I n qu i s i ti o n I n d ef en c e of t h e
ed i c t of t h e C o u n c i l of D an t z ic a ga i n s t t h e
na m e
“
Fra ter ni ty a boo k app ear ed in 1 7 6 4 w i th t h e
,
P roo f s th a t t h e S oc i et y o f Free
,
m aso n s in ev ery C o u n t ry i s no t o nl y Use
l ess b u t i f no t R es t r i c t ed D a n gero u s an d
, ,
o u gh t t o b e I nterd i c ted S u bsequ en t
a nti Maso n i c G er m a n p u b l i ca ti o n s w er e
-
m os tl y pa m p hl et s In t h e U n it ed S ta t es
. fro m t h e s h oc k of t h e i nqu i s i ti o n i n s ti tu ted
l ik e l itera tu r e began w i t h Morgan s boo k in
1 8 2 8 a pa rap h ras e o f s i m il ar ear l y E ngl i s h
, v i o l en t was t h e p ersec u ti o n of ad h er i ng Free
boo k s an d was f oll ow ed by m a ny o th ers
,
w i t h n o sp ec i a l c l a i m t o a ttenti o n A n ex
c ept io n i s fo u n d in L etters o n Maso n ry
an d A n ti Maso n ry ad d r ess ed t o H o n J o h n
”
-
Q u i ncy A da m s by W illi a m L S t o n e N ew ,
Yor k 1 83 2 a F reem aso n d u r i ng a p er i od
, ,
of i n tens e po l i ti ca l ex c i t em en t a nd d esi g ned
so l el y t o ad v a nc e t h e i nt eres t s o f t h e A n ti
Maso n i c par t y T h e A n ti Maso n i c par ty
.
h ad d ec l a r ed th a t t h e Maso n i c I n s titu ti o n
was s u b v ers i v e of good go v er n m en t a nd ia
t end ed fo r t h e pol iti ca l aggra n d i z em en t o f
i t s l ead ers ; yet S t o n e h ad t h e f a i r ness t o
ad m i t t h a t t h e fac t i s n o t t o b e d i s gu i sed
— co n t rad i c ted i t ca nn o t b e — th a t a nti
“
Maso n ry h ad b eco m e so th o ro u ghl y po l i ti ca l
th a t i t s sp i r i t was v i nd i c ti ve t o ward t h e
Freem aso n s w i th o u t d i s ti n c ti o n as t o g u il t
“
o r i n n oc en c e Mac k ey h as po i n ted o u t
. d ent O rd er o f Od d F ell ows was prac ti ca ll y
th a t S t o ne co nd em n ed Fr eem aso n ry b eca u s e
“
of t h e ac t s of t h e abd u c t o rs of Morga n
w h ereas as w ell m i gh t t h e vi ces of t h e
,
C h r i s ti a n s o f Cor i n th h a v e s u gges t ed t o a
co ntem porary of S t Pa u l t h e p ropr i ety o f
s u ppress i ng C h r i s ti a n i ty L etters o n
”
t h e Maso n i c I n s ti tu ti o n by J o h n Q ui n cy
Ada m s ex Pres i d en t w h i c h app eared in
,
-
t h e p u b l i c j o u r n a l s b et w een 1 83 1 and 1 83 3
w ere co ll ec ted an d p u b l i s h ed in boo k f o rm
in 1 84 7 T h e s ev eres t co m p et en t Maso ni c
. y ears b efore t oo k o n ra th er m or e co nv em
“
cr i ti c i s m o f Ada m s m ay b e fo u n d in Mac
k e y s E ncyc l op aed i a of Freem aso n ry th a t
’ ”
h e was a m an of s t ro ng po i n t s an d w ea k
o n es of v as t r ead i ng an d w o nd er f ul m em
,
ory of g rea t cr ed u li t y and s t ro ng pre
,
j u d i c e — d well i ng co n ti n u a ll y in hi s a n ti
A N T I M A S O N RY
-
Maso ni c w r i ti ngs o n th e oa th an d t h e
m u rd er of M or ga n ”
,
.
— a vi c ti m of t h e m is
r ep resen t a ti o ns of t h e Maso n i c Fra t er ni t y .
I t i s h ard l y n ecessary t o m or e th a n ref er t o
t h e co m p il a t i o n s of a n ti Maso n i c d oc u m ent s-
p u b l i s h ed b y J a m es C O d i or ne and by .
, , H enry G assett a t B os t o n in 1 83 0 an d 1 83 1 , ,
. resp ec ti v el y .
T h e r eco v ery o f t h e Maso n i c Fra ter n i t y
'
by t h e A n ti Maso ni c p ar t y w as s l ow S o
-
m aso n s th a t m a n y w er e d r i v en t o r en o u n c e
.
~
t h e soc i e t y in ord er t o li v e in p eac e Iti n .
eran t l ec tu r ers f o u n d a n ew so u rc e o f re v
'
en u e by pr et en d i ng t o g i v e p u b li c re re
p
-
. ~
.
, sen t at io n s of Maso n i c c er em o n i es ; a l m a nac
,
m a k ers fill ed th ei r p u b li ca ti o ns w ith cor
, robora ti v e d eta il s as t o t h e essen ti a l w i c k
ed n es s o f Fr eem aso n ry a n d p r et end ed rev
el a ti o n s o f t h e s ecr et s o f Lod e C h ap t er
g
-
, ,
Co m m a nd ery and of so m e o f t h e S co tti sh
,
, Ri te bod i es w ere p ed d l ed abo u t t h e co u nt ry
b y th r i f t y A n ti Maso n s T hi s was f ro m 1 83 0
-
.
t o 1 8 3 5 w h en t o co nfess sy m pa th y or c o n
,
n ec t io n w i t h Fr eem aso nry m ea n t soc i a l
po ,
l itic al an d of t en r el i gi o u s os t rac i s m
, It i s .
o f ex c ep ti o n a l i n t er es t t o n o t e (as m ay b e
s een by r ef er en c e t o ar ti c l es u nd er th ose
titl es ) th a t d u r i ng thi s p er i od t h e Indepen
r eo rga ni z ed and b ega n a m ore ac ti ve career ;
i
,
th a t t h e A nc ient O rd er of D r u i ds an d t h e
A nc i en t O rd er of H i ber ni a ns w er e i n t ro
d uc ed i n t o t h e U n it ed S t a tes f ro m E ng
. l an d an d I rel a n d r esp ec tiv el y ; th a t t h e Im
,
p ro v ed O rd er o f R ed Men was orga n i z ed
.
, and r ees t ab l i s h ed as at pr es en t co n s ti tu t ed ;
,
th a t t h e co ll ege fra t er n iti es K appa A l p h a ,
, S i g m a P h i an d D el ta P hi f o u n d ed at
, ,
U n i o n C o ll ege S c h en ec t ady N Y a few
, , . .
,
,
t io nal s ecr et soc i et y form s ; th a t A l p h a D elt a
P h i was f o u n d ed a t H a m i lt o n C o ll ege C l i n ,
t on N
,
. Y . in 1 832 an d Ps i U ps il o n a t
, ,
U n i o n C o ll ege in 1 83 3 a l l l ead i ng A m er i
, ,
c an co l l ege s ecr et soc i eti es In 1 83 1 t h e y ear .
,
, th a t T hu r l ow Weed W illi a m H S eward , .
,
16 B R O TH E R H OO D O F T HE N E W L I FE

an d T h add eu s S tev en s w en t as d el ega t es t o pro fess i o na l an d m ilit ary l i fe ; as Pres i d ent ,

t h e A n ti Maso ni c t h e fi rs t n a ti o na l P resii or t h e h u m b l es t o ffi c e h o l d er ; t h e ex ec uti v e

-

,
-

d en ti a l co nv en ti o n J o h n Q ui n cy Adam s h ead of a co nti nen t a l sys tem of ra i l ways o r

, , ,

E dward E v er ett J osep h S t ory and o th er Si gn a l m a n ; in t h e b i s h op pr i es t c l ergy m an

, , , , ,

l ead i ng H ar v ard r ep res en t a t i v es w er e so l awyer ed i t or an d p h ys i c i a n o r t h e ord i nary

, ,

o v erco m e w ith t h e a nti s ecr et soc i et y f eel i ng wayfar i ng m an of co m m erc e w h eth er propr i
-

, ,

th a t th ey i n d u c ed m em b ers of t h e H ar vard et or or c l er k ; as a d m i ra l o r m ar i ne as gen ,

C h ap ter of P hi B et a K appa t o vi o l a t e th ei r era l o r p r i v a t e Freem aso n s co ns ti tut e a .

p l ed ges of secrecy as t o t h e m ys t er i es of d o m i na n t s ev enth as w ell as an i nfl u en ce

t h e m o th er of A m er i ca n co ll ege fra t er n i ti es in a l l o th er r ep u t ab l e s ecret soc i eti es in t h e
,

an d m a k e th a t o rgan i za ti o n n o n s ecr et Un i t ed S t a t es T h e t o t a l m em bersh i p of a ll

-
. .

T h ere i s foo d fo r th o u ght in t h e fac t th a t of th em a ll ow i ng for a p ropor ti o n b el o ngi n g ,

n o n e of t h e m em b ers of t h e t wo d oz en im i t o s evera l orga n i za ti o ns can no t b e f ew er ,

t at o rs o r o ff spr i ng of t h e s ecr et soc i et y P h i th a n s i x m ill i o n o ne thi rd t h e t o t a l ad ul t ,

-

B et a K appa ev er i m i ta ted it by f or m a ll y re pop u l a ti o n of t h e co u n t ry To s u c h p ro .

v ea li ng th ei r s ecret s o n t h e co ll ege ca m p u s por ti o n s h a v e Freem aso n ry an d l i k e soc i

,

an d in t h e f u r th er f ac t th a t t h e t wo co ll e e eties g row n th a t w er e a ti th e of t h e a ll e a
g g ,

fra t er n iti es fo u n d ed r esp ec tiv el y in 1 83 2 ti o n s t r u e w h i c h are m ad e aga i ns t t h e parent

,

an d 1 833 o ne y ear an d t w o y ears af t er t h e o rga n i za ti o n by it s d et rac t ors

, soc i et y a t ,

H ar v ard P hi B et a K appa a ffa i r w er e es t ab l arge wo ul d b e r eap i ng a w hi rl w i n d

, .

l ish ed as s ecr et soc i eti es and r em a i n a m o ng, B r o t h e rh o o d of the N ew L ife

t h e s t ro nges t and b es t of l ik e o rga n i za ti o n s A m ys ti ca l r el i gi o u s co m m u nal soc i et y , ,

t o thi s day Fro m 1 83 2 t o 1 84 5 o r d u r i ng fo u n d ed by T h o m as La k e H arr i s a t Mo u n

.
, ,

t h e p er i od of g r ea t es t ex c i t em en t d ue t o t h e t ai n C o ve N C in 1 85 1 I t d i sba n ded in , . .
, .

a nti Maso ni c agit a ti o n and for h a l f a doz en 1 85 3 ow i ng t o i n t er na l d i ssen s i o n s He

-

, , .

y ears th erea f t er t h e co ll ege s ecret soc i eti es for m ed a s eco nd co m m u n it y in 1 8 5 8 a t

, , ,

c o n ti n u ed t o m ul ti p l y an d t o es t ab li s h n ew A m eni a D ut c h ess C o u n ty N Y w hi c h
, , . .
,

C h ap t ers fro m w hi c h an i n ferenc e i s f a i r s h or tl y a f t er r em o ved t o B roc kt o n C h a nt a n

, ,

a s t o t h e probab l e o r i g i n of t h e M aso n i c cas t qu a C o u n t y in t h e s am e S t a t e G ro u ps of , .

g i v en t h e ear l i er r itu a l s of so m e of th em th r ee o r fo u r p erso ns w ere for m ed in t h e

al l of th os e n a m ed an d af t erward t h e Mys B ro th er h ood b u t i f a ffec ti o n r es u lt ed t h e
”
, , ,

ti ca l S ev en L at e in t h e th i rt i es and g ro u p was bro k en u p Par en t s w ere s epara t ed

. .

ear l y in t h e fo ll ow i ng d ecad e Fr eem aso n s f ro m c h il dren and h u sba nd s f ro m w i v es ,

.

b ega n t o ga th er an d L od ges t o op en and d o H arr i s was bor n in E n gl a n d in 1 82 4 b ut ,

w or k T h e reco v ery was n ot rap i d b u t was m os t of h i s ear l y l i f e was passed a t or near

.
,

s teady an d d u r i n g t h e t en y ears pr i o r t o t h e U ti ca N Y H e was evi d en tl y i m pr ess ed

, , . .

o u t brea k of t h e C i vi l W a r t h e C raf t r ega i ned by t h e Morm o n m o v em en t w h i c h b ega n a t ,

w h a t i t h ad l os t b et w een 1 82 8 an d 1 84 0 . Pal m yra an d by t h e Fo x S i s t ers p h eno m en a ,

’

S i nce t h e C ivil W ar t h e pro gr ess of t h e Fra a t R oc h es ter N Y H e b ec am e a S we , . .

t ernit y h as b een so g r ea t th a t a ll o ppor tu n i t y d enb o rgian an d a S p i r itu ali s t H e d ec l ar ed .

for s u cc essf u l oppos i ti o n based o n b i go t ry th a t hi s j o u rn ey t o N or th Caro l i n a and t h e

,

i gn ora nc e o r pr ej u d i c e h as b een r em o v ed f o u n d i n g o f t h e B ro th er h ood w ere d i rec t re

, .

O n e h a l f t h e Fr eem aso n s in t h e wor l d are s ul ts o f co m m u n i ca ti o n s fro m t h e Lord and

-

A m er i can s ; o n e m an in ev ery th i r t een in t h e th a t i t was as t h e d i rec t repres en t ati v e of

c o u n t ry i s a m em b er of t h e Fra t er n i ty an d t h e l a tt er th a t h e r em a i ned a t t h e h ead of
,

i t s m em b ers hi p as a w h o l e i n c l u d es repre t h e m o v em en t an d h el d titl es t o prop er t y

, , ,

s ent at iv es of a l l ra n k s of soc i et y T h ey are in t r u s t f or t h e d i sc i p l es an d t h e c o m m u

.

fo u n d in genera l b u s i ness and in p o liti ca l nit y Hi s fo l l ow ers li ved in separa t e h o u ses

,
.
13 F RE E M A SO N RY

c en tu r i es or i gi n al l y w i th t h e assi s t a n c e of
, t er b u il d er for th ere i s no r ef erenc e t o th e
,

t h e C h u rc h T h es e ba n d s o f t ra v el i ng
. H iram ic l egen d in Fr eem aso n ry u n til af t er
b uil d ers h el d a gen era l assem b l y a t S t ras t h e f o r m a t i o n of t h e G ra n d Lod ge a t L o n
b u rg in 1 2 7 5 an d a n o th er near l y o ne h un
, d o n in 1 7 1 7 m or e th a n s i x ty y ears af ter t h e
d red y ears l a t er a t w hi c h l aws w ere fra m ed
, Fren c h Co m pa ni o nage h ad reac h ed t h e
an d a fra t er n i t y fo r m ed Gu i l d s w ere c om . h ei ght of i t s career .

posed o f appr en ti c es craf t sm en an d m as ters

, , , A m o ng v ar i o u s th eor i es as t o t h e or i gi n
h ad an ini ti a t ory c er em o ny an d a s i gn . of m od er n Freem aso n ry t h e fo ll ow i ng h a v e ,

Tr aveli ng f ro m c i ty t o c i ty th ro u gh o u t C en h ad m a ny ad v oca t es : (1 ) T h a t w hi c h car

t ra l and W es ter n E u rop e th ey co n s titu t ed , r i es i t bac k th ro u gh t h e m ed i aev a l s t o ne m a
t h e fi rs t , o r op era ti v e Fr ee Maso n s so ca ll ed ,
-
so n s t o t h e A n c i en t Mys t er i es o r t o Ki ng ,

b ecau s e th ey enj oy ed p r i vi l eges gra n t ed by S o l o m o n s T em p l e ; (2 ) no t sati s fi ed w ith

’

t h e C h u rc h and c i vil a u th or i ti es ow i ng t o ,
t h e for ego i n g th a t w h i c h t rac es i t t o N oa h
, ,

th ei r s kill in arc h itec tu re an d t h e c h ar ac t o E noc h and t o Ad a m ; (3 ) t h e th eory th a t

,

t er o f t h e ed i fi c es th ey b u il t W h en t h e . t h e crad l e of Fr eem aso n ry i s t o b e f o u n d in

c h u rc h es an d ca th ed ra l s w er e co m p l et ed t h e ,
t h e R o m a n Co ll eges o f A rt ifi c ers o f t h e ear ~

gu il d s b ega n t o d i sapp ear In Fra n c e t h e . l i er c en tu r i es of t h e C h r i s ti a n era ; (4 ) th a t

guil d s w hi c h w er e m or e d i r ec tl y t h e o u t
, i t was bro u gh t i n t o E u rop e b v t h e r etu r n
co m e o f t h e R o m a n occ u pa ti o n of t h e co u n ing C r u sad ers ; (5 ) th a t i t was a n em a n a ti o n
t ry an d o f t h e co l l eges of art ifi c ers w hi c h
, f ro m t h e T em p l ars af ter th e s u pp r ess i o n of
acco m pa ni ed t h e R o m a n l egi o n s w ere abo l ,
t h e O rd er in 1 3 1 2 ; (6 ) th at it f or m ed a vi r
ish ed abo u t 1 5 3 6—3 9 U po n th ei r r u i n s
. tu a l co n ti n u a ti o n o f t h e R os i cr u c i a n s ; (7 )
th er e arose a new t yp e of w o rk in gm en s ’
th a t i t grew o u t of t h e s ecret soc i ety cr ea
G u il ds k now n as t h e C o m pa ni o n age By . ti o n s of t h e par ti sa ns o f t h e S tu ar t s in th ei r
1 6 5 5 thi s h ad sp r ead th ro u gh o u t Fra n c e etfo rt s t o r e a i n t h e th ro ne of E n l a n d ; 8 )
g (
, g
d i vi d ed i n t o th r ee s epara t e f ra t er ni ti es c om th at i t was d er i v ed f ro m t h e E ss enes and
.
,

p os ed o f v ar i o u s t rad es or as we w o ul d sa v , , , (9 ) fro m t h e C ul d ees .

u n i o n s t h e o l d es t b ei ng k n ow n as t h e S o n s
, W h a t ev er m ay h a ve b een b eli eved as t o
o f S o l o m o n T h e o th er t wo spra ng f ro m
. Freem aso nr y b ei ng t raceab l e t o any o f t h e
t h e S o n s o f S o l o m o n and w ere b i tt er r i v a l s
. . f or ego i ng t h e r es ult s of t h e i n ves ti ga ti o n s
,

O n e was k n ow n as t h e S o n s o f Ma i t re o f R F G o ul d W J B u gh ah and R ev
. .
,
. .
, .

J ac qu es It s t rad iti o n s carr i ed t h e soc i et y

. A F A W ood ford o f E n gl a n d D M u r
. . . .

bac k t o Ki ng S o l o m o n s T em p l e an d in t h e ray Lyo n o f S co tl a n d A l b er t P ik e G F

’

.
, , , .

u n ti m el y d ea th of Ma i t re J ac q u es i s fo u n d For t A l b er t G M ac k ey C h ar l es T M eC l en
, .
, .

a s t r ik i ng para ll el t o t h e s t ory o f Hi ra m . ac h an E T C arso n T S P ar vi n J os i a h

,
. . . .
,

T h e S o n s o f S o u b i s e an o ff s h oo t o f t h e S o n s
,
H D r u m m o nd and o th ers in t h e U n i ted
.
,

of M ai t re J ac qu es possess ed m a n y o f t h e S t a tes Maso ni c a uth ors o f rep ut e and d il i

”
, ,

c h arac t er i s ti cs of t h e l a tt er N 0 d escr i p ti o n .
gen t s tu d en t s o f Maso n i c r ecord s m ake i t ,

o f t h e Co m p an i o n age was m ad e p u b li c u n ti l p l a i n th a t w h il e t h e r i tes an d s y m bo l s of

1 8 4 1 n ear l y o ne h u n d r ed an d t w el v e y ears
,
Freem aso n ry h a v e g rea t a n ti qu i ty sp een ,

a f t er t h e i n t rod u c ti o n o f Fr eem aso nry i n t o l ati ve Fr eem aso n ry as an orga n i za ti o n i s , ,

Fra n c e fro m E ngl a n d no t w i th s t a nd i n g t h e ,

m od er n probab l y n o t o v er th r ee h u n d red
,

s t ory of t h e b u il d i ng of Ki ng S o l o m o n s y ears o l d
’

T em p l e and t h e d ea th of H i ra m f or m ed a T h e E ss enes t h e o n l y o n e o f t h e th r ee
,

par t of t h e l egend s o f t h e C o m pa n i o nage . a nc i en t J ew i s h sec t s m enti o ned in t h e Bi b l e

T h e f or ego i ng as po i n t ed o u t in G o ul d s
,
’
w h i c h was n o t r ef erred t o u n f a v orab l y h as ,

Hi s t ory o f Freem aso n ry app ears t o b e ,

b een r egard ed by so m e as t h e c rad l e of ah
c i ent Freem aso n ry I t h ad ex i s t ed f ro m
'

t h e earli es t acco u n t of t h e d ea th of t h e m as .
 F RE E M A S O N RY 19

ti m e im m em or i a l ,
”b u t
d i sapp ear ed abo u t et c ) G o ul d (R F ) th i n k s Freem aso n ry . . .

4 00 A D . T h e E ssen es are sa i d t o h a v e per m ay h a v e b een ti nged w ith R os i cr u c i an i s m

.

fec t ed t h e J ew i s h K abba l a t o h a v e b eli eved th ro u gh t h e i n fl u en c e of As h m o l e an d

,

in m i rac u l o u s c u r es t o h a v e r egard ed th em
, o th ers b ut po i n t s t o th ere b ei ng n o r ea l ,

h a v e b een
“
sel v es as t em p l es o f t h e H o l y G h os t an d t o evi d en c e o f i t as i d e f ro m t h e fac t th a t Free
for er u n n ers o f t h e M ess i a h ”
,

m aso n ry pr es ent s t h e do u b l e a
. n d s i ngl e t r i

T h ey h ad s ecret m ea n s of r eco g n i ti o n and a ngl es t h e h ex ago n t h e po i n t w ithi n a c i r

, , ,

t a u gh t th a t a l l th i n gs w er e no t fo r al l m en c le a m agi ca l a l p h ab et an d a searc h for

, , ,

b u t th ere h as b een n o m ore co n n ec ti o n s h ow n l i ght T h e i g nora n c e and s u p ers titi o n of .

b et w een t h e a n c i en t E ss en es and m od er n t h e m ass o f t h e p eop l e in t h e sev en teen th

F r eem aso n ry th a n th a t Maso n i c sc h o l ars and c entu ry l ed th em t o r egard t h e breth r en of
r i tu al i s t s m ay h a v e fo u n d so m ethi ng in al t h e R osy C ross w h o w ere th eosop h i s t s fi rs t , ,

l eged E ss en i c r it es wor th y o f ass i m il a ti o n an d K abba l i s t s an d a l c h em i s t s af t erward s as ,

in l a tt er day m ys t er i es
-
T h e C ul d ees w ere d ea l ers in m a gi c an d in l ea gu e w ith t h e
.

Apos t o l i c C h r i s ti a n s m o n k s o f E as t er n or i d evil T h ose w h o h a v e f a v or ed t h e th eory

,
.

gin . T h ey w ere en co u n t er ed i h I rel a n d th a t m od ern Freem aso n ry was t h e o u t grow t h

abo u t t h e fi f th c en tu ry and l a t er in S co t o f R os i c r u c i a n i sm h a v e ad d ed th a t so m u c h
,
‘

l a n d T h ey w ere oppos ed by S t A u gu s w er e t h e p u b l i c i n fl am ed a ga i n s t t h e R os i
. .

ti ne an d v i r tu al l y d i sappear ed in t h e fo u r cr u c i an s th at t h e l att er w ere ob li ged t o s h el

,

t eent h c entu ry T h ey w ere t eac h ers o f c iv t er th em s el v es u n d er t h e c l oa k o f Free

.

iliz at io n c h u rc h arc hi t ec t s an d b u il d ers

,
m aso n ry w h en th ey ga v e t o t h e l att er a ,

an d i t h as b een c l a i m ed t h ev w er e co nn ec t ed C h r i s ti a n i nt erpr et a t i o n B v t h e end o f .

w i th ear l y S co t c h an d I r i s h op era ti v e Fr ee t h e sev en t een th c en tu ry E u rop e was co ver ed

m aso n s T h e par ti s an s o f t h e S tu ar t s w er e w ith pr et en d ed R os i cr u c i a ns o ff er i n g t o c o m
.

ac ti v e and so m e w er e pro m i nen t F reem a m unic at e t h e occ u lt f o r m o n ey T h e th eory

,
.

so n s b u t w hil e th ey co n t r i b ut ed so m ethi n g th a t F r eem aso n ry app eared in E u rop e u po n

t o t h e r i tu al s of so ca l l ed hi gh er d eg r ees t h e r etu r n o f t h e C r u sad ers h as l o ng b een
-

th ey h ad n o p erm a n en t i n fl u en c e u po n t h e ab an do n ed b u t i t s s u cc essor was a Fren c h ,

i n s ti tu ti o n T h e r ea l R os i cr u c i a n s w er e T em p l a r t h eo rv o f th e o r i gi n o f th e ins t it u
.
‘

m ys ti cs w h o flo u r i s h ed in G er m a ny Fra n c e ti o n an d in so m e por ti o ns of E u rop e i t s till

, ,

an d E n gl a nd in t h e l a tt er por ti o n o f t h e fi n d s ad v oca t es I t r es t s o n a l egen d th a t .

seven t eenth c en tu ry C o n t rar y t o vi ews t h e K n i gh t s T em p l ars a t t h e d es t r u c ti o n o f

.
,

w h i c h h a ve b een h el d i t was no t a soc i e ty t h e O rd er and t h e b ur n i ng o f J ac qu es d e

,

and was n o t co n c er ned m er el y in a n effor t M o l ay fled t o S co tl a n d w h er e t h ey b ec am e

‘

, ,

t o t ra n s f or m bas er m eta l s i n t o go l d an d t o Fr eem aso n s an d propaga t ed t h e r i te T h e .

d i sco v er t h e secret o f p erp etu a l yo u th w hi c h Fren c h O rd re d u T em p l e i s bas ed u po n a

,

sy m bo l i z ed a s earc h f or d i vi n e t r u th an d m od i fi ca ti o n of thi s th eory as w ere t h e ,

i m m or ta l l i f e T h e R os i cr u c i a n s w ere un S t r i c t Obser v an c e in G erm a n y an d o th er

. ,

d o u b t ed l y in ad va n c e o f th ei r ti m e b ut n o t r i t es T h ere i s h ow ev er n o thi n g in th i s
,
.
, ,

t oo m u c h so t o borrow f reel y f ro m t h e sym ex c ep t th e l egen d f or F r eem aso n ry as i t ,

h o li s m of t h e a n c i en t m ys t er i es an d of t h e ex i s t ed in E ngl a n d in 1 7 1 7 h as b een s h ow n
G nos ti cs A n u m b er of em i n en t R o sieru t o b e t h e r es u l t of t h e ev o lu ti o n of gu il ds of
.

ei a u s w er e Fr eem aso n s n o t ab l y Eli as As h ,

op era ti v e s t o ne m aso n s w h o i t i s n eed l ess , ,

m o l e t h e a n ti qu ary
, W h a t Fr eem aso n ry t o ad d co ul d nev er h a ve d er i ved th ei r r i tes
.
,

o w es t o t h e R os i cr u c i an s m ay n ever b e and for m u l ae fro m t h e or i gi nal K n i gh t s

k now n a l th o u gh so m eth i ng m ay b e i nf erred T em pl ars w h o w er e m en o f ra n k
,
T he ,
.

by s tu d ent s w h o are fa m i li ar w i th bo th s t ory th a t t h e F ra t er n i t y was fo u n d ed a t t h e

soc i eti es (S ee Fr eem aso n ry R os i cr u c i a ns b u il d i ng of Ki ng S o l om o n s T em p l e an d
’
.
, , ,
20 F RE E M A S O N RY

h as enj oy ed an u n i nt err u p t ed ex i s t en c e ev er c en tu ry sp ec ul a ti v e Freem aso n ry as d i s ti nc t

s i n c e i s o ne of t h e m y th s of t h e orga n i za
, f ro m t h e op era ti ve C raf t th a t w h i c h ia ,

t i o n w h i c h h as b een i nnoc en tl y b el i ev ed by d ul ged o nl y in t h e sy m bo li s m o f t h e wo r k

m a n y b u t w hi c h do es no t m er i t s er i o u s at
, p er f or m ed by t h e ear li er Free Maso n s w as ,

t en ti o n T h e m ys ti ca l m ean i ng s of Maso ni c
. co n fi ned t o G rea t B r i ta i n a l o n e N ow h er e .

r efer en c es t o K i ng S o l o m o n s T em p l e no t
’
, el s e in t h e wo r l d was i t t o b e fo u n d and ,

o nl y in t h e sy m bo l i c d egr ees b u t a l so i n t h e
, w h eth er t h e assoc i a ti o n o f l ear ned m en w ith
Izau t e grades h a v e n o t a l wa y s b een u n d er
, t h e ear li er E ngli s h op era ti v e Fr ee Maso n s
st ood even by m em b ers o f t h e C raf t T h e
, . w as d ue t o an effo rt o n t h e par t of t h e l a t
carry i ng bac k o f t h e Fra t ern i t y t o t h e a n t e t er t o i n t er es t o th ers th a n th os e o f t h e C ra f t
d i l u vi an age h as b een d ue t o an i nab ili ty t o t o sec u r e i m m u ni t y a t t h e h a n d s of t h e n o
d i s ti ngu i s h b et w een an i d ea and a f ac t S o . b ilit y o r n o t it r em a i n s t r u e th a t pro fes
,

c iet ies h a v e ex i s t ed in all a ges of t h e wor l d s io nal an d lit erary E n l i s h m en so m e l ear ned
g ,

for t h e propaga ti o n of t r u th m ora l ity and , ,

i n as t ro l o gy a l c h em y and K abba l i s ti c l or e
, , ,

t h e prac ti c e of th a t w hi c h i s i n v o l v ed in a th eor eti c geo m et r i c i a n s an d arc h itec t m a ,

u n i v ersal bro th erh ood ; h a v e r i sen flo u r , so n s i denti fi ed th em sel v es f ro m ti m e t o

,

ish ed and d i ed
,
O th ers h a v e b een bor n
.
, ti m e w i th t h e d ec li n i n g o pera ti ve fra t er
h a v e borrow ed f ro m th ose w h i c h w en t b e nit y . A no tab l e i n s t a nc e was t h e i n i ti a ti o n
for e an d th ey in tu r n h a v e d i ed B u t h e
, . of Eli as As h m o l e t h e a n tiq u ary in 1 74 6
, , ,

is bo l d i n d eed w h o prof ess es t o t rac e an

, , an d i t i s n o t a m er e i nf er enc e th a t hi s j o i n

u n i n t err u p t ed s u cc ess i o n o r an i d en ti ty of ing t h e soc i et y was n o t t h e o n ly i n s t a n c e of

or ga n i za ti o n for t h em a ll T h e earli er E ng
. t h e ki nd . T hi s c l ass of m em b ers hi p was
li s h assoc i a ti o n s of op era tiv e b u il d ers w h o , h o norary a t fi rs t w h en ce t h e t erm Fr ee and
,

w ere fi rs t cal l ed Fr ee Maso ns in t h e f o u r Acc ep ted Maso n s In 1 7 0 3 a for m a l

.

t een t h an d fi f t een th c en tu r i es b eca u s e of ,

effo rt w as m ad e t o c h a nge t h e or ga n i za ti o n
t h e f r eed o m gra n t ed th em t o w or k an d t o fro m an op era ti ve t o a sp ec ul a ti ve fra t er ni ty ,

sel l t h e prod u c t s o f th ei r l abor m ay o r m ay ,

as t h e o l d E ngli s h l od ges w ere dy i ng o u t ,

n o t h a v e b een t h e o ff sp r i ng of G er m a n s t o ne o n l y s ev en s u r vi vi ng t h e ei ght een th c en tu ry

m aso n s gu il d s w h o b uil t t h e c h u rc h es a n d in t h e c it y of Lo n do n T h e prof ess ed de
’
.

ca th edral s erec t ed in t h e M i dd l e A ges T h e . s i re was t o fo u n d a bro th erh ood w hi c h wo ul d

R o m a n C o ll eges o f A rt ifi c ers w h o ac c o m pa b u il d sp i r i tu a l i n s tea d o f m a t er i a l t em p l es ,

n i ed t h e i m p er i a l ar m i es o n th ei r ex c u rs i o n s t o b eco m e Freem aso n s as d i s ti nc t f ro m Free

th ro u gh o u t Eu rop e na tu ra ll y h ad an influ Maso n s w h o w ere w o r k m en or o rd i nary l a
en c e o n n o t o n l y t h e E ngl i s h g u il d s a t t h e borers W h en a G ra n d Lod ge was form ed
.

ti m e of t h e R o m a n occ u pa ti o n o f B r i ta i n ,
a t Lo nd o n in 1 7 1 7 th ere w as so far as ,

b ut u po n t h e Fren c h and G er m a n g u il d s as k n ow n o nl y a s i ngl e c erem o n i a l o r d eg ree

,

w el l B u t t h e Fr eem aso n k n ows o f th at

. b u t w i th i n s i x or sev en y ears o r by ,

w h i c h co ul d n o t w ell h a v e b een d er i v ed f ro m t h e th r ee sy m bo l i c d egr ees E n t ered A ppren ,

t h e m ed i aev al g u il d s or fro m t h e R o m a n
,
ti c e F el l owcra f t and Mas t er M aso n h ad
, , ,

Co ll eges an d n a tu rall y i nqu i res as t o i t s

,
m ad e th ei r app eara nc e T h e cra f t g ui l d s
.

so urc e D u r i n g t h e s i x t een th c en tu ry t h e
. h ad co n t r i b u t ed t h e s q u ar e an d co m pass es
G er m an and Frenc h f ra ter n i ti es of t rav el th ei r pa t ro n sa i nt ; S t J o h n t h e B ap ti s t a
.

ing b u i l d ers vi r tu al l y d i sapp ear ed T he . ref eren c e t o Ki ng S o l o m o n s T em p l e ; t h e ’

Frenc h C o m pa ni o nage (t rad es u n i o n s ) was t wo fam o u s p ill ars ; t h e m ys ti cal n u m b ers

f o u n d ed u po n th e r u i n s o f t h e l a tt er b u t ,
fi v e s ev en and n i ne ; word s and g r i ps and
, ,

h ad no k now n co n nec ti o n w i th t h e for m a a l o ng and h o no rab l e record as b u il d ers of

ti o n o f sp ec u l a ti v e F reem aso n ry so th at in ,
E n gl i s h c h u rc h es and ca th ed ra l s u nd er cod es
t h e s ev ent een th and earl y in t h e ei gh teen th of l aws f or th ei r go v er nm en t w hi c h ora l and ,
 F RE E M A SO N RY 21

m a nu scr i p t t rad iti o n carr i ed bac k pr i or t o d eath of na t u r e in w i n t er an d it s b i r th in ,

t h e t en th c ent u ry w h e n in 9 2 6 i t was sa i d
, , , spr i ng T h ey w ere pop ul ar in R o m e in t h e
.

th a t a genera l assem b l y o f Maso n s was h el d

.
ear li er c en tu r i es of t h e C h r i s ti a n era an d ,

a t Yor k u n d er t h e p at ro nage of E d w i n , are sa i d t o h a v e h ad an i nfl u en c e o n t h e

b ro th er of A th el s t a n w h ere a cod e o f l aws

, R o m a n C o ll eges of A rt ific ers by w h o m th ey ,

w as ad op t ed w h i c h b eca m e t h e bas i s of s u b m ay h a v e b een d i ss em i n a t ed T h e A do niac .

s eq u en t E ngli s h craf t co ns ti tu ti o n s N o t . o r S yr i a n m ys t er i es w er e s i m il ar th os e in ,

w ith s t a n d i n g a l l ega ti o ns t h a t genera l Ma w hi c h V en u s Ad o ni s and Proserp i n e fi g

, ,

so ni c ass em b li es w ere p er i od i c al l y h el d a t u red in w h i c h Ado ni s was kill ed b u t revi v ed

, ,

Yor k th er eaf t er G o u l d s ays th ere i s n o s u b

, t o p o i n t t o l i f e th ro u gh d ea t h T h e Cab i r i c .

st an t ial r easo n f or b el i evi ng th a t m or e th a n m ys t er i es (1 0 0 0 w hi c h d i sapp eared

o ne gen era l ass em b l y (t h e p ro t o t yp e o f t h e s h or tl y a f ter t h e C h r i s ti a n era w ere prae ,

G ra n d Lod g e) was h el d a t Yor k pr i o r t o t ised o n t h e i s l a n d of S a m o th rac e T he .

1 71 7. T h e E ngli s h op era ti v e F r ee Maso n s Cab i r i w ere gods and in t h e cer em o ni a l , , ,

m ay b e ad m i tt ed t o h av e p res er v ed t rac es of A tv s t h e S un was k ill ed by hi s bro th ers t h e

t h e i n fl u en c e of t h e t eac h i n gs of t h e D r u i d s S easo n s a nd a t t h e v er na l equ i no x was re
,

(w h i c h see) t h e C ul d ees w h o al so c l ai m ed , s t or ed t o li f e S o a l so t h e D r ui d s t a u gh t
.
, ,

t o h a v e b een g ra n t ed a c h ar t er by E dw i n ; o f o n e G od an d t h e l esso n of t h e p roc ess i o n

of t h e R o m a n Co ll eges and of t h e E ngli s h , of t h e s easo n s and co n d u c t ed t h e i n i ti at e
,

C h u rc h w it h t h e H o l y Bi b l e and a l t ar l i ght s ;
, th ro u gh t h e v a ll ey of d eath t o ev er l as ti ng
b u t d et a il s of t he i nt rod u c ti o n of t h e H i l i f e T h e G nos ti cs are s u p posed t o h a v e in
.

ra m i c l egend w il l p robab l y forev er r em a i n a c l u d ed so m e o f t h e ear li er C h r i s ti a ns f or ,

m ys t ery Y et w i t h t h e for ego i ng in m i n d

.
, ,
th ei r d oc t r i nes co n t a i n a m i x tu re of C h r i s
i t i s evi d en t th a t Freem aso n ry i nc l u d es t ian it y an d t h e P ers i a n r eli gi o n T h ey .

m u c h th a t was n o t in poss ess i o n of t h e f o u r t a u gh t by m eans o f sy m bo l s m a ny o f w h i c h , ,

o l d Lo nd o n Lod ges in 1 7 1 7 i nc l u d i n g a s ecr et r ef er enc e t o D eit y t h e ,

T h e o l d es t of t h e a nc i en t m ys t er i es th os e ,
d o u b l e t r i a n gl e t h e l i o n serp en t et c are
, , ,
.
,

prac ti sed a t M em p hi s in E g yp t c ent red ,

fa m il i ar t o Fr eem aso n s I t w ill b e seen .

abo u t I s i s S erap i s and O s i r i s and t h e

, ,
l esso n t a u gh t w as th a t of regenera ti o n
th ro u gh d ea th L i k e th ose w h i c h fo ll ow ed
.
th ey p resen t ed a d i al og u e r i tu al and c o n
, ,
,
th a t t h e R os i cr u c i a ns w ere i nd eb t ed t o t h e
G n os ti cs ev en as th ey w ere t o t h e K abba l
,
is t s
. T h e l a tter t a u gh t a m ys ti ca l i n t er
ret at io n of t h e S cr i p tu r es a s ecr et m eth od
p ,

t ras t s b et w een l i gh t a nd dar k ness d ea th ,

o f t reati ng sacred s u bj ec t s by m ea n s o f sym
an d r egenera ti o n T h e ca n d i da t es h ad
. bol s an d a p ec uli ar use o f l ett ers of words
,

t o u nd er go p u r i fi ca ti o n t r i a l f ail u re an d
, , ,
b as ed u po n th ei r v al u es T h e s tu d en t of t h e .

ev en d ea th b ef or e b ei n an c i en t m ys t er i es all o r n ear l y a ll of w h i c h
g r egenera t ed a m i d ,

r ej o i c i ngs .T h e G rec i a n or El eu s i n i a n pr i or t o th ei r p er v ers i o n t a u gh t p u r it y ,

m ys t er i es (1 800 r epr esen t ed D em et er m ora l ity i m m o r t a l it y an d t h e ex i s t en c e of

, ,

(C eres ) and P ers ep h o n e an d d epi c t ed t h e ,

a S u prem e B ei ng ca nno t fa il t o p erc eiv e , ,

d eath of D i o nys u s w it h an el abora t e c e i f in a pos iti o n t o j u d ge th a t Freem aso nry ,

re m o n ial w h i c h l ed t h e n eop h y t e fro m s t an d s as t h e s u ccesso r o r r epos it ory of

d ea th i n t o l i f e and i m m or t al i ty I ni ti at es . m u c h o f th a t w hi c h was n ob l es t an d b es t in
'

w er e t a u gh t t h e ex i s ten c e of a S u p rem e th em Bu t h e al so k nows of m u c h w hi c h

.

B ei ng an d i n v es t ed w i th t h e s i g ns of and thi s th eory d o es n o t acco u nt for t o ex p l a i n ,

m em b ersh i p in a f rat er n i t y T h e M i th ra i c . wh i c h o ne m u s t go t o Py th a goras an d hi s

o r Pers i a n m ys t eri es c el ebra t ed t h e ec li pse c el ebra t ed sc h oo l a t C ro t o na in G reece , ,

of t h e sun go d i n t rod u c ed t he s i gn s o f t h e
,
f o u n d ed A D 5 8 6 Py th a goras af t er b ei ng
. . .
,

zod i ac t h e p rocess i o n o f t h e s easo ns t h e

, ,
i n iti a t ed i n t o t h e E gyp ti a n and El eu s i ni a n
22 F RE E M A SO N RY

m ys ter i es , for m ed a secr et soc i et y of h i s I f a lik e l egen d a m o ng t h e Frenc h t rad es

o w n w i th th r ee d eg r ees in w h i c h a m on g gu il d s or C o m pa n i o n a ge for s i x t y fi v e y ears
-

, , , , ,

o th er th i n gs h e t a ugh t g eo m et ry m e
, , pr i or t o 1 7 1 7 do es n o t ex pl a i n w h ere t h e
,

t em psyc h o sis and t h e m ys ti ca l pow er of

,
Freem aso ns of 1 7 1 7 2 4 go t i t i t m u s t b e re -

n u m b ers Fro m th es e th e R os i cr u c i a n s bor

.
gard ed as a m os t ex t rao rd i n ary co i nc i d en c e .

row ed a nd fro m t h e f orm s an d sy m bo l i s m

,
W i thi n t en years af ter t h e f or m a ti o n of
of t h e K abba l i s t s G n os ti cs a nd Pyt h ago, , t h e G ra n d Lod ge o f E ngl a nd a t Lo n do n in ,

rean s a s p er f ec t ed by t h e R os i cr u c i a n s f ro m ,
1 7 1 7 F reem aso nry h ad spr ead th ro u gh o u t
,

t h e G r eek E gyp ti a n an d O r i en t a l ph il o so
, ,
t h e U n i t ed Ki ngdo m and t h e C o n ti nen t of
p h y o f t h e A l ex a n d r i a n sc h oo l o f N eo pl at o E u rop e t o m an y of t h e B r i ti s h co l o ni es
, ,

n i s m a nd fro m t h e a nc i en t m ys t er i es Fr ee
, , an d by 1 7 3 0 t o th os e i n A m er i ca W i th th e .

m aso n ry h as t a k en en o u gh t o m ar k i t w ith appo i n t m en t of t h e D u k e of M o nt ag u as

t h e l eading c h a rac t er i s ti cs o f a ll a n c i en t an d G ra n d Mas t er i n 1 720, t h e i m p etu s gi v en
m ys ti cal sc h oo l s of r el i g i o n and p h il osop h y t h e g row th o f t h e i ns titu ti o n b eca m e pro ~

— c i rc u m a m b ul a ti o n t h e u s e of apro n s t h e n o un c ed and as o n e a uth o r po i n t s o u t t h e

, , , , ,

for t y sev enth prob l em of Eu cl i d a c i p h er

-

, , Fra t er n i t y a l m os t l os t i t s brea th in t h e rac e

a nd t h e l esso n t a u gh t by t h e s t ory o f t h e for pop ul ar it y M an v m en d i s ti ngu i s h ed
.

ill u s t r i o u s Tyr i a n s u bs titu t ed f or l egen d s o f in t h e pro f ess i o n s i n po li ti cs and as repre

, ,

O s ir i s Ad o ni s A tys and D i o nys u s T h a t

, , , . sent at iv es of t h e no b il it v n o t o n l y in t h e .

M aso n i c en th u s i as t s a n ti qu ar i a n s an d r i t
, , U n it ed K i ng do m b u t o n t h e C o n ti n en t of
,

ual ist s s u p er i m pos ed th es e r eli cs upo n Fr ee E u rop e b eca m e m em b ers of t h e F ra t er n i t y

, ,

m aso n rv as i t h ad ex i s t ed for abo u t o ne h u n an d n o t a few of th em w er e co n sp i c u o u s

d red y ears pr i or t o 1 7 1 7 th ere c an b e l ittl e , as it s o ffi c ers W ith prosp er it y th ere na tu

.

d o u b t T h e Fra t er n i ty th erefore pr esen t s

.
, , rall y ca m e a nt a go ni sm s for so m e o f w hi c h ,

th r ee c l asses o f sy m bo l s :Paga n d er i v ed fro m , see A n ti Maso n ry -

A s ear l y as 1 7 2 4 t h e
.

t h e sa m e so u rc e as C h r i s ti a n i t y ob t a i n ed G r and Lod ge of E ngl a n d g ran t ed a c h ar t er

th em ; th os e co n t r i b u t ed by t h e o pera ti v e for a s u bord i na te Lod ge a t t h e a nc i en t c it v
Maso ns and t h e ex cl u s i v el y C h r i s ti a n sym
,
o f Yor k w h i c h i s pr es u m ed t o h a ve ant ag
,

bo l s I t al so sh ow s t rac es of t h e Veh m g e
. o n ized a Lod ge of Fr eem aso n s w h i c h h ad

r i c h t e or s ecret soc i et y of Free Ju d ges w hi c h

, , ex i s t ed th er e s i n c e 1 7 0 5 as s h ow n by i t s ,

was p ro m i nen t in G erm an y in th e t h i r t een th r ecord s an d w ith l ittl e d o u b t for a p er i o d

,

c ent u ry T h e l a tter was f or m ed t o pro

. ra ngi n g f ar bac k i nt o t h e s ev en t eenth c en
t eet t h e i nnoc en t fro m i nj u s ti c e h el d i ts , tu ry T h e a nc i ent Lodge th er eu po n co n s ti
.

co u r t s in t h e fores t a t n i ght an d ex ec u ted , t ut ed i t s el f a G ra n d Lod ge of a ll E ng

i t s j u d gm en t s w ith o u t f ear or f a v o r I t . l an d b u t do es n o t app ear t o h a ve
g ra n t ed a u d i en c e a l i k e t o n ob l e an d p eas i ns ti tu t ed m ore th a n o ne o r t wo s u bord i na te
an t , an d few w er e bo l d en o u gh t o i gn or e Lod ges pr i or t o 1 74 0 w h en i t b ecam e dor
i t s s u m m o n s o r t r ea t i t s j u d gm en t s w ith d i s m a n t a nd r em a i ned so for t w en t y y ears or
,

r esp ec t Trac es o f t h e soc i ety in a m od i fi ed

. m or e . B u t i t do es n o t app ear t o h a v e ao
f or m w er e f o u n d as l a te a s t h e pres en t c en t iv el y oppos ed t h e G ra n d L od ge of E ngl a n d
tu ry (S ee A nc i en t O rd er of F rees m it h s )
. . a t Lo nd o n w h i c h h ad b een and was s till
,

I t s oa th was of a m os t so l em n c h arac t er , enga ged in c h ar t er i n g s u bord i n a t e Lod g es

b i n d i ng t h e i ni ti a t e t o co n c ea l h o l d an d a t h o m e and abroad In 1 7 6 1 t h e G ra n d
”
.
, ,

n o t r ev ea l et c I t s c hi ef sy m bo l was t h e
,
. Lod ge o f a ll E ngl a n d a t Yor k b eca m e ao , ,

arrow and for a v i o l a ti o n o f t h e v ow t h e

,
ti ve aga i n and c h ar t ered a n u m b er of s u b
,

p enal ty was d ea th T h e i n t rod u c ti o n i n t o . ord i na t e Lod ges in t w o co u n ti es in E ngl a nd .

t h e r i tu a l of F reem aso n ry abo u t 1 8 2 5 o f , , T en y ears b ef or e in 1 75 1 ni n e s u bord i n a t e

, .

t h e s t ory o f H i ra m was a m as t er s t ro k e . Lod ges h o l d i ng a ll egi an c e t o t h e G ra n d

 FRE E M A S O N RY 23

Lod ge of E ngl a n d sec ed ed fro m th a t body , Af ter t h e r evi v a l of t h e G ra nd Lod ge of

o n t h e g ro u nd th a t t h e l a tt er s ufi ered s u b
, a ll E ngl a nd a t Yor k in 1 7 61 i t co nti nu ed
, ,

o rd i n a t e Lod ges o f i t s j ur i sd i c ti o n t o d epar t n eu t ra l t o t h e G ra n d Lod e o f E n l a n d an d

g g
fro m t h e a n c i en t l a nd m ar k s and p rac ti s e th a t of t h e s ec ed i ng bod y t h e A n c i en t s ,
.

th a t w hi c h h ad p revi o u sl y b een u nk now n in La t e in t h e l ast c entu ry af t er t h e d ea th of

,

F reem aso nry T h e s ec ed ers o rga n i z ed a

. i t s sev era l s u bo rd i na t e Lod ges t h e G ra n d ,

G ra n d Lod ge of E ngl a n d Acco rd i ng t o Lodge o f all E ngl an d was d i sco n ti nu ed

”
, .

o ld I n s ti tu ti o n s d escr i b i ng th em s elv es as In 1 77 9 an ex p el l ed fac ti o n of t h e Lod ge of

”
,

A nc i en t s an d t h e m em b ers o f t h e o r i g
, A n ti qu i t y a t Lo ndo n (o n e o f t h e fo u r Lod ges
i na l G ra n d Lod ge o f E ngl a n d as w h i c h u ni t ed t o f orm t h e G ran d Lod ge o f
'

Mod
e r ns . T h e a n i m a ti ng sp i r i t o f t h e sec ed E ngl a n d in t ogeth er w i th a d ep ut a
ing (A n c i en t ) G ra n d Lod ge was La u r en c e ti o n f ro m t h e G ra n d Lod ge o f a ll E ngl a n d
D er m o t t it s G ra n d S ecret ary w h o was an
, , a t Yor k for m ed a n o th er G ra n d B ody u nd er
,

ab l e ad m i ni s t ra t or an d ex ec u ti ve b u t an t h e ti tl e G ra n d Lod ge of E ngl an d so u th
”
, ,

th e
“
a u d ac i o u s a n t a go n i s t
A h i m a n R ezo n
D er m o tt co m p il ed
o r B oo k of C o n
,
‘
of t h e Tr e t n . B u t in 1 7 89 t h e ex p ell ed
m em b ers of t h e Lod ge o f A n tiqui t y apo l o
s t it ut io ns of t h e A n c i en t s in 1 7 5 6 w h i c h h e , , g iz ed t o t h e G ra n d Lod ge of E ngl a n d and , ,

c op i ed fro m t h e C o n s titu ti o ns of t h e o r i g u po n p etiti o n w er e res t or ed t o good s t an d

,

i na l o r so ca ll ed Mod er n G ra n d Lod ge and

-

, ing w h ereu po n t h e G ra n d Lod ge of E ng

,

ad d ressed i t t o t h e A n c i en t Yor k Maso n s l a n d so u th of t h e Tren t d i ed W i th thi s

”
.

in E ngl a n d T h e r i v a l ry b et w een t h e t wo
. an d t h e fi na l d i sapp ea r an c e of t h e G ra n d

Lo ndo n G ra n d Lod ges A n c i en t and Mod , Lod ge of al l E ngl a n d th e w ay was c l ear for
,

ern ,
was k een an d a t ti m es b i tt er T h e
,
. t h e co n c ent ra ti o n of eff or t s o f m em b ers o f
s ec ed ers gra n t ed m a n y warra n t s t o ar m y t h e o r i gi n al and of t h e s ec ed i ng G ra nd
Lod ges w hi c h bor e good frui t by m a ki ng
, Lod ges l oo ki ng t o reu n i o n N ego ti a ti o ns .

A nc i en t Maso n s in m a ny par ts of t h e w or l d t o th a t end w ere co n ti nu ed o v er a s er i es o f

w h ere t h e E ngli s h ar m y wa s s t a ti o n ed d u r y ears an d r es ul ted in 1 8 1 3 as po i n t ed o u t
, , , ,

ing t h e l a tt er h a l f of t h e ei gh t een th c en tu ry . in a U n i t ed G ra nd Lod ge o f E ngl a nd s i nc e ,

D erm o tt was m ad e a Freem aso n in D u b li n w hi c h ti m e t h e C raf t in t he U n i ted Ki ng

abo u t 1 7 4 0 and t es tifi ed t o h i s appr ec i a ti o n
, d o m h as b een u n d i s tu rb ed by sc h i s m or
of t h e Lod ge w h erei n h e was ra i s ed by copy o th er s er i o u s d i ssens i o n It i s of i n teres t
.

ing i t s b y l aws an d u s i n g th em as t h e b v t o A m er i ca n Freem aso n s t o n o t e th a t t h e

”
-

l aws of t h e A n c i ent s H e r ec ei v ed t h e
. ex p r ess i o n Yo r k Ri te Maso ns h as l ittl e
R oya l Arc h d egree in I rel a n d b efore c o m o r n o bas i s ; t h at i t i s in f ac t a m i s n o m er
, , .

ing t o Lo n do n th en an u n sys t em a ti z ed d e
, T h ere was an d i s n o Yo r k Maso n i c r it e and ,

g r ee borrow ed p res u m ab l y fro m t h e Fren c h

, , t h e s y m bo l i c F r eem aso n ry w h i c h t h e w or l d
an d af t erward s u til i z ed i t in t h e G ra n d Lod ge k n ows d i d n o t co m e f ro m t h e G ra n d Lod ge
o f A n c i en t s T h e M od em s l i k ew i s e s u ff ered
. o f all E ngl a n d fo u nd ed a t Yor k in 1 7 2 5
, ,

fro m t h e m a n i a fo r h i gh er or m ore d eg rees b u t fro m t h e G ra n d Lod ge of E ngl a nd

w h i c h c h arac t er i z ed t h e l a tter h a l f of t h e fo u n d ed a t Lo n d o n in 1 7 1 7 T h e Yor k .

ei g h t een th c entu ry an d th u s i t was th a t a t

,
G ra n d Lod ge o u tli v ed i t s s ev era l s ub o rd i
t h e r eu n i o n of t h e A n c i en t s u n d er t h e G ra n d n a t e Lod ges an d d i ed t w en t y y ears b efor e
,

M as t ers h i p of t h e D uk e of S u ss ex w i th t h e t h e u n i o n of t h e t wo g r ea t E ngli s h G ra n d
Mod er n s u n d er t h e D u k e o f K en t A nc i en t , Lod ges f ro m w hi c h t h e wor l d r ec ei v ed A n
c i en t C raf t Maso n ry T h e ex press i o n A n
'

Fr eem aso n ry was d ec l ar ed t o co n s i s t of t h e .

th ree sy m bo l i c d eg r ees E n tered Appren ti c e

F ell owcraf t and Mas t er Maso n
,

i n cl u d i ng
, c i ent Yo r k Maso n s
fro m La u r enc e D er m o tt s
i s p robab l y d er i ved
A hi m a n R e
’ “
” ”
, ,

t h e H o l y R oya l Arc h . zo n,
w h i c h w as ad dressed t o t h e A n c i en t
 F ro m S ug l u n

— é ’ —I
N o rw ay- S w ed en.

N ew S Wa l es .

Barth el .
t
Mar iniq ue .

S t. E t ti
us a us

r
German y
I
I
Venezuela.
B uyt i.

F . Guinea

R ico . N o.
I
S erv ia .
A me nt im l o w nt

Urug uay .

N C
fl
N J

—
, .
. .

B e rmudas. T enn Oh m

N icaragua .
1
Ho nd uras.

Ind Ter
ry .

8 A fric a
.
.

Tran s v aa l
.

Greece

G RAPH I C CHAR T I N G T HE S P RE A D O F FRE E M A S O NR Y B E GI NN I N G

S HO W
'

I N 1 725 F R O M E N GLA N D TO S O M E O F T HE M O RE IM P OR TA N T
-

C O UN T R I E S S TA T E S C O L O N I E S A N D P R O V , , ,

IN C E S T H R O U G H O U T T HE W O R L D .
26 FR E E MA S O NR Y

F IR S T MA S O N IC L O D GE S . L O C A T IO N .
L od ge of I rel an d i s resp on si ble for th e fi rst
1883 Id h a o I d h C ity
a o
W es t V irg i ni a L odge s i n N ew S o u th Wales S t Vi nce nt
N w C l d ni a N um
.
, ,
e a e o o ea
1 866 J p a an Y dde o an d Tas m an i a bu t h as c harte re d m any
S lt L ak C ity
,
Utah a e
A iz r o na P ttres c o othe r Lodges i n fo re ign l an d s an d i n B ri t
1 867 M o ro c c o T gi
an ers
Li b i er a M vi
o nro a is h col o n ie s w h e re so m e oth e r Grand B ody
,
C t Ri
os a ca S nJ é
a os
1868 W y m i g o n Ch y e enne h ad pre c ed e d th e m an d th e li ke i s t ru e of
1 875 F i j i I l d s an s L vu k
e a
B li vi
o a G ran d Lod ges of E ngl an d F rance S p ai n , , ,
187 S vi B lg d
a
H olland an d Pen n syl van i a A d ispu te as
er e ra e
1 880 Phili ppi Il d ne s an s M n il
a a , .

188 1 P
. .

gu y
ara a A u i
s nc o n
Gu t m l a e a a C th g n
ar a e a t o wh eth e r th e fi rst M asoni c Lodge i n w h at
1882 S n S lv t
a a a or
1 88 3 C l be e Il d es s an s M ac ass ar i s n o w th e U n i ted S tates was open ed at
1 885 B o rneo E lo puro
Philadel ph ia o r a t B osto n co nti n u e d for
A n acco m panyi ng ch art m ake s pl ai n t he m any years b u t th e weigh t of evide n ce i s
,

i m po rtance of th e wo rk d o n e by the e arl ier declared b y th ose wh o are c on si d ered

,

En gl ish G ran d L odges an d by th e Un ite d auth ori t ies t o fa v or Ph ilad el ph i a

, The .

G ran d Lodge of E n gl an d i n p rop agati ng fi rst L odge at Ph i lad el ph i a 1 73 0 —3 1 i s , ,

F ree m ason ry T he En gl ish Ri te was car . belie v ed to h av e bee n a v ol u n tary o ne as ,

rie d t o F ran ce i n 1 72 5 w h e re i t be c a m e , th e re is n o re c ord of i ts h a v i n g bee n ch ar

q u i te as pop ular as i n E ngland t o I rel and t ered u ntil a year or t wo l a t e r I t was i n .

i n 1 7 2 6 an d to S c otl an d i n 1 7 2 7 I n 1 72 7 i t
,
. th e sa m e year 1 7 3 0 th at D an iel C ox e of
, ,

was also ta k e n t o S pai n ; to G e r m any Pe n n ,

Ne w J ersey was appoi nte d Pro v i nci al G ran d
syl v an ia and to I n d i a i n 1 7 3 0 to th e Neth
, M aster of New York Ne w Je rsey and Pe n n , ,

e rl and s a n d to Ru ssi a in 1 73 1 ; t o M assa syl v ani a bu t h e i s n ot k n o wn t o h a v e e v e r

,

c h uset t s i n 1 7 33 ; an d to Portu gal Nor , e xe r c ised h i s au th o rity as such T h e fi rst .

way S we den Italy a n d G eorgia i n 1 73 5 so

, , , Ph ilad elph i a Lod ge assu m ed the prero ga
th at wi th i n t en years M aso ni c L odges h ad t iv es of a Prov i n ci al G ran d L odge of Pe n n
been e stabli sh e d t h rough ou t t he U nited syl van i a i n 1 73 2 an d i n 1 73 4 Be nj a mi n
,

K i ngd o m at ne arly all t h e large r c o nti

, Fran kl i n w as electe d Pro v i n c i al Gran d Mas
n en t al c iti es at C al cu tta In di a and at , , , te r t o wh i c h offi ce h e was also appoi nte d i n
,

Ph il ad el ph i a B oston C h arleston Wil , , , 1 84 9 by Th o m as O xn ard of B oston Pro v i n ,

m i ngto u N O an d at S avan n ah i n th e
, . .
, , c ial G ran d M aster of all Nort h A m e rica .

A m e ri can c olo nies A l l th i s was th e result . I n 1 7 6 4 th e G ran d L od ge of An c ie nts i n ,

o f th e a c ti vi ty of the G ran d L od ge of En g L o nd on ch arte re d a Lod ge i n Ph il ad el ph i a

,

l an d wi th th e e xcepti o n o f th e L od ge at
, and o rgani z e d a ri val G ran d Lodge wh ic h ,

S to c k h ol m w h i c h w as i n sti tu ted by F ren c h

, was e vi d en tly posse ssed of m ore a c ti v e
Free m asons Referen c e to th e c h art sh o ws
. m e m be rs th an th e old er Pe n nsyl v an i a G ran d
t h at n e xt t o E ngl ish G rand Lod ges ,
bod y w h i c h d isc on ti n u ed i ts l abo rs ab ou t
,

Fre nc h G rand bodies we re m ost acti ve i n 1 793 . T h e Pro v i n c i al G ran d L od ge of

c reatin g Lod ge s ab road ; afte r wh i c h i n ,
Pen n syl van i a fo r m ed by t h e A n c ients was
, ,

t h e orde r n a m e d ran k paren t b odies i n , respo n sible fo r th e acti v i ty sh ow n by Free

Pe n n syl v an ia M assa c h u set ts Vi rgin ia I re, , ,
m ason s o f th at c ol on y i n e stabl ish in g
l and S pai n th e Neth e rl an d s an d Ge r
, , , L odges n ot on ly i n th e c ol on ies (l ater th e
,

m any P ri or to th e p resen t c e ntu ry th e

.
,
Un i ted S tates ) bu t i n oth e r parts of the
,

A m eri can Masoni c d oct ri ne of e xcl u si ve w orld an d c onti n ues the go v e rn i n g body of
,

terri to ri al j u risdi c ti on was prac ti cally n u t h e C raft i n Pen n syl v an ia t o th i s d ay I n .

k n o wn an d wh il e an a c co m p anyi ng ch art 1 7 86 foll o wi n g l ik e acti o n i n M assac h u

,

i nd i c ates the s ou rce s o f onl y th e fi rst Ma setts i t de c l are d i tsel f an i ndepen de nt an d

,

soni c L od ges subseq ue nt Lod ge s we re fre , so ve rei gn G ran d Lod ge At B ost on i n .

,

q ue n tly of an oth e r al l egian ce T he G rand . 1 7 3 3 H en ry Pri ce clai m i n g au th ori ty fro m

, ,
 F R E E MA S O N R Y ;

th e G ran d Lod ge of E n gl and as Pro vi n c ial , m i ngtou , N C A s c h is m ati c G ran d L od ge

. .

G ran d M as t e r of N e w E nglan d opene d a , of Ne w York appeared i n Albany i n 1 82 3 ,

P rov i nci al G ran d Lodge and wi th th e ai d , .

th e ou tgro wth of opposi t ion to h old i ng th e
of te n b re t h re n i ni t ia t e d eigh t can d i dates
, .
G rand L od ge e xclu si v ely at Ne w York c i t y .

T h i s Lodge an d t he Ph il adelp h i a L od ge , Fo u r years late r i n 1 82 7 th e c ity an d , ,

wh i c h i n i ti ated B enj a m i n F ran k l i n i n 1 7 3 4 c ou ntry Gran d L od ges c o m p ro m i se d t h ei r

and su bseq u e ntl y m et as a G ran d L od ge .

, diff ere n c e s and u n i t ed H C A twood an d . . .

beca m e th e M oth e r G ran d L od ges of oth e rs were e xpelle d by t h e G ran d Lo d ge

A m e ri c a Th e Price o r S t Joh n s G rand
.
,
.
’
. of Ne w York in 1 83 7 fo r v i olati o n of regu
L od ge h ad s m oo t h sai li ng u n ti l 1 75 2 wh e n ,
l at io n s rega rd i ng p u bl i c parades wh ic h ,

se ve ral b re t h re n in B osto n i n s t i t u te d S t . led to t h e for m ati on of a S t J oh n s G ran d .

’

’
And re w s L odge ac c o rd i ng t o th e old
, Lod ge al l th e m e m be rs of w h i c h we re
,

u sage wi t h ou t a wa rran t Th i s w as o p
, . de c lare d c l an d est in e an d re m ai ned so ,
’
posed b y S t J oh n s G ran d Lo d ge an d re
. . u n t il t h e u n io n of 1 85 0 A n u m be r of .

s ul t ed i n a sch i s m w h i c h laste d fo r t y years . oth er Lodge s se ced e d fro m t he regular

I n 1 7 60 S t And re w s re c ei ved a c h arte r
.
’
G ran d Lodge of Ne w Yo rk i n 1 84 9 an d ,

fro m th e G rand L od ge of S cotl and wh i c h , fo r m e d a t h i rd k n o w n as the Ph i llip s

,
’

wi dened th e brea c h I n 1 76 9 i t u n i t e d
. G rand Lodge T h i s sch i s m was th e o u t
.

w i t h se ve ral An c ie nt m il i tary Lo d ges i n c o m e o f a d i spute as to t h e ri gh t of Pas t

fo r m i ng M assach u se t ts G ran d Lo d ge wi t h
Joseph Warre n as G ran d M aste r of Ma “ , M asters to m e m be rsh ip i n th e G ran d
Lod ge The m at t e r was a m i cably adj u ste d
.

so ns i n B oston Ne w E ngl an d an d Wi th i n
, , i n 1 8 5 8 si n c e w h i ch t i m e th e G ran d Lodge
,

O ne H u nd red M ile s of th e S a m e In .
’

o f Ne w Yo rk h as n o t su ffe re d fro m d isse n .

1 7 7 3 J osep h Warre n was app oi n t ed by th e , si on S ou t h C arol i n a l ik e Pen n syl van ia

.
, ,

G ran d M aste r of S c otl and G ran d Maste r , suff ere d fro m t h e r ival ry be t wee n th e
o f Mason s fo r th e C o n ti ne n t of A m e ric a . G ra nd Lod ge s at L on d on whe n in 1 7 7 , , ,

T he d e ath of Warre n at B u n k e r H ill , ,

a n An cie nt G ran d Lod ge was e stabli sh e d a t
resu l te d i n th e Massa c h u se tts G ran d L od ge C h arleston The bre a c h c on ti n ue d u nti l
.

d ecl ari n g i ts i n depen d e n c e an d so ve rei gnty ,

1 80 8 w h e n t h e O pp osi n g bod ie s u n ited
, ,

t h u s beco m i n g th e fi rst i ndepend en t G ran d o nl y to sep arate agai n i n 1 80 9 I t was n o t .

L odge of M ason s i n A m e ri c a I n 1 79 2 t h e . u n til 1 81 7 fo u r ye ars after th e reu n i on of

,

G ran d Lodge fo r t h e C o m m o n weal t h of t h e A n cien ts an d M ode rn s i n E nglan d ,

M assa c h u setts w as fo r m e d by th e u n io n of t hat th e warri n g S o u th C arolin a bodie s

S t J oh n s an d t h e M assa c h u se t t s G ran d finally h e ale d thei r d i fferen c es I n Ge orgia
’
. .
,

L od ge s sin c e w h i c h t i m e t he h i sto ry of
, w he re Free m ason ry w as al so i n trod u c e d
t h e C raft i n th at S t ate h as n ot bee n d i re c t fro m E n gl a nd th e re we re ri val ,

m ark ed by di ssen si on (S ee F reem aso n rv . G ran d L od ges bet wee n 1 82 7 an d 1 8 3 9 ,

a m o n g th e Negroe s ) S u ccessors to D an . o wi n g t o a c o n t ro ve rsy g ro wi ng o u t of th e

i el C oxe as Pro vi n c i al G ran d M aste r
, c h an ge of t h e c api t al of th e S tate .

fo r Ne w Yo rk an d N e w J ersev di d n oth . Russi a i s th e o nly c o unt ry i n th e w orl d

in g i n an offi cial c apa c i t y so far as ,
i n wh i c h M ason i c Lod ges a re supp ressed .

h as been l e arne d e x c ep t t o i n d u c t t h ei r
,
su c c esso rs in to offi ce u n t il 1 7 5 4 or 1 7 5 7
w h e n a subord i n ate Lod ge wa s e s t abl ish ed
, .
Au stri an p roh ibi t i on of Mason i c gath erin gs
,
i s n o t e n fo r c ed i n H u n gary and onl y m ode r
atel y i n Vi en n a S pan i sh opp ositi o n to th e
.

i n Ne w York c ity Th i s was abou t t we nty

. C raft h as l on g si nce c eased to be act i v e .

years after th e G ran d Lod ge of E ngl an d Re p re sen tati ves of the re ignin g fa m ily o r ,

h ad gran ted peti ti on s fo r Lod ges at S av an of th e go ve rn m ent i n e ve ry E u rope an ,

n ah , Ga C h arl eston S C
.
,
an d a t Wil , . .
,
c ou n try e xcep t Ru ssia Au stri a B el gi u m , , ,
28 FR E E MA S O NR Y

an d T u rkey are m e m bers of th e Fratern ity . C o u n ci l of E m perors of th e East an d

T he re m ov al of th e n a m e of D e i ty fro m i ts West was organ iz e d at Pari s wit h a syste m ,

le c t ure s by th e G ran d O rie n t of F ran c e of t we nty fi v e degrees and as state d by

“
-

, ,

m o re th an t wen ty ye ars ago an d of th e Mc O l enac h an i n so m e w ay be c a m e pos

”
, ,

H oly B i ble f ro m i ts al tars w as foll o wed by

the refusal of Engli sh speak i ng an d oth e r
-
,

o f C ler m on t
“
sessed of t h e Ri te of Pe rfe c t i on C h apte r
and bec am e i ts su c c essor
,
”
,

G ran d L od ges to rec ogn i ze m e m bers of I n 1 7 61 th e C o u n c i l of E m perors of th e

Lodges ch ar t e re d by th e G ran d O rie n t of E ast an d We st gran ted a pate nt to S teph e n
F ran c e F ran ce th erefore i s ou tsi de of th e
.
, ,
M o ri n t o i n trod uce th i s ri te (of t wenty fi v e -

M aso ni c fa m i ly . d egrees ) i n to the We st I n dies afte r w h i ch , ,

I n t h e Un i te d K in gd o m d u ri ng th e ,
i n 1 7 72 it u n ite d with a fac ti on of th e
,

“
e igh teenth c e ntu ry t he ad op ti on of
,
G ran d O rie nt (wh i ch controlled th e fi rst
h igher o r ad di ti on al M ason i c degrees th ree d eg rees of Free m asonry i n F ran ce )
w as li m i te d t o th e Royal A r c h K n igh t , k n o wn a s t h e O ld G rand L od ge wh i c h
f ‘ ” ,
,

Te m pl ar an d M ark Maste r M aso n b u t i n

,
fact i on al G ran d Lod ge d ied fou r m onth s
Fran ce v e ry so on afte r F ree m ason ry w as
,
l ater I n 1 7 7 9 o r sev e n years l ater th e
.
, ,

i n trod u c ed th e re m any n ew degree s an d

,
Gran d O rie n t o fii c ially de c l ared i ts powe r
ri te s m ade t h ei r appearan ce i n ped dli ng , l i m ited t o t h e th ree sy m bol i c d egree s an d ,

wh i ch th e i r i n v en t ors di d a th ri v i n g b u si th at it h ad n o o ffi ci al k n owl ed ge o f s o

ness Bet wee n 1 7 2 5 and 1 7 75 h u n d reds of
. calle d h i gh grad es I n 1 78 6 the G ran d .

wh at we re called h igh e r Maso ni c degree s O ri e nt o rg an i z ed an d p ro m ulgated th e

we re e vol v ed an d h awk ed o v er th e C o nt i Fren c h ri te of se v e n degrees addi n g t o ,

n ent S o m e we re m eri tori ou s bu t m an y

.
,
the th ree sy m bolic d egree s fou r f ro m t h e
soon fel l i n to o b sc urit v wh ile a fe w still
,
abu nd ant m ate ri al fl oati n g about th e C on
e xi st i n colle c ti on s of cu r i ou s o u tgrowth s t inen t Th e i m portan c e of t hi s i s to s h o w
.

of th at ch ara c ter I n 1 7 5 4 at Pari s t h e

.
, , th at l ong p rior t o th e Fre n c h Re v olution
Ch e v alie r B on n e vill e brou gh t t oge t h er an d th e G ran d O ri e nt of France nei th er p os
syste m ati zed t wenty fi v e of th e old er an d
-
sesse d n o r cl ai m ed to control the Rite o f
bette r produ c ti on s a m ong th e se h igh Pe rfe c ti o n of t wen ty fi v e degrees wh i c h -

grades as t he Ri te of Pe rfe cti on u nd er

,
”
,

“
appe are d i n 1 7 5 4 as a syste m u n d e r th e t itl e
”
th e title C h ap te r of C le r m o nt
, S om e
of th e m we re c alle d S c otti sh be c au se th ei r
. C h apter of C ler m on t an d di sappeare d
w i th th e d eath of t he facti on al o r O ld
,

“
legen d s traced the i r o ri gi n t o S c otl a nd . G ran d L od ge ” I n th e Rite of Perfecti on
.
,

I t w oul d h ave ri sk ed e xposu re t o attri bu te C h apte r of Cl er m ont one fi nd s th e ori gi n ,

th e m t o E ngl i sh i n ge nu i ty They m igh t . of t h e An c ien t Ac cepted S c otti sh Ri te , ,

h av e bee n gi v e n an I ri s h o ri gi n be c au se ,
th i rty th ree degrees wh i ch was create d
-

t hei r au t ho rs h ad to go as far as possi bl e and first appe ared at C h arleston S ou th ,

fro m Englan d an d Fran c e Bu t I rel an d . C arol in a i n 1 8 0 1 O f t h i s ri te Goul d

, .
,

e vid en tly d i d n ot su i t th e pu rpose an d

so the d egrees we re c al led E cossai s or
, (F . i n h i s H i sto ry of Free m ason ry
(vol i ii page
. . says : Alth ou gh on e
,
“
S c otch an d we re d e c l ared t o h a v e bee n
, of the yo ungest of th e M aso ni c rites i t i s ,

confe rre d for m an y years i n th e n orth of at th i s d ay (1 886 ) t h e m os t popu lar an d t h e

S c otl an d Th is too a c c ou nt s for th e al
.
, , m ost e xten si vely di ff u sed S u pre m e C ou n .

l eged c onn ecti on of th e p arti san s of th e cil s o r go ve rn in g bod ie s o f th e ri t e are t o

S tu arts with earl ie r E c ossai s Free m ason ry ,
be fou n d i n al m ost e v ery ci vil ized cou ntry
so m e of i ts trad iti on s stati ng th at th ey in of th e world an d i n m any of the m i t i s th e
”
,

t ro d uc ed th e d eg rees i n to Fran c e o r were only M asoni c obed ie n c e Th e th re e sym .

respo n sible fo r the i r c reation In 1 7 5 8 a . b o l ic d egree s of an c i en t Free m ason ry

 FR E E M A S O NR Y 29

u n de rli e all M ason i c syste m s or ri tes an d , the re u ni on o f th e t wo E ngli sh G ran d

up on th at fa c t i s b ased th e cl ai m of t he Lod ges th e c h an ge i n v ol vin g a m o difi c at ion
,

u n i v ersal i ty of Free m ason ry T he E ng . of th e degree of Mas t e r M aso n .

l i sh Ri te al o ne c on fi ne s i tself to the t h ree 1 77 7 Th e Ri te of t he G ran d L od ge of

.

d egrees of E n te r ed Appren ti ce Fel low

‘

, T h re e G lobe s i s p ra c ti se d by m o re t h a n t wo
c raft an d Maste r M ason i n c l ud i n g th e h un d re d G e r m an Lodges It con si s t s of th e
’

”
, , .

H oly Royal A rc h bu t u po n i t h ave bee n , t h re e s y m boli c degree s an d se v e n o th e rs ,

e re cted t h e m an y Mason i c syste m s o r ri te s w h i c h are m od i fi c ation s of the Ge r m an

w h i c h d u ri n g th e past o n e h u n d re d an d S tric t O b servan c e Te m pl ar an d v ari ou s
s ix ty years h ave att racted t h e in terest of S c ott ish Ri te grades .

th e C raft . 1 77 T he S wed ish Ri te e xists onl y i n

.

S tu de n ts wil l fi n d e xten de d l is t s of th e Norw ay an d S weden wh e re i t i s u nde r th e,

m ore i m portant M ason i c rite s o r syste m s of patron age of royal ty I t i s a m i xtu re of th e

.

d egrees l i v i n g an d dead i n th e w or k s o f
, , Engli sh an d Fre n c h Rites of th e Te m plar ,

m an y Mason i c h i storian s ; bu t n o wh e re so , is m of th e Ri te of S tri c t O bser v an c e an d of ,

far as learned h as th e re bee n gi ve n a brief

, , Rosi c ru c i ani s m .

c h ron ol ogi c al ac c ou n t of th e m an d t h ei r 1 7 83 Th e Ri te of S we denbo rg i s pre

.

ch ara c teri st i c s so as t o en able the you n g se rve d in a fe w F ren c h L odges It i s .

c rafts m an t o d i sti n gu i sh be twe e n t h ose fo un de d o n P ernet t y s Ri te of A vign on ’

,

w h i c h h av e passe d away an d th o se wh i c h wh i c h appeare d i n Fran c e i n 1 7 6 9 I t i n .

a re stil l p ra c ti sed The re are ten Mason i c v ol ves l i k e P ernet t y s syste m m u c h of th e

’
.
, ,

rite s i n u se to d ay T wo o f th e m t h e E ng
-
.
, m ysticis m of S wede n bo rg wh o by th e way , , ,

l i sh whi c h i n c lu des th e fi rst th ree o r sym

,
w as n ot a F ree m aso n .

b o l ic d egrees an d toge the r w ith the Royal

, 78 6 T he Fre n c h o r M od ern Ri te as
.
, ,

Ar c h for m s t he basi s of al l syste m s o r rites ,

explai ned c onsi sts of th e E ngli sh syste m
, ,

an d the A n c ie n t Ac cepted S c otti sh Ri t e o f

, u pon w h i c h are superi m p osed fou r degrees
th i rt y —th re e de gree s are ran k e d as u ni ve r , fo r m e d fro m so m e of t h e m any unsyst em a
s al. T he A m e ri c an Ri te i s ne xt i n i m po r t iz ed c ere m oni als pra c ti se d o n t he C on ti ne nt
tan ce an d i s pra c ti se d i n th e U n i t e d S tates
, of E u rope i n t h e l atte r h alf of th e l ast ce n ~

a n d th e D o m i n i on of C an ad a wh ere are ,

t o be fou n d th ree fou rth s of all the F ree -

1 80 1 h rod er s Ri te i s still cul ti v ated
. S c
’

m ason s in th e wo rld Th e Ri te of t h e . by a fe w G e r m an Lodges n otably at H am ,

G rand Lodge of the Th re e G lobe s G e r ,

b u rg It i s c on fine d t o th e th ree ancient
.

m any i s th i rd in i m po rtan c e
,
afte r wh i c h , c raft d egree s an d a S ele ct H is t o ric al U nio n

follo w t he Fren c h Ri te th e S wed ish Rite , ,

of M aste r M ason s fo r th e study of th e p h i
l o s0 ph y of F ree m ason r y
’
o r Ri te of Zin n en do rf S c h r oder s Ri te (i n ,
.

u se by a fe w Ge r m an L od ges ) th e Fren ch ,
1 80 1 T he An c ien t A c c epte d S cotti sh
.
,

O rde r of th e Te m ple th e Ri te of Me m ph is ,
Rite referre d t o el se w h e re
,
.

(i n Rou m an i a S pai n an d E gypt ) an d th e

, , , 1 81 6 Th e A m eri can Rite substan ti ally
.
,

Ri te of S wed e nbo rg . as i t e xi sts to d ay m ay be sai d to d ate fro m

-

1 72 4 T h e En gl i s h e rro neou sl y c alled

.
,
t he firs t de cad e of th e p resen t c en t urv I t .

t h e Yo rk Ri te i s co m pose d of t h e degree s
,
i s refe rre d to u nde r a separate h ead .

o f E n tere d Appre nti c e Fello w c raft an d , , 1 83 9 Th e Ri t e of Me m phi s you n ge st of

.
,

M aste r M aso n th e th ree an c ie nt sy m bol i c

, ,
li ving M aso n i c syste m s is des c ribed u nde r ,

d egrees w h i ch we re prac ti call y pe rf e c te d th at ti tle .

an d confer re d as a syste m abo u t 1 72 4 o r -

,
T he re are m ore th an ac ti v e
sh ortl y afte r to wh i ch was fo r m all y ap
,
F ree m ason s i n th e worl d all of w h o m of , ,

pen de d th e Royal Ar c h degree ia 1 8 1 3 at , ,

c ou rse are practi cal ly fa m i li ar wi th th e
,
30 FR E E MA S O NR Y

th re e d egree s of t h e E ngl i sh Rite O f t h e K n i gh t of th e S un n o w th e twen ty eigh th

.
,
-

total prob ably

,
are i n possessi on of of t he An c ien t A c c ep te d S c o ttish Rite , .

the Ancie n t A c c epted S c otti sh Rit e an d

,
H i s Ri te of A v i gno n h ad great i nfluen ce on ,

of th e A m e rica n Ri te as con fe rre d se ve ral wh i c h foll o we d i t .

in Lodges C h apters (C o un c ils ) an d C o m

,
1 7 70 Rite of M arti ni s m F ran c e a c o m
, .
, ,

m an d eries Th ere are

. m e m be rs ofbi n ati on of S c otti sh degree s w ith th e spe en
the F ren ch Ri te of th e S wed i sh Rite
,
l at io n s of th e m ysti c s ,
.

of th e Rite of th e G ran d Lodge of 1 7 7 2 Refo r m e d Rit e a Ger m an m o difi c a .

,

th e T h ree G lobe s at Be rl i n b ut onl y a ve ry t i on of th e Ri te of S tri ct O bservance

,
.

few wh o p ra c ti se S ch r od er s Ri te t h e Rite 1 773 Ri te of Ph il al et h es Fran ce base d

’
.
, , ,

of S wede nbo rg o r th e Fre n c h O rde r of th e

,
o n th e Ri te of Marti ni s m I t l i ve d abou t .

Te m pl e . twe n ty years .

Th e m o re i m p ortan t a m on g e x t i n c t 1 7 75 T h e P h il osoph i c S co t c h Ri te .
,
’
M asoni c Rites are t wen t v t wo i n n u m ber Fran ce was a re v i v al of P ern et t y s Rite of
-

, ,

th i rtee n o f w hi ch appeared i n Fran c e si x A vi gn on c o m bi ned w i th Rosi c ru ci an i s m , ,

i n Ge r m an y an d on e ea c h i n E ngland
,
an d su ggesti on s fro m th e Py th ago rean s , .

B el gi u m an d Italy, . 1 7 7 6 Th e Ri te of th e Elec t of T ruth .

,

1 7 4 8 R it e of Vi el le B ru Fran c e an in
. Fran c e w as ph il osoph i c al
, , , .

v en t io n of th e ad he re nt s of th e S tu ar t s 1 7 7 7 Th e Egyp t ian Ri t e of C agl i os t ro .

,

wh ile i n e xi le T he G ran d O rie n t of F ran c e

. was th e w ork of t h at p ri n c e of ad ventu re rs
k ille d i t b y refu sin g i t re cogn i t ion and i m post ors Cagl io stro was m ade a Free
. .

1 75 1 Ri t e of Perfe c ti on Pari s F ran c e ; m ason in L on d on i n 1 7 7 6 an d i m m ed ia t el y

”
.
, , ,

al read y refe rre d to . set to w o rk t o fo r m a M ason i c sys t e m o f

’
1 7 5 4 Von H u n d s Ri te o f S t ri c t O b serv
. h i s own i n t o wh i ch he i n trod u c e d th e sear c h ,

an c e Ge r m an y w as base d o n the Te m pl ar
, ,
for t h e ph il osop her s s t o ne and ph ysi c al and ’
,

th eo ry of t h e origi n of Free m ason r y th e m o ral regen erati on H e travel ed th ro ugh .

lege n d of w h i c h t au gh t th at e ve ry Free Eu rope establ i sh i ng Lodge s an d sell i n g d e ,

m aso n i s a K n i gh t Te m plar Th i s Rite grees ofte n to pri n c es prel ate s and ph ilo
.
, , , ,

w h i c h w as d ra wn fro m th e e arlie r F ren ch soph e rs A fter a caree r of m o nu m en tal .

S c otti sh Te m pl ar d egrees wh i c h ul t im a t el v efi ro n t ery

,
d eception an d d i sh on est y h e , , ,

we re fo r m ed i n t o th e Ri te of Pe rfe c t ion was sen te n c e d t o death i n 1 7 89 at Ro m e by ,

i nto wh i c h Von H u n d was re c e i ve d i n t h e H o l v I n qu i si t i on and h i s m anu s c ript

”
,
,

Pari s e xe r c i se d c o n si de rable i n flu en c e ov e r
, M ac o n n erie Egyptien ne was pu bli c ly ,

su c c ee di ng syste m s bu rn e d T h e P ope c o m m u t e d h i s senten c e

. .

1 7 5 8 E m pe rors o f th e E ast an d We st ;
. t o i m p riso n m en t fo r l ife H e d i ed i n pri so n .

al re ady referre d to . i n 1 7 95 .

1 7 65 Th e Ri te of Ele c ted C oh en s
. 1 7 80 The Pri m i ti ve Ri te of Ph il ad el ph es .

(Pri e st s ) Fran c e was based on th e m ys t i

, , (Pri m i ti ve Rite of Narbon ne ) was foun de d
c is m of t he Je wi sh K abbala at Narbonne France by p reten ded S upe
.
, ,

1 7 6 6 Th e Ri te of th e B laz i n g S tar re
. rio rs of the O rd er of F ree an d A c c ep t ed
v iv ed t h e legend s an d c e re m on i al s of c h i v Mason s I ts d egrees we re di vided i n to .

th ree c l asses i n wh i c h were treated the c c ,

1 7 6 7 Ri t e of C h as t en ier Fran c e theo

. c ult scien ces and th e reh abili tation and re
, ,

soph i c al an d m y sti c al was i nt rod u ce d i n t o i n tegrati on o f m an i n h i s p ri m iti ve ran k

,

En gl an d bu t d i d n o t l i v e l on g
, an d prerogati v es . .

1 7 69 P ernet t y s R i t e of A vi gn o n Fran ce 1 7 80 Th e Rite of B rothers of Asia Ger

’
.
, ,
.
,

was a re v el i n m y sti ci s m P ern et t y i s said m an w as c o m pose d of a m i xture of religiou s

.
,

t o h ave bee n th e au t h o r of the degre e of t he fai th s s c ience an d th e reve ries of the m y sti c s , ,
.
C HART S HO WI N G T HE RE LAT IV E M E M B E RS HIP O F LE AD I N G LI V I N G M A S O N I C R IT E S .
 FR E E M A S O NR Y

1 7 82 The B en efic ent K ni gh ts of t h e

. j udged fro m th e poi n t of v ie w of th e F ree
Holy C ity Fran c e in clu de d som e of th e
, , m aso n o f th at day Th e O range I nsti tu tion
.

m ystical speculati ons for whi c h the l ast c en appeare d at th e close of the last cen tury an ,

tu ry was n oted an d t h e early S cotti sh de

, ope n i m itator of th e Masoni c Fraterni ty so
gree of Te m plari s m . far as so m e o f i ts fo rm s an d cere m on ies are
1 7 8 3 Fessler s Rite Ger m any consiste d
’
.
, , c on ce rned A m eri c an Pro v i nci al G ran d
.

o f ni ne de grees base d on the Gol de n Rose Lodge s after the c l ose of th e War of the
C roi x the Rite of S trict O bse r v an c e an d
, , Re v ol u tion decl ared th e ir i ndepe n de n c e of
the Ri te o f Pe rfection It professed to be . English m othe r Gran d Lodges an d at th e ,

abstrusely learned . en d o f t h e ce ntury an effor t was m ade to

1 7 84 The Refor m e d H el v eti c Rite Ge r

.
, form a S up re m e G ran d L odge of th e Uni ted
m any was a m odifi cation of the Refor m e d
,
S tates w ith Wash in gton as S upre m e Gran d
Ri te of 1 7 72 an d was used i n Poland
, . Master Wash ington s death pre v e n ted the
.
’

1 7 8 7 T h e Rite of African Archi tec ts was

. su c c ess of t h e plan an d w h e n th e su bj ect ,

the su c cessor of a ri te w ith a si m ilar n a m e , was b rough t u p agai n i n 1 82 2 i t was re ,

1 76 7
. It appeared i n Ger m any an d was c eiv ed wi th less favo r B etwee n 1 8 2 7 an d .

p atron ized by Fre derick II Its objec ts . 1 84 0 the C raft su ffe re d fro m p ol i t ical pe r
w ere to rescue Free m ason ry fro m i nn o v ation sec ut io n and u n re asoni ng warfare wh ich
and to stud y ph il osoph y . gre w o ut o f th e Mo rgan e xci te m e n t bu t
1 80 5 The Ri te of M iz rai m i s referred to
. begi nn i ng i n 1 84 3 it g re w and prospe red ,

el se wh ere . beyon d all p re v io us record s u n til i ts grow th

1 8 1 8 Pri m iti v e S c o ttish Ri te th i rty th ree
.
,
-
was c hecked by the Ci v il War S i n c e 1 8 6 5 .

degrees Belgiu m was based o n t h e Rites of

, , i ts popul arity an d prospe ri ty i n th e U ni ted
Pe rfe c ti on and S trict O bser v ance an d fol , S tates C anada G reat B ri t ai n the B ri t ish
, , ,

l owed the A do nh iram it e th eo ry as to th e c olon ie s an d else wh e re th ro u gh o u t th e worl d

,

p ri ncipal offi c e rs at th e bu ild i ng of King h a v e been beyo nd al l p re c e den t .

S olo m o n s Te m ple wh ich ch aracte ri ze d so T he A m eric a n R i ta — Pra c tised only i n

’
,

m any of th e C onti ne ntal ri tes i n the lat ter th e Un ite d S tates of A m erica an d th e D o
part of the l ast cen tu ry an d sti ll has an in ,
m i n io n of C anad a I t add s to the t h ree
.

fl uen c e i n so m e of th e m inor l i v i ng ri t es . sy m bol i c degrees of the E ngli sh Ri te fi rst , ,

I t ne v er we n t beyon d t h e c i ty of i ts bi rth . th e degree s of M ark Maste r Past Master , ,

Free m ason ry i n t h e eigh teen th c en tu ry Most E xcellen t Maste r an d Royal Ar c h Ma ,

was ch aracterized by i ts rapi d spread f ro m son which are c onfe rre d i n Royal Arch
,

England th rou gh ou t th e world by t h e avi d ,

Ch apters fede rated i nto Gran d C h apte rs ,

i ty w i th wh i c h abl e an d learned m en i n te r an d a Gene ral G ran d Ch apter of the U ni ted

es t ed th e m sel v es i n i t i n m any i nstan c es , S t ates of A m e ri ca ; secon d the degrees of ,

only to e xte nd elaborate or e m broide r i ts

, ,
Royal Master S elec t Master an d of S uper
, ,

ri tual and cere m on ial s an d by t h e s c h i s m ,

Ex c ell e nt Master conferre d i n C ou n c il s of
,

i n E nglan d wh i c h lasted fro m 7 5 1 to 1 81 3 . Royal and S ele c t Masters wh i c h h a v e a sys ,

I t m et wi th the antagon i s m of pope an d t em of state an d ge ne ral go v e rn m e n t si m il ar

pam ph leteer an d t h e e xi l e d S tuarts v ai nly
,
to th at of Royal Ar c h C h apte rs ; and third , ,

sough t to use i t i n an effo rt to regain th e Co m pan ion of th e Ill ustriou s O rde r of th e

E ngli sh th rone The O rder of O dd Fel
. Red C ross K n igh t Te m plar an d K n igh t of
, ,

l ows m ade i ts appearan c e i n Londo n b e S t Joh n an d M al ta u nde r the au th ority of

.
,

fore 1 74 0 a v arie ty of de m o c ratize d Free

,
c h artered C o m m anderies of Knigh ts T em

m ason ry an d was followed by the D ruid s

, pl ars .There are n o v ery m arked di ffer
i n 1 7 60 an d by th e Foreste rs i n 1 7 80 types ,
enc es betwee n th e E n t e red Appre ntice an d

of the si ncerest for m of flattery wh e n ,

Fel lowcraft degrees as conferred in t h e
 FR E E MA S O NR Y

to the Maste r s degree for se v eral years

’
thei r work and u tili ze d as otherwise related
, , ,

afte r th e sch is m Royal Arch C h ap te rs ul ti

, i n legend ary an d h i storical records T h e .

m ately c a m e i nto existe nce an d afte rward , degree i s trace d to D unh am En gl and 1 7 74 , , ,

a S up re m e R o v al Ar c h C hapte r The A n . wh en i t was c onferred i n sy m boli c Lodges as

c ien t s ann ou nced th e e xistence of the Royal

Arch degree i n i ts Ah i m an Rezon ” or “ ,

a sid e o r u n syste m ati zed c e re m on ial
c am e popular an d
I t be
spread th ro ugh ou t th e
.

book of c on s t i t utions i n 1 7 5 6 bu t as l ate as, , K ingd o m bu t th e Uni te d G ran d L od ges of

,

1 7 5 8 th e Mode rn s de nie d al l k nowledge of i t . E nglan d (1 8 1 3 ) refused to re c ogn ize i t

D unc k erly th e c el eb rated ritualist i n tro
, , Grad ually i t separated fro m sy m bolic Lodges
d uc ed the Royal A rc h d egree to th e Mode rn s , and was con ferred i n Mark Lodges I n 1 85 6 .

o r m oth er organi zati on of m od ern Free th e Engl ish Gran d Lod ge of M ark M aster
m asonry in 1 7 7 0 by wh i c h i t was ad opted
, , Mason s was for m ed wh i c h m ai n tai n s cor ,

i n 1 77 9 togeth er wi th a syste m of s ub o rdi

, dial rel ati ons w i th A m eri c an G ran d Royal
n a te C hap ters afterward governed by a S u Arch Ch apters I n 1 7 92 —9 3 S t An d rew s ’
. . .

pre m e Royal Arch Ch ap te r At the u nio n . Royal A rch Lodge Boston i ncorp orated , ,

of t h e ri val Engli sh Gran d Lodges i n 1 8 1 3 t h e M ark Master s degree and the lat t e r
’
,

the Royal A rc h of th e An cie nts was m ad e soon after appeare d as a detac he d degre e
supple m en tary to th e degree of Maste r Ma i n other A m eri c an Lodges .

son an d i n 1 8 1 7 the ri val S upre m e C hapters

, The Past M aster s degree as su c h wh i c h ’
, ,

u ni ted Fro m th at day t o th is th e E nglish

. i s of A m erican origi n an d form s th e fifth
Rite h as confe rred th e Royal A rc h on Mas degree of th e A m eri c an Rite did n o t ap ,

ter Mason s ele c ted to recei v e i t i n con trast ,

pe ar u n til th e secon d decade of t h e p resen t
wi th th e A m e rican syste m whi c h req uires , cen tu ry Prior to th at ti m e Past Masters
.

a Maste r Mason to first re c ei v e the degrees were th ose wh o h ad actual ly p resi ded o v e r
of Mark Maste r (v i rtual ) Past Maste r an d
, ,
Lodges o r w ho h ad recei ve d dispe nsation s
Most E xcelle n t Maste r p ri o r to bei n g ex , fro m Gran d Maste rs per m i tting th e m to
al ted . Before the Modern s ad opted th e assu m e t h e ti tle to ren der the m eligi ble to
Royal Ar c h degree th e An cie n ts h ad been t h e Royal Arch d egree The advisability .

c onferri ng i t only on Masters of Lodges ; bu t of th e i n trodu c tio n of th e degree i n to the

bo th th e M ode m s and An c i en ts i n o rder to , A m eri c an capi tular sys t e m h as often been
popularize th e degree ad m i tted du ri ng the , an d still i s seriously q uestioned .

l atte r portio n of the eigh teen th cen t ury not ,

Th e Most E x c el l en t Master s o r sixth d e ’
,

only ac tual Past Maste rs bu t th ose m ade so , gree of the A m erican Rite an A m eri can in ,

by d i s pe n sati on of a G ran d Maste r for th at v ent io n i s supposed to h ave fi rs t appeare d at

,
.

pu rpose Th i s prac tice was brou gh t to the

. Albany N Y i n 1 7 9 5 to h ave bee n th e
, . .
,

A m e ri c an c ol on ies by B ri ti sh arm y Lodges i n v en tio n of Joh n H an m er an acco m plish ed ,

and explai ns th e existen ce i n the A m erican Masoni c ri tu alist of Englan d th e n v isi ti ng

Roya l Ar c h C h apter of the degree of v i rtu al the C raft an d to h ave bee n elaborated by
,

Past M as ter . Th o m as S m i th Webb Past G rand Master ,

The M ark Maste r s o r fourth d egree of ’

, of Rhode I sland the well k n own A m eri ,
-

th e A m e ri can Ri te i s of u nd oubted Engli sh , can Mason i c ri tual ist wh o left so deep an ,

ori gi n and wh ile c onferre d o nly o n Maste r

, i m press on t h e for m atio n of what h as b e
Mason s for m s a gra c eful appen d age to t h e
, c o m e th e A m erican Ri te of Free m ason ry .

degree of Fellow c raft I t i s based on the . I t celebrates th e c o m pletion an d ded icati on

p racti c e of anc ien t ope rati ve F ree m ason s of th e fi rst Te m ple an d so suppl ies a l i n k ,

of sele c ti ng parti c ular m ark s w h i c h th ey between th e Master Mason an d th e Royal

c oul d n o m o re al te r o r c h ange t h an th ey A rc h degree of wh i c h i t is the i m m ed iate
,

c ou ld t hei r na m es wi th w hi c h they m arke d

.
prc d ec es so r .
 FR E E M A S O NR Y 35

The essen tials of the ori gi nal Maste r M a Free m aso nry Goul d p re su m es th e refer
.

so n degree are bel ie v e d to have appeared i n en ce to Kil win ni ng was a rh etorical flo ur

new for m i n th at wh ich becam e the Royal
, is h due to hi s S cotch origi n an d fa m il iarity
Arc h i n F ran ce between 1 83 8 and 1 84 0
, ,
. wi th S co tla nd fo r the state m e nt req ui res n o
,

That th e M aste r s degree p rio r th ereto c o n

’
refutat ion H is t h eo rv as to the chi valri c
.

t ained so m eth i n g w hich gi ves t h e Royal origi n of Free m asonry whe ther or n ot a ,

Ar c h its d i sti nc ti v e con ne c tion wi th i t , del i c ate c o m pl i m e n t to the disti nguishe d

h as bee n sh o wn i n m any w ays n otably , co m pany h e was ad dressin g was onl y a the ,

i n an old Fre nch pri n t ill ustrati n g an im ory for i t h ad n o fou nd ation Th i s ad d ress
, .

portan t c ere m on y i n the thi rd d egree i n , h ad u nlooked for an d so m e wh at re m ark able

-

wh i ch a Na m e appears The origi n of . resul t s I ts fi rst e ffe c t was to furn i sh an

.

the Royal A rc h h as often bee n e rrone ou sly alleged au th o rity for the lege nd s of m any
attri bu te d to th e C h e valie r Ram say one , of th e S c otti sh d egrees wh i c h appeare d i n
o f th e learne d Free m ason s of the fi rst h alf Fran c e wi th i n th e next few years fo r the ,

of t h e eighteen th c en tury an d an alleged c u l ti v ati on of the Te m plar theory of the

p arti sa n of the e xile d S tuart Th e onl y rea . origi n of Free m ason ry whi ch th ey presented ,

son for bel ie v i ng th at Ra m say h ad anyth ing an d fo r thei r supposi titio us S c ottish o rigi n .

to d o w i t h i t was the fac t th at he h ad th e A secon d resu lt was the ch arge th at Ram say
abili ty to con stru ct such a cere m on ial an d , was h i m self t h e i n ven tor of S cotti sh degrees ,

was for a brief pe ri od associated wi th t h e owi ng to h i s friendsh i p for t h e you ng Pre

you ng Preten der Begi n ni ng abou t 1 73 8—4 0
. ten de r an d that th e ul terio r p urpose of
,

Fre nc h Mason ic ri tual i sts an d o thers began t h ose degrees was to d raw adh erents to and ,

th e construction of add i ti onal degree s called gai n m oney for th e c lai m an t of the B ri tish
,

S c o ttish wh i c h th ey superi m posed u po n

, th rone . Th i s was al m ost u n i ve rsally b e
the t h ree sy m bol i c degrees The C he v al ie r . liev ed by otherwise well i nfor m ed stu dents -

Ram say born at Ayr S c otla nd i n 1 7 86

, , , , of the origi n of th e S c otti sh degrees of 1 73 9
was m ade a Free m ason at Lon don abou t 5 0 u n til Go uld i n a careful e xa m i nation ,

1 72 8
. H e was a tutor to t h e son s of th e of the subj e c t a d oze n years ago sh owed its ,

Preten der i n Ro m e for fifteen m on ths b e , absu rd i ty Ra m say was a l iberal C ath olic
.
,

t wee n 1 7 2 5 an d 1 7 2 7 afte r w hi c h he re , and was antagoni zed by th e Jesu its w h o ,

tu rne d to E ngl an d and was pro m inen t , were conne c ted w ith th e earlier fabri c ati on
a m on g Lon don Free m asons an d li terary of so m e of the S c ottish degrees There i s .

m en u nti l 1 7 3 7 wh en he wen t to Paris

, In . absol utely n o p roof th at Ram say sy m pa
th e sa m e year h e d el i vere d h is n o w fam ou s t h ized with th e S tuarts an d the re i s m u ch ,

speech o n Free m ason ry i n whi ch h e m erely ,

th at h e di d no t Th at h e e ve r i nven ted any
.

el aborate d Anderson tradi ti o n s as to the ori Masoni c degree has ne ve r been sh own Th at .

gi n o f th e Fratern ity Nowhere d id h e . h i s spee c h was u sed by F re n c h degree

speak of Te m plary bu t h e d id ad v ance a, m ake rs bet ween 1 74 0 an d 1 7 5 0 to gi ve a
theo ry th a t so m e of the C ru sad ers u n der statu s to thei r creati on s an d that h is n am e .

Pri n c e E d ward son of Ed ward III wh o

, .
,
was used for t h e sa m e pu rpose req ui re n o ar ,

h ad beco m e Knigh ts of S t Jo hn i n th e .
gu m ent After w rit in g t w o l et t ers to Cardi
.

H oly Lan d (n ot S t Joh n of Mal ta ) returne d

.
,
nal Fle ury th e F rench Pri m e M ini ster
,
’
to E ngland an d u nd er the patron age of March 2 0 an d 22 1 73 7 (see Goul d s H is
to ry of Free m asonry ” v ol i i i pp 3 3 7
, , ,

th e Prin ce took th e nam e of Free m ason s

, .
,
. .
,
.
,

H e de cl are d th at a L odge was establish e d at u rgi ng offi c i al protection of Free

Ki l wi n n in g i n S cotland i n 1 2 86 but th at
, , , m asonry wh ich m igh t well be read in al l
, ,

i t af terward decli n ed an d th at i t was th e ,

si n c erit y by Pope Leo X III Ram say re
,
. .

E ngli sh Masoni c C ru saders wh o perpetu ated t urned to London an d was n ot heard of

36
agai n pu bl icl y un ti l h is death i n 1 74 3 Th e
e arly S co t t i sh d egrees whi c h appeared i n
F rance fabulou sly attribu ted to S c otland
, ,
th ough di ssi m ilar i n one respe c t h ad a
legend i n co m m on — that of the di scovery of
a l ong lost and Ineffable Word i n a se c ret
v aul t b y S c otti sh C ru saders I n th i s i s
fou n d th e ger m of t h e Royal A rch d egree
n ot o nl v th at of E no c h the earl ie r S c ottish,
degree subl imated i nto the th i rtee nth of the
A n cien t Accepted S c otti sh Rite of to day
,
but of th e E ngli sh or Ro y al Arch of Zeru h
babel . These (Fren c h ) S c ottish d egrees
wi th th e vaul t and A r c h one o r m o re o f
th e m were carrie d i n t o E ngl an d an d fi rst
, ,
h eard of at Yor k i n the i n depen den t Gran d
, we re for t he fi rst ti m e c onferre d as at pres
Lodge at th at c ity w hen c e K i l wi n ning,
Lod ge D ublin re c e ive d it at the h and s of
, ,
a v isi tin g brothe r pri or to 1 7 4 4 Lauren c e
D er m ot t was m ad e a Free m ason at D ubl in
i n 1 7 4 4 an d receive d t h e Royal Arch deg ree
,
th e re i n 1 7 4 6 H e m odified and i n trod u c ed
. at Hartford C on n and for m ed a G rand
i t i nto seced ing Lodges at Lo nd on Th e re
sul t was t h e E ngli sh or Royal Arch of Zerub
babel i n d istin c ti on fro m the Royal Ar c h of
E noch now the th i rtee nth d egree of t h e
,
An ci en t A c cepted S c ot t i sh Ri te i nto wh i c h
, ,
th e Ro y al Arch be c am e in c orporated th rough
h a vi ng been absorbe d i n to t h e French Rite
of Pe rfe c tio n i n 1 7 5 4 an d by the E m perors
,
of t h e East and West i n 1 7 5 8 fro m whi c h
we get the An c ien t Ac c epted S c otti sh Ri te
,
of 1 80 1 B riti sh ar m y Lodges m ost of
.
th e m h ail ing fro m th e s c h is m ati c G ran d
Lodge b ro ugh t t hi s d egree as w ell as th e
Mar k to th e A m e ri can c ol on ies The fi rst
Ro y al Arc h Chapte r h eld h ere was u nde r
that t itl e No . at Ph iladelph ia bu t the
.
degree was fi rst c on fe rred i n S t An d re w s
Roya l A r c h Lodge B osto n afterward S t
And re w s Royal A rch Chapte r i n 1 7 6 9
’
and soon after i t was fo u nd i n Ne w Yo r k
c ity an d at v ari ou s poi nts i n Ne w E ngl and
The first Royal A rc h Chap t er in New Yo rk
ci ty (i ndepend en t) was c h artere d by Pro
v in c ial G ran d Maste r Ge orge H arri son i n
1 75 7. Th e Royal A rc h d egree the seven th
of th e A m erican Ri te c on s t itutes th e s um,
FR E E MA S O NR Y
. m it an d perfecti on of sy m bol ic Free m ason ry .
It i s c o nfe rre d o n n o m ore or less than th ree
perso ns at the sa m e ti m e an d t reats of th e ,
, destruction of the first Te m ple at Jerusale m
and the build i ng of the se c o n d Te m ple to ,
gethe r with i m portan t di scove ries m ade o n
. the retu rn of the Je ws fro m th e Babyl oni sh
,
c apti vi t y Prior to 1 79 5 th e Mark Most
. .
,
E x c ellen t an d Royal Ar c h c e re m oni al s were
,
confe rred i n A m e ri c a as de tach e d degrees ,
-
, generall y i n Lod ges th a t last na m e d so m e
,
t i m es in Ch ap t ers h el d u n der co ver of Lodge
, warran ts The Ro y al Ar c h C h apter was
.
, c on ven e d at Ph iladelphi a i n 1 7 9 5 by Ja m es
Mol an i n whi c h the fou r capi tul ar degrees
,
ent i n regul ar order Mark Mas t e r Past
, , ,
Master Most Ex c ellen t Master an d Royal
, ,
. Arch Mason I n 1 7 9 8 delegates fro m n i ne
.
Ro y al Arc h Ch apters si x fro m New E ng ,
land an d th ree fro m Ne w Yo rk S tate m et
, ,
,
. Royal A rch Ch apte r o f th e North ern S tates
of A m eri c a w h i c h i n 1 80 6 be c a m e the
, , ,
Gen e ral G ran d Ch ap ter of R o v al A rc h Ma
sons for th e Un i ted S tates of A m eri ca ,
wh i ch m ee ts trien ni ally to th is d ay an d is ,
th e go v e rni ng body of A m eri c an G ran d
Ro y al A rc h C hapters excep t G ran d Ch ap ,
te rs i n Pe nn syl vania whe re th e G ran d C h ap
, te r i s subo rdin ate to t h e Gran d Lodge ; i n
Vi rgin ia fou nded i n 1 80 8 an d i n We st Vi r
, ,
,
gi ni a wh ere th e y re m ain in depen
den t I n Virgi ni a an d West Vi rgi nia wh at
.
,
are k n ow n as th e C ou ncil d egrees elsewh ere ,
. the eigh th an d n in th of th e A m eri c an Ri t e
(Royal Maste r an d S ele c t Master ) are con ,
,
ferred i n Ro y al A r c h Ch apters T h e h on .
.
’
o rary O rd er of H igh Priesth ood ; fi rst he ard
. . of i n Penn syl vania i n 1 82 5 is con ferred b y
, ,
Past H igh Priests on R oyal A rc h Mason s
w h o h ave been regul arl y ele c ted t o presi de
. ove r Royal A rch C hapters .
Th e eigh th ni n th and tenth t he C ryptic
, .
degrees of t h e A m e ri c an Rite are the Royal ,
Master S elec t M as t er and S uper E xcellen t
'
, ,
-
,
Master respecti vely and are so c alled b e
,
c aus e the fi rst two treat o f a secre t v ault .
 FR E E MA S O NR Y

Th ey are conferred i n C ou ncil s o f Royal and n ati ve It h as n o con ne c tio n w i th the two

“
.

S ele c t Masters wh ich are fe d e rated in to wh i c h p re c ede i t an d i s an elabo ration of

,

G rand C ou n c ils an d a Gene ral C ou n c il of that p orti o n of th e Royal A r c h w hi ch re

th e Un i t ed S tates of A m eri c a 1 t l1 few .
’
l ates to t h e destru c tio n of t he fi rst Te m pl e
e x c ep t i on s G ra nd Co m m ande ries of K nigh ts
, by Nebuzaradan .

Te m pl ars d o no t req u i re th e possessi on of There h ave bee n v ario u s th eories as to

th e C rypti c degree s by c and idate s fo r O rde rs th e origi n of Masoni c Knights Te m plars ,

c onferre d in C o m m an de ries Th e C rypti c. and i t i s surp risi ng th at only w i th i n th e last

d eg rees are also wor k e d i n Englan d an d thi rty years h ave K nigh ts Te m plars the m
C anad a wh ere th ey were ta k en fro m the
, sel ve s m ad e th e necessary i n vestigation t o
'

Un i t ed S ta t es an d for m i n teres t i ng su pple

, learn th at they n e ve r h ad any c on ne c ti on
m en t s to th e Maste r s an d th e Royal Ar c h
’
w i th th e An c ien t Mili tary and Religious
d egrees T h e Royal and th e S el e c t Masters
.
’
O rde r of the Te m ple Th e li k e i s true .
,

d egree s , for m e rly u natta c h ed h on orary , , al so wi th refere nce to th e Masoni c O rde r of

,

S cot ti sh Ri te d egrees w ere i n trodu c ed i n to

, Knights of S t Joh n an d M al ta A m ong
. .

A m e ri c a probabl y at Albany i n 1 7 6 7 by
, , , th e t he ories to e xpl ai n a d ire c t c on ne c tion
F ra nc k en (see Anc ien t A c c epted S co ttish
, betwee n m ode rn Kni gh ts Te m pl ars and the
Ri te ) ; i nto C harlesto n i n 1 7 83 by S c ot tish an c ie n t ord e r t h e oldest i s th at h aving ref
,

Ri te M ason s w h o re c ei ved the m fro m e re n c e to th e C harte r of L arm en ius Wh e n .

F ran c k en i nto Geo rgia i n 1 7 9 6 and i nto Ja c q ues d e Mol ay G ran d Master of the ,

Ne w Yo rk i n 1 80 8 whe re i n 1 8 1 0 a G ran d
, Te m plars was i n prison h e is sai d to h ave
, ,

C o un c il was for m ed They were o ri ginally

. sen t fo r L arm enius j ust pri or to hi s death ,

c onferre d at will u po n R o v al Ar c h Mason s and to h a ve gi ve n h im a charter appoi n tin g

by “ those e m po we re d t o d o so an d afte r 1 80 0 ,
h im h i s successor w i th powe r to n am e h is
grad ually foun d thei r way i n to separate o wn su c c essor and so perpe t uate the O rder .

bod ies c alled C ou ncil s c o nve ne d by Royal

, I n 1 6 8 7 th ree h u nd re d an d si xty fou r years -

and S ele c t Maste rs for t h at pu rpose al ,

af terward a socie ty was organized at Paris
, ,

t h ou gh the S u pre m e C ou n c il An c ie n t A o , ,
c alled La Petite Resu rre c t ion des Te m plie rs .

c ept ed S cottish Ri t e S outh e rn M ason i c J u r

,
I ts m e m be rs were 60 72 t iv an ts a m ong the ,
r

isd ic t io n Un i t e d S tate s of A m e ri c a c lai m ed

,
you nger ele m en t at th e Fren c h c ourt an d .

wi th o u t e xer c ising m u c h j u risd ic tion o ve r the organi zation be c a m e so m u c h m ore con

th e degrees u n til 1 87 0 wh en i t rel i n qu ish ed s ic u o us for the cul tiv ati on of li c en tiou sness
, , p
au th ori ty over th e m to G ran d C ou n c il s of th an the k n igh t ly v i rtues th at i t was sup ,

Royal an d S ele c t Masters wh i c h h ad grown ,

pressed b v th e k ing I n 1 70 5 perhaps .
,

u p m u c h the sa m e as di d th e earl ie r Gran d t w en t v y ears afte r its suppression t wel ve ,

C h apters of Royal Ar c h Mason s I n Vi r . y ears before the revi val of Free m ason ry i n

gini a an d Maryland both d egrees are c o n England an d t w en ty years before i ts i ntro

,

ferre d i n Ch apte rs pri or to th e Royal A rch d u c t ion i nto F ran ce the so c iety was re vi ve d
,

degree Th e Royal Maste r s degree repre

.
’
by Ph il ip D u k e of O rlean s as a se c re t po
, ,

sen ts t he sear c h by th e Fell owcraft Adon i lit ic al organ iza t ion and de c l are d a di rect
,

ram pri or to th e trage dy of the th ird d e c ontin u ation of the O rder of th e Te m ple
'

gree for th at wh i c h was to be th e re w ard

,
wh i c h w as o verth row n an d d ispersed by
of fai th ful crafts m en I n th e follo w i ng
. Pope C le m ent V and Ph ilip th e Fai r i n
.

degree th e deposi t i s m ade by th e m aste r 1 314 . The au t h ori ty fo r this was the c h ar
b u ild e r wh i c h was brought to l igh t at th e ter of L arm enius the n firs t m ade pub l ic w it h
. ,

bu ildi ng of th e secon d Te m pl e Th e origin . a li st of si gn atu res follo wi ng the nam e of Lar

o f the h on orary degree of S uper E x c elle n t -
m eni ns as allege d suc c eedi ng G ran d Mas
,

M aste r i s u nk n own but is bel ie v ed to be

,
ters The D uke trie d to obtai n recogn i tion
.
36 FR E E MA S O NR Y

again pu bl icly u n ti l h is death i n 1 7 4 3 Th e . m it an d perfection of sy m bol ic F ree m ason ry .

e arly S c o t ti sh d egrees wh ich appeared i n It i s conferred on n o m ore o r less than th ree

Fran c e fabul ou sly attribu ted to S c otland
, , persons at the sa m e ti m e an d t reats of th e ,

th ough di ssi m ilar i n one respe c t h ad a ,

d estru ctio n of the fi rst Te m ple at Jerusale m
lege nd i n co m m on — that of the d isco v ery of and the bui l d i ng of t h e se c on d Te m ple to ,

a lon g lost and I neffabl e Word i n a secret gethe r with i m portan t d isco v eries m ade o n
v aul t b v S c ottish C ru saders I n thi s i s . the re tu rn of th e Jews from th e Babyl on i sh
fou n d the ge r m of the Royal A r c h d egree ,
c apti vi t y Pri or to 1 7 9 5 th e Mark Most
. .
,

n ot o ul v th at of E noch t he earl ie r S c otti sh, E x c el lent an d Royal A rc h c ere m oni al s were

,

degree subl i m ated i nto the th i rteenth of the c onfe rred i n A m e ri c a as de ta c h e d degrees
,

A n c ien t A c c ep ted S cottish Rite of to day

,
-

, gene rally i n Lodges th a t last n a m e d so m e ,

but of the E ngli sh o r Royal Ar c h of Zer a b ti m es in C hap t ers h el d u n de r co ver of Lodge

babel . Th ese (Fre nch ) S c ottish d egrees , w arrants Th e Ro y al Arch Ch ap te r was
.

wi th the vaul t and Ar c h one or m ore of , c on ve n ed at Ph iladelphi a i n 1 7 9 5 by Ja m e s

th e m were c arried i n t o E ngland and fi rst

, , Mol an i n whi ch the fou r c api tul ar degrees
,

h eard of at York i n the i n depen dent Gran d

, we re for th e fi rst ti m e con fe rre d as at p re s
Lodge at th at city wh e nce Ki l wi n ni ng , ent in regul ar orde r M ark Master Past
, , ,

Lodge D u blin re c ei ved i t at the h and s of

, , Master Most Excellen t M aster an d Royal
, ,

A rc h Maso n
'

a v isi ti ng broth e r pri or to 1 7 44 Lauren ce . In 1 7 9 8 delega t es fro m n in e

.

D er m ott was m ad e a Free m ason at D ublin Royal Ar c h C hapters si x fro m Ne w E ng ,

i n 1 7 4 4 an d re c ei ve d t h e Royal Arc h d egree

,
land an d th ree fro m Ne w York S tate m et
, ,

th ere i n 1 7 4 6 He m odified and i n trod uced

. at H artford C on n an d for m e d a G ran d
, .
,

i t i nto seced ing Lodges at Lond on Th e re . Royal A rc h Ch apter of th e North ern S tates
sul t was t h e E ngli sh or Royal Arc h of Ze ruh of A m eri c a wh i c h i n 1 80 6 be c am e th e
, , ,

babel i n d isti n c ti on fro m th e Royal A r c h of Gen e ral G rand Ch ap ter of Royal Arch Ma
E no c h n ow the th irteen t h degree of th e
,
sons for th e Un i ted S tates o f A m erica ,

A nci ent A c c epted S c ot ti s h Ri t e i nto wh ich

, , wh i c h m eets t rien ni all y to th i s d ay and i s ,

th e Ro y al Arch be c am e in c orporated th rough th e go vern i ng body of A m e ri c an G ran d

h av i ng been absorbe d i n to th e Fre nch Ri te Royal A rch Ch apters ex c ep t Gran d Ch ap ,

of Pe rfe c ti on i n 1 7 5 4 and b y th e E m pe rors

,
ters i n Pe nn syl vani a wh ere t h e Gran d Ch ap
of th e East and West i n 1 7 5 8 f ro m wh ich , te r i s subo rdi n ate to th e G ran d Lodge ; i n
we get th e An c ien t Accep ted S c otti sh Ri te
,
Vi rgin ia fou nd ed i n 1 80 8 and i n West Vi r
, ,

of 1 80 1 B ritish ar m y Lodges m ost of

.
, gi nia (1 8 7 1 ) wh e re th ey re m ai n in depen
th e m h ail i ng fro m th e sch is m atic G ran d d en t . I n Vi rgi ni a an d West V i rgini a wh at
Lodge b rough t t hi s d egree as w ell as th e
, ,
are k n ow n as th e C ou n c il degrees el sewh ere ,

Mark to th e A m e ri can col onies The first

,
. th e eigh t h and n in th of th e A m eri c an Ri t e
Royal Arc h Chapte r h eld h ere was u nde r (Royal Maste r an d S ele c t Master ) are c o n ,

th at ti tl e No ,
at Ph iladel ph ia bu t th e
.
,
ferred i n R o y al A rc h Ch apters T h e h on .

degree was fi rst c on ferred i n S t And rew s .

’
orary O rd e r of H igh Priesth ood ; fi rst heard
Royal A rc h Lodge B osto n afterward S t . . of i n Penn syl v a nia i n 1 82 5 i s confe rred by ,

An d rew s Royal Ar c h Chapte r i n 1 7 6 9

’
, ,
Past H igh Priests on Royal Ar c h Mason s
and soon after i t was fo u nd in Ne w Yo rk w h o h ave bee n regul arly elected t o presi de
c i ty an d at variou s poi nts i n Ne w En gland . o v e r Royal A r c h C hapters .

The first Royal A rc h Ch apter i n Ne w York Th e eig h th ni n th an d ten th th e C ryptic

, ,

ci ty (i ndepend ent) w as c h artere d by Pro degrees of t h e A m eri c an Ri te are the Royal ,

Master S el ec t M as t er and S uper E xcellent

'

v in c ial G ran d Master George H arrison i n , ,

-

1 75 7. Th e Royal Ar c h degree th e seven th ,

Master respe c ti vely and are so c al led b e ,

of th e A m eri c an Rite con stitutes the s um , c au se the fi rst two treat o f a secret v au lt .
 F R E E MA S O NR Y

Th ey are confe rred i n C ou ncil s of Royal an d n ati ve I t h as n o connection with th e two

.

S ele c t M asters wh ich are fe d erated in to whi c h p re c ede it an d i s an elabo ration of

,

G ran d C oun c ils an d a Ge neral C ou n c il of th at p ortio n of the Royal A r c h wh i c h re

the U n i te d S tates of A m e ri ca Wi th few . l ates to th e destru cti on of the fi rst Te m ple
e x c ep ti on s G ran d Co m m and e ries of K n igh ts by Nebu z aradan .

Te m pl ars d o n ot req ui re th e possessi on of There h ave bee n vari ou s theories as to

th e C rypti c degree s by c an d id ate s for O rde rs th e origi n of Masoni c Knigh ts Te m pl ars ,

c onfe rred i n C o m m an de ries Th e C ryptic

. an d i t i s surp risi n g th at only wi th i n th e last
d eg rees are al so worke d i n Engl an d and th i rty years h ave Kni gh ts Te m plars th e m
C an ad a wh ere th ey we re ta k en fro m the
, sel ves m ad e th e ne c essary i n v estigation to
Un i ted S tates a nd for m i n teres t i ng su pple
, le arn th at they n eve r h ad any c on necti on
“
m e n t s to th e Master s and th e Roya l Ar c h
’
w i th t h e An c ien t M ili tar y and Religious
d egrees Th e Royal and th e S el ect Masters
.
’
O rde r of the Te m ple Th e li k e i s tru e .
,

d egree s for m e rly u natta c h ed h on orary

, , ,
al so wi th reference to th e Masoni c O rde r of
,

S c ot ti sh Ri te d egrees were i n trodu c ed in to

, Knights of S t Joh n and Malta A m o ng
. .

A m e rica probably at Al bany i n 1 7 6 7 by

, , , th e t h eories to explai n a d ire c t c on nection
F ra nc k en (see An c ie n t A c c epted S co ttish
, bet ween m ode rn Kni gh ts Te m pl ars and t he
Ri te ) ; in to C h arles t on i n 1 783 by S c ottish an c ient ord e r t h e ol dest i s th at h avin g ref
,

Ri te Mason s w h o recei ved th e m fro m e re n c e to th e C h arte r of L arm en ius Wh e n .

F ranc k en i n to Geo rgi a i n 1 7 9 6 and i n to Ja c q ues d e Mola y G ran d Master of the ,

Ne w Yo rk i n 1 80 8 wh e re i n 1 8 1 0 a G ran d
,
Te m pl ars was i n p ri son h e i s said to have
, ,

Co uncil w as for m ed T he y we re ori ginally

. se nt fo r L arm enius j u st prior to h is death ,

c onfe rre d at w ill u pon Royal Ar c h Mason s and to h a v e gi ve n h im a c h arter appoin ti n g

by those e m po wered t o d o so an d afte r 1 8 2 0
,
h im h i s su c c essor w i th powe r to n a m e h is
g rad ually fo un d the ir wav i n to separate o wn s uc c esso r and so perpet uate th e O rde r .

bodies c alled C ou n c il s co nve ne d by Royal

,
I n 1 682 th ree h u nd re d an d si x ty fou r years
,
-

an d S ele c t Maste rs for th at purpose al ,

afte r ward a so c ie ty was o rg an i zed at Pari s
, ,

th ou gh th e S u pre m e C ou n c il An c ie nt A o , , c alle d La Pe t ite Resu rre c t ion des Te m plie rs .

c ept ed S cottis h Ri t e S outh ern Mason i c Ju r

,
I ts m e m be rs were b an v i v a n és a m ong the
isd ic t io n Un ite d S tate s of A m eri c a cl ai m ed
,
yo unge r ele m en t at th e Fre n c h c ou rt an d ,

wi tho u t e xer c isin g m u c h j u risd i c ti on o v e r th e organi zati on be c a m e so m u c h m ore con

th e d egrees u ntil 1 8 7 0 wh en i t rel i n qu i sh ed
, , spic uo us for the cul tiv ati on of li c en tiou sness

au th ori ty o v er th e m to G ran d Co u ncil s of th an the k n igh tly v i rtues th at i t was sup ,

Royal an d S ele c t Maste rs wh ich h ad grown pressed b v th e k ing I n 1 7 0 5 perh aps.

,

u p m u c h the sa m e as d i d th e earl ie r G rand t w en t v y ears afte r its suppressi on t wel ve ,

C h apters of Royal A r c h Mason s I n Vi r . years before the revi val of Free m ason ry i n
gini a an d Mar y l an d both degrees are c o n England an d twe n ty years before its i ntro
,

ferred i n C h apters pri or to th e Royal A rc h d u c tio n i n to Fran c e the so c iety was re vi ve d

,

degree Th e Royal Maste r s degree repre

.
’
by Ph il ip D u k e of O rlean s as a se c re t po
, ,

sen t s t h e sear c h by th e Fell ow c raft Ad o n i l it ic al organ iza t i on and decl are d a d ire c t
,

ram pr ior to th e trage dy of t h e th i rd d e c ontin uati on of the O rder of the Te m pl e

"

gree fo r th at wh i c h was to be th e re ward

,
wh i c h was o verth row n an d disperse d by
of fai th ful craf t s m en I n th e followin g
.
Pope C le m en t V and P hilip th e Fai r i n
.

degree th e dep osi t i s m ade by th e m aste r 131 4 .Th e au th ori ty fo r thi s was the c h ar
b ui lde r wh ich was brough t to l igh t at th e ter of L arm enius the n firs t m ade pub lic w it h
, ,

bu ildi n g of th e secon d Te m ple Th e origin . a li st of si g natu res followi ng th e nam e of L ar

of t he h on orary degree of S upe r E xcellen t -
m en in s as al lege d suc c eedi ng G ran d Mas
,

Master i s u nk now n bu t i s bel ie v ed to be

,
ters The D uke trie d to obtai n recogn i tion
.
38 FR E E MA S O NR Y

for h i s O rder an d for th e ch arte r fro m th e l ege nds wh ich h a v e been repeate d so often
Port uguese O rd er of C h ri st said to h ave ,
as to fi n ally gai n c rede n c e The re was n o .

bee n for m e d by a n u m be r of D e M ol ay s fol ’

Kn igh t Te m plary i n S c otlan d whe n the
lowers wh o escape d to Po rtugal and secured youn g Preten der we nt th e re p ri or to h is
th e p ro tectio n of th e k i ng wit h perm ission ,
defeat at C ullode n al th o ugh i t h as been so ,

to c onti nu e thei r O rde r u n de r the n e w title . often stated th at h e was ele c te d G ran d Mas
Fail i ng i n thi s t h e O rlean s L arm en ius O rde r
,
-
te r of the O rde r of th e Te m ple i n S co tlan d
of th e Te m ple fel l i nto obs c u ri ty I t was . i n 1 7 4 5 th at th e story h as bee n l ook ed u pon
,

last heard of as the S o c i é té d A l o yau (Beef ’

as true Engl ish m odern Te m plary i s sai d
.

steak C l ub ) abou t 1 7 8 9 The Re v olu tio n i s

suppose d to have fi ni sh ed i t I n 1 80 4 —5
.

.
to h a v e been de ri ve d fro m B ald wyn E ncam p
m en t a t B ristol wh i ch h ad e xiste d fro m ,
“
se v eral c le ve r learn ed b ut u nscr upul ou s
, , ti m e im m em o ria or fro m on e o r m ore an
m en ca m e i nto t h e possessio n of the ch ar te r cie nt E n c a m p m e nts at Lon do n York Bath , , ,

of L arm en ius th rough h a v i ng pu rch ased a and S al isbu ry wh ere refugee K nigh ts o f t h e
,

piece of anti qu e f urn it ure i n wh ich it h ad an c ien t O rde r made th ei r h eadq u arters ; bu t
been secreted I t was an easy m atter to
. i n th e light of m odern h i sto rical e v iden c e i t
b ring th e c h arte r do wn to date by ad ding , woul d be d iffi cult t o sh ow that th ese E ngli sh
n a m es of allege d G rand Masters afte r wh ich , c en tre s of an c ien t Te m plaris m sh ielded any

th e O rde r of t h e Te m pl e was agai n re vi v ed gen ui ne Kni gh ts Te m pl ars fou r h u n d red

(or created ) an d exi sts to th i s day cl ai m in g
, , years afte r th e deat h of D e Molay ; th at t h e
to be th e onl y tru e c on ti n uation of the o rig h au gh ty su rvi v ors o f th e ancien t O rder i n
in al Te m pl ars I ts p rogress was not rapi d
. E ngland u n i t ed wi th the ope rati v e Free
i n the fi rst qu ar ter of the c en tu ry an d wi th , m ason s o f th e si xtee nt h an d se v e ntee nth
the i ntrod uctio n of Free m aso nry i nto Fran ce cen turies o r th at either as K ni gh ts o r Free
,

these French Te m pl ars i ncorporate d the _

m ason s they su rvi v ed u n til after the m idd le
th ree sy m bol i c degrees as th e foun d atio n of th e eighteen th centu ry whe n Masoni c ,

o f thei r ri te The Ger m an Ri te of the

. Te m pl ar degrees bega n to m ak e thei r ap
S trict O bservan c e ob t ai ne d its Te m pl ar O r pearan c e fro m Fran c e .

der as stated i n i ts ow n legend th ro ugh

, , Th e e a rlies t recorded Te m ple degree at
Pe te r Au m on t one of D e M ol ay s asso c i ates
,
’
B al d wyn E ncam p m en t i s n ot traced beyon d
wh o fled to S cotl and Th i s state m en t and . 1 77 9 o r 1 7 8 0 te n years afte r so m e so rt of
,

t h e fac t th at Von H u nd wh o fou nd e d the , Te m pl ary h ad appeared i n th e U ni ted S tates

ri te h ad re c ei v e d th e earl ie r (Fre nch ) S c ot
,
f ro m I relan d E ngl i sh Mason i c Te m pl ary
.
,

tish degrees i n Pari s pri or t o establish in g, i nclud i ng th e degree of K ni gh t of S t Joh n .

h i s ri te are suffi cie n t to sh ow th e fabulou s

, of Rh odes Palestine an d Mal ta (th e u n io n
, ,

c h ara c ter of t h e Au m o n t sto ry Th e S wed . of wh i ch O rde rs legen d m ake rs hav e e x -

i sh Ri te attribu tes i ts O rde r of th e Te m ple plai ne d as d ue to the associ ation of th e early

to C oun t Beauj eu a n eph e w of D e Molay , ,
Te m plars and Kn igh ts of Mal t a i n S cotl a nd ) ,

wh o it d e c lares be c a m e a m e m be r of th e
, , took sh ape i n 1 7 91 si x years pri or to t h e ,

Or d e r of C h rist i n Po rtugal we nt to S we , fi rst G rand E nca m p m en t for m e d i n th e

d en an d th e re re vi v ed the t rue O rde r of t h e
, Un i ted S t ates a Gene ral C on c lave h a v in g
,

Te m ple Th is s t o ry also is i ts own au th or

. been organi zed i n th at year by D un c k erly ,

i ty Th e S c ot c h c l ai m th at th e m ode rn
.

S c ot c h Te m plars descend ed fro m Kn igh ts

th e wel l k n o wn E ngl ish ri tual ist I n 1 80 9
the ti tle was
-

The Royal E xalted Re l i “ ,

.

of t h e ancie nt O rde r wh o fled to S c otlan d gio ns an d M il i tary O rde r o f H R D M

,
. . . .
,

af ter th e death of D e Molay an d j oi ned th e , G rand Elected Mason ic Kn igh ts Te m pl ars ,

an c ie nt Mason i c Lodge of work i ng F reem a K D S H of S t Joh n of Je rusale m Pal

”
. . . . .
,

son s at S tirl in g Th i s al so i s o ne of th ose

. es t in e Rh odes etc
,
Thi s refe re nce to
, .
40 FR E E M A S O NR Y

recog ni ti on i n both the Yo r k i n depen de nt , , n e x t th i rty years i t i s traced t o Ch arl eston ,

and t h e A nc ie nt G ran d Lodges of Englan d . Ph i ladelph ia New Yo rk c ity an d t o oth e r

, ,

I t i s to th i s sou rc e th e n rather th an to , , poi n ts i n th e Un i t e d S t ates gen eral ly bei n g ,

L arm en ius Au m o nt Beauj e u or sur v i vors

, , , c onfe rre d u n de r Lo d ge so m eti m es C h apte r
,

of ancie nt Te m plars wh o fled to E ngland warran ts P ri or to 1 7 9 7 th e re w e re n o

.
,

an d S c o tlan d th at one m u st l ook fo r th e A meri c an K n i gh t Te m pl ar asso c i ati on s

M asoni c O rde r of th e Te m ple as we h ave auth ori z ed t o gran t w arran ts fo r En ca m p
i t i n t he Un i ted K in gd o m an d the Un ited m en ts as C o m m an deri es w e re c alle d p ri o r
,

S tates to day Th e O rder appeare d i n I re

-
. t o 1 85 6 so t hat n earl y al l earlie r Te m pl ar
,

lan d p rior to 1 7 7 9 bu t j u st h o w l ong before , bodie s h e re we re self c re ated Th e re we re

-
.

c an not be stated I t was o nly n atu ral tha t . K nigh ts Te m pl ars i n Ne w Yo rk c ity as
i t sh oul d be popul ar i n th e Cathol ic c i ty of e arl y as 1 7 8 5 an d i n Ph il ad elph ia i n 1 7 94 .

D u bl in wh en one c o nsi ders th e e v ol u ti on

,
Te m ple an d M alta ri t u als as u se d i n A m er ,

of sy m bol ic Free m ason ry origi nal ly C h ris , i c an C o m m an deri es are p u rely A m e ri c an

, ,

ti an i n to a u nitari an an d c os m opol i tan

,
an d sh ow so m eth i ng m o re th an a t race of
i ns t itu tion The de fini tion of Masoni c
. th e Rose C roi x (eighteen th ) t he K n i gh t of ,

Kn i gh th ood by T S Par v i n in th e A m e ri ,
. .
, th e B raze n S e rpen t (twen t y fift h ) C o m -

’
c an app e n di x to G o ul d s H istory of Free m an de r of th e Te m pl e (twe nty sixth ) an d -

“
m ason ry (vol i v p is as follo ws : I t
i s a so c iety e m ine ntly C hristian p u rged
. .
,
.

,
t h e K n igh t K ad o sc h (th i rti eth ) degree s o f
th e An c ie nt Ac c epte d S cott ish Ri te t o
, ,

of al l th e l eave n of h eath e n ri te s and trad i w h i c h t h e A m eri can Te m pl e an d M al ta

ti on s an d t o wh i c h n one are ad m i tted b ut
, ri tu al s v i rtu all y owe th ei r origi
m e m bers of a Masoni c body an d su c h only , A m e rican re c ord s of t h e Re d C ross de
as p rofess the m sel v e s to be Trin i tarian gre e n o w th e el e v e n th an d t h e Kn i gh t of
, ,

C h ri sti an s H u gh M c C u rdy Past G ran d

.
,
M alt a th e th i rteen th and last of th e A m er
,

Maste r o f th e G ran d E n c am p m e n t of i can Ri te are fe w an d far be tween p ri o r t o

, ,

Kn igh ts Te m pl ars Uni te d S tates of A m er ,

th e p rese n t c en tu ry bu t b oth are k n o wn t o
,

ic a i n an add ress at the T rie n n i a l C on clave

,
h ave e xi sted at C h arleston as early as 1 783 .

at Bosto n i n 1 8 9 5 sai d . . T h e R ed C ross i s a fabri cati on by c h iefs o f

M o dern Tem pl ary is a C h r i s ti an as so c i ati o n o f th e S c ot ti sh Ri te of an earli e r period fro m
F reem as o ns ad h er i ng s ac red l y t o t h e t rad iti o ns o f wh at are n ow t h e fiftee n th an d si x teen th
t h e m i li t ary O rders o f t h e C r u s ad es s t r i c tl y fo l l o w g rade s of th at ri te I t was for m erly p rae
”
, .

ing s o far as po ss i b l e th ei r pri nc i pl es and c u s t o m s

, , , t ised u n de r t h e t itl e B abyl on i sh Pass h as ,

y i el d i ng o b ed i enc e t o th ei r t eac h i n gs and ac c epti n g ,

a Je wish an d Persian l egend an d su pple ,
u nc o nd iti o nall th ei r Tr i n it ar i an d o c t ri ne T h e
y
m en t s t h e R oyal Ar c h I t h as n o place i n
.

t eac hi ngs are fo u nd ed u po n t h e B i b l e and a Tem p ,

.

l ar m u s t b e a C h r i st i a n ; fo r i t i s sai d t h e prac ti c e , ,
any T e m pl ar syste m an d sh oul d n ot h av e
o f C h r i s ti a n v i rtu es i s th ei r av o wed pu rpo s e o f affi l ia been i n c orpo rate d i n one
”
.

ti o n . N n n o b is D o m in e
o i s th ei r m o tt o and
, , , The M al ta degree i s ou t of place i n any
I n h e ; s ign o c in c c s is sti ll th ei r l eg end
r .
se c ret organ i z ati on T h e An c ien t K n igh t s
.

In K il wi n n in g L odge D ubl i n th e degree , ,

of M al ta (l i d no t c on stit ut e a se c ret so c iety

“
was c on fe rred o n Royal A rc h M ason s u nde r an d we re bi tte r ri v al s of K nigh ts Te m plars
”
.

t h e ti tle H igh K n igh t s Te m plars w h en c e ,

I n 1 85 6 th e G ran d En c a m p m e n t of K n igh ts
i t wen t t o S c otland an d strangely l on g b e , , ,
Te m pl ars of th e U n i ted S tates declared th at
fore 1 7 7 9 t he e arlies t re c ord of i t i n D u bl i n
, ,
t he i n corporati on of the O rd e r of M alta w ith
t o A m eric a t h ro ugh an I rish m il itary Lodge
, .
th at of K n igh ts Te m plars an d th e m a k i n g ,

T h e earlie st k n o wn re c ord of c onfe rri n g th i s th e one perso n th e possessor of both d egree s ,

M ason i c O rde r anywh e re i s d ated 1 7 6 9 i n ,

was a v i ol ati o n of h i stori c a c c u ra c y an d th e ,

S t An d re w s C h apte r B oston
.
’
D u rin g t h e ,
. M al ta degree was di sc ard ed ; b u t i n 1 86 2 it
 FR E E MA S O NR Y 41

was resto red to be c o m m u n i cate d afte r t h e

, able th i s i ndepe nden t S cotch O ran ge body -

can di date h ad bee n cre ate d a K nigh t T em

pl ar .
to pro d uce an O rde r of M alta is e vi den t
fro m th e fact tha t i n 1 7 2 6 t h e H i story of “
T he earl i est n ot ice of a M al ta degree or th e Kn ights of Malta by D e V ert o t was ,
’
,

ce re m ony i n S cotlan d i s t hat on t wo ol d p ubli sh ed i n Pari s and th at fro m 1 4 9 5 to

brass pl a t es sai d to h ave been i n posse ssi on 1 7 3 5 th ere were no less than thi rty pu bl
'

of S t i rli ng A n ci en t Lod ge bu t n o w l ost , . t ion s treati ng of the statu t es ordinan ces ,

O ne relate d t o th e fi rst t wo degrees of Free an d c ere m on i es of t h e H ospi t alle r O rder of

m ason ry th e o ther di splaye d Maste r s em S t Joh n of Malta Th e dra m as of t he d ay
’
. .

b l em s o n on e si de an d on t h e re verse at th e
, , also c h ara c teri ze d t h e c e re m oni es of th e
top the Re d C ross o r ark ; at th e b ot t o m O rde r an d i n Beau m on t an d Flet c h e r s
’

”
, ,

a se ri es o f c on c e n t ri c ri ngs wh i c h s uggested Kni gh t of M al ta the cere m o nies

a rain bo w except for a k eyston e i n dicat in g
, , at ini t ia t i o n an d degrad a ti on are il l ustrated

an arch ; th e sepul c h re Kn i gh t of Malta , , an d exe m pl i fi ed .

an d Kni gh t Te m pl ar Th e plates coul d

. Mason i c Kn igh t Te m plary the n i s con , ,

scarcely h av e d ated ba c k far t h er th an the n ec t ed wi t h th e an cien t Te m plars onl y i n

m i d dl e of th e e ighteen th cen tu ry j udgi ng ,

n am e ,
an d th rou gh i t s u se o f Te m plar
fro m refe ren ce t o th e Red C ross S cotch . e m ble m s an d th e n a m e s of an c i ent Gran d
Mason i c Lodges beca m e a c quainte d with Maste rs of the Te m pl ars an d of sites ,

Te m pl ar an d M al ta cere m on ies th rough rend ered h i stori cal by the m as titles for
I ri sh brethre n wh o bel on ged to regi m en t s C o m m and eries T h e A m erican Te m pl ar
.

servi n g i n S cotlan d abo u t t he c l ose of t h e cere m oni al i s e xcl usi vely Masoni c i n m eth o d
l ast ce ntu r y Th ese d egrees we re t h en
. an d arra n ge m en t represe nting the secon d
, ,

k n own as B lack M as o n rv an d were pro . or Ch risti an i n co n trast wi t h th e first or

, ,

pagat ed th rou gh ch arte rs i ssu ed b v th e Jew ish d i spe n sati on It d oe s n o t inc o rpo
,
.

H i gh K n i gh ts Te m plars of Ki lwi nn i n g ra t e the ri tu al of t h e an c i e nt o r of English

Lodge i n D ubli n Fro m D ubli n K il win
,
. Te m plars I t i s d oubtfu l wh eth er th ere
.

nin g arose th e early en ca m p m e nts of I re w as m u c h of any cere m oni al i n A m eri can

l an d an d subseq uen tly th e early Gran d
,
Te m plar bo di e s u n til i n t he secon d de c ad e
En ca m p m e nt w hi ch ch artere d L odges i n
,
of the presen t cen tu r y E arl y A m eri c an .

S co tlan d an d E ngl an d T h e refusal of .

En ca m p m ents are k n own to h ave h a d li ttle
B ald w y n E n ca m p m en t E n gl an d to con fer , .
el se t han di sti n ctiv e u nifor m s e m ble m s , ,

th e Te m pl e an d Mal t a O rders on any bu t an d an obligati on B u t in 1 81 4 the S o y er

.

Royal Arch Mason s w h i c h rule obt ai ns i n ,

e igh G ran d C on sis t ory of th e an ci ent S cot
l i k e Masoni c bodi es to th i s d ay h as been ,
tish Ri te of H ero dem establi shed at Ne w ,

decl are d t o h ave g iven ri se t o th e for m ati on York city i n 1 8 0 7 by Joseph Cerneau a ,

o f En c am p m e nt s i n I relan d separate fro m spu ri ou s S cotti sh Ri t e bo dy wh i ch h ad no ,

t he i n fl uen ce o f t h e Mason ic Fratern i t y . m ore to d o wi th th e i n depe nden t Te m plar

E n c a m p m ents of th at day th an wi th the
‘

The se En c a m p m en t s beca m e i denti fie d wi t h

t h e O ran ge bodies ea rly i n t hi s ce n tury ,
N ew York C h a m be r of C o m m er c e pre ,

and s ub se q uen tl y exte nd ed thei r i n fl uen ce

to A m eri ca th ro ugh an I m pe ri al Pare n t “ su m ed to an d actu ally di d c ons ti t ut e a
,

Gran d E ncam p m en t of K nigh t s Te m p l ars

,

”
,

Gran d Black E nca m p m e n t of S co t l an d a an d Appen d en t O rders for th e S tate of Ne w

Gran d L odge ” o rgan i zed abo u t 1 84 4
,
,

,
York I t was th e early C ern eau Mason s
.

clai m i n g su pre m e j u ri sdi c t ion ove r a rel i wh o with o u t auth ori ty con stituted a Gran d ,

gi on s an d m il i tary O rder of M al t a (S ee .
Enca m p m en t of Kni gh ts Te m plars a body of ,

N o n—Mason i c O rde rs of M alt a ) . whi ch they o ffi ci all y kn ew n othi n g an d w h o ,

Th at th ere was abu n dan t m ateri al to en fi l c h ed fro m f o ur S cot tish Ri te degrees th at

42 FR E E MA SO NR Y

w hi ch wi th m o difi cat i on s gi v es an i m pres

, ,
D o m i n i on of C anad a as w ell as E n ca m p ,

si v e an d sacre d c h ara c te r t o th e A m eri ca n m ents of Kn igh ts Te m pl ars bu t n o C o u n ,

Te m pl e an d Mal ta ce re m on i al s A Gran d . c il s of Royal an d S ele c t Masters u n less ,

E nca m p m en t of Pen n syl v ani a was for m e d t h e b odies i n Ne w B r un swi ck are a c t i v e .

i n 1 7 94 twe n ty ye ars befo re th at i n N ew

,
T he re are a few C ou n c i l s of Royal an d
York an d a secon d one in 1 7 9 7 i n whi ch
, ,
S ele c t M aste rs i n th e U n i ted Ki n gd o m ,

S tate th e Gran d C hapter as well as Gran d ,

wh e re th e O rde r o f th e Te m pl e i s also
C o m m an de ry recogni zes a h igh er au th o ri ty
,
fou nd wi t h a to t al m e m be rsh ip of abo u t
,

i n the G rand L od ge T h e Un ite d S ta t es . as c o m pare d w i t h n e arly in

G ran d E nca m p m en t th at of Massach use tts ,
t he Un i te d S tate s O ut of Maste r
.

an d Rh od e I sland was for m e d i n 1 80 5 In

, . Maso ns i n th e U n i te d S tates i n 1 89 7 ,

1 8 1 6 t w o years afte r th e fo r m ation of th e

,
o r 2 5 pe r c en t we re Royal Arc h .
,

G ran d E ncam p m en t of th e S tate of N ew Maso n s ; an d of th e latter pe r ,

Yor k w h i c h w as n ot e ve n reco gn i ze d by
,
cent of t h e total n u m be r of M aste r
.

E ncam p m en t s in th at S tate for fi v e o r si x Maso n s an d pe r c en t of th e Royal .

years a con venti o n of e igh t En ca m p m en ts

,
Arch M ason s we re Royal an d S ele c t Mas
,

(fi ve fro m Ne w En gl an d an d th ree from ,

ters Th e latter degree s a re n o t ge n erally
.

Ne w Yor k S tate ) was held at H artford ,

m ade e sse n tial to gai n ad m i ssi on to th e
C o nn an d t h e G ran d E n c a m p m en t o f
, Te m plar O rd e r wh i c h e xplai n s th e i r c o m
,

K nigh ts Te m plars U S A was organized ,

. . .
, .
parat iv ely s m all m e m bersh ip S ix A m e r .

T here were also in e xi sten ce at th at ti m e i can Ro y al A rc h M ason s ou t of t en h o we v e r , ,

s ix other E n ca m p m e nts wh i ch d i d n o t take ,

are Kni ghts Te m pl ars an d on e M aste r ,

part i n th e organ i zati on of wh at fi n ally h e M aso n o ut of se v e n T h e stron ge st G ran d .

ca m e th e S upre m e A m e rican Te m plar body ,

Lod ges n u m e ri c ally are th ose of Ne w Yo rk ,

o n e each at Phi ladelph i a Pi ttsbu rg Ne w , ,

i nc l ud i ng abou t o n e e igh th o f all t h a M as -

York Wi l m i ngton D el B alti m ore an d

, , .
, ,
t e r M ason s i n th e c ou n t ry ; Ill i n oi s one ,

C harleston Prior t o 1 8 6 5 th e gro wth of

. fi ft een t h ; an d Pen n syl vani a on e twe ntieth ,
-

the O rder i n A m eri c a w as slow bu t si n ce ,

-
ih all 2 3 pe r c en t of th e m e m bers of th e
,
.

the C i v il War the o rgani zation has been F rate rn ity i n th e U ni ted S tate s an d Te rri
v ery popul ar n u m beri ng forty —th ree Gran d
,
t ories Ne w Yo rk al so repo rts th e l arge st
.

C o m m an deries an d m e m b ers in 1 89 8 ,
n u m be r of Royal A rc h Mason s abou t one ,

o ut of abou t i n the Uni te d S t ates ,

te nth of th e gran d t otal ;Pen n syl van i a being
U n ite d Kin gdo m an d i n Canada Eigh ty
, . seco nd w i t h o ne twelfth an d Illi no i s t h i rd
,
-

years ago th e re we re p rob ably no t m ore with ne arly as l arge a proporti on The .

th an 500 Kni gh t s Te m plars i n the fo u rteen C rypti c Ri t e i n c l u d i ng th e degrees of Royal

,

E nca m p m en ts i n exi stence i n the Un i ted a nd S ele c t Mas t ers i s m ost p opul ar i n ,

S tate s wh e n th e G ran d En ca m p m en t of
, Massa c hu setts wh e re on e e igh th of al l wh o
,
-

t h e Uni ted S tates of A m erica was for m ed . h ave th ose degrees are t o b e fou n d O h i o .

A n ac c o m panyi ng table of total m em rank s n e xt with o ne t e n t h ; M i c higan thi rd

,
-

b ers h ip of th e A m e ri c an Ri te m e m be rs ,
wi t h nearly as l arge a total an d Ne w Yo rk ,

of Lodges Royal A r c h C h apters C ou n cil s

, ,
fou rth i n o rde r Th e G ran d C o m m an de ry
.

of Royal an d S ele ct Maste rs and C o m m an d ,

of Massach u setts an d Rh od e I sl and reports
c ries of K n igh ts Te m pl ars i s pre se nte d ,
m ore th an one te n th of th e t otal n u m be r of
-

so as t o sh o w c o m parati ve statist ic s fo r Kn i gh t s Te m pl ars in th e Un ite d S tates ,

cou nt ries p ro vi n c es e tc Th e A m eri c an

, , . Pe nn syl v ania abou t one tenth an d Ne w -

Ri te e xi s t s i n i ts e nti re ty o nly i n th e Yo rk a sl igh tly s m alle r proporti on after ,

U n ited S tates Th ere are Royal A r c h

. w h i c h ran k Ill in oi s an d O h i o with abou t ,

C h ap ters o n th e A m e rican syste m i n th e one twelf t h and o ne fi ft een t h re spe c ti v el y

- -

, .
 FR E E MA S O NR Y 43

T O T A L A CT I VE M E MB E R S HIP O F T HE A M E R IC A N A n c ien t , S
A p ted
cce c ott is h R ite,
R IT E O F FR E E AN D A C C E PT E D Mac k ey i n h i s En cyclop aedi a of F reem a
MA S O NS ,

sou ry (p
.

. says of th e Ri t e : Alth ough

on e of th e you ngest of the Mason i c ri tes .

h a v i n g been es t abli sh ed n o t earlie r th an th e

T o a tl
A c tiv e M em b ers hi p .
year 1 8 0 1 i t i s at th i s day th e m ost popul ar
,
1897
and m ost e xten si v ely di ffused S upre m e
.

C o u ncil s o r go v ern ing bod ies of the Rite are

t o be fou n d i n al m ost ev erv ci v i li zed cou n
t ry o f t he worl d an d i n m a ny of th e m i t i s
,

o o o o o o o o o o
t h e on ly Maso n i c obed i en ce It was con .

structe d at Ch arleston S C 111 1 80 1 ou t of , .

,

th e twen ty fi v e degrees of th e R ite of Per

-

o o o o o o o o o o o o
fec t io n Ch apte r of Cle r m on t Pari s 1 7 5 4
, , , ,

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
whi ch we re abs orbe d by th e E m pero rs of
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
the E ast an d West 1 7 5 8 wh i ch body , ,

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
gran te d a pate nt i n 1 7 6 1 t o S t eph en Mori n
to i ntrod uce th e Ri t e of Perfecti on t we nty ,

fi v e degrees in to th e West I n d ies an d A m er

,

ooooo i ca Refe ren ce to th e ri se an d progress of

.

the fab ri cati on of so c alled h i gh e r M ason i c

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

degrees i n Fran ce an d el sewh ere o n the

o o o o o o o o o o

E u ro pean C ont in en t m ay be foun d i n th e

ooooo oo o utli ne of Maso n i c ri tes an d th e di sc ussi o n
o o o o o o o o o o
of th e origi n of th e Ro y al Arch an d Kni gh t
Te m plar d egrees Mc C l en ach an decl ares .
-

’
th at M ori n s patent was probably t h e fi rst
Mason i c d ocu m en t of th e k i n d e v er i ssued .

Th e best i nfor m ed Masoni c stud en t s ad m i t

th at su ch a d ocu m e n t was i ss ue d A ccord .

i ng t o th e e xi stin g cop y i t e m po were d Mori n ,

o o o o o o o o o o o o o
t o c on fer the t wenty fi v e degrees an d ap -

poi n t In spe c tors o f t h e Ri te of Perfe c ti on

oooo o oooo .

o o o o o o o o o o o o
Mori n w as an I n specto r and a S ove reign
O kl h
a o ma Prin ce M aso n (th en t h e t wen ty fift h n o w -

t A t tnc h ed
‘
in Genera l ,

G ran B o d di es . the th i rty secon d degree ) Th e ti tle In

-
.

spe ctor referre d to an office an d n ot a d egree .

The Mo ri n paten t was sign e d by represen ta

ooooooooo t iv es of th e C ou n ci l of E m perors of the
u u u u u u u u u u u u

East an d West an d by offi ci als of the

u

N ati onal G ran d L odge of Fran c e wh o were

ooooooooo m e m bers of th e C o un cil of E m perors In .

1 7 7 2 th e C ou n cil of E m perors uni te d wi th

a fac ti o n of t h e G ran d L odge of France ,

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
an d die d a few m on th s later The G ran d .

oooooo Lodge of Fran ce declare d i n 1 7 79 th at i t , ,

A m er i c an A ppend i x t o Go ul d s H i s to ry of F ree ’

t A tac
‘
t h dt e o Gran dEn c am pm en t . m aso nry v o l i v p 6 2 6
, . ., . .
44 FR E E MA S O NR Y

k ne w n oth in g o f h i gh degrees“ an d i n ,
qu e t an I nspector i n 1 7 9 8 Fr o m th e l atte r .
,

1 78 6 fo r m ed th e Fren ch Ri te by addin g D u Pote t rece i v ed th e Rite i n 1 7 9 9 and D u ,

m odi fi cati on s of four bo rrowed S cotti sh Rite

d egree s to th e th ree sy m bol i c d egree s wh i ch
Pote t m ad e Josep h Cern eau D eputy Inspec
to r at B arac oa for t h e n or t h “
”
, ,

syste m i t practises to th i s d ay T he i m por . ern par t of t h e I slan d of C uba I n 1 7 83 .

t an ce of th i s wh i ch i s ad m i t t ed by all
,
a th i rd G ran d Lodge of Perfecti on was estab
except partisan ch ro ni c l ers w h o h a v e axes l ish ed at C harle s t on by I saa c D a C os ta w h o ,

t o grin d or are i n n ee d of dupes l ies i n th e

, ,
h ad been m ade D e pu ty In s pec to r by H ayes ,

fact th at exi stin g spu ri ous S co t ti sh Ri te an d i n 1 7 92 a fo u rth li k e bo d y was for m ed

bo dies in A m eri ca c lai m au t h ori ty for u sing at B al ti m o re by H en ry Wi l l i a m s In 1 7 8 8 .

t h e Ri te o f Pe rf ect ion fro m the G ran d O ri a C o un cil o f Pri nces of Jeru sale m (fifteen th
en t of Fran c e Morin l an de d i n S an D o
. an d si xteen th degrees ) was i n stit ute d at
m i n go i n 1 7 6 2 o r 1 7 63 an d i n th e sa m e year
, C harl eston by Joseph Myers D epu t y In ,

establishe d a C ou nci l of Pri n c es of the Royal spector wi t h au th ority fro m H ayes an d ,

S ec ret, an d c reated Hen ry An d re w i n 1 7 9 9 th e fi rst G ran d C ou n c i l of P ri nces

F ran c k en D epu ty In spec tor for Nort h
. of th e Royal S ec ret was for m ed at
,

A m e ric a , wh o i n 1 7 6 7 organi ze d a
, ,
Ch arles ton by H y m an Long and o th ers ,

L od ge of Pe rfecti on at Al ban y N Y th us , . .
, acting un de r au th ori ty of th e ch i efs of th e
i n trod uc i n g th e Ri te of Perfe c ti on on the Rite at Kin gston J a m ai ca w h ich actio n
, ,

A m eri can C on tinen t Thi s Lodge w as d or

. w as approved b y th e l atte r in the sam e
m an t fro m 1 7 74 u n ti l 1 82 1 wh en i t was
re v i ved an d i s still i n e xis t ence t h e ol dest
,
,

,
year I n 1 7 9 7 H ue t La C h elle D u Potet
.

an d oth ers open ed La T riple Un i on “ ,

h igh —grade Masoni c o rgani z a t i o n i n th e S o ve reign C h apter Rose C roi x of H R . .

world Th e n ex t body to con fe r S ubli m e or

. D M of Kil wi n nin g S cotl an d at N ew
. .
, , ,

S cotti sh degrees i n t h i s cou n try w as a Lodge Yo rk ci ty Thi s was n ot th e Rose C roi x

.

of Pe rf e c ti o n at Ph i lad el ph i a i n 1 78 1 Th e .
(ei gh teen th degree ) of t h e Rite of P erfec
w or k of c reating I nspectors of th e Ri te , ti on wh i c h i s n o w t h e ei gh teen th degree of
,

of Pe rfe cti on p rogressed rapi dly and by

, , the Anci en t Accepte d S cotti sh Rite b ut
, ,

t h e e nd of t h e c en tu ry in ad d i t ion to n u , the second degree of th e Royal O rde r o f

m ero us represen t ati ve A m e rican ch i efs of S c otl and L a C h elle ca m e to N ew Yo rk
.

th e Ri t e i n trod uced h e re b y M o ri n th rou gh

, fro m S an D o m i ngo an d i s n o t kn o wn t o
F ran c k en th ere w e re so m e wh o were m e rely
, h ave h ad an y au th o ri ty to establish a Ki l
pedd l ers of degrees w h o t ra v eled abou t
, win n i ng Rose C roi x C h apter e xcept by ,

t h e cou n t ry m a k i ng twe n ty fi ft h degree -

vi rtue of so m e old ri tu al wh i ch m ay h a v e
Free m ason s at sigh t for a p ri c e Ref ,
’

. fallen i nto h is h an ds .

erence t o an ac co m panyi n g ch ar t sh o ws At C h arleston S C May 3 1 1 80 1

, . .
, , ,

th at th e fi liat io n of powers o ve r the Ri te Joh n Mi tc h el l an d Frederick D alch o as ,

of twen ty fi v e d egrees co m in g fro m M o rin

-

, S overeign Gran d In spectors General ,

t oo k t wo c o urses in t h e Wester n w o rl d . ope ne d a S upre m e C o un ci l of th e th i rty

O n th e o n e h and i t de s c en ded th ro ugh th i rd degree fo r the Uni ted S tates of
F ran c k en to H ayes (1 7 6 7 wi th powe r A m eri ca Th e Ri te of Perfecti on t wen t y
.
,

c o ve rin g North A m eric a an d th ence to , fi v e degrees was u se d as a basis fo r t h e

,

S pi tze r as D epu t y I n spe c to r to C ohe n ne w the An ci en t Accepted S cotti sh Rite

, , ,

Jacobs Lo n g an d Mi t c h ell (i n ei gh t degree s being ad ded Th e twe nty .

an d to D e Grasse Ti lly i n 1 7 9 6 O n . th i rd degree i n t h e ol d Ri te Kni gh t of t h e ,

th e o th e r Pre vost wh o w as create d D eputy

, ,
S un beca m e t h e t wen ty eighth i n the n ew
,
-

I n s pector by F ranc k en c on ferred th e o n e ; t h e t wen ty fo u rth Kn i gh t K ad o s c h

-

, ,

offi ce on D u Plessi s wh o m ad e H ac beca m e the t h irt ie th and th e twen ty fift h -

,
 FR E E MA S O NR Y

Prin ce of th e R oyal S ecre t beca m e t h e , ton establ ishe d a Lodge of Perfection I n

. .

th i rty sec on d T h e adde d d egrees (except

-
. February 1 8 0 2 C ou n t A F A D e Grasse
, , . . .

th e th irty th i rd ) w ere selected i n part

-
Tilly was gran ted a patent by t he S upre m e
fro m e xi sti ng m aterial an d n o w ran k as , C ou n cil A A S R 33 (m other C ou ncil. . . .
,
°

t he t we n ty thi rd t wenty fo u rth t wenty

-

,
-

, o f t h e worl d ) t o c ons t i tute establ i sh di rect

, , , ,

fi ft h t wen ty si x th t wen ty se v en th t wenty

,
-

,
-

, an d i nspe c t M ason ic bo di es i n t wo h e m i

n i n th ,
an d t h i rt y firs t Me m be rs of th e
-
. sp he res U n de r thi s h e organi zed a S u
.

thi rty th i rd an d l ast d egree c o n sti tu te the

-

pre m e C ou n c i l A A S R i n S an . . . .
,

c h i efs of th e Rite Th e n ew S upre m e . D o m ingo i n 1 802 (wh i ch d i d not li ve b ev o n d

C oun c i l recogn i ze d Mori n s paten t an d c re ’
an d an o t h e r t h eft h ird at Par i s i n , , .

ate d Mo ri n a S o vere ign G ran d Inspe c t o r , 1 80 4 . Th e D e G rasse Ti lly Fren c h S u pre m e

I t al so re cogni ze d th e Gran d C on sti C ou n cil c on ti n ues t o thi s day t he go v ern in g
t ut io ns of 1 7 6 2 su ppose d to h a v e been for
,
body of t h e A A S R i n Fran c e . . . .
, .

w arde d to M ori n af t e r h e left France a c opy , It carri ed back t o F ran c e th e ne w ri te of

o f wh i c h M ori n gave F ran c k en an d w as left , th i r t y th ree degrees founde d on the ol d
-

by th e lat ter i n Al bany i n 1 7 6 7 ; an d th e S cotti sh (Fren ch ) Ri te of Perfe c ti on t wen t v ,

S ecret C on sti tution s of May 1 1 7 8 6 by

.
, , fi v e degrees as so m eth i n g enti rely n ew an d
,

whi ch F rederic k th e G re at w as m ade th e di stin ct a Masoni c Ri te as su ch of whi ch

, , ,

fo un der of t he A nc ien t A c c ept ed Ri t e , ,

Fran ce h ad n o pre v i ou s kn owled ge D e .

s upre m e p owe r des c en di n g fro m th e E in G rasse Ti lly o n h i s arri val i n Pari s fo un d

, ,

pero r of P ru ssi a to n i ne bre th re n of each Ge r m ain H ac q uet 2 5 (see ch art of p owers ,

°

n ati on to act as G ran d C o m m an d ers or S o v of fi l iat ion ) wh o h ad establ i shed th e S cot

,

e reign s of M ason ry By th e se c o ns t it u . ti sh Ri te of H ero d em an offsh oo t of th e ,

t i o n s i t w as prov ide d t h at the re sh oul d be u n au th ori zed Ki lwi n n i n g Rose C roi x of

o n e S u pre m e C ou ncil for eac h sta t e or ,
H ero d em fou n ded i n N ew Yor k by La
,

k i ngdo m i n E urope one fo r th e Wes t I n dies , ,

Ch elle an d oth e rs i n 1 7 7 a degree of th e ,

o n e also for th e Fren ch We st I n d ies an d ,

Royal O r d er of S c otl an d h avin g n o con n ec ,

t wo for (t he Uni te d S t ates of ) No r t h ti on wi t h the Ri te of Perfe c ti on an d of , ,

A m erica I n th i s on e fin d s th e o ri gin
. cou rse n on e wi th t he A A S R of 1 80 1
,
. . . . .

o f th e power i n the ri t e p ossesse d by act i v e To th e fou ndin g of the ne w Fren ch S up re m e

t hi rty th ird degree F ree m ason s Th e S e c re t
-
. C ou n cil H ac q uet an d h i s Rose C roi x p
,

C on sti tu ti on s h ave fre quen tly bee n at j ce t offered an obstacle an d were pro m ptly
t ri bu te d to th e C h arl eston creators of th e absorbe d Th e ol d Rite of Perfe c t i on
.

ri t e an d good re aso ns h a v e bee n ad d u c e d

,
h ad b een forgotten i n Fran ce an d c a m e ,

to sh o w th at Frede ri c k of Prussi a n e ver bac k w i t h eigh t m ore degrees —an absol u te

h ear d of th e m alth ough Pi ke m a k es a strong
,
stran ger The righ t of Mi tch ell D al cho
.
,

a rgu m en t i n favor of t h ei r ro y al origi n i n an d o t h ers t o organ i ze a n ew ri te of t h irt v

P russi a Wh at e v er th e facts th e lege n d
.
,
t h ree degrees m ay h ard ly b e called i n ques
conti n ues as v i ri le an d yet as i n n oc uou s as ti on Th e ol d Ri te of Perfecti on had n o
.

th at w h ic h attribu t e s so m uc h to ou r an cien t go v erni n g bod y h ad bee n forgot ten i n ,

Gran d M aste r S olo m on Ki n g of Israel i n

, , ,
E u rope an d a n ew rite h ad been created and
,

sy m boli c an d Ro y al Arch d egrees By th e . carrie d t o Fran ce w h ere t h e Gran d O rien t , ,

en d of 1 801 th e ful l n um b er of S o v ereign govern ing a Fren c h s y ste m of seven degrees ,

G ran d In spectors Gen e ral was co m plete d ,

was the only Grand B ody i n e xi ste nce The .

b u t the new ri t e was n ot for m all y an G ran d O rie nt alar m ed at th e prestige of ,

n o un c ed to the worl d u n t i l 1 80 3 In 1 80 1 .
an d th e prospects for success of the ne w ri te
a C ou n cil of Pri n ces of Je rusale m s ub ordi ,
of thi rty th ree degrees a s yste m contain i n g
-

n ate t o th e ne w S u pre m e C ou n ci l at C h arles m ore degrees th an h ad e v er been con structed

46 FR E E MA S O NR Y

be fore m ade o vertures fo r h arm ony parti e n

, , u n de r th e au th o ri ty of a S upre m e Co u nci l
l arly as i t h ad u tilized i n i ts o wn syste m ,
c reate d by the C h arles to n m othe r S u pre m e
wi th ou t warrant a m odi fic ation of th e ol d
, C ou n ci l and hi s Ne w York C on si sto ry was
,

Ri te of Perfecti o n Rose C roi x degree th e , afte rwards m a d e regul ar by th e C h arleston

ei gh t eenth i n bo th th at an d th e A A S R . . . . body In 1 8 0 7 Joseph C e rneau a Fren ch
.
,

I t cert ai nl y could h a v e n o clai m to all of i m m i gran t wh o h ad re c ei v ed th e t wen ty

,

th e thi r t y th ree degrees seven of wh i ch i t

-

,
k n e w n oth i n g abou t offi c i all y and o n e
n othi n g abou t wh ate v er T h e resul t was
fi v e d egrees of th e Ri t e of Perfec t i on fro m
.
, , M ath i e u d u Pote t at Bara c oa C u ba i n
1 80 6 organi ze d a
, G rand C on si sto ry o f “ , ,

a con c ordat D ece m ber 5 1 804 by w hi c h

, , ,

“
S u bli m e Prin ces of th e Ro yal S ec re t of t h e
”
the G ran d O ri ent was to h ave th e ri ght t o
confer the fi rst ei gh tee n degrees ; bu t i n
S cott ish Ri te of H ero d em C ern ea u
u ti l iz e d th e Rose C roi x C h ap t e r L a Tripl e
.

“
1 80 5 th e G ran d O rien t b rok e t h e agree m e n t Un i o n of 1 7 9 7 wh ic h w as n ot a S cot tish ,

an d c l ai m ed th e righ t t o control th i rt y th ree -

Ri te body i n bu i ld i n g u p hi s C on si story
, .

degrees . Th i s was resi sted an d a l on g , Reference t o an acco m panyin g ch art an d t o ,

qu arrel foll owed In 1 8 1 4 th e S upre m e

.
,
C erneau s pate n t sh ow s that h e h ad o nly
’
,

C ou nci l bein g wea k e n e d by th e l oss of m any the t wen ty fi v e d egree s of th e R i t e of Per

-

i n fl uen ti al m e m bers (B on aparti sts ) th e ,

fec t io n wh en h e d i d th i s Fo r that m atte r .
,

G ran d O ri en t b y a c oup , u su rpe d h e d i d n ot at th at t i m e cl ai m t o h ave th e

, ,

con t rol of th e t h irt v th ree degrees wh ere

-

, thi rt y th ree degr ees of th e An cien t Accepted

-

u p on t h e S u pre m e C oun ci l ret al iated by Ri te I n 1 80 8 th e B ideaud body i ssue d t o

.

resu m i ng con trol of all th e degree s fro m J G Tardy a pate nt as I ll u stri ou s C o m

. .

th e fou r t h t o th e eig h teen th i n cl usi v e , . m an d e r etc u n d e r th e statu tes et c of t h e

, .
, ,

Politi c al co nd iti on s i n Fran ce resul ted i n S up re m e T ri bu n al of S overeign G ran d I n

th e S upre m e C ou n c il be co m i n g dor m an t specto rs Gen eral wh ich wh il e B ideaud was , ,

be tween 1 81 4 an d 1 82 1 d u ri ng wh ich in , n o t auth ori zed to d o so i s im po rtan t as sh o w ,

t erv al an d su bseque n t th e reto th e G ran d i n g t h at th e subli m e degrees as cre ated by ,

O ri en t c lai m ed to con t rol th i rty th ree de -

th e A A S R S upre m e C ou ncil at Ch arl es
. . . .

grees u n til 1 8 6 2 wh e n pe ace was res t ore d

, , ton were being c onfe rred i n N ew Yo rk
,

an d th e G ran d O rie n t retire d t o i t s prope r ci ty at th at d ate I n 1 81 2 J oseph C ern eau .

sphere Th e acti on of th e G ra n d O rien t

. o rgani zed a t New York a S u pre m e C ou nci l
bet wee n 1 8 1 4 an d 1 86 2 m ay be li k en ed to of S overei gn G rand I n spec tors Gen eral ,

an atte m p t by the G ran d L odge of Ne w for t h e Un i ted S tates of A m e ri ca i ts ,

Yor k S tate to co n fe r th e degree s control le d Terri to ries an d D epe n den cie s w ith h i m self ,

by t h e G ran d C h apter or by the Gran d as Most Pui ssan t S overei gn G ran d C o m

C o m m and e ry . m an de r an d fro m th is assu m pti on on h i s
,

I n 1 8 0 6 An t oi ne B ideaud 3 3 cre ated , part gre w t h e di ssen si on i n S cotti sh Rit e

a S overeign G ran d I nspec to r Ge ne ral i n Mason ry i n t h e Un i ted S t ates w h ich m arke d
th e S u pre m e C ou nci l i n s t i tu ted by C o un t m an y su c ceed in g years E v e n a tyro at .

D e G rasse Ti lly at S an D o m in go i n 1 80 3 ,
con t rove rsy m igh t wel l ask wh ere di d t h e
(bu t wi th ou t au th ori t y to act on th e m an of th e t we n ty fi v e degrees of th e Rite of -

c o nti ne n t of No rth A m e rica )

S o v erei gn G ran d C on si s t ory S

o rgan iz ed a
P R S
,
Pe rfec tion get h i s title
”
In spector General and h i s
S o v erei gn G ran d
th i rty t h i rd
,
“
”
-
.
, . . .
,

at New York c ity of wh ich n oti c e , de gree As a m atter of fact h e assu m e d ,

was sent t o th e m oth er S u pre m e C o un the m wi th th e sa m e e ffron t ery that Cagl i

cil at C h arleston B ideaud had n o ri gh t
.

to organi z e a M aso ni c body i n Ne w York ,

o stro after re c e i vin g th e th ree sy m bol i c
,

d egrees i nven t ed h i s
,
”
an cien t Egyptian “
but he was a th ir t y th i rd degree Mason -
Rite wi th t h e sol e di ff e ren ce th at th e I talia n
,
 FR E E M A S O NR Y

A . A . S . R —U S . . . A . IR R E GUL A R SC O T T IS H A . A . S . R —U S . . . A . SC O T T IS H R IT E O F HE R O
S o uth ern . J ur s d i i t i on c . R IT E B O D IE S . N o rth ern J uris d ic t i on . D E M— U S . . A .

1 81 3 . 1 813 —55 . 1 81 1 .

C i i d E m anu l D
o m m ss o ne e e N ew l
O r eans A C ernea . u N ew O l
r eans C h a t er o f
z tti h it d d ix t
.

l aM tt t g o S ua o o r an i e a S c o s R e b o y appeare in R o s e C ro , es ab l is h e b y au
p m re C u il t N w k
e o nc a e r 1 8 1 3 (t w o y ears aft er t h e K ngs i t h o rit y ro f m th e S prem e u
c ity f N th Ju d t or or ern ri s i c io n, t o u R o se C ro C ap er) A ix h t
er ft u il
C o nc at K ings t o n.
fi ht
.

w hi h w s d c a o ne a g of o rt y f
yea rs ( r ng du i 1 812
hi h
. .

w c , in 1839, i t b ec am e ia
d d hi h it e en ent ) , ih w
Sup em C un il S ve i gn
r e o c o re
d I p t Gen l
,
c an tag
p G ran ns ec o rs
C p d d w ith N th
o rres on
d Ld
e or ern
o niz ed t h e G ran o ge o f
f orU it d S t t
n ef A m i a es o
era ,

S up m C u n il
re th u h
ge
L ui i by u m i ng t w
o c ro
o s ana as s o ar
th i T ito i nd D p d
e r err r es a
er c a,

k C m m i t th t L dygm b li cnd dc f t hit

e en
R u e d H lb se an o ro o , o
ran o es a o n er e
n i g f m d tw
e c es yor b e o ears e
t n C
ee o p d c o rres
unit d w ith t h gul C n g
on en e
ree s o e rees .
f h i ng f m t h G d
o re ear ro e ran
O i nt f F
.

i t y t N wO l n f m d
e e re ar o
re of m w hi c h
ran c e, ro
1 823 —24 s s or a e r ea s . or e
C n u
er ea f t 1 81 4 l i m d t
a er c a e o
m C u il S ut h
.
,

h v ec eived th e thirty thi d

,
b y th S u
F d i k D l h G and n Ju is c t io n at C ha le t n e re e o nc o ~
,
a e r -
r
re er c a c o, r
'

C mm nd
o a er .
er r , r s o .
dge
e r e .

1813 .

N ew Y k ity
B ideaud or c
it i d i t
.

G F Yates
. c rea e td S a o v er C o ns s o ry o rgan z e
th
n o th e
Ju i d i ti
d I np t Gen l
.

e ign Gran s ec o r era .

N o r ern rs c on Su
prem e C o unc il S o v ereign G rand
1 82 7 I t
ns pec o rs G enera b y an l
h l t u
,
.

t h o rit y o f C ar es o n S prem e
A l dg d
c k
i pt f
no w e e rec e o
u il
C o nc
d um t f m N rth n S u
oc en s ro o er
.

p m C u
re il d p titi d
e o nc an ar o ne
F nit d S tat b tw
e it l f es e een se L tt e er rec e iv d f e ro m C om
and N th S up m C un or ern re e o mitt ee o n C o rres po n denc e of
c il . S uth
o ern S n rem e C o u il b y
nc
1 8% 3 2 -
. D D
. T . o m p ins o f
'

N th n
or er

C o rres po n e w dd ith G nd ra S up m re e C o nc u il .

O r eni tof ranc e F until 1832 .

(D o rm an t 1 83 2 t o 1 825 .

J J JGug
. . ti
. M st o r as , ac n o
P ui ut S
ss a igu G C m
o v ere ran o

x nd
A le a er M c D o nal d , Gran d m nda er .

C o mm nd a er .
1 826 .

N t h n S u p m C unc il
or er re e o

J h H enry
1 855
H o no r,
.

u Gran d rec eiv d th f f lty f m

e oa s o ea ro

o mm an
o n
de C m gn
a a L w n e, nd a re c e, a
C r.
1 856
o th ers .

.
1 827 . 1 827 .

N ewl F o ul h o u
O r eanss . ze
’

S uth o S up m ern C u il re e o nc C erneau d

b o y b ec ame d o r
s u i u C o nsisto y f o med ;
r o s r r
k n w l dg d i pt f d u t d
8 p t li v d
ac o e e rec e o oc man and w as all o we to die
m t f m N th S up m
.

or -
e .
en s ro or ern re e
C u c il
1 85 9 .
o n
l t Pi k d
.

A b er e, G ran C om
m an d er.
S uth o S up m C u n il
ern re e o c
1892 rec o g iz d S t t
n n th f M n
e a es or o
.

J am es C B at c hl e o r, Gran d s o n an d D ix li n nd t f on e a ea s o

d t h Mi i i ppi R i v t i
.

er as
C o m m an er e ss ss err
.

t y f t h N th n S up m
or o e or er re e
1 893 . C u c il
o n .

Phili p C . T uk c er, Gran d 1 82 8 .

C o mm an d er . N th S u p m C u c il
or ern re e o n
rec e iv d t h f f lty f m
e oa o ea ro
1 897 .
G F Y t . f S uth n S u a es o o er
d
.

T h o m as H . C as w e ll G ran p m C u
re e il o nc
d
, .

C o mm an er .

A lli b tw
an c e th G d e een e ran
O i r en t f F o d th ranc e an e

A A S R —U S A S C O T T IS H R IT E O F HE R O N thor d S uth
ern Su an o ern

p m C u c il
. . . . . . .

re e o n s
N ort h ern .
J ur s d i ic t i on . D E M— U S . . A .
.

1 83 0
1806
.

Y k ity
Gran ( o n
.

d ‘ C erneau s n am e s t r c
‘
ukf ro m

it
N ew or
P R S
c .

t h e T ab l u
ea o f the G dO ran ri
s s er
d u
ea
(b y A
o f S an D o m ino o
R i
S u
. . . .
ent o f F ranc e.

183 2
u il t li d
prem e C o nc e s a b sh e by
ill
D e G ras se T h l
y o f t h e C ar es
.

R e viv d
e bv A Lu t a ren of
F
.

u u il f t
t o n S prem e C o nc ) , a er ranc e as U it
n ed u S prem e
d ul i z d uth
w ar s reg ar e b y S o ern C u il
o nc . et c , fo r t h e W es t em
H m i ph fd td
.

u u il
S prem e C o nc e snd ere. a c o n e era e
w it S up m C u il f B
.

1 807 .
h re
z il E li H i k M t Pui nt
e o nc o ra

N ew Y k ity J ph C
or c . ose er
S v
. as
ign G d C m m nd
c s, os s sa

n ea u p d S v ig G d
o ene a o ere n ran
o ere ran o a er .

C it y P R S
o ns s o r w hi h c
l i med t viv p ex i t
, . .
,
1 836
.

c a a
.

o re e re s
ing R C i x C hapt R y l
ose ro er, o a A l ege l d f d ti n w ith
c o n e era o
O d r S c o tl an d
r e . u
S prem e C o unc il o f F ance r .

1808 . 1844 .

N ew Y k ity
or c C o u il nc N the n S up m C un il
or r re e o c
Pi J u al m tb
,

ev iv d J J J G ug M t
.

r nc es of er s e es a r e o r as , os
Pui t S v i gn G nd
. . .
,

li h d b y A b h m J
s e b ra a ac o s s s an o ere ra
N w Yo k ity A u C m m nd (M t annu lly
.

e G eta r c ro ra r o a er e a
G nd L d ge o f P fec ti o n th fte )
. .

ra o er . erea r .
 FR E E MA S O NR Y 49

A . A S . R —U . S . A . SC O T T I S H R IT E O F HE R O S c o rr rs n C nnfl za p R IT E A A S R . A A . S . R
N th n
. .

S uth r
. . . . .

N ort he rn. J urisd ic t ion D E M—U S A R rr z s A MO N G S co s tti h or er n o e

ni
.

M
. .

M
. .

N nc n o ns as o ic as o n c
Ju i d i ti n J u d c t
.

r s c o ri s i l o n.
1 84 5 .
.

N the n S up m C un c il
or r re e o
C h l t n ar es o
is u d h t S up m e
,
s e f c ar er or a re S C
C u c il f E ngl n d
.

o n or a .

1846
it d S up m C unc il di
Un e re e o s
s lv d
o w t ut f x i t nc
e en o o e s e e,
a d d i vi d d f u d
n m gf u e n s a on o r
o ut f t h fi m i i ng m m
o e v e re a n e
b (G ui
ers C n . u b die en ne er ea o s
t m i nate h )
er ere .

1 850 . 1850 .

Ge ar i gn d nd p H C A tw d ( xp ll d
as res e a a oo an e e e
F nd Y t M t M
.

l im d t
.

mt G il wh
'

o e es o a a es as er as o n, o c a e o
ost Pui nt S v i gn G and h v
s sa iv d thi ty thi d d
o ere r a e rec e e r -
r e
C mm and er.
p t t f m t v li g ee a en ro a ra e n
52 mm R it l tu
o
g 0 e ec r er o r an
i d S up m C u il tc ze a. re e o nc . e ,

t h U it d S t t
.

f fA m or e n e a es o er
ic T it i d D p d a, err o r es , an e en en
ci w ith ut c op ti f es , o o era on o
any m mb f th Hic k e er o e s
b dy o .

1 85 1 1 851 . .

G F Y t i gn d and p A tw d u d d b y J L
a es res e a oo s c c ee e .

i t d E A R ay m d M t C f S uth n S u
. . .

o n e . m on os ro ss o o er re e
G nd C u n il w h f u h im
.

ui nt S
ss a i o v ere ra o c o so o n o n
T h g i nd E t l f mi s pl d nd w ith d w
,

C m m nd
o a er e a as se ac e a re
m v d f m N wY k
. .

w as re o e ro e or
c ity t B tn o os o 1 85 2
. .

A tw d u d dC d oo s c c ee e ro ss an
h g d t h n m t S up m c an e e a e o re e
C u il t f th S v i gn o nc e c or e o ere
F
,

d I d p d t S tat
.
,

ree, an n e en en e
of N ew Y k or .

N d t
am e aga n c i h ange o S n
re m C u il te f o nc e c .
, or th e
T nit d S t t fA m i
,

e a es o er c a . T er
r it i nd D p nd
o r es , a ci e e en es .

1 857 .

N th n S up m C un il
or er re e o c
rec o i d t h S up em C uze e r e o n
c il V n zu l
o e e e a .

185 8 .

N ame c h g d f t h fi fth
an e or e
t me t oi , S up m C u l t re e o nc n , e c .
,

fo r W es t H m i ph
ern e s ere .

1860 . 1860 .

tB os N th n S up m
on or er re e B H ays. b y a po n m en
E i t t
C u il ( w i g t d i n i ) t d l tt
. . .

o nc o n o s se s o ns o f A w o o , s aec e s a er at
d l d cl d i di b y
ec are o se s ne e h is ea d th .

R aym d A ugu t 22d

on , s .

B t n R ym d (w ith
os o a on
R b i n n) g iz
.

o N
so th reo r an es a or
ern S u p m C u n il re e o c .

1861 .

dd p d S
R a ym o n e ose as o v er
d mm d b y th
eign G ran C o an er e
P vi i n l S up m C un il
ro s o a re e o c .

1 862 .

V an R L i ut t ens s e aer. l e enan

G d C mm d
ran l td o an er, e ec e
S v oign G nd C m m nd
ere ra o a er,
i R y m nd d p d
v ce a o e o se .

W illi am S ew all Gard ner hu tt i pp d i x M as s ac se s, n a en

to t h P d i g f t h N th Ju i di ti n pu i us
e ro c ee n s o e
,

or ern r s c o n, o s r o
S u p m C u n il in t h N th n Ju i d i ti n
re e o cy th t H s e or er rs c o sa s a
d ( w ll R B F lg ) w t t T nt n p i t
,

C A tw
.

oo as e as o er en o re o r or o
ll f w h m p i d t
. .

d ll
.
,

1840 m p ty
a o nbg a nd t th
ar , a o o a en o ars a g o e
thi ty t h i d d g f m A b h m J b ( xp ll d ) w h h d
.

r -
r e ree ro ra a ac o s e e e , o a
s p t en ly f ty ynea r p dd li ng S tti h R it dor il ears e co s e e rees N E GR O C ’

E R N E A O
t d S c tti h R it
l g lly T h y w t t T nt b u J b h
e a e g d en o re o n, eca se ac o s a a ree tti h
S co s tt h
S co
-

is
A nc A
N th
. c c ep e
S uth
o s e .

W ith t h u p pl f p i p dd l h i d g
.

ern
R it B di R it B di
" or ern o
C e n t t
ernea eo e or a r ce o o e e s e rees
w ithi i xty m il f N w Y k A t w d is ai d t h v i
n s es o e or oo s o a e n
e
(I gul )
o es . e

(U uth i d )
o es .

Ju i d i ti n U S A
r s c o s, . . .

h it d J t unk f itu l H th n i t h p b b l rre ar na or ze

.
.

b
‘
er e ac o s r o r a s ere. e s e ro a e
ig n f t h C u R it f 186 0—1862 f A tw d ta t d it
.
,

or i o e ernea e. o or oo s r e
mm d w ith ut n ffi ding C u Wh ite and N ui u u di u iv ll y
, '

t
as I s c o f ny p
an er, o a o c er o a rece ernea e ro
g Sp r o s R eg l ar B o es . n ers a
b o d y t l giti m ti z e h im
o e a . Bo d i es , rec o gn z d wh
i e no ere . rec o gn i d z e .

4
 S T E PHE N Mount ,
In p t i P f i i
]
s ec o r for A merca, R ite of er ec t on, P ar s. 1761 .

E xam A . F am ou s , Jac kmel . Jmi a a ca . 1 769.

D ep . I nspec t or for or t h A m ri e ca .

M M Hays
. B o sto n,
N i
.
.

1 76 7 70 , D ept Ins fo r
-
. o rt h A merca .

A ug . P v t
re os , D ep Ins .
.

J amaica . 17 7 4 .

“
B S pit zer.
. D e 9 fo r Georgia
.
, 1 7 81
P li ila .
I 1 781
Ph il
,

M C o h en
-

.
. 178 1 .

L e 13 D u Pl i ess s, D ep Ins
A b "m s' 25 "
7 90
Phil
'
.
. .

1 790 .

J oh n M it h ll
c e D ep fo r S C
H) m I L o ng 25
'
. .
Ph il" 1795 '

C h l
, . ..

ar e s t o n , 1 795 .

A .
F A . . D e Grass e T ill y , 01153 les -

i
Germa n Hac q uet 25 ° 1 4 96
P il
.

h a 17 98
. .

Ma h ti
P0 "R
eu
epub
Du P t
li “
ot e 25
1799
,

.
°

C h ar es l t
8 0
o n 1 861
’ L G ’

A . F . A . D e Grasse
l
C h ar es t o n 1 80 1 ,
.
C ha rles wb . 1 80 1 .

A n ti o ne B ideaud , 8 . G I G
. . .
G I G
. . .

J o se ph m ean, J JJ Go unes s , and

E am
. . .

on
J . B D . s s no rrr.

D en. N ew Y o rk 1 806 .

L M P eix ot w.
. . N . Y .
, 1808 .

C H A RT S HO W I N G T HE S UC C E S S I O N O F A UT HO R I T Y A M O N G T H E O RIGI N A L
C HI E F S O F “ S C O T T IS H
”F R E E M A S O N RY IN T HE UN IT E D S T A T E S ,

A N D A M O N G T HE E A R LI E R PO S S E S S O RS O F T HE 33 D
D E G R E E A N C I E N T AC C E PT E D S C O T T I S H R IT E
, .
 F R E E MA S O NR Y 51

In 1 8 6 2 th ere were fou r S upre m e C oun S u pre m e C ou n cil s were the n hel d ad v it am ,

cil s i n t he Uni ted S tates — t ha t of the S outh an d t h at at t h e un i on th ose offi ces were v a
ern Ju ri sd i ction at Ch arleston the orig
, ,
c a t ed an d refi lled after wh i ch the inc um ,
‘

in at o r of the rite of th i rty th ree degre es ; -

bents were du l y i n stalled No m ore c o m .

“
the Van Re nssel aer an d th e Ray m on d ri val pl et e o r perfect a c ti on coul d h a v e been
bodi es eac h cl ai m i n g to be th e S up re m e
, take n to e m ph asi ze th e fact th at th e u n i on
C o un c il fo r th e No rthe rn J u risdi ction and
fou rth t h e C e rneau S u pre m e C o un cil
,
fo r ,
“ ,
S upre m e C o un ci l of 1 8 6 3 was a n e wl y
for m ed bo d y Whe th er i ts m e m be rs th en
.

th e U n i te d S tates of A m erica it s Te rri tories , regarde d i ts au th ori ty as based o n C erneau s ’

an d D epe nden cie s Th e fi rst th ree h eld

. assu m pti on of p owe r i n 1 80 6 o r on D e l a ,

fraternal relati on s w i t h li ke bo di es i n E ng ’
M otta s acti on at Ne w York i n 1 8 1 3 i s im ,

la n d S cotlan d I reland Fran ce Belgi u m

, , , ,
m ateri al B y 1 8 6 5 th e C i vil War h ad
.

and in Ce n tral an d S o u th A m eri can c ou n en de d an d t h e rival S u pre m e C oun c ils at

,

t ries A n acti ve w arfare w as i n progress

. t h e North — th e Van Re nsselaer an d th e
bet wee n t h e Van Ren sselaer a n d Ray m ond un i ted Ce rn eau Ra y m on d bod ies — w ere anx
-

C ou n cil s w ith the for m e r apparently th e

,
io n s fo r recogn i ti on fro m th e m othe r
m ore succe ssful in cre atin g subordi n ate S upre m e C o un c i l at C h arleston ; i f for n o
bodi e s an d obtai n in g n ew m e m bers O n . ot he r reaso n to secu re regulari ty an d e x
,

Apri l 2 1 8 6 2 the C e rneau bo dy m ade

, , elusi ve territori al j u ri sdi cti o n I t was i n .

o ve rtu res to th e Ray m o n d S upre m e C oun t h i s year t oo th at H arry J S ey m ou r was

, , .

cil l ook i n g to un i o n th ou gh so m e ch ron

, defea t e d for office i n th e Ce rn eau Ray m on d -

ic l ers (Ce rn eau m e m be rs ) say t h e Ra y m on d S upre m e C oun ci l an d afte rward expelled

pe ople m ade th e a d v an ces In an v e vent .
, fo r cau se Foll o wi ng t h i s t w o c o m m i ttee s
.
,

each si de appoi n te d a con fe ren ce co m m i ttee , were appoin ted o ne to v i si t th e S upre m e

,

w hi ch co m m i t t ees m et and repo rted i n fa v or C oun cil at C h arleston w i th a v ie w t o s c ou r ,

of un i on w he re upon t he co m m it tee s we re
,
i ng re cogn i t ion an d th e o th er to con si de r
,

con t i nu e d w i t h full p ower to act O n

April 1 3 1 86 3 co m plete u n i on was efi ec t ed
.

“
th e ad v i sabili t y of ch angi n g th e n a m e of th e
bod y fro m for t h e Un i t ed S tates of A m e r
,
”
,

u nd e r th e ti tle b y w h i c h the C e rneau body i ca etc to North e rn J u ri sdi c t i on for i t was

,
.
, ,

had been k no wn S u pre m e C ou n c i l fo r th e

,
reali zed th a t n o ove rtu re s to th e S upre m e
U ni te d S tates of A m eri c a e t c wi th E ,
.
,
. Cou nc il S ou t hern Ju ri s di c t i on w oul d be re
, ,

B H a y s wh o h ad bee n a t t h e h ead of
.
, c eiv ed fro m a b o d v cl ai m i ng j u ri sd i c t i on

the Ce rne au body as th e G rand C o m

,
th rough ou t th e cou n t ry O n O ctobe r 2 2 .
,

m ander of t h e u n i on C o u nci l Th e cont i n . 1 8 6 5 t he l atte r co m m i t tee re por t e d i n f avo r

,

uat io n of the n a m e S upre m e C o un ci l fo r of th a t ch ange in na m e an d t h e report w as ,

th e Un i ted S t ates of A m e ri ca et c wi t h ,
.
, u nan i m ously ad opted H opk in s Th o m pson .
,

H ays at th e h ead of t h e n ew S upre m e wh o in 1 88 1 led a re vol t o v e r thi s v ery

,

C o u nci l sh ould n o t be regarde d as an e vi

,
poi nt was presen t T h at th e acti o n was .

dence th at t he Cern eau organ i z ati o n swai taken in ord e r to secu re recogni tion fro m
l o wed th e Ray m on d bo d y Th i s i s pl ai n l y . the S ou t hern S up re m e C ou ncil an d th u s ,

s h o wn b y all t h e m e m be rs of bo t h t h e u n i t pave the way t o sel f pre servati on i s sh o wn -

i ng b odie s tak in g an oath of feal ty an d al l ,

b y th e u ni ted S u pre m e C ou n ci l at i ts n ext
th e su bordin ate o r an iz at io n s of th e Ce r
o session re c ei vi n g an d welco m in g a v i si
neau an d of t he Ray m on d C ou n cil s su r tor fro m the S ou ther n S u pre m e C ou ncil .

re n de ring thei r old ch arters to and ta k ,

La t e i n th e sa m e year the co m m i t t e e to
i ng o u t new ch arters fro m th e n ew o r , v i sit th e C h arl esto n S upre m e Coun c il re
u ni te d S upre m e C o unci l M ore th an t his .
,
ported th at the latte r decl i ned to recognize
i t wil l be recal le d th at offi ces of both t h e Hays wh o represe nted an il legal (the C er
,
59
d
1
FR E E MA S O NR Y

n eau ) body an d that i t d i d no t regard th e

, an d deception Th e reo rganized Ce rneau .

u n io n of 1 8 6 3 as legal because Ray m on d, Ray m o n d C ou nci l th u s h onestly ac qui red

(wh o h ad d ied i n 1 8 6 4 ) h ad bee n i llegally wh at i t h ad u nani m ou sly resol ve d to se c u re
f
deposed as th e S overeign Grand C o m m an de r th e year before the ti tle North e rn Ju ri s ‘

”
,

of th e o nly legal Nor t h ern S up re m e C ou n d icti on in pla c e of Un ited S tates of

”
.
,

cil (by th e Van Ren sselae r body i n A m erica i ts Terri tories an d D ependen c ies
,
.

and th at Robi nson alone (Lieu tenan t G ran d T hat the acti on at B oston i n 1 86 6 was n ot
C o m m ande r of the old R av m o n d body ) n ow , regarde d by those presen t as a c oup i n o rd e r ,

Lie ute n ant G ran d C o m m ande r of th e u n ited to m erely re vi ve th e o ld North ern or Ray ,

C erneau Ray m on d body c oul d su c c ee d Ray

-

,
m on d S up re m e C o un c il an d swal l ow the
,

m on d . H ays the re upon resigne d h i s offi c e , C erneau Ray m on d C oun cil i s sh o w n by th e

-

an d was su c c eede d by Robi nson i n th e p res fac t th at al l th e officers of the latter were re
e nce of a m aj ori ty of all the o ffi cers and elected and that n o oaths of feal ty we re re
,

m e m bers o f the S upre m e C ou n c il B u t th is . qui red O v e rtures were th en m ade l ook i ng

.

was n ot to suffi c e Th e Van Re n sselaer

. to a u n ion w i th the Van Ren ssel ae r S upre m e
s c h i s m was i n e xistence and p rospe rou s ,
C oun cil C om m i ttees to con side r the pro
.

n u m berin g am ong i t s offi c ers several for m er j cet were appoin ted by eac h body wh i c h m et ,

ad v it am offi c ials of th e Ray m on d S up re m e at B oston i n 1 8 6 7 , j u st pri or to the ann ual

C ou ncil of 1 860 th e only S u pre m e C ou n c i l
, sessi o n o f th e Van R e nsselaer S upre m e C ou n
th e S outhern body co ul d recognize C om . cil . Afte r prolonged conferen c e du ring ,

piete u ni on w as th erefore n ecessary an d to ,

wh i c h i t see m e d at ti m es as if the o utco m e
could o nly be fail ure a trea t y of u ni o n was
'

a c co m pl i sh i t reorgan ization of the C erneau

, .

Ray m o nd body w as necessary Robi nso n .

,
agreed to wh i c h w as rati fie d by both S u
,

th erefore as su c c essor of Ray m on d calle d a

, ,
p re m e C ou n cils an d appro v e d by all the
spe c i al m eeti ng o f th e ol d Ray m on d Co un c il h onorary m e m be rs Af t er resci nd in g acts of .

at B oston D e c e m be r 1 1 1 8 6 6 Most of the

, ,
. e xpul si on base d o n for m e r di ffe ren c es the ,

offi c ers of th e l atte r w e re m e m be rs o f t he two S upre m e C oun cil s ratifi ed each other s ’

Van Ren sselaer C o unci l an d n atu rall y de , a c ts an d Josiah H D ru m m on d of Mai ne

,
.

c lin ed to be p resen t where upo n Robi n son

, , was electe d M ost Puissan t S overeign G rand
i n stri c t ac c ord w i th h i s p rerogati ve fille d , Co m m ander of the (con sol i date d ) S up re m e
th e v ac an cies fro m a m on g the t wel ve ac ti ve C ou ncil North ern Ju risdi ction by concu r
, ,

an d ten h on orar y m e m bers of the u n i ted re n t v ote of th e t wo bodies , wh ich ca m e to

'

Ce rneau Ray m ond S upre m e C ou ncil w h o

-

geth er as one Th e oat h of feal t y was th en

.

we re presen t Men of wh o m the worl d at

. take n to th e co nsol i date d S upre m e C oun c il
l arge h as n e v er heard to wh o m self rath er
, by eigh ty m e m bers present The career of .

than frate rn i t y h as bee n a c ree d wh o h a v e , th is S upre m e C ou n c il e ver since h as bee n

h an k e red for M ason i c office an d th e o ppo r on e of har m ony and prosperity an d i t i s ,

t un it y t o ped dl e degrees an d ti tles rath er to d ay the largest body of the k i n d i n the

-

th an for t h e u ni on an d p rosperi ty of th e world n u m berin g m ore th an

,
th i rty
C raft h a v e h el d t h at th i s ac tion of Robin
, se c on d degree m e m bers about o ne fifth of ,
-

son at B osto n a m ou n ted m erely to th e di s th e t otal n u m ber of S c otti sh Rite Free m ason s
sol uti on o f t h e Ce rneau R av m o nd C o un cil
-
. i n th e worl d A m ong S o v ereign Princes of
.

A s a m atte r of fac t i t was n ot only a d isso

, th e Royal S e c ret an d S o vereig n G rand ,

l a tio n of i t but a re organization of the

, I nspectors Gene ral of the Northe rn and ,

Cerneau Ray m on d body i n order to m ak e

-

S ou th ern J urisdi c tions U n i te d S ta t es of ,

t he l atter regul ar u nde r the s t atutes and A m erica are to be fou nd m anv of th e m os t
,

regul ations th e recogniti on of h o nest v i n

,
illu strious of th ose wh o rep resen t the p ro
fratern ity pol i ti c s as opposed to assu m p tion fession s th e ar m y an d n a v y and fi nancial
, , ,

co m m ercial and i nd ustrial l ife The two
, .
S upre m e C ou n c il s wh o now d i v i de between
th e m the United S tates of A m erica i ts
terri tories an d d epen dencies h old a m icabl e
relati on s wi th S u pre m e C oun c il s of the A
A S R for E ngland S cotland I relan d
. . .
Fran ce Bel gi u m S pai n Portu gal Ital y
, ,
Gree c e S wi tze rlan d B razil Argentine R e
, ,
p ubl ic Urugu ay Pe ru Un i ted S tates of
, ,
C olo m bia Ch il i C en t ral A m e rica C uba
, ,
Me xi c o th e D o m in ion of C an ada Egyp t
, ,
an d Tu n is . conferre d i n C o m m an deries of Knights T em
Th e degrees of the A ncien t A c c ep t ed
S cotti sh Ri te fro m th e fou rth to th e t h i rty
, Th e ph ilosoph i c al degrees of the S cottish
seco nd i n c lusive are c on fe rred i n th e Nor t h
, ,
e rn Mason ic J u ri sd iction Uni ted S tates of
A m erica i n fou r bod ies an d m ak e of th e
, ,
Maste r M ason a S ubli m e Pri n c e of the Royal
S ecret Grand Lodges of Pe rfe c tion n ot
. .
Gran d Lodges i n the ord inary sen se of th e
word s i nd u ct c andid ates i nto th e m yste ries
, heart of m an
of ele v en i ne ffable degrees fou rth to fou r
t een t h i n c l usi ve of wh i c h t h e first n ine a re
, ,
addi tion s to an d expl anati o n s an d el abora
tion s of the seco nd se c ti on of th e Master s
degree so fam il iar to all Free m aso ns Th e
, .
n a m es of th e th i rty th ree d egrees of S co t ti sh
Rite Free m ason ry are gi ven i n full i n an ac
co m panyin g c hart of th e E ngl ish S c otti sh
an d A m erican B it es The th i r teen th an d
fo urtee nth degre es of t h e S co tti sh Ri te fo r m
in g th e su m m i t of work pe rfor m ed i n G rand
Lodges of Perfecti on co rre spon d to bu t are
i n n o sense i den ti cal wi th th e En gl ish Royal
Ar c h d egree as work e d i n Royal Ar c h
Ch apters i n the A m e rican Ri te Th e y are
fou nde d historical ly on the royal arch o f
E no c h i nstead of the royal arch of Ze ruh
babel wh ich for m s th e basi s of t h e E nglish
,
royal arch degree Many a m o n g those c o m . Un i te d S tates there i s an in ter m edi ate grade
pete n t to j udge favo r th e th eor y el se wh ere
o u tli ned th at the E ngli s h royal arch of
,
Ze rubbabel was an ou tgrowth of th e earlie r
con ti ne ntal royal ar c h of E no c h of abou t
1 7 4 0 an d th at Lau re n c e D e r m ott h ad as
,
m uch to d o wi th th e ch anges m ade as he
h ad with th e in trod u c ti on of th is am pl i
fi c at io n of th e ol d Master s degree a m ong
F R E E MA S O NR Y 53
B ritish Free m ason s The Gran d Elect Per .
,
fee t an d S ubl i m e Mason fo urtee nth degree
, , ,
.
, i s eligibl e to recei ve th e h istori c al degrees ,
, Kn igh t of t h e East an d S word an d Pri n c e ,
. of Je ru sale m the fiftee nth and si xte en th ,
, , , respecti vely of th e syste m These relate to
, .
, , , th e rebu ild ing of th e se c ond h oly Te m ple at
, Je r usale m u n de r th e au th ori ty of King
, C yrus an d Dariu s h is su c c essor Fro m .
, , th e m the m odern fra m ers of the ri tual of
, th e degree of Co m pan ion of t h e Red C ross ,
, plars h ave borrowed freel v
, .
Ri te Kn igh t of the Eas t and West an d
, ,
, Kn igh t of the E agl e and Peli can or Rose
C roi x th e se v en teent h an d eigh teen th are
, ,
“
c onfe rre d i n Ch apte rs of Rose C roi x and
relate to th e bu il di ng of th e th ird Te m ple ,
‘
o ne n o t m ade with h ands wi th i n the ’
”
,
I n th e Rose C roi x degree
.
,
S cottish Ri te Free m ason ry rea c hes i ts sum
‘
m it as a tea c h er of th e subl i m e tru th s of
Ch ris tian i ty an d i t is fro m th i s degree as
, ,
’
well as oth ers of the Ri te th at th e A m eri ,
can Te m plar ri tual d raws so m e of i ts m o re
-
i m p ressive cere m on i al s Th e degrees fro m .
t h e n in eteenth to the th irty se c ond i nc in -
, ,
si ve h i stori c al an d ph ilosoph i c al are c o n
, ,
. ferred u n der th e san c tion of a C on si s tory or
,
A reopagu s of Kn igh ts of K ado sc h .
Th e t h i r t y th i rd and last d egree of A n
-
, , c ient A c c ept ed S c ottish M aso n rv i s c onferred
,
,
u po n th i rt y se c on d d egree Free m ason s wh o
-
h ave rende red l ong o r d isti ngu i she d service
. to the C raf t It i s executi ve i n i ts fu nc
.
ti on recipi e nts bei ng m e m bers of th e S u
,
p re m e C ou ncil or govern ing body of th e
, ,
Ri te I n th e S outhern Ju risdiction i n th e
.
be twee n th e t h irt v se c on d an d th i rty th ird
- -
degrees k nown as the C ou rt of H onor c o m
, ,
,
posed o f (a ) Maste rs of t h e Royal S e c ret ,
and (b ) I nspectors General (th i rty thi rd -
d egree ) acti v e e m eri ti an d h o n orary
, , ,
.
There i s al so the ran k of Kn igh t of the
C ou rt of H on or c onsisti ng of two grades
, ,
’
K ni gh t Co m m ande r an d Gran d C ross of
54 FR E E MA S O NR Y

H on o r S o v ereign Grand I nspectors Ge n

. sp u ri ou s S upre m e Co uncils A A S R . . . .

e ral by wh ic h ti tle m e m be rs of S upre m e

, in the Un i te d S tate s one of wh ich is ,

C oun cils of the Rite ar e k n own throughou t fo un de d on frau d an d the other o n m isrep
th e wo rl d are c lassed practi cally as acti v e
, , , , res en t at io n an d personal piq ue Ne i the r .

e m e ri t i an d h on o rary O n ly th ose i n th e
, . n u m be rs m any ad he re n ts an d each i s o nly ,

fi rs t c l ass are per m i tte d to be prese n t at e x n o m i nally or l ocally acti v e B oth c lai m .

c on ti ve sessi on s of S u pre m e C ou n c ils an d , th e n am e auth ori ty of an d regul ar descen t

, ,

acti v e s alone create th i rty th i rd d egree -

fro m Ce rn eau and the fo un ders of both ,

m e m be rs Th e total nu m be r of acti v e th i rty

.

t h i rd d egree m e m bers i s v e ry s m all p roba b ly ,

kno w th at the i r c lai m s are w ith ou t fo un da
tion The olde r calls i tsel f th e S upre m e
.
“
n o t e xceed i n g on e h u n d re d i n No rth A m e r C ou n c il of th e th i rty th i rd and last degree -

i ca an d n ot e x c eed i ng th ree h un dre d i n al l

,
of A A S R Mason ry organ ized by T I
. . . .
,
. .

co untries T here are fe wer than fi fty in

. Joseph C erneau M P S G C O c tober , . . . . .
,

the Northe rn Ju ri sdi c tion i n the Uni te d 2 7 1 80 7 for the U S

, , A i ts Te rritories . .
,

S ta tes— n orth of the O h i o an d east of the and D epen den c ies I ts real fou n der was .

M i ssissi ppi Ri v ers— and stil l fewe r i n th e re H arry J S ey m ou r wh o was e xpelle d fro m
.
,

m ai ni ng S tates Th e l i st of e m eriti S o v er
. th e C erne au Ray m on d C ou n c il i n 1 8 65 for
-

eig h Gran d In spe c tors General i s v ery sh ort , reason s wh ich shoul d h a v e cause d h i s n am e
an d as the ti tle i m pli es i n c l udes the few
, , t o be stru c k fro m the l ist of acqu ai ntan c es
ac ti v es wh o h a v e reti re d fro m th e labors o f e v ery self respecting Maste r Mason
-
S ey .

of th e go v ern in g body full of h o nors an d m ou r was once well to do b ut af ter w ard fel t - -

ad v an c ing years The custo m of creating . co m pelle d to follow i n t h e footsteps o f Abra

ho norary S o v ereign Gra n d I nspectors Ge n h am Ja c obs wh ose n a m e i s on th e c hart of
,

eral i s one whi c h h as gro wn u p with i n a fi l iat ed p owe rs acco m panyi ng thi s sketch * .

gen erati on as a m ean s o f ad v anci ng an d Ja c obs was a n otoriou s pedd le r of degrees ,

rewarding e n t h usia st i c an d a c ti v e S ubli m e wh o was expelle d for illegal assu m ption of

Pri n c es of th e Roya l S e c re t on e step nearer Mason i c au thori ty S ey m our was i ni tiate d .

the goal whi ch of c o urse all m ay not reac h

, , . i nto th e Ri te of Mem ph i s i n Pari s i n 1 8 6 2 ,

“
Th e re are nearly si x h u nd red n a m es of h o n
”
ora ry th irty th i r d s i n th e No rth e rn an d
-
an d after being e xpelled fro m t he S cottish
Ri te i n the Un i ted S tates i n 1 8 6 5 starte d ,

nearly fou r h u n d re d in th e S ou t h e rn J u ri s out for h i m self by organ izi ng alleged S c ot

d icti on o f th e U n i ted S tates A full l i s t o f . tish Ri te bodies i n Ne w York c i ty in to ,

th e n a m e s an d pla c es of resi de n c e of a c ti v e wh ich wel l m ean i ng M aste r Mason s were

-

and h ono rary S o vereign G ran d In spectors i nd ucted at so m uch ap iece by h i m sel f as
, ,

General , i n t h e Uni ted S t ates Janu ary , h ieroph ant an d pu r v eyor of regalia an d para
1 1 898 m ay be fou nd i n an a c c o m pany
, , ph ern al ia at cen t per c en t prices S om e - -
.

i ng Masoni c D ire c tory O ffi c ial posi tion i n . wh o we re d uped by h im wh o ha v e si nce ,

a S up re m e C o unci l w as for m e rly for l ife ,

j oined reg ul ar S c otti sh Ri te bod ies v ouch ,

and i n n early all e xcept th e North e rn J u , for th i s state m en t an d for the fact that at ,

risd ic t io n wh ere th e te r m i s th ree years i t

conti n ues so
,

Bu t e ve n i n the S up re m e
.
, one ti m e h e u sed a con de nsati on of th e Rite
of Me m ph is as h is Cernea u Rite ” In “ -

C ou n c il of th e No rth ern Ju risd icti on fi tnes s 1 87 9 h e organi zed a S upre m e C ou ncil cl ai m ,

for th e position i nsu res conti n ued re electio n in g to h a v e bee n constitu ted th e head of th e
at every trien ni al m eeti ng so th at where , C erneau Ri te by H ays w h o die d in 1 87 4 ,

n othi n g transpi res to m a k e a ch ange desi r m e m ber of the consol id ated Northe rn S u
able the ki ngly prerogati v e o f l ife te nu re i n
, *
S ee fo o t no te
h ro no l o gi c al even t s in t h e
to c
offi c e i s still i n fo rce .
c areer o f t h e S o uth er n N o rth ern and C er neau , ,

I t re m ai n s to be related th at the re are two S u prem e C o u nc i l s .

56 FR E E MA S O NR Y

C l rado
o o E d C Parm al ee D en v er . . . . . AN C I E N T AC C E PT E D S C O T T I S H RIT E , .

C o n nec ti c ut Jo h n H B arl o w H art fo rd . . . .

S u prem e C o u n c il S o verei g n Grand Ins pec to rs ,

D el aware B F B ar t ram W i l m i ng t o n . . . .
General S o uth ern J u r i s d i c ti o n (so uth o f M ason
,

D i s t ri c t o f C o l um W R S i ng l eto n \Vas h i ng to n . . . . .
an d D i x o n l i n e an d w es t o f t h e M i s s i ss i ppi R i v er) ,

F l o ri da W P \V eb s t er Jac k so nv ill e . . . .
U S . . A .

Geo rg i a A M W o l ih in M ac o n . . . . .
Th o m as H C aswell M o s t P u i s san t S o y er
.
,

I d ah o T h eo p W R an dal l B o is e C it y . . . .
ei g h Gran d C o m m an der S a n F ra nc i sc o C al , , .

I ll i no i s J H C D il l B l o o m i ng t o n . . . .
F rederi c k W eb ber I l lu s t r i o u s Grand S ec ret ary ,

I n d i an a W H v th e I nd i anapo li s . . . . .
General N o 433 N o rth 3 d S t reet Was hi ng
. .
,

I nd i a n T errit o ry J S M u rro w At o k a . . . . .
ton D C . . .

Io w a T S P arv i n C edar R api d s . . .

T h e c o m pl et e l i s t o i ac ti ve thi rt y thi rd degree -

K an s as Al b ert K W il so n To pek a . . . .
m em b ers o f t h e S u prem e C o u nc il S o v erei g n Grand ,

K en tu c k y H B Gra n t Lo ui sv i ll e . . . .

I nspec t o rs General S o uth ern J u r i s d i c ti o n 1 89 7 is , , ,

L o ui s i ana R Lam b er t N ew O rl eans .

.

as fo llo ws
M a i ne S t eph en B erry P o rtl and
Ad am s S am u el E M i nneapo li s M i nn
. .

Maryl and J H M ed airv B alti m o re

o o o o o o o o o o o
, , .

C arr E ras m u s T M il es C ity M o nt

. . . .

M ass ac hu sett s S D N i c k erso n B o s to n , t o . . .

,

C aswell T h o m as H S an F ranc i sc o C a]
. . . . .

M i c h i gan J S C o no v er
o o o o o o
o o o

Go ld w at er
.
, o
,

C h a m b erl a i n A u s ti n B Gal ves t o n T ex

. . .

M i n neso t a T M o n t go m ery S r Paul

, , .

C o ll i n s M ar ti n S t Lo u i s M o
. . . . .

M i ss i s s i ppi J L P o wer Jac k so n

0 0 0 .
, , .

C o r tl a nd J W ak efi el d As h ev i l l e N C
. . .

M i ss o u r i J D V in c il S t L o ui s
, . .
.
,

Fell o ws J o h n Q A N ew O r l eans L a
.
. .

M o nt ana C o rnel iu s H ed ges Hel ena

, . 0 - 0 .
,

F it z geral d Ado l phu s L E u rek a N ev

. .

N eb rask a W R B o wen O m ah a
, , .

F l em i n g R u f u s E F arg o N D
. . . . .

N evad a C N N o t ew are C ar son C i ty

a t . . .
, ,

F o o t e F r a nk M E v ans t o n W yo
. . . .

N e w H am ps hi re G P C l eav es C onc o rd
o o o o o o o o o o o o .
, o
,

Hayd en Jam es R S eattl e Was h

. . . .

N ew J ersey T H R R edway T ren t o n

o o o o o o o o o o o .
, ,

Henr y Jam es L ittl e R o c k A rk

. . . . .

N ew M ex i c o A A K een A l b uqu erq u e

. .
, ,

Lev i n , N ath an i el C h arl es to n S C

. . .

N ew Y o rk E M L E hl ers N ew Y o rk
o o o o o o o o o o o o . .
,

Lo ng O del S C h arl es t o n W V a
. . . , . . .

N o rth C aro l i na Jo h n C D rewry Ral ei g h

o o o o o o o o o o .
, o o o
, .

M c L ean W ill i am A o o o o o o o o o Jac k s o n v i ll e F l a

. . . . .

N o rth D ak o t a F J T h o m pso n F a rgo

.
, ,

M ayer Jo h n F R i c h m o nd V a
. . . .
.

O hi o J H B ro m wel l C i n c i n nati
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o .
, ,

M ered ith G il m o r B alti m o re Md

. . . . .

O kl a h o m a J S H u nt S til l wat er
. .
, ,

M o o re Geo rge F M o ntg o m ery A l a

. . .

O reg o n Jam es F R ob ins o n E ugene C it y

.
, ,

N un R i c h ard J S av an n ah Ga
. .

Penns y l van i a W illi am A S i nn P hil ad el phi a

.
, ,

Parv i n Th eo do re S o o o o o o o o o C ed ar Rapi d s Ia
. . . . .

Rh o de Isl and E B a k er Pro v i den c e

.
,
.
,

Pi erc e W illi am F O akl and C al

. . . .

S o uth C aro li n a C I n g l es b y C h arl es to n

.
, . .
, .

Pratt Irv i ng W Po rtl and O re

. . .

S o uth D a k o t a G A Petti grew F l and reau

o o o o o o o o o o o .
, o o
,
. . . .

R i c h ards o n Jam es D o o o o o o o o M u rfreesb o ro T enn

. . .

Tennessee Jo h n B Garrett N as h v ill e

.
, ,

S h er m an B u ren R o o o o o o o o o Vi nt on Ia
. . . .

Tex as J o h n Wat so n Ho u s t o n
.
, ,

Tell er Henry M C en t ra l C it y C o l o
. .

U tah C D i eh l S alt L ak e C it y
. .
, ,

To dd S am u el M N ew O rl eans L a
. .

Verm o n t W G R eyno l d s B u r li ngt o n

.
, ,

W eb b er F reder i c k W as hi ng t o n D C
. . . . .

V i rg i n i a G W C arr i ngt o n R i c h m o nd
o o o o o o o o o o . .
, ,
. . . .

W as h i ng to n T M Reed O l ym pi a . . .
T h e fo l l o wing is a c o m pl et e l i s t o f h o n o rary
W es t V i rg i n i a G W A t k i ns o n W h eeli ng . . . . . .
thi rt y thi rd d egree m em b ers o f t h e S u prem e C o u n
-

YVis c o ns in J W Lafl i n M il wauk ee . . .

c il A A S
,
R S o uth er n J u r i sd i c ti o n o f t h e Un ited
. . . .
,

W v o m ing W L K uyk endal l S arat o g a . . . .

S t ates fo r 1 897 ,

A la ba m a .

B ill i ng , F ay McC M on tgo m ery .

Gen era l Gran d C h apter, R o ya l A rc h M as o ns ,

A rk a nsa s
U S A General Grand S ec ret ar y , C h r i s t o ph er
K ram er, F rederi c k
. . .
,

G F o x, B u ff al o N Y .

R o s enb a u m C h arl es E
. .
,

Genera l Gra nd C o un cil f

o R o ya l a nd S elec t
,

M a s ters U S A Ge neral Grand . . . Rec o rder Hen ry R i c k o n F rederi c k J H , .

, , ,

W M o rdh urs t F o r t W ayne Ind

.
,
’

,
. A riz o na

G en era l fi i c a mp m en t o f K n igh ts T empl a rs , o o o o o o o o o o

Gra nd Rec o rder Wm H M ayo , S t

'

l . S . A .
, , . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L o ui s ,
Mo .
 FR E E MA S O NR Y 57

o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Hobe Geo rge J , S an F ranc i sc o .

Go od m an Th eo do re H , S a n F ranc i sc o .

S h er m an E d w i n A , O akl and .

S pa ul d i ng N ath an W , O akl an d .
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

D au g h erty C h arl es M , O a kl a nd .
o o o o o o o o o o o

B u c k S i l as M
, E u rek a .

S t o ne C h arl es E
, M arysv i ll e .
F l o r id a .

M erritt Jam es B , O akl a nd .

Perry Ro b er t J
, K ey West .

G il l ett C h arl es E , O akl an d .

Geo rgi a
Pet ri e W illi am M S ac ram ent o
.

, .
B l ac k s h earJ am es E . S avannah
D av i es W ill i am A
, .

, S an F ra nc i sc o .
W o l ih in A n d rew M . .

Wat erh o u se C o lu m b u s
-

, S an F r an c i sc o .
S t o c kd ell Hen ry C , A tl ant a
D e C l a i rm o n t R al ph S an F ranc i sc o
.

, . . .
C avana u gh Jo h n H , S a v an nah
Ro sen s t o c k S am u el W S an F ran c i s c o
.

, .

L l o yd R eu b en H S a n F ra n c i s c o ; H a wai i a n Is l a n d s .

Levy S am u el W
, S an F ra nc i sc o W illi am s H enry H , Ho n o lulu .

W es t Gi d eo n
.

Patt ers o n Geo rge , O akl an d .

. . .

C ro c k er C h arl es F , S an F ranc i sc o .
I n d i an T err it o ry .

D an i el l Wi ll i am H , N o rth am pt o n M ass ,
. H ill Ro b ert W
, M u sc o gee .

C li ne Henr y A
, S an F ra nc i s c o .

I o wa
Rader F ran k L o s A ng el es
.

L ee J am es G C
, .

As ht o n Geo rge W Lyo ns

S a n F ran c i sc o
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

C o tt o n A yl ett R
.

S a n F ranc i sc o C al
, .

F l etc h er L eR o y D O akl a nd
, , .

, .

P ark er Geo rge W Lyo ns

Pa ll o n C h arl es L S a n F ran c i s c o
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

, .

M o rt o n James C ed ar R api ds
Pierc e C h ar l es L J W
, O akl a nd
V an D even ter J am es T
, o o o o o o o o o o o o o o .

K n o x v ill e T enn
. . .

D av i s Jac o b Z
, S an F ra nc i s c o
L am b Ar t em u s
, 0 0 0 0 0 0
, .

C li n t o n
.

W agner C h arl es W A S an F ra nc i s c o
, 0 0 . .

B ev er G eo rg e W C ed ar R api ds
.
, .

Lask Harry J S a n F ra nc i sc o
. 0 0
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.

E ll i s L ym an A o o o o o o o o o L y o ns
, .

Jo nes F l o r i n L Pas ad ena , .

.

F idl ar W i l b u r F D avenpo r t
. .
, .

Langd on F red eri c k S L o s A ngel es

, .
.

C u r ti s C h arl es F C l i n to n
, .

.
, .

C o l o ra d o
W o o dward B enj am i n S C l i nt o n
, .

B l ak el y F red er i c k L L v o ns
Green l eaf Lawrenc e N , .
, . .

Par m al ee E d ward C ,
Gard i ner S il as Wri gh t , Lyo ns .

Po m ero y R i c h ard A ,
Wad l ei g h Lero y B , C li nt o n o o o o o o o o o o .

O rah o o d Harper M ,
Wat so n Wi lli am P , V i nto n n n n n n n n n n .

Go v e A aro n
,
M ac y Jo h n C
, D es M o i nes o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o .

H i ll F rank B Perc i val F reder i c k A , D es M o i n es 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

Park W il li am A
,

, D es M o i n es .
.

D is tri c t o f C o l um b i a .
Head A l b ert
, D es M o i nes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

Ing l e C h r i st o ph er
, W as hi n g to n .
Gage E l b r i d ge F
, C edar R api d s o o o o o o o o o o o .

B ro wn J o seph T N Ro c h ell e
ew R ay F ra n k G
, V i nton o o o o o o o o o o o o o o .

B ennett C l em e n t W , W as h in g t o n .
Parv i n N ewt on R , C ed ar Rapi d s .

S i ng l et o n Will i am R , W as h i ng t o n .
L ac ey T h o m as B o o o o o o o o o C o u n c i l B l ufi s
, .

M ac Gro t t y E dw i n B , . . . Was hi ng t o n .

S c h m id J o h n E C , . Was hi ng to n .

L Au g u s t
an g fel t ,
S o m erv i ll e Tho m as W as h i ng t o n
K eil O sc ar
, .

Ro o m e W il l i am O sc ar W as h i ng t o n
,

, .

Tayl o r Jo seph C , Was h i ng t o n . K a n s as

Ro o se W illi am S
, . Was h i ng t o n . S h er m an Adr i an C ,

L o o c k erm an T h o m as G , Geo rget o wn . F reel i ng Pet er J ,

L ansb urg h Ja m es , Vi’ as h ing t o n . M ill er M a tth ew M

,

D u nc anso n C h arl es C , W as h i n g t o n . C arpen t er J o h n C ,

T ay l o r L ero y M , Was h i ng t o n . L angd o n B u rt o n E ,

B all o c h Geo rg e W , . W as h i ng to n . E m m o n s A l o nz o C ,

N o yes Isaac P , Was hi ng t on . D av i s E van ,

58 FR E E M A SO NR Y

K an sas C ontinued . W i es enfel d D av i d ,

C l Jerem i ah S
o e, F reepo rt Ill , . S h ryoc k T h o m as J ,

S m ith J erem i a h G
, W i c hita . Larrab ee Henry C ,

C u nn i ng h a m H arper S , . . O kl a h o m a O kl , .

M inneso t a
S e it z Jo h n G O
.

.
,

L iepm au Jo seph H F o rt S c o tt H ayd en F ranc i s A , C hi c ago Ill o o o o o o o o o o

, .

N as h C h arl es W S t P au l
, .

M c D erm o t t F en t o u L F o r t S c o tt , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .

Ho t c hki ss E dward A
,

M i nneapo li s
.

J o nes C h a rl es M W i c h it a , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

W ill i am s Ja m es M M i nneapo li s
, .

Go l db erg E dward W i c hit a , o o o o o o o o o o .

W h it m an O z i as R ed W i ng
, .

Lo o m i s Henry C W i n fi el d .
, o o o o o o o o o o o o o .

M errill G il es W S t Pa ul
,

N o rt o n J o nath an D T o pek a , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .

Th o m pso n Jo seph H o o o o o o o o M i nneapol i s

. . .
,

Pass o n D av i d , L awrenc e , .

F erry Jo h n C S t Paul
.

H ass Jam es H T o pek a .

, o o o o o o o o o o o o o o . .

,
M etc al f Geo rge R , S t Pa ul o o o o o o o o o o . .

K en tu c ky . Wri g ht W ill i am H S, S t Pa ul . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .

G ray, Henry W L o ui sv il l e . H u go Trev an i o n W o o o o o o o o o D uluth

,
'

F reem an A m b ro se W , S t L o ui s Mo
.
, . S c hl e u er J o h n A , M i nneapo l is o o o o oo o o o o o o .

R ei nec k e W i lli am , Lo ui sv i ll e . Jewett W ill i am P, S t P aul 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .

Hal l E d w i n G
, Wes t S i de C al , . Lever i ng An th o ny Z o o o o o o o o M i nneapo l is
, .

Ryan Will i a m, Lo u i sv ill e . M et c alf O sc ar M , S t P aul . .

S l o ss L ev i
,
Lo ui sv il l e . Po wel l M il t o n E
, R ed wo o d F alls .

S m ith K il b o u rn W
,
L o ui sv i l l e . D o b b i n Jo seph L , M i nn eapo li s o o o o o o o o o o o .

Vo g t C h arl es C
, Lo u i sv i l l e . Rand al l Jo h n H ,
M i nneapo l i s . .

F i s k C h ar l es H
,
C o v i ng t o n . H i gb ee A l b ert E
, M i n neapo li s .

M il l er Ro b er t T
, C o v i ng t o n . K i l v i ng t o n S am u el S o o o o o o o M i nneapo l i s
, .

D u d l ey T h o m as U ,
Lo ui sv ill e . R i c h ardso n W illi am E o o o o o o D uluth , .
’

J o h nso n F ran k H Lo ui s v il l e
M iss o uri
.
,

T h o m as W ar ren L a R ue M ay s v i ll e .

Lo k er Wi ll i am N S t L o u is
. .
, .

L i vez ey T h o m as E C o v i ng t o n
, o o o o o o o o o o o . .

,
Garret t T h o m as E S t Lo ui s
.

W il so n D av i d H Lo u i sv il l e
-
.
, .

T h ac h er S t eph en D K an sas C it y
. .
,

J o h nso n W i l li a m R Lo ui sv i ll e , .

Parso n s J o h n R S t L o ui s
. . .
, .

K o pm eier Geo rge Lo ui sv ill e

o o o o
, o o o o o o o o . .

,
M o rro w T h o m as R o o o o o o o o o K a nsas C i ty
.

S t a to n Ja m es W B ro o k sv ill e
, .

,
A lth ei m er B enj am i n S t Lo u i s
.

Pru ett Jo h n F ran kfo rt , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .

S to we J am es G K an sas C it y
, .

W itt B ern ard G Hend erson , o o o o o o o o o o o o o .

Harvey \V ill iam K a ns as C it y

.
,

Rans h aw Hen ry C o v i ng t o n
,
o o o o o o o o o o o o .

S t ewar t A l ph o n s e C S t Lo u i s
, .

Ro b i nso n E u gene A M aysv ill e , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . .

,
M ayo W ill i am H S t L o ui s
.

.
, .

L o uis i a na . N el so n B enj am i n F
, S t L o ui s . . .

C rai g E m m ett D e W N ew rl eans

O
,
M issi ssipp i
.

I saac s o n A l fred H N ew O rl ea ns
.

, .

S peed F reder i c Vi c k sb u rg
B r i c e A l b er t G N ew O rl eans
. .
,

, .

S o ul e Geo rge
,
N ew O rl eans .

Hero A nd rew Jr
, ,
N ew O r l eans . o o o o o o o o o o o

K ell s C h arl es E d m u nd
,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

N o rwo o d Ab el J ,
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Q u ayl e M ark ,
N ew rl eans
O . o o o o o o o o o o

B u c k C h ar l es F
,
N ew O rl ea ns . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lam b er t R i c h ard N ew O r l ean s

“
.
,

S c h nei den Paul M ,

N ew O r l ean s . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P i nc k ard Geo rge J ,

N ew O r l ea n s .

C o ll i n s W i ll i am J
,
N ew O r l ean s .

C o ul t er H enry W ,
N ew O r l eans .

Pra tt s J o sé A l ab an v
,
N ew O rl eans .

o o o o o o o o o o o o o

M aryla n d . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

J en k i n s B e n j a m i n W ,
. B a lti m o re . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C i sc o C h arl es T
,
B alti m o re . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 FR E E MA S O NR Y 59

N eb ra s ka — C ont i nxued
. .
S o ut h D a ko ta .

R aw al t , B en j am i n F D u b o i s C o lo , .
Y an kt o n .

Y o u ng F ran k H O , . B ro k en B o w .
W eb s t er .

D uk e E l b ert T
, O m ah a .
D eadwo o d .

Warren E d w i n F , N eb ras k a C it y .
Web s ter .

C l eb u rn e W i lli am , O m ah a .
D eadwo o d .

S ewell T h o m as , L i nc o l n .

H u nti ngto n C h arl es S O ma h a S o ut h C a ro li n a .

, .

W eb s ter E dward C , Has ti ngs .

C h arl es t on .

Aki n Henry C O m aha C h ar l es t o n .

, . .

F ranc e Geo rg e B . C h arl es t o n .

,

M erc er J o h n J C h arl es t o n .

S u db o ro u g h T h o m as K C h arl es t o n .

K enyo n W il l i am J C , .

T en n es see
A nd erson Leverett M ,
E a s t m an
h ar l es H , C
W h eel er D an i el H ,
.
P l um ac h er E u gen e H ,

K o rt y L ew i s H ,
.
Wr i g ht P itki n C ,

N ewell Henry ,
S ears Jo h n Mc K
,

Hall F rank M
,
Well er Jo h n J ,

K eene L o u i s M c L
,

N ev ad a .
G u nn er R u d o l ph , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lau g ht o n C h arl es E , C ra so nC it y .
O penh eim er L o ui s M o o o o o o o o ,

B uttl ar C h arl es J R , . O a kl an d C al , .
M o rs t C h arl es S ,

Harm o n F l et c h er H , E u rek a .
As h b y J oseph K ,

Hall D av i d H
, E u rek a .
M arti n S i d ney , o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

T o rre G i o v ann i
, E u rek a .
H o t c hki ss C h arl es A ,

H am ilt o n B enj am i n 0 o o o o o o , .

A ro rt h D a ko t a . Gel b o ug h F reder i c k M ,

B u rk e, An d rew H D ul uth M i nn , . H u nt er C rai g , .

Pax to n T h o m as C , M i n neapo l i s M i nn , .
'

T h o m ps o n F ran k J F argo Uni ted S ta tes A rm y .

, .

T w am ley Jam es , Gran d F o rk s .

H ead J o h n F , W a s h i ng t o n D C , . .

D arro w E dward Mc L F argo B ai l ey E li s h a I , S an F ran c i sc o C al , .

, .

P lu m l ey Ho rati o C , F arg o .
Wo o d M ars h all W , B o i s e B arrac k s Id a ,
.

K n ei s l ey C h arl es C , D aven po rt Ia , .
Hall Ro b ert H
,

S c h well en b ac h E rnes t J , Jam es to wn .

D u d l ey E dg ar S , l umb us 0
C o , .

Gupt il A l b er t B, F argo .
W o o d ru ff C arl e A , F o rt W arren M ass ,
.

K no w lt o n R o s w el l W , F argo .
Page C h ar l es , B a lti m o re Md , .

N as h F ranc i s B F argo L ee J am es G C
, . . . S a n F ran c i s c o C al , .

, .

S c o tt W il l i am A
, F argo .
Roc k efell er C h arl es M , A ll i anc e 0 , .

S anno J a m es M J , . F t S nelli ng M i nn
.
, .

O rego n . Mc C o nih e S a m u el ,
F t L eav enw t h K an
.
’
, .

D ol ph Jo seph N , Po rtl and

Vi rgin ia
.

F o s te r J o h n R P o rtl and
, .

O l ney Hervey A
S h urt l ifi F erd i n an d N Po rtl and ,

C raig hill E d ward A

, .

P o pe S eth L P o r tl and ,
, .

Greenwo o d F reder i c k
Ro b ert s Andrew Po r tl and
.
,

T u rn er D an i el J J r
, .

M al c o l m P h il i p S Po r tl and ,
.
,

, .

N esb itt C h arl es A

W h it eh o u se B enj am i n G , . . Po rtl and .

Ryan W il li am
,

W ith i ng t o n Geo rge E Po rtl and

.
,

C ar m i c h ael H ar tl ey
. .

C l ar k L o ui s G Po rtl and ,

, .

Wi ll i am s R i c h ard P
T uth ill D av i d S Po r tl a nd
.
,

, . .
.
.

M ayer J ac o b , Po r tl and .

C h anc e Geo rge H , Po rtl and . O B rien,

’
Ro s sell G
Ho yt Henry L
, Po rtl and . R eed T h o m as M
,

C oo k Jam es W
, Po rtl and . Zei g ler Lo ui s ,
60 FR E E MA S O NR Y

Was h i ngto n — C
Pa i ge C li n t on F . B ing h am t o n N Y
o n tinued . , , . .

R u n d l e N ath a n B , S po k an e Pal m er Henry L M il wauk ee W is . , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

, .

Go wey J o h n F ,
O l m pi a Patt ers o n Ro b er t E P h il ad el ph i a P a
y . . , .

T h o m pso n Wa lt er J Tac o m a
,
Perk i n s M ars h 0 W i nd s o r Vt (D eputy ) . , n n n n n n n
, .

Hare E dward R
,
Tac o m a Petti b o ne Am o s C hi c ago Ill . , , .

S no dg ras s F urin an E ,
S po k ane Quiub y H enry B . Lak epo r t N H
. .
, , . .

W es t Vi rg ini a
R u c kl e N i c h o l as R I nd i an apo l i s Ind , , .

S h irrefs R o b ert A E liz ab eth N J (D eputy )

.

W alk er K eph ar t D F a i r m o u nt . . .
,

S i c k el s D an i el B ro o kl yn N Y
.
,

A ppl ega te W i ll i am J W ell sb u rg

' , o o o o o o o o o o
, . .

S m i th B ar t o n o o o o o o o o To l ed o 0
.
,

M o rri s J o h n W W h eel i ng
.
, , .

S m ith J o h n C o rso n C hi c ag o Ill D eput y )

,
.

D arrah T h o m as M W h eeli ng '

( , , . .

S m i th Jo seph W o o o o o o o o I n d i anapo l i s Ind

.
,

B i rc h J o h n M Wh eel in g ,
, .

S tetti ni u s Jo h n L o o o o o o C in c i nnati 0
. .
,

M c C ah o n Jam es W h eeli n g
.
, .
,

S t ev ens W al ter A o o o o o o o C hi c ag o Ill

.
’
, , .

Wyo m ing Trac y D av i d B o o o o o o o o o D et ro it M i c h

.

, , .

K n i g ht Jes se ,
E v an s to n .
Tyl er Geo rg e 0 B u r l i n gt o n V t
. .
0 0 0 .
, 0 0
,

D i c k i n so n E dward , Laram i e Ward J H H ob ar t B ro o kl yn N Y .

, . .
, . .

S u prem e C o u nc il S o v erei gn Grand Inspec to rs

W ell s S a m u el B o s to n M ass , , .

W o o db u ry C h arl es L ev i B o s t o n M ass (D ec eased )

,

General N o rth ern J u ri sd i c ti o n (no rth o f M aso n

,
,
.
, .

and D i x o n l i ne and eas t o f t h e M i s s i s s i ppi R i v er)

T h e fo l l o wi ng is a c o m pl et e li s t o f h o n o rary
Henry L Pal m er M o s t P ui s sant S o v erei g n thi r t thi rd d e ree m em b ers S o verei n Grand In
.
,
y g g
-

Grand C o m m an der M il w auk ee W is

,

s pec t o rs Gen eral o f t h e S u prem e C o u n c il A A S .

, ,
. .

C l i n t o n F P ai g e I l lu s t r i o u s Grand S ec re R N o r th ern Ju r i sd i c ti o n o f t h e Un i ted S tat es for

.
'

.
,
,

ta ry G en eral S t ewar t B ui l d i n g N ew Y o rk
,
.

1 898
.
, ,

T h e l i s t o f ac ti ve thi rt y th i rd d eg ree m em b ers o f -

t h e S u prem e C o u n c il N o r th er n J u ri s d i c ti o n i s as Lo c k e Jo seph A
,
,
,

fo ll o ws : Wait e A l m o u C ,

A r no l d N ew t o n ,
Pro v i d enc e R I H i nkl ey R u fu s H ,
. .
0 0
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B ab c o c k B ren t o n D ,
C l ev el and 0 M arst o n A rl i ng t o n B
. . , .

B al d i ng T h o m as E ,
M il wau k ee W is B erry S t eph en
. .
, .
, o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

B ar nard G il b er t W , C hi c ag o Ill R u ss el l J o h n S . .

, o o o o o o o o o o o o o

B en tl ey G eo rge W B ro o kl n N Y C h ase A l b ro E y . .
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
, o

B u c h an an J am es I P itt sb u rg h Pa (D eputy ) S h aw Geo rg e R

, , .

,
o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o

B u r nh a m E d ward P S ac o M e
, B earc e S a m u el F , .

, 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

C av en J o h n , Ind i ana po li s Ind M a l l et E d m u n d B J r , .

.
, .
,

C ars o n E no c h T , C i nc i n nati 0 (D eput ) F arn h am A u g u s tu s B ,

. y
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C art er C h a rl es W
,
N o rw i c h C o nn (D eput y ) Pen l ey A l b er t M , .

C o dd i ng J am es H , T o wan da Penn B u r n h a m W ill i am J ,

.

, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C o tt r il l C h ar l es M , M il w auk ee W is (D eput y ) M err il l Jo nath an A ,

.
-
.

C u rr i er Geo rg e W ,
N as hu a N H (D eput y ) Hasti ngs M o ses \I , . .
, . .

D am e C h arl es C
, N ewb u rypo rt M ass M as o n W m Gas t ei n o o o o o o o o , .

, .

D r u m m o nd Jo s i ah H Po rtl and M e, Harri s H erb er t

. .
, .

,
o o o o o o o o o o o o o

F razee A nd rew B , C am d en N J D a y F es sen den I

.
,
. .
, o o o o o o o
o o o o o

G uth ri e Geo rge W , P itt s b u rg P a Heath E l b ri dge G

. .
, .

Haw l ey J am es H , Di x o n Ill H i c k s M ill ard F , .

H i gb y \V ill iam R, B r i d g epo rt C o nn Raym o nd Geo rge E o o o o o o o o o , .

.

H i gh l y F ra nc i s M ,
Ph il adel phi a Penn B u rr T h o m as W , .
,

H o m an W illi a m ,
N ew Y o r k C it y N Y .
T reb J o h ns o n .
, . .
v . .

H ut c hi ns o n C h arl es C Lo w ell M ass , . . .

, .

Ide C h ar l es E S yrac u se N Y (D eput y ) N ew H a mp s h ire . .

, , . .

K en yo n G eo rge H , P ro id enc e R I (D eput y ) A th er t o n Hen ry B v N as hu a , . .

,
.

K i ng M arq uis F
, Po rt l and M e (D eput y ) F ell o ws J o seph W M an c h es ter ,
.
, .

K i ns m an D av i d N C o lu m b u s 0
, C l eav es Geo rge P C o nc o rd ,
.
, . . . .

Lawrenc e S a m u el C B o st o n M as s
,
\V eb s t er J o h n F C o nc o rd , .
, .

M c C u rd y Il ugh C o ru n ua M i c h (D eput y ) S h attu c k J o s eph

, N as hu a . .
, .

Met c al f A T , K al a m az o o M i c h
. Web s t r C h arl es H N as hu a , . e ,
.
 FR E E MA S O NR Y 61

N ew H m pshire — C o n tin ued

. . Perk i ns Henry P , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

D anfo rth C h arl es C , C n c o rd

o . W el c h C h ar l es A
,

S m ith H en ry B , N as hu a . Wel d O ti s E
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

S an ders F ra nk L , C o n c o rd . A l ger W ill i am R

, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

H unt N ath an P
, M anc h es t er . Wal b ri dge F rederi c k G c c c c c ,

H a tc h J o h n , . Greenl a nd . Wri g ht E dw i n ,
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

K en t Henry O,
Lanc as ter . Waterm an T h o m as o o o o o o o o o ,

H at c h O s c ar C ,
L ittl et on . S m ith A l b er t C
,

C l ar k Jo h n H ,
N as h u a . S pell m an C h a rl es C o o o o o o o o o
,

To w l e C h ar l es N,
C o nc o rd . S po o ner S am u el B o o o o o o o o o
,

Hayes C h arl es C ,
M anc h es ter . S t evens W ill i am J , o o o o o o o o o o

M ars h Henry A ,
'
N as h u a . C arpent er Geo rge S , Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

F l et c h er Th o m as M , A l der B ro o k . D o o l ittl e E ras tu s H ,

W a it A l b er t S
, N ewpo r t . Y o u ng E B en tl ey
, .

Verm o n t .
S ew ard J o s i a h L ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Un derwo o d ,
Lev i B u r li ng to n .
Laki n Jo h n H , o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Pa i ne M ilto n K W i nd so r .
B u c king h am G eo rg e B o o o o o o ,
,

Heat o n C h arl es H ,
M o n t peli er .
Ro well B enj am i n W , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Jo h nso n M i ro n W B u rli ngto n S avage M i no t J ,

o o o o o o o o o o o o o

, .

H il l Ho ward F C o nc o rd N H , . .
Wo rk Jo seph W
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

R i c h ardso n A l b ert L o o o o o o o o
,

F i s h er F red eri c k S, D epo s it N Y ,

. .
,

N i c h o l s A l b ro F S t J o h ns b u r y
. .
S pr i ng F reder i c k H
,
,

Reyno l d s W arren G , B u r l i ng t o n .
R i c h ard s E u gene H ,

K i ns l ey Geo rge H ,
B u r l i n gt o n .
Al l en Geo rge H
,
o o o o o o o o o o o o

J ac k so n J Henry ,
. B arre .
L i v i ngs t o n Wi lli am E o o o o o o ,

C u m m i ngs S il as W S t A l b an s .
C utti ng Walt er , o o o o o o o o o o o o o

, .

Ni c h o l s S ayl es ‘

,
B u rl i ng t o n .
H ersey F reem an C , o o o o o o o o o o

Hall Al fred A S t A l b a ns
. .
S ti c k ney H o rac e W , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

W i n g Geo rge W , M o n t pel i er .

Yo u ng J am es H ,
o o o o o o o o o o o o

W h it c o m b C h ar l es W
'

C avend i s h C o l l a m o re J o h n H , o o o o o o o o o o

,
.

Wr i gh t Ro b ert J .
. N ewpo r t .
E mm o n s T h eo do re H o o o o o o o
,
,

N i c h o l so n D an i el N . B u r li ng t o n .
K end r i c k E d m u n d P ,
,

VVelc h A l b i o n F
C a l d erwo o d C h arl es A , S t J o h n sb u ry
. .
,

T h o m pso n J es se E , R utl a nd .
H u b b ard S am u el F .

W hi ppl e J o h n H ,
M anc h es t er .
Tem pl e Th o m as F ,

T af t E li hu B
,
B u r l i ng t o n .
F i tt s E d w ard A
,

B ab b itt G eo rg e H , B el l o ws F a ll s .
Po ll ard A rt b ur G ,
-

Web s t er Da n i el P , B rattl eb o ro .
Gat es A l b ert F
,

Ho lt o n E u gene A ,
M as s a c h uset ts
K ell o u gh T h o m as
.

Hath away N i c h o l as F all R i ver

,

, . .

P lu m m er M o ses C o o o o o o o o o o

L awrenc e D an i el W M edfo rd
,

, .

H o l m es E d w i n B o o o o o o o o o .

M ars h all W yzem an

,

B o st o n
, .

N i c h o l s E dward V L ,
-

K el s ey A l b er t H N o rth C a m b r i dge
, .

Lawrenc e W i ll i am B
F reel and Jam es H B o sto n
,

B o we n S o ran u s
.
,
. c c c c c c c c c c c c

H al] J o h n K B o s to n
,

, .

R aym o nd J o h n M ,
o o o o o o o o o o

S m i th Will i am A Wo rc es t er
, .

Trefry W illi am D T o o o o o o o o
, .

R i c h ardso n W ill i am A , Was h i n gt o n D C , . .

F l and ers D ana J
F o x Ja m es A B o st o n
,

B u sh J o h n S F
.
,
. . o o o o o o o o o o o

E verett P erc i v a l L
,

B o sto n
, .

G l easo n J am es M ,
Ni c k ers o n S ereno D , B o sto n .

R h o des Geo rge H o o o o o o o o o o o

,

M ul l ik en Hen ry , B o st o n .

T h o rnd ik e S am u el L o o o o o o o o
C arpent ei Geo rg e 0
,
B o ston
, .

Y o u n g C h arl es F
,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Go ul d B enj am i n A, C a m b r i d ge .

E n d i c o tt H en ry , C am b r i d gepo rt .
R h ode I s lan d .

C h ess m an W ill i a m H ,
'

B o s to n . C h afi ee,A l b er t H Wo rc es t er M ass
, .

Gu i l d W ill i am H
, B o s to n . B rayt o n Jam es B ,
N ewpo rt .
62 FR E E MA S O NR Y

R h o de I s l a n d — C o n ti nued . Ro b i n s o n Jo h n C , B i ng h am to n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

B u rt E u gene D
, . . Pro v i denc e . B ar tl ett Jo h n S , B u ffal o o o o o o o o o o o o .

W h it e S till m an
, . Pro v i d enc e . C o o k A b el G
, S yrac u s e .

E arl e Jo seph 0
,
Pro v i denc e . T en E yc k Jam es ,Al b any 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

U nd erwo o d Wi lli a m ,
J N ewpo rt . Gi l b ert Geo rge W , N ew Y o rk .

S h epl ey G eo rge L ,
Pro v i denc e . T el fai r J ac o b R , S t at en I s l an d .

F i el d H enry C
,
. . . Pro v i denc e . E hl ers E d ward M L
, N ew Y o rk . .

W hite H u nt er C
,
Pro v i denc e . S age Wi ll i am L
, B o s to n M ass o o o o o o o o o o o
, .

H u sb and W ill i am E ,
Pro v i d enc e . Paterson W ill i am S , N ew Y o rk .

E dd y An d rew B
,
. Pro v i denc e . M ac o m b Jo h n N , Lawrenc e K an 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
, .

N ew h all C h arl es C , Pro v i d enc e . Peters A u g u s tu s W

, N ew Y o rk .

M u m fo rd C h arl es C , Pro v i d enc e . Ru ss Herm an H

, A l b any o o o o o o o o o o o .

V i n c ent W alt er B ,
Pro v i denc e . T o rrey C h arl es W , S t at en I s l and o o o o o o o o o o .

B u rn h a m Geo rge H ,
. . . Pro v i d enc e . E aki ns Jo seph B ,
N ew Y o rk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

S tu d l ey J E d ward ,
. Pro v i denc e . H eyzer C h ar l es H , N ew Y o rk e e e e e e e e e e .

Wo o d A u s ti n C
, S yrac u se o o o o o o o o o o o o .

C o nn ec ti c u t
S teel e S am u el C Ro c h es ter
.

A ll en M arcu s C B r i d g epo r t
0 0 0 0 0 .
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C l ark C h ar l es P S yrac u se
.
,

Park er Henry L N o rw i c h
o o o o o o o o o o o o .
,

, .

T h ac h er Jo h n B o yd A l b an y
Go ul d Jam es L B r i d gepo r t
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

B erry H i ram B Warw i c k

. .
,

B al d w i n N ath an A M il fo rd
. o o o o o o o o o o o .
,

, .

F ull er Geo rge W C o rn i ng

B ill i ng s C h arl es E Hart fo rd
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
,

, .

Pearc e W ill a rd A N ew Y o rk
S ki ff C h ar l es W D anb u ry
o o o
, o o o o o o o .

S i m m o n s J E dward o o o o o o o o N ew Y o rk
.
,

K i rk er Ja m es N o rw i c h
. .
,

F l agl er B enj am i n S u s pen s i o n B r i dge

. .
,

Wal d ro n F reder i c k H N ew Hav en

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
,

B ro d i e W ill i am A Geneseo
.
,

S eel ey W il li a m E B r i d gepo r t
0 0 0 0 0 0
, 0 0 0 0 .

,
.

M ill ar Geo rge W

B r o n s o n S a m u el M Hart ford ,

Lawl ess W i ll i am J
-
.
,

B rewer Ar th u r H N o rwi c h
n n n n n n n n n
,

B ec k er A l b er t J r
, .

B ro n s o n Ho rati o G N ew Hav en
, ,
;
E l y F o s ter
,

Qui n t ard E li S N ew Hav en

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
, o o

Tras k Wayl and

.
,

D utt o n Al ph eu s D B r i d g epo r t
o o o o o o o o o o o o
,

Ward C h arl es S
.
,

S ev i n N ath an D N o rwi c h
o o o o o o o o o o o
, o

,
.

R i c h ard so n Jo h n W
K no w lt o n J ul ius W B r i d g epo r t
0 0
, 0 0 0 0 0 0

, .

Ab el Jo seph P
L i nes H Wal es
, . M eri den .
,

Park er R i c h ard H
H u bb ard C h arl es L N o rwi c h
n n n n n n n n n n
,
.

L awrenc e F rank R o o o o o o o o o
. .
,

Ro o t J o h n G Hart fo rd ,

, .

P lu m b H i ram W
W o o d ward Hen ry M i dd l et o wn
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
,

, .

F erg u s o n J am es F
S penc er F reder i c k A W at erb u ry ,

F it c h W i ll i am E
.
,

Po rter Georg e L B r i dg epo r t

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
,

, .

Mc Go wn Geo rge ooooooo

C h apm an S il as Jr Har tfo rd
.
,

M c D o well S i m o n V c c c c c c c c c
.
, ,

L i ppi tt C o s t el l o N o rwi c h ,

T h ral l E dwi n A
.
,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
,

W alk er S i d ney F o o o o o o o o o
,

W o o d h am Al fred ,
M c Gee J a m es ,

J enn i ngs Jo seph J ,

C l ark e Geo rge H ,

V i n i ng Harri s o n S ,
H u b b ard Warren C , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C o l e O ti s
,
Jo nes E dward F
,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

A nd erso n Jo h n R ,
F r i sb i e B yro n S ,

Gard ner Geo rge J ,

B en so n F reder i c A o o o o o o o o o
,

S t o ne S eym o u r H
,
M ac L ell an D an i el M , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lo o m i s E d w i n J ,
S h afer J o h n F ,
o o o o o o o o o o o o o

W i lli a m s Jo h n D ,
Lo m b ard Th o m as R , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F l em i ng Wal t er M ,
L o rill ard P i erre , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

N o rth ru p Aaro n L ,
K no wl es E dw i n , o o o o o o o o o o o

S age Jo h n L
,
M ac A rt h ur Ar thu r ,

An th o ny Jes se B ,
S t o ry W ill i am
,
o o o o o o o o o o o o

S til es B enj am i n F
,
A fflec k S t eph en D ,
64 FR E E MA S O NR Y

P enns ylv a n i a . C on ti nued . B u ec h n er W ill i a m L o o o o o o o ,

M ered ith Wil l i am B ,

. K itt ann i ng . Go rdo n T h eo do re P ,

C l app Jo h n M , Ti d i o ut e . N em b ac h An d rew , o o o o o o o o o o

Lyt e E l i ph al et O
,
. M i ll ersv i ll e . S ag e Geo rg e R
, o o o o o o o o o o o o o

F ranc i s C h arl es K P hi l adel ph i a W hi tak er E ph ra i m S

'

.
, ,

C u m m i ngs C h ar l es II , M au c h C hu nk . F aso l d E li ,

S h aff er V o s b u rg h N ,
P h te n ix v ill e . C al d wel l J o h n D ,
c c c c c c c c c c c

Lyt e J o s h u a L
,
Lanc ast er . Patt o n Al ex an der G o o o o o o o
, .

W ray S am u el W P h il ad el ph i a Ho nc k M arti n J
'

.
, , o o o o o o o o o o o o

Hen d ers o n M a tthias H , . N ew C as tl e . C h a m b erl i n J o h n W ,

S l ac k W i ll i am H
,
A ll eg h eny C ity . V anc e Al exander F J r, .
,

K err Ja m es J r
, , . P itt s b u rg . Il am pso n R o b er t V ,

Arno l d Jo h n B ,
. A u ro ra Ill , . Hal l aday C a l v i n , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E ab y J o el S
,
. Lanc as t er . Go o dspeed J o s eph M c K o o o o o ,

K enned y S am u el B , E ri e . M eli s h W ill i am B ,

. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T h o m pso n C al eb C ,
W arren . B ri ggs S a m ,
.

S m ith L ee S , P itt s b u rg . W inegarne r D av i d C ,

H i m ro d W i lli am ,
E ri e . S h epard ‘V illiam , .

C ary C h arl es
,
. P hi l adel phi a . C utl er E b en J , o o o o o o o o o o o o o

D u nnell Henry N ,
S c ran t o n . Page E d ward D
,

K end r i c k Geo rge W J r , . , . . Phil adel phi a . Gwynn Ro b er t , .

B at es S t o c k to n
,
P hil adel phi a . Pelt o n F rederi c k W o o o o o o o o
,

S prenk el P et er K ,
. Harri s b u rg . A k ers W il li am J , ooooooooo .

Ho l m es A m er i c u s V ,
P itt sb u rg . K i ng D av i d L, o o o o o o o o o o o o o

K uh n H enry H ,
S o m erset . B ro wn H u nti ng t o n o o o o o o o o o
,

M c C l ees L ev i B ,
Germ an t o wn P hil a , . M o o re S i d ney , . o o o o o o o o o o o

S tett e C h r i s ti an G
,
Read i ng . D u n n Jo seph H , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L i nden R o b ert J ,
P hil adel phi a . H arri s Jo h n T , .

W i g l ey Ar thu r B ,
P itt sb u rg . C h a m b erl ai n C h arl es W ,

S teven so n D av i d A ,
P itt s b u rg . M atth ews E d ward W ,

B ar k ey Pet er ,
E ri e . Arm s t ro ng C l arenc e E ,

Hal l A m o s H
,
. P hil adel phi a . S ti pp Jo s eph A
,

S m ith E d gar F ,
. P hil adel phi a . F l ac h C h arl es H,

G il ro y Jo h n J ,
. P hil adel ph i a . M i c h i e W illi am ,

Mc K il l ip Harvey A ,
B l o o m sb u rg . T u c k er C h arl es H ,
o o o o o o o o o o

Wil li am s J H ,
. P h i l adel ph i a . W i ll i am s S am u el S ,

Jo h ns t o ne Geo rge C Al l eg h eny H ays O th o L

“
. o o o o o o o o o
, , o o

S wei gard Isaac A ,

P hi l adel ph i a . Parso ns J o h n \V ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B o o ne E d w i n ,
Read i ng . J efi ers A l l en ,
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

B ro wn J am es ,
I
P itt sb u rg . S ent er O rest es A B ,
.

B i s h o p A l fred S ,
P itt sb u rg . C o lli ns J am es A ,
o o o o o o o o o o o

Hal e Geo rge

,
. P hil adel ph i a . M o rs e F red A ,

L yt t l e L a F ayet t e
,

O h io .
B ell Jo h n N
,

C u nn i ng h am W ill i am M , . .N ew ark . Go o da l e L ev i C , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ho ad l ey Geo rge ,
. C i nc i n nati . L el n m o n Reu b en C o o o o o o o o o ,

Wo o dward C h arl es A ,
C l ev el and . Avery W il li am R ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

K ei fer C h arl es C
,
U r b a na . R i c kl ey R R , .

To tten Ja m es S , . Leb ano n . S penc er J o seph M , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

R o s s A po ll o s M
,
C i nc i n nati . W al den Jo h n M , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hu s t o n A l ex ander B ,
C i nc i nn ati . M o rri s E van ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ur ner Henry C ,
C i nc i n nati . M eli s h T h o m as J,

M ac k M a x J
, C i nc i nn ati . Andrews A l l e n ,
o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Parso ns J B , . C l ev el and . B al d w i n C h arl es F O O O O O O O O O

,

S i c k el s S h el d o n
,
C l evel a nd . B u rd i c k Leander o o o ,
ooooo o

C o ll i ns C h arl es A,
A k ro n . S a nd s S t eph en P
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 FR E E MA S O NR Y

0 h io C 0 n l in ued
’
.
-
.
D av i s Ja m es E ,

Per ki ns Henry , k ro n
A .
L i v i ngs t o ne W il li am J r , ,

C o tteral l Jo s eph W , .
, Jr . . .C i n c i n nati . F i nd l at er Jam es , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B u c h wa lter M o rr i s L , C i n c i nn ati . S m i th Geo rg e D , o o o o o o

o o o o o o

B utl er C h ar l es R , C l evel and . F ifi eld E u g ene ,

S qui re An d rew C l ev el and M aywo rm Jo seph

“
, .
,

M c In t o s h Hen ry P , C l evel a nd . F o wl e Geo rge W , .

B l y th Joh n , B u c yru s . M ei gs A l fred E o o o o o o o o

, .

B o o ne illiam K ,
i
. .Li m a . B o lt o n Henry , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

S c h au s Lew i s P , N ewark .
D u nc a n Jo h n , n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

P faffl in H er m an C . f . . C i nc i n nati . Gero w Jo h n A ,

Irv i n Ho rac e A , . D ayt on . Will i am s T h o m as H , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Jac k so n M erv i n , T o l ed o .
S ti l es A l b ert , o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

S tull J o h n M, \Varreu . M c Gee M i c h ael B , . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B ro m well J ac o b H , C i n c i nna ti . M u nro e T h o m as , .

K en n ed y H en ry A C an t o n W i nso r L o u B
'

, .
, o o o o o o o o o o o o o

S at er J o h n E
.

, C ol umb us . M o nt ro s s R i c h ard W c c c c c c c ,

M c C une J o h n P , C o l um b us . J ewett W ill i a m E ,

K i ng E d m u n d B
, S a nd u s k y . Heal d C h arl es M , .

J o h n s t o n J R u s s ell , . . . . D a yt o n . H arri s L D , .

B u s h n ell A s a S , S pr i ng fi el d . O s b o rn J a m es W , o o o o o o o o o o o

Lew i s C h arl es T ,
To l ed o .

B a t es W il li a m L
, D ay to n .

K it e T h o m as
, C i n c i nn ati . Hess Ja m es W , o o o o o o o o o o o o o

F i s h Geo rge H ,

M ic h igan . B o ns al l N ath an i el F ,

ro w n C h arl es H
B , Grand Rapids . T h ayer Henry G , o o o o o o o o o o o o

T ab o r A u g u s t us B ,
-
D et ro it . D av i s G il b ert W , .

K ell o gg A n d rew J , D et ro i t . R i c e M arti n H

,

B u ry R i c h ard A
, . .A d r i an . D o u g l as S ydn ey W , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

H ill s C h arl es T
, . .M u s k ego n . S m ith J ac o b W , . o o o o o o o o o o o

S hi pm an O z i as W ,
D et ro it . Vail W a lt er ,

F o x Perr i n V
, Grand R api ds . B utl er Jo h n L , O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

H ax t o n B enj am i n F ,
D et ro it . Ro b i e Wi lli am J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T h o rp D ariu s D ,
D et ro i t . B ro wn A u s ti n H , o o o o o o o o o o o o

B a x ter W ill i am H , D et ro i t . E ll i o tt B yro n K , o o o o o o o o o o o o

S t r ik er D an i el ,
. . Has ti ngs . B r u s h Jo h n T , o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Hen d ers o n F ran k , K al a m az o o . Adam s Henry C ,

P o m ero y C h ar l es H ,
. .E as t S ag i naw . M c K inley T h o m as S ,

S wat t o ut R i c h ard D
-

,
Grand Rapi ds . S weet S a m u el B ,

C o r l i s s Jo h n B , D et ro it . S m yth e W ill i am H ,

C o ul s o n N i c h o l as , D et ro it . C o l e C yr il ] B
,

C h am b erl ai n M H o ward ,
. . .D et ro it . C i ni t Jo h n \V
'

G i l b er t F ran k 0 ,
. B ay C it y . S m ith J o seph L ,
.

M o o re F ranc i s M ,
M ar qu ette . S afi o rd J am es B , .

S h arp E dg ar M , B ay C i ty . Hawki ns Ro s c o e O ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

M ayb u ry \Vill iam C , . . D et ro it . N ye M o rti m er

,
. o o o o o o o o o o o o o

S t eere J o s eph H,
. . S a ult S t e M ar i e . . L o ng T h o m as B ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E m ery Tem pl e ,
E as t Taw as . M o yer H enry A ,
.

D u n h am W ill i am , Grand Rapi d s . M an ning Jo s eph A , o o o o o o o o o o

E ll i s War i ng H
,
. D et ro it . P i x l ey Geo rge W , o o o o o o o o o o o o

C o n o ver J eff erso n H Gc a ke W il li am

'
Go ld w at er
'

.
, . ,

Hu d so n W il li am G ,
. L u d i ng t o n . F arr i ngt o n Geo rge E ,

W h eel er E d ward D , M an i s t ee . Lei g ht y Jac o b D ,

Pal m er T h o m as W ,
D et ro it . H ut c hi nso n C h arl es L ,

S t eph enso n S am u el M , . M eno m i nee . W h it e A hi ra R ,

5
66 FR E E MA S O NR Y

i nd ia na — C o nti n ued . . M c L ell an ,Arc hi ba l d C hi c ago .

M c K ee W ill i am J
,
I nd i anapo l i s . Wo rk s C h arl es A
,
Ro c kfo rd o o o o o o o o o o o .

Ni b l ac k M as on J , V i nc ennes . W al s h e Ro b ert J
,
C hi c ago .

B utl er M ahl o n D
,
. . In d i anapo l i s . L o ri m er Geo rge C ,
B o s t o n M ass 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
, .

L anc as t er Hen ry H , . . Lafayette . W ilt se Hi ram L

,
C hi c ago .

S c h m i dt W H ,
. . . I nd i anapo li s . S pr i ng S yl ves t er O
,
Peo r i a .

S l o an Geo rge W h it e
,
. . Ind i anapo li s . S m i th R o b er t A
,
C hi c ago o o o o o o o o o o o o .

Ho lli da y J H , . . Ind i anapo l i s . M ay Jo h n A

,
C h i c ag o . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o .

E ll i o tt N ath an K ell e
,
y . . Terre Ha ute . N o rto n J o h n E,
C hi c ago o o o o o o o o o o o o o .

C o ul ter J am es P ,
. . Au ro ra . B l o eki W il l i am F
,
C h ic ago .

B as s J o h n H
,
F o rt W ayn e . K n i g ht W illi am M
,
C hi c ag o .

Wo o d J ul i u s C
,
M u nc i e . M c F at ric h Jam es B C h i c ago
,
.

N i c h o l s A l o nzo S ,
. . M i c hi gan C it y . D rak e C h es t er T
,
C hi c ag o .

G il l ett S im eo n P,
E van s v i l l e . Go dd ard Lero y A ,
C hi c ag o o o o o o o o o o o .

M o rdh urs t H W ,
. . Fo r t W ay ne . Rh o des Hen ry L . C e nt rali a .

M ars h all T h o m as R ,
C o l u m b i a C it y . Ran k i n C h arl es S , C h i c ag o .

R o u nd y F r an k C , C hi c ago .

I lli n o is .
Ram s a F red eri c M o o o o o o o o C hi c ag o
y , .

T u rner W i ll i am H ,
C hi c ago .
M o nt go m ery Isaac S o o o o o o o o Ro c kfo rd ,
.

R an ney Henry C , C hi c ago .

Haski ns S eth F ,
Peo ri a o o o o o o o o o o o o .

Gal e Y Vil l iam H C hi c ag o

W is c o ns in
.
,

P a t r i c k B en j a m i n F B o s t o n M ass
.

Y o u n g s M el v i n L M i l wauk ee
.
, ,

M u nn L o yal L F reepo r t
o o o o o o o o .
, o o

Pal m er W ill i am T M il wauk ee

.
,

M y ers E u gene B C hi c ag o
. .
.
,

Greel ey S am u el F C hi c ago Ill

.
,

E ga n W il ey M C h i c ag o
0 0 0 0 0 0 .
,
0 0 0
,

Wilki nso n F ranc i s M M il wauk ee

.
,

P u rd y W arren G C h i c ago
' . . .
,

H aisler M i c h ael J M il wauk ee

. . .
,

Gett y Henry H C h i c a go
.
,

S uess m ilc h F red er i c k L y o n D ela an

. . .
,
y
Po nd Hen ry H C hi c ag o
. . .

R o gers C h ar l es D M i l wauk ee
.
,

C reg ier D ew itt C C hi c ago

. .
,

B rac k en H enry S M il w auk ee

. . .
,

S ki nkl e J ac o b W C h i c ago
.
, .

B enz en b erg Geo rg e H M i l w auk ee

.
,

O N eil J o h n C h i c ago
‘ 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
,

B raz i er W illi am H o o o o o o o o o M i l w auk ee

.
,

B radwell J am es B C hi c ag o
.
,

L i b b ey O li ver Green B ay
.
,

C l ark e H aswell C K an k ak ee
.
,

C ro sb y F ra nc i s J M i l wa uk ee
.
,

M c L aren J o h n C hi c ag o
.
,

Wat ro u s J ero m e A M il wauk ee

.
,

R u s sel l A l i ne d C hi c ag o
, .

C o l e S i d n ey H M il waukee
.
,

C hu rc h J a m es E C h i c ago
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o .
,

S t a rk E d wa rd s J M i l wauk ee
.
,

B an n i s t er J a m es Peo r i a
o o o o o o o .
o o o o
,

Jac k s n E G il b ert o o o o o o o o o O s hk o s h
.
,
o
J o h nso n Ro b ert M C h i c ag o
. .
,

F ifield S a m u e l S
.

s h l an d
,

Po ul so n W i lli am E C h i c ag o
' .
,

B i ng h a m Jo el W M il wauk ee
. . .
,

Pac e E d ward C o l em an As h l ey
. o o o o o o o o o o .
,

S t o rke E u g ene F M il wauk ee

. . .
,

Pearso n Jo h n M il l s G o dfrey
.

”
,

L afi in J o h n W M i l wauk ee
. . .
,

H it c h c o c k C h arl es F reem a n Peo ri a

.
,

C o l l e F r a nk B M i l wa uk ee
. . .
,
y
M ill e r D e L as k ie
.

C h ic ag o
.
,
-

M ill er D a n i el M c L O c o no m o wo c
. . .
,

M illi gan W ill i am L ee R o v tt awa

.

O
,

C aufy L uth er L M il wa uk ee
. . .
,

M o ult n Geo rge M C h i c ag o

. .
,
o
D an i el s N o rm an C M il wauk ee
.
,

B li s s E li ak i m R C hi c ago
. .
,
,
. .

L euz ard er B en j am i n T M il wauk ee

E d w ard s I s aac C Peo ri a
. . . .

W ag ner A do l ph H M i l wa uk ee
. .
,

W ar l le Geo rge W C h i c ag o
. . .
' ,
ve
Ho o l ey Geo rg e T M il wauk ee
. .
,
.

Herr i c k C h arl es K C h i c ago

,

Wec h sel b erg J uli u s M i l wauk ee

.
,
.

G u nth er C h arl es F ,
C h i c ago .
,

L ittl ej o h n N ewt o n M o o o o o o o W hi t ewat er .

M ul li ner E dward S , Qu i nc y .

W hit ney L eR o y C
,

M il wauk ee .

S t o s k o pf M i c h ael F reepo r t
.
,

K enn y W i ll i a m P M il wauk ee
.
,
.

S t o k e r E u ge n e L e C C e n t ral i a
o o o o o o o o o o
,
.
,

S pi es J o seph
,
C hi c ago . IVo n res id en l -
-

H o n o ra ry M em bers .

C u rti s Geo rg e \V ,
Peo r i a .
\Vad s w o rt h J a m es C ,
. L . . S F ranc i sc o C al
an , .

M c L e n A l e x an der
a ,
M ac o m b ,
F i l m er ,
W i lli a m . S an F ra nc i s c o C al ,
.

Luc e F r nk M
, a C h i c ag o . S t evens . E no c h B S o uth po rt N C ,
. .
 “
F R E E MA S O N R Y ”A M O N G T HE C HI NE SE 67

M ill ard A l den C , . . S up reme C o unc il , A . A . S . R .

,
U S
. . A N o rt h

W h eel er F reder i c k A , . w es tern J ur is di c ti m z (N e gro ) . M F F i el ds Grand

. .
,

B ro wn E d w ar d H ,
C om ma nder , St . Lo ui s Mo ,
.

R i c h ard so n L l o y d D ,
A nc ien t A r a b ic O rd er o f N o b l es f
o th e M ys t ic
S h rine o f N ort h an d S o u th A m eric a (N eg ro ) . A d
C o xc o a na xr O R D E R S .
d res s Ro b er t H u el es s N ew Y o rk J o h n G Jo nes
, .
,

R oy a l O rder o f S c o t l a nd . Pro v i nc i al Grand C hi c ag o .

L o d ge ,
U . S . A .
, W . O sc a r R o o m e, B
'

as hin g t o n , F e e m a s o n r y a m o n g t h e C h in e s e
r .

D C . . — T h ere i s n o su c h t h in g as F ree m asonry

K n igh t s o f th e R ed C r os s o fC o ns t an ti ne C h ap
a m ong th e C hi nese al t h ough the re are Ch i
.

t er Genera l U S A ; S ec ret ary General h as ,

, . . .
, C . K .

F ranc i s 4 2 5 Wal n ut S t reet P hi l ad el ph i a

. , ,
Pa .
n ese se c ret so c ieties i n t h e Un ite d S tates
K n igh ts o f th e R ed C ro ss o f R o me an d C o ns t an w h ich h ave been d es c ribe d as organi zation s
t ine, S v erei gn Grand C o u nc il R
o eg s i t rar General . of C h i nese Free m ason s Thi s i s be c au se .

Th o m as Leah y Ro c h est er N Y , ,
. .
th e word Free m ason r y h as been associate d so
m a ny y ears i n th e m i nds of th e publi c wit h
N ox -
M as o xrc B O D IE S T O w a ren O N L Y -
F as s na so xs

A R E E LI GI B LE .
a parti c ul ar secret societ y th at i t h as beco m e
al m ost generic o r d es c rip tive of all th ings
M od er n S , o c iety o f R o s ier uc ia ns . Th o m as J .

S h ryo c k Treas u rer General , , B a lti m o re Md , .

regarde d as si m il ar Many ter m s an d .

A nc ien t A ra b ic O rd er o f N o bles o f th e n s t tc ph ras es h a v e crep t ou t of Masoni c L odges

S h r i ne I m peri al Rec rder
.

S c h o o l S t reet B o s t o n M as s
o
,
B enj IV . . Ro well ,
28
“
and in to the A m eri c an v e rn acular of wh ich
O n t h e square
” A square a m n
” an d “ ,

”
. .
,
, ,

S o v ereign A ll ied ll a s o uzia D eg rees

C o ll ege a d -
-

. Gr n O n t h e level are perh aps the best i ll u s

,
R ec o rd er General , C h arles e b , R ic h m o n d , V a A N s itt .

t rat io n s E ven th e word Free m ason ry itself

.

M ys t ic O rder Veil ed Proph ets of t h e E nc h a n ted

.

R ea l m Grand S ec ret ary S y d ney D S m i th H am

. .
,
h as acq ui re d a spe c i alize d m ean i ng and i s ,

i lt o n N Y ,
. .
fre quentl y u sed to ch aracterize asso c iations
I nd epend en t I n tern a t io na l O rd er o f O wl s . A d wh i c h are sec ret m e m be rs of wh ich h ave ,

d ress John M . S ea s , r N as h v ill e Ten n , .

p ri vate m ean s of m a k in g the m selves k now n
I R R E G UL A R O R S P UR I O US M A S O N IC B O D IE S to each othe r and to e xpl ai n why those ,

S u b o rd i nat e L o d g es “
.

e ngaged i n a si m ilar work o r profession o r ,

Vari o u s Gran d an d A h
H o n o ra b l e O rd er , F and
,
those havi ng l ike train ing or sy m pathetic
c ien t an d ree A c c ep ted

M aso ns Grand
u b o rd i nat e C h a pt ers o f a nd S te m pera m en ts are so qu ick to re c ogn i ze the
,

R oya l A rc h M as o ns and Gran d an d S u b o rd i n at e . fact Th u s i t i s th at wheth er referri ng to a

.

E nc amp m ent s of K n ig h ts T emp l a rs (S ee F ree . Ru ssi an H o tten to t or Arabi c secret society

, ,

m as o nry am o n g N eg ro es ) E no c h R S paul d i ng . .
o n e fi nd s the a v e rage essayist describi ng th e m
M o s t Wo rs hi pful Grand M as t er O sweg o N Y , , . .

as Mason ic There are M asoni c Lodges i n.

E d ward B Irv i ng Pas t Gran d M as t er o f t h e

Ch i n a b u t t h ev work u n d e r foreig n war
.
,

Grand Lo dge o f t h e S t at e o f N ew Y o rk and Jo h n ,

,

H D ey o Grand S ec ret ary A l b any

.
, , .
ran ts an d are m ad e u p al m ost ex c lu si v ely
, ,

S up reme C o un c il A A S R 1 o rt h ern J ur is i f n o t e n tirely of oth e rs th an Chi ne se ,

.

”
. . .
,

d ic ti o n U S A (N eg ro ) . S C S c o t t ro n Gran d
. . . . . .
, Th ere i s h o we ve r a sh ado w of an e x c use
, ,

“
C o m m and er B ro o kl y n N Y ,
. .
for refe rri n g to so m e C hi n ese secre t so c ieties
”
,

S up rem e C o u n c i l A A S R for t h e U S A ,
. . . .
,
. .

as Ch i nese Free m ason ry owin g t o t h e

i ts T er rito ries a n d D ep en d enc ies (S eym o u r C ern eau
,
-

rit e) C h ar l es H B enso n Grand C o m m ander . .

stri k in g rese m blances betwee n thei r rites
.
,

Jersey C it y N J , . .
and c ere m onies an d th ose o f th e F reem a
S uprem e C o unc i l , AL A . S . R U S . . A .
,
i ts T er sons Thi s i s th e m o re re m arkable whe n
.

r it o ries a nd D epen den c ies (T h o m ps o n C ern eau ) J -

. .
on e re c all s t h e an ti q u ity of both an d th e ,

G B ark er
.
,
Grand S ec ret ary General , 6 3 B l eec k er l ac k of oppo rtun ity for eith er to h ave pat
S t reet N ew Y o rk
terned afte r the o t h er Th e Ch i nese E m
.
,

U S S
.

S up rem e C ou n c il, A . A . S . R .
,
. . A .
, o ut h ern

a nd Wes ter n J uris d ic t io n (N egro )

T h o rn t o n A . .
pi re i s h o ney c o m be d wi th se c re t societie s ,

Jac k so n Grand C o m m and er Was h i ngt o n D C

, , ,
. .
nearly all of wh i c h are re v ol u tionary h a v ,
68
“
F
R E E MA S O N R Y ”A M O N G T HE C HI NE SE

i ng in vi e w the d ow nfall of the T si ng dyn O fi spring the K ol ao H ui m eet in re m ote

’
, ,

asty a m ost effi c ien t i nce nti v e to secre c y and hea v ily w oode d m ou ntain d i stri c ts O n
,
.
.

Th ere i s generally presen t a no m i nally ben e nteri ng m e m bers pro c eed to th e fi rst o r , ,

ev o len t or ph ilanthropi c obj ect veili ng th e Heave n screen Pass next to t h e Earth n et
,
-

,
-

pol itical e nd s O f th ese organizati on s th e and then c e t o th e S un m oo n Pass af ter ,

-

n am es of th e best k no wn O f whi ch are t h e wh ic h th e y cross a bridge to th e H all o f

H u ng Leag ue fro m w h i c h cam e th e R ol ao Fi del it y an d L o v al ty to th e sh rines of th e
, ,

H ui th e Wh ite Lily o r Wh i t e Lotu s o r fi ve an c estors on t h e righ t a council roo m

, , , ,

D O Noth i ng Association ; the S ociety of an d on th e left a cou rt Th i s a c c ou n t con ,

Hea v en E arth an d Man ; th e T riad S o c i d en es d fro m the one d iscovered b y Pro

”
, ,

et y the Yellow Caps and the G ol de n L il v fess o r S chlegel adds th at fro m th e c o urt ,
.

H u i wh ich are arran ged i n m i li tary for m ex te nds a l ong road be tween m ou ntai n and
, ,

u nder fou r flags wh e n c e they h ave co m e to sea l eadi ng to t h e Moss Pass o r Pav il io n of
, , ,

be k no w n as th e Wh i te Flags Bl ack th e Bl ac k Ri ve r an d th i rtee n C h i nese m i les

” ” ”
, ,

Flags ,Re d Flags a nd Yello wFlags ,

far t he r i s th e Golden S parrow fron tier .
,

I t was due to the actio n O f the H ung League where th ere are fou r bu ildings the l ast of
th at the Mongol d y n asty of Genj h iz Kh an w hich i s th e Lodge or c ity of wil low s ” “ ,
,

was o v erth rown and with ou t B ritish aid the Re c r ui ts som e ti m es secured un de r th reats
, ,

presen t or Man c h u d y nast y wou ld probabl y t o k ill for refusal t o j oi n th e so c iety are
ha v e C o m eto an en d at t h e ti m e O f the strug re c ei v e d into t h e Lodge by passi ng th e “ ,

gle w i t h th e T ai Pings The m ost po w er brid ge m arch i ng u nder an arc h or b rid ge

’
.
, , ,

ful O f these so c ieties i s th e R olao H ui wh ich for m ed b v the swords of t h e b re th re n wh en

, ,

n u m bers m o re th an m e m bers as they are add ressed as to the O bj e c ts of th e ,

related by a w rite r i n Blac k wood s Maga asso c iatio n and l i s t e n to a len gt hy c ate c h is m
’

z ine i n 1 8 9 6 recru i ted fro m th e d regs of i n wh i c h th ey are su pposed to m ake th e re

”
,

society ti m e e xpi red sol die rs

, un e m pl ies The question s an d answers are sig
,
.

pl oyed l abori ng people an d profession al n ifi c an t of th e ai m s O f th e so c iety abou n d

, ,

th ie ves Th is ac c ou nts fo r t he d isorde r ing i n acrosti c s an d Kabbalisti c m eani ngs

.
,

cri m e and v iol e n c e for w h i c h i t i s n o ted w h i c h are e m plo y ed as passwords

,
The . .

Th e se ct k n own as th e Vege tari ans with c andida t es wash th ei r fa c es and after bein g , ,

rites and c ere m on ies S h o wing trac es O f d i vested of th ei r o rdin ary c lothi ng are at
so m e early an d debased for m of C h ristian ti red ih wh ite robes Then foll ows a long
”
.

i ty i s resp onsible for se veral m assacres O f oath i n wh i c h are i nv o k ed Fathe r Heave n

, , ,

C h ri stian m i ssionaries It was after being Mothe rEarth th e th ree lig h ts— su n m oon
.
, , ,

h ard pressed by th e authorities t h a t i t en and stars— the gods sai nts gen n Budd has , , ,

d eav o red to sin k i ts ide n ti ty u nder t h e na m e and all the s t ar pri n c es to keep an d pe r
”
,

O f th e D O No t hi ng Party-
The R olao for m wh ich t he cand id ate s bi nd th e m sel v es
.

H ui i s gove rned by th ree ch iefs and m o c k u n der a series of di re pai ns an d pe nal

”
,

“
ingly i nscribes th e word s
Righteou sn ess
Fai th an d t ies The oath is con firm e d by dri nki ng
upo n i ts ban ners Th e tea an d win e f ro m a bowl i n w hich are .
.

religi ou s c lai m s of th is and li ke so c ieties m i xed a fe w drops of blood pric k ed fro m

have i nd u c ed t h e Ch i nese Go v ern m e nt fro m the m iddle fingers of t h e cand idates The .

ti m e to ti m e to pros c ribe as dangero us o r oath i s registe re d by b urnin g a c opy O f i t

gan izat io n s all rel igious sects (e x c ept C on th at th e s m ok e m ay asce n d to t h e gods as

fuc ian ism B ud dh i s m and Taoi s m ) n otabl y testi m ony

, , Eac h n ewly —m ade m e m be r re
,
.

the Ro m an Cath ol i c s by the E m peror Yu ng c eiv es a c ryptographi c al c ertifi c ate O f m em

,

C h eu g h ership wh i c h i s h el d to possess tali sm anic

“
’
.

Lodge s of the H un g League an d of i t s po wers and i s e nj oined to learn th e secret ,

 “
F R E E MA S O N R Y ”A M O N G T HE C H I NE SE 69

S igns and m y stic sayin gs by wh i c h th e breth an i ntell igible idea of secret societies O f Ch i
ren are k n o wn to one an othe r— h ow to l ift nese i n th e Un i t ed S tates m e m bers of wh i c h ,

h is tea c up w i th th ree fi nge rs place h i s feet have bee n refe rre d to as C hi nese Ere s m a
-

i n c ertai n posi t ions h o w to win d h is h an d son s A n Asso c iated Press despatch fro m
, .

ke r c h ief ro un d th e end of h i s um brel la to S an Fran cis c o Nove m ber 1 4 1 894 read i n , , , ,

as k an d answe r m ysteri ou s catch questi ons part as foll ows : ,

‘
to speak of th e gove rn m en t as t he en
em y
” of go vern m en t sol diers as a stor m ” T h e po l i c e h ave O b t a i ned ev i denc e o f t h e exis

” t enc e O f a l aw l es s an d S t ro n l o rgan i z ed b an d O f
, ,
g y .

O f m en as h orses and of o t he r c o m m on C hi nese H i g h b i nders s ai d t o b e

, in n u m b er , ,

O bj e c ts i n H u i slang Th e Triad S ociety in thi s c it y Thi s so c i et y is no t o nl v an o rgan i z a

. .

c lai m s to be the O ldest existin g C h inese ti o n O f b l ac k m ail ers m u rderers and th i ev es b ut , , ,

a l s o h as fo r i t s pu rpo s e t h e o v er th ro w O f t h e r es en t
se c ret o rgan i zati on d a t ing bac k t o 1 6 64 p
”
,
T art ar d yn as t y
I t was th e cau se o f th e T ai P ing ’ .

A D . .

rebell ion wh ich was suppresse d by Li Hu ng

Ch ang ai de d by
,

Ch i nese ” “ Thi s suggests what i s well kn own to m an y

Gordon I ts on th e Pac ifi c Coast t h at wheth er th e Hi gh .

se c re t ce re m onies are si m ilar to th ose of th e bi nde rs as they are c alled are m e m bers of , ,

H u ng League and a m ong the penalties for the K o lao H u i or of t h e Triad S ocieties or
,

t reason o ne i s to h a v e th e ears l opped O ff no t t h ev are grad uate s of th e sa m e sch ool

, , .
,

an d anoth e r th e h ead c ut o ff Me m bers al an d m any m e m bers O f the Triad S o c iet y an d

.

ways h al t on e n te rin g a h ouse an d th en R ol ao H ui are e vidently associ ated wi th th e ,

pro c eed wi th th e left foot fi rst When S it H i gh bi nders The differen t asso c iation s of . .

t ing t h ey pla c e th ei r toes toge t h e r an d spread th e latte r are k nown as Tongs and i t i s sai d
, ,

th ei r h eel s apar t They also re c ogn ize one that so m e repu tabl e C h i nese belong to th e m
.

ano th e r by t h e way th ey place th ei r tea i n orde r to se c u re protection f ro m lev ies

c ups o n th e tabl e an d th e m anne r i n wh i c h b y ri val Tongs B usi ness di spu tes an d j eal .

t he y hi tch th e ir t ro use rs Thei r m otto i s on sy lead to figh ts betwee n Tongs i n wh ich

“ , ,

D rive o ut th e Tar t ar Th e
“
Bla c k bl ued (ne ver n i c k el ed ) ki c alibe r C ol t
.
s -

woo t arti c le on S ecre t S o c ieties i n v o l v ers c arried i n the a m ple S leeves O f the
C hi na reprin ted i n t h e S t Louis Gl obe H igh binde rs are th e al m ost u ni versal w eap
”
. .
,

D e m o c rat Janu ar y 1 7 1 8 9 7 say s fu r t h e r : on s E v iden c e to con v ic t those gu ilty O f

, , , .

It i s i m po s s i b l e t o s tu d y th es e r it es a d ere n c
assaul ts or m u rd er i s n ot easv to O btain an d ,

m o n i es w ith o ut rec o gn i z i n g a s t ro ng resem b l a nc e whe n cases d o get i nto th e c ou rts perj u ry ,

b et ween th em a nd s o m e o f th o se o f t h e F reem as o ns i s the rule and d iffi c ult to dete c t O ne of . .

T h e B r i dge f S wo rd s is c o m m o n t o b o th s o c i e
'

o
th e bi t t erest feud s between th ese organiza
ti es as are al s o t h e fo rm ati o n o f Lo dges and t h ei r t ions i n S an Fran c is c o i s that wh i c h h as
,

O r i ent a ti n In b o th so c i e ti es t h e m em b ers a re
o
raged for years be t ween th e S ue y S ing Ton g
.

en t itl ed b ro th ers a nd c o nfi r m th ei r o ath w ith

,

b l o od D u ri ng t h e c erem o nv o f affi l i ati o n t h e and th e S uey o n Tong c ausi ng m u c h blood

.
,

rec ruit s b o th am ong t h e F reem aso ns a nd t h e H u ng she d an d wor k fo r t h e c ou rts

,

Leag ue atti re t h em s el ves in wh it e gar m en t s and go Th e S pokane Rev iew A ugust 2 1

'

-
,
, ,

th ro u g h t h e fo rm O f pu rifi c a ti o n b y was h i ng In 1 8 9 7 outlin ed an i m i t a t i on c ere m ony at a .

,
t h e C h i n ese L o d ges t h e t ri an g l e i s a fav o r it e em b l em
Ch inese Mason i c Lodge i n th at city at ,
,
and l am ps s t eel yar d s and s c al es fo r m par t o f t h e
wh i c h i t w as sai d fou r whi te m en Free
, ,

o rd i nar y par aph er na li a It is c u ri o u s b rv ,

t o O s
. e e ,

al so th at t h e th ree deg rees o f Appren ti c e F l l o w

,
m ason s were present by i nvi tation ,
e Th e ,
.

c raft a nd M ast er a m o n g t h e F reem as o ns fi nd th ei r

, c ere m oni es see m ed to parallel t h ose of the

an a l o g ues in t h e S wo rn B ro th er A d o pt ed B r o th er H ung League an d K ol ao H ui already re

-
-
.
,
,

and R i g ht eo u s Un c l e in u se in t h e C h i nes e S o c iet v

ferred to fro m wh i ch i t m ay be i nfe rred th e
. .

Wi th the foregoi ng ou tl in e of se c re t so c i S pok an e Ch i nese Lodge represents a b en ev o

c ti s s i n C hi na i t be c o m es easie r to arriv e at
,
le nt bran c h O f the K o l ao H ui O f wh i c h less ,
70 FR E E MA S O NR Y A MO NG T HE MO R M O NS

i s heard i n C hina than of th e m ai n or re v o Fro m J H C D i ll Bl oo m ington 111i . . .

, ,

l u t io n ary and v iol en t section of that society

Th ere were references to th e i m m or tal “ . n ois Gran d S ecretary of the G ran d Lodge
,

F an d A M O f Il li noi s May 1 1 1 89 6
,

”
. . .
, , ,

th ree circ um am bul ati on four stati on s at

, , h ave n o w ay o f t ell i n g wh eth er o r no t any o f
I
wh ic h qu estion s we re as k ed an d an swe rs t h e t wel v e M o rm o n a po s tl es were m e m b ers o f t h e
ret urned kn eel i n g on crossed sword s tea
, , (M aso n i c ) Lo d ge at N a u vo o Po s s i b l y retu r ns w ere .

d rink i n g bu rn in g i n c en se a trad i tional

'

m ade b ut t h i s offi c e h as tw i c e b een b u rned o ut

, ,
, ,
a nd all r ec o rd s d es t r o y ed I c an g i v e t h e n am es
seaso n of refresh m en t and S i gn s i n wh ich ,
.

and ad d res s es o f t wo O ld and

pro m i nen t M aso ns
th e h ead and h and s w ere u sed ; ye t th e o c w h o k no w a g reat d eal ab o ut t h e M o r m o n t ro u b l es ,

c iden t al Mason s p rese n t we re u n able to de and were

presen t wh en O l d J o e S m ith w as k ill ed
t ec t anyth ing that rese m bled the M aso n rv B M en den h all D al l as C it y and W ill i am R Ham i l
.
, , .

with wh i c h th ey were fam il iar .

t o n C ar th age Ill
, , .

C hi nese secret societies i n the U ni te d Fro m The odore S Par v in C edar Rapid s .
, ,

S tates o rigin ated i n one or m ore O f th ose i n G ran d S e c retary of th e G ran d Lodge F and , .

C h in a an d are foun d at al m ost all A m e ri

, A M O f Iowa May 6 1 8 9 6
. .
, , ,

can c e ntres O f popu lati on wh e re the re are a I pers o nall y an d o ffi c i all y k no w th at t h e M o rm o n s

con sid erable n u m ber O f C h i nese m ore par , h ad a (M as o n i c ) L o dge at Nau v o o (I ll i no i s) in t h e
t ic ularl y at New York ci ty an d at ci ties o n y ears 1 84 0 t o t h e per i o d th ey rem o ved fro m I l li n o i s

the Paci fi c C oast Nearly al l O f th e m east .

t o K an esv ill e C o u n c il B lu ffs Ia and l at er t o S a lt
, , .
,

of the Rock y M ou ntai ns are rather m ore Lak e C it y I k no w fu rth er th a t t h e Grand Lo dg e

.
, ,

o f I l li no i s rev o k ed t h e c h art er o f th at L o d e b ut
g
repu table than th e To n gs O f S an Franci sco ,
t h e M o r m o n s refu sed t o s u rrend er i t
,

an d
bu t n on e of the m i s Masonic in ch aracter or t o o k it with th em and wo rk ed a Lo dge in S al t Lak e ,

h as any affiliati on w i th Mason i c bodies .

C i t y u n der th at c h art er I k no w v ery well a l s o .
, ,

F r e e m a s o n ry a m o n g t h e IVI O l m o n s '
. fro m attend anc e u po n t h e Grand Lo dge th at it w as ,
.

Wh e th e r th e S O c alle d twel ve M or m on apos

- d i s ti n c tl y s t at ed th en an d th ere th a t J o
s eph S m ith w as a M as o n and I h av e no d o u b t a l s o
tl e s were F ree m ason s or n o t and whethe r ,
, ,

th at B r i g h a m Yo u ng w as a m em b er o f t h e sa m e
o r n ot t h e Mo rm on h ierar c h y u til ized v ari
L o dg e .

ou s Masonic fo rm s i n thei r en dow m en t

h ou se c erem o nies a t S al t Lak e C i ty h ave -
Fro m Wi ll ia m R H a m il t on Pas t M aste r .
,
,

l o n g bee n m atters of c o ntro versy ; b u t the of H an co c k L od ge N O 2 0 F and A M ,

.
,
. . .
,

follo wi n g e x tra c ts fro m repl ies to l etters of Carth age Ill May 2 6 1 8 9 6 ,
.
, ,

i nqu i ry on the se poi nts leave th e m n o l onge r At t h e ti m e o f t h e M o r m o n era in th i s c o u n t y I

w as b ut a b o y O f el eve n years and c o ul d o nl y k no w
i n d ou bt ,

ab o ut M aso nry b y h ear i ng m en th a t I k new t o b e

.

Fro m C h ri stopher D iehl S al t Lak e C ity , ,

M as o n s t a lk ab o ut it It w as c l ai m ed and b eli ev ed .

Utah G ran d S e c retary O f th e G rand L odge

, , th at s pu r i o u s M as o ns were b ei ng m ad e (at N au v o o)
A F and A M O f Utah May 4 1 8 9 6 :
. . . .
, , , ab o ut 1 84 2—4 8 and t h e L o d ge at th i s pl ac e c eas ed t o
,

I h av e b een a res i d en t O f thi s c it y S i nc e 1 866 and ,

wo rk o n th at ac c o u nt B ro th er E d m u nd s .

a M aso n s i n c e 1 86 8 In t h e earl y d ay s res i ded at N au vo o fo r m any y ears and in

“
, ,
.

m u c h w as s ai d ab o u t M o rm o n M as o n ry in N au vo o al l pro lmb il it y is t h e o nl v m an in thi s c o u n t y w h o

,

w as a M as o n at th a t ti m e
(I ll i n o i s) b ut wh eth er th ere w as a ny s u c h thi ng I
, ,
.

c o ul d n ev er t el l 0 n ev er a d m itt ed M o r m o ns t o
7
.

F ro m G Ed m un ds attorney C arth age .

, , ,
o ur L o d g es in th o s e d a ys I t w as h o wever
.
, ,
Ill to W R H a m il ton of the sam e pla c e
repo rt ed th at t h ere w ere M aso ns a m o n g th em m o re , ,
. . .

es pec i all y R Y o u ng w h o w as th en al i ve and I

.
, .
M ay 2 5 1 89 6 ,

d o u b t no t h e w as b ut c o u l d no t swear t o it
, . T h e c h a rt er O f w h a t w as k no w n as t h e M o r m o n
In t h e earl y days I m ad e a s tu d y o f M o r m o n M a M aso n i c Lo d ge a t N au vo o h ad b een s u rrendered
s o u ry a n d wro t e c o ns i d erab l y ab o ut i t in m y re o r t s
, p b efo re I s ettl ed th ere in 1 84 5 a nd I o n l y k no w , ,

o n c o rres o nd en c e b ec a u s e t h e s t a nd o f Ut ah M a fro m h earsay and t alk w ith m em b ers o f th at L o dge

p , ,

s o ns w as att ac k c d fo r ref u s i ng M o rm o ns ad m i ss i o n w h o a ft erward s b ec a m e m em b ers o f R ec l am a ti n o

t o o ur L dg es o . L o dge N O 5 4 (wh ere I w as m ade a M as o n) wh o

, .
,
72
years ago stated t h at t he M o r m on l ead ers
, age was m ade a Free m ason at Boston i n an
were v i ol en tly an t i Mason i n thei r p reach -
ings an d tea c h i n gs pri or t o thei r h egi ra fro m
Ne w York S tate wh i ch m ay be expl ai ne d , th e sa m e yea r fou rtee n o t he r B oston negroe s
b y the f ac t th at the sec t was fou nde d n o t
only d urin g th e peri o d of an ti M asoni c
ex ci te m e n t b ut i n the v e ry regi o n fro m
, I nd epend en c e
w h ich M organ t he apostate Free m ason
, ,
di sappe ared W he n th e Mo r m on s went
. th ree degrees The m oti ve of the m e m bers
West i t i s si ngular but pe rh aps n o t s ign ifi
, ,
cant th at M o rgan s wife (wi d o w ?) wen t wi th ’
th e m ; an d i n an in ter v i e w be twee n the fi rst
w ife of O rso n Pratt and K ate Fi e ld s pub
lis h ed i n th e S t L ou is Globe D e m ocrat
.
D ece m ber 4 1 8 92 M rs Pr att tells of th e
, ,
p resen ce at Nau v oo Ill 1 8 4 0—4 6 of th e
w i do w of M o rgan w he re sh e had m arried a ,
M or m o n Fro m wh at h as been m ade pu b
. Massach u se t ts u n til h is death i n 1 80 7
l i c con ce rni ng M or m on en dow m en t h ouse
ce re m on i es b y su c h apostate M or m on s as
M rs Prat t an d others th ere w ou l d appear
.
, ,
t o be n o Free m ason ry i n the m T h ose w h o
i n v en ted the m d re w h eavi ly on Pa radi se
”
Lost an d th e O ld Te sta m e n t for a ri tual
and by parallel i ng ce rtai n for m s an d si t ua
,
ti on s i n C raft M ason ry su cceed e d i n c on
s t ru c t ing w h at pro ve d t o m ost of thei r
follo we rs t o be an i m pressi ve i f n ot in
spi red cere m on ial
, .
F r e e m a s o n ry am o n g N egr o e s
A mon g m o re t han afiil iat ed an d
u n affiliated wh i te Free m aso ns i n t h e Un ited
S t ates c o m parati vely few h ave fa m ili arized
, h ve s ub s t ant ial l v t h e s am e eso t eri c o r s ec ret m o des
the m sel ves w i th the de tails of th e h i stor y
of the Frate rn i ty and to su c h i t wi ll p ro v e
,
i n t he n atu re of a su rpri se to lear n that there
are p robably negro F ree m as on s i n
t h e c ou n try w h ose Free m ason ry co m e s fro m
,
th e sam e sourc e as th ei r o wn th e Gran d
Lodge of Engl an d The average wh i te
F ree m aso n k n ows there are s o c all ed n egro
F ree m ason s bu t h as ge nerally regarded
. 1 783 w hen they appl ie d to th e M assac h u
th ei r F ree m ason ry as a sp u ri ou s varie ty
an d t h e possesso rs at best as c l andesti ne , ,
A s to th e fi rst i nfere n c e h e i s m ista k en an d
as to th e se c on d h e m igh t substitu te the
wo rd i rregular E arl y in 1 7 7 5 Pri n c e Hall
.
a n ed u c ate d n egro twe nty se ven ye ars of
F R E E MA S O N R Y
-
A MO NG N E GR O E S
, ,
Engl ish arm y Lodge con nected wi t h Gen
eral Gage s c o m m and an d on Mar c h 6 t h
’
, ,
,
we re m ade Free m ason s i n the sa m e Lodge
-
at Castle William B os t on H arbor n ow Fort
, ,
Eac h i s decl ared to h a v e
.
p ai d a fee of twenty fi ve gui neas for th e -
.
of the ar m y Lodge i n i ni ti ati ng passing , ,
an d rai si ng these fifteen n egroes m ay best
be c onj e c ture d If it was to sec ure t h e
.
,
c ooperati o n of n egroes i n the p rospecti v e
,
struggle w i t h the c olonists i t failed so far as ,
. Pri nce H al l i s con c e rne d ; for the l at t e r si ded
, .
, ,
wi th the col oni sts sh oul dered a m u sket an d
, ,
re m ai ned a u sefu l and p ro m i ne n t citizen of
.
A t t h e an nu al sessi on of the (wh ite )
Grand Lod ge of Free m ason s of O hi o i n ,
1 87 5 t h e foll owing con clu si on s were re
,
~
.
“ ported by a c o m m it tee of e m i ne n t m e m be rs
(am ong the m E no c h T Carson ) o n th at
.
,
porti on of the add ress of th e Gran d Maste r
wh i c h referre d to col o re d Masonry
, Y o u r C o m m i ttee deem it suffi c ien t t o s ay th at th ey
are s ati s fi ed b eyo n d all qu es ti o n th a t c o l o red F r ee
,
m as o n ry h ad a l eg iti m at e b eg i nni ng in thi s c o u n
t ry as m u c h s o as an y o th er F reem as o nry ; in fac t
, ,
.
i t c am e fro m t h e s am e so u rc e .
Y o u r C o m m itt ee h ave t h e m o s t sati sfac t o ry an d
c o n c lu s i ve ev i d enc e t h a t th ese c o l o red F reem as o n s
prac ti se t h e v ery sa m e r it es and c erem o n i es a nd
a
o f rec o g n iti o n as are prac ti s ed b v o u rs el v es a nd b y
t h e u n i v ers al fam il v o f F reem as o ns th ro u g h o ut t h e
wo rl d
.
P ri n c e H all and h i s bro t h e r (n egro ) Free
m ason s con tin u ed to m ee t so c ially an d othe r
,
wise and (as d eclared an d n ot d isproved ) as
,
a Lodge al t h ou gh they d i d no Masonic
,
-
work u n til so m e tim e be t wee n 1 78 1 an d
,
,
,
se t t s Grand Lodge for a warran t Th e re .
. quest was refused Appl i c ation for a war .
,
ran t was m ad e to th e G ran d Lodge of E ng
l and M arch 7 1 7 84 an d o n S ep t e m ber 2 9
, , , ,
, 1 7 84 (sh ortly afte r the close of the War of
,
-
t h e Re vol u tio n ) th e G rand Lod ge of Eng
,
 F R E E MA S O N R Y
-
A MO N G NE GR O E S

land i ssued a warrant to Prin c e H all and h i s i ni t iated be tween 1 80 7 an d 1 82 6 I n 1 80 8 .

fo urtee n asso c iates at B oston c on sti tuting , delegates fro m th e negro Lodges at B oston ,

Afri c an Lodge No 4 5 4 of Free an d A o

,
.
, Pro v i dence an d Ph iladelph i a m et at Bos
,

c ept ed Mason s B u t i t was n ot u n ti l 1 787 t o n and fo r m e d Afri c an (fre quently calle d

”
.

that th e fee for th e warran t was re c ei ved Pri nce H all ) G rand Lodge (referred to
i n Englan d the warran t del i ve red an d the
, , by Pi k e i n a precedi ng qu o t ation ) wh i c h ,
‘

Lodge na m e en tered on the roll of Lodge s body i s the sou rce of all Mas o nic au t h o rit y
h oldi ng obed ience to the G rand Lod ge of a m ong negro Free m ason s in the Un i ted
En glan d It w il l b e bo rne in m ind t hat
. S tate s to day I n 1 82 7 Afri c an Lodge de
-
.

th e present A m eri c an Masoni c d o c tri ne of c lared i tsel f i ndepende n t of th e Grand

e xcl usi v e terri tori al j u risd ic tion was no t rec Lodge of England In 1 84 7 there we re .

o gn iz ed ab ro ad at th at ti m e a nd was n o t ,
th ree ne ro G ran d L 0 dges : one in Massa
g -

bei ng en for c ed here Af ri c an Lodge c o n . c h uset t s an d t wo i n Pen nsyl van ia delega t es

, ,

ti nned a regul ar wor k i ng Lod ge of the ,

fro m w h i c h m et at B oston th at year and o r
G rand Lod ge of Engl an d as la te as 1 79 7 gan ized t h e Na t i onal G rand Lodge of th e
”
,

m ak ing an nu al o r othe r retu rn s wi th con ,

Un ited S ta t es of North A m erica t o be ,

t rib ut io ns to the ch ari ty fun d of the G ran d the S up re m e Mason i c po we r i n th e Un i te d

Lod ge of E ngland as requ ire d by i ts war ,
S tates G ran d Lodges we re form e d i n Ne w
.

rant . Th at it was really acti ve i s shown Yo r k N ew Jersey Marylan d and the D is

, , ,

by i ts establ ish i ng a Lodge at Ph iladel phia t rie t of C ol u m bia in 1 84 8 i n O h io a nd ~

i n 1 7 9 7 an d one at Pro v iden c e c on c ern in g

, ,
Delaware i n 18 4 9 i n I n d i ana Rh ode Islan d , ,

wh i ch th e l ate Albert Pi k e w rote S epte m ber ,

an d t h e Provi n c e o f O ntari o in 1 85 6 i n ,

1 3 1 87 5 to the G rand S ec ret arv of th e

, ,
L ouisian a i n 1 86 3 and Liberia i n 1 8 6 7 ,
.

(wh i t e ) G ran d Lod ge of O h i o : Loui sian a refuse d allegiance to the Na t ional

Pri nc e Hal l Lo dge w as as regul ar a Lo dg e as an y G ran d Lodge and th ree years l ater O h i o ,

L o dge c reat ed b y a c o m pet en t auth o ri t y and h ad a ,

w ith d re w fro m i t followe d by the Grand ,

perfec t r i g h t (as o th er L o dges in E u ro pe d id ) t o es Lodge of th e D istri c t of C olu m bia By .

t ab lis h o th er L o dges m aki ng it sel f a m o th er Lo dg e

,
.
1 880 al l t he Gran d Lodges e x c ept M issis
Th at s t h e w ay t h e B erl i n Lo dges T h ree G l o b es and
’
.
sippi h ad w i th d rawn an d not long after the .

R o v al Y o r k b ec a m e Gran d L o d g es
Nation al G rand Lod ge prac t ic all v c eased to
.

A s to th e questi o n of th e stri c t Mason i c e xi st I n 1 8 9 6 there were S overe i gn G ran d

.

legal ity of al l th at Af rican Lodge and so m e Lodge s of Free and A c c epted negro M a
of i ts su c c esso rs d id T S Parvi n G rand ,
. .
, son s i n th i rty t wo S tates an d o ne eac h i n-

S ecre t ary of t h e Gran d Lo d ge of Iowa w rote the D istric t of C ol u m bi a th e Pro v in c e of ,

to t h e G ran d S ec ret arv of the Gran d Lodge O ntario an d i n Liberia ,

.

of O h io : S R S c o t t ro n B rooklyn wri tes J uly 2 7

‘
. .
, , , ,

T he neg roes c an m ak e as go o d a s h ow fo r t h e
l egal it y o f th ei r Gran d Lo dges as t h e wh it es c an .
1 89 7 th at th e Nati onal G ran d Lodge
exists
,

,
w ith subordi nate Lodges i n sev
s t ill
“
It s o n l y a m att er o f t as t e n o t l aws I am s ati s fi ed eral S tates b ut i t i s doubtful w heth e r th i s
’
.
, .

th at al l t h e worl d o ut s i d e t h e Un it ed S t at es will .
i s anyth i ng m ore th an an atte m pt of for m e r
ere l o ng r ec o gn i z e th em
o fii c ials to rev i v e i t O n e of th e best k n ow n
.
,
.

Upon th e u n ion of th e Grand Lodges of negroes for m erly con ne c te d with the Na
E ngland in 1 81 3 Afri c an Lodge w as re
, ,
t io n al Gr an d Lodge i s Rich ard Gleaves ,

m oved fro m th e l i st an d h as n e v er been ,

of Wash i ngton D C Lie ute nan t Gove rno r ,
.
-

recogn ized by th e G rand Lod ge of En glan d of S outh Carol in a d uring the reconstrue
si n c e Afri c an L od ge h o we v e r m u st h ave
.
, ,
tion pe ri od and Nati onal Gran d Maste r of
,

ignore d th i s treat m ent for i ts re c ord s are

d ecl ared to sh ow th at eigh ty can di date s were
,
“
n egro F ree m ason s for m any years

negro question ” i n A m erican Masonic

Th e .
74 FR E E MA S O NR Y A MO NG NE GR O E S

G ran d Lodge s has nat ural ly bee n pro m i Lodges i n A m erica and wh ile h e see m s to , ,

ne n t du ri ng th e latter half of t h e cen tu ry ha v e de m ol ishe d those of h i s ad v ersaries .

I n Ne w Jersey i t took a crucial form wh e n wh o rely upon t h e A m erican Mason ic doc

Alph a Lodge No 1 6 at Ne wark m ade a trine of e xclu si v e terri tori al j urisdicti on
,
.
,
” , ,

n u m ber of n egroes Free m aso ns Th e re h e appears to rely too m u c h u po n p ro v i ng .

su l t for a ti m e was n o i ncon si de rable dis i rregul arity on th e part of earl y wh ite G rand
, ,

satisfac tion am ong the C raft bu t th e Lodge bod ies to ex c use the i rregularity of l ike , ,

co ntin ues to thi s day on the rol l of the negro o rgani zatio ns o v e rl ook i ng the fact ,

G ran d L odge o f Ne w Je rsey th e only in that th e i rregul ari ty of th e for m er was ,

stance in th e U nite d S tates of a regul ar subsequently healed H i s argu m e nt i s of .

,

M asoni c Lodge of negroes a t ta c hed to a cou rse th at the faul ts of th e early grand and ,

w hi te G ran d Lodge I n 1 8 75 th e wh ite subord inate n egro bo d ie s c oul d be heale d by

.

G ran d Lodge of O h io be c am e i nterested c o m pe te n t Mason ic auth ori ty wi th qui te as

in th e s ubj ect o f the u n i v e rsal ity of Free m u ch proprie ty ; th e o n ly repl y to wh ich i s
m ason ry an d an e ffo rt was m ade to recog
,
that i t h as n ot been done Ye t wh en all .
,

n ize the negro Grand Lod ge of th at S tate else i s sai d th e qu oted c o m m e nt by the late .
,

T he m atter was referre d to a co m m ittee Albert Pi ke ca nn o t be ignored th at the fi rst , ,

an d a report was m ade in fa v o r of th e Afri c an Gran d Lod ge form ed by represent ,

proj ect Wh en i t ca m e to v oti ng on the ati v es of th ree su bordi n ate Lodges t wo of

.
,

ad aptio n of the report a poin t of o rde r was wh ich Lodges were create d by th e fi rst was
, ,

raise d wh i c h th e Gran d Maste r decided not n o m ore i rre g ul ar th an were the Berl i n
,

well tak en O n appeal th e Gran d Maste r s Gran d bod ies th e T hree Gl obes and the
.
,
’
, ,

de c i sio n was reve rse d by a v ote of 3 90 to 3 3 2 Royal York wh ich were for m ed i n a si m ilar , ,

a nd so the wh ole m atte r c am e to n augh t m anne r

E B I r v i ng Grand Maste r o f the M ost
. .
, I n 1 89 8 the Grand Lodge of the S tate “ . .

Worsh ipful G ran d Lodge o f the Most A n o f Wash i ngton took an ad v ance d v ie w of
cien t an d H on orable F rater ni ty of Free an d this subj e c t going so far as to suggest the ,

A c cep te d (negro ) Mason s S tate of Ne w prop riety of the re c ogn i tion of th e legit i
Yo rk ” writes fro m Albany M arc h 1 6 m ac y of colore d Free m ason s the origi n of
,

1 8 96 th at ,
,
“
th e Pri nce H all G ra nd Lodge the ch arters of w hose Lod ges is fou nd of
, , ,

of Massac h usetts fro m wh i c h all negro cou rse i n the ch arter granted to Afri c an
, ,

G ran d Lodges obtai n their au th ori t y i s i n Lod ge of B oston by th e G ran d Lodge of ,

fraternal relation s wi th wh ite G rand Lodges Engl and i n th e last c en tu ry As a c ouse

”
, .

in Ger m any and H ungary and th at i n q ue nc e th e Grand Lodge of Ke ntu c ky h as

,

fo re ign co un t ries col ored Mason s are recei v e d adopted a resol u tio n de c lari ng n o n in ter -

an d ac c orded all th e ri gh ts of a brother i n c ou rse wi th Wash ington the Grand Lodges

Masoni c Lodges al t h ough (eve n th ough ?) of Ark ansas Ne w J e rsey an d S outh C aro
”
, , ,

“
h e m ay h ai l fro m th e Un ite d S tates an d l i na have also severed relation s w ith Wash
th at h e h as ye t to learn of one w h o h as ing t o n an d th e G ran d Master of N ew York
,

been refused S W Clark Gran d Mas has requeste d th e G rand Representa t i ve

. . .
,

te r of (negro ) F ree Mason s i n O h i o i n 1 88 6 of Wash i ngto n to resign h i s co m m i ssion , .

wh ose pa m ph le t Th e Negro Mason i n Marylan d an d Rhode Islan d c onten te d the m

”
,

Eq ui ty i s well wor th c areful readi ng add s sel v es by e xpressing the h ope that Wash
, ,

th at i n Fran c e I taly G er m any H u ngary ing to n wil l reconsi de r i ts action

, , , ,
.

are “
Per u an d D o m i nica ou r represe ntatives
,

re c ei v ed and accredi ted as su c h ,

”
The re are th e refo re t wo stream s of Free
m asonry c oursi ng th rough th e Un i ted .
, ,

M r Clark m akes an able plea fo r th e recog S tate s Each started fro m the sam e sou rc e
. .

n it io n of th e regulari ty of negro Maso ni c an d both are ru nn ing i n the sa m e d i rection .

76 F R E E MA SO NR Y A M O N G N E GR O E S

wi th those l ai d down i n th e a n n ual cal en au th ority on a ch arte r for a Cou ncil o f

d ars of the G ran d O rie nt and i n i ts bulle Prin c es of Jerusale m p urporting to h a v e
tin s it was fou nd th at n o such m en h ad bee n i ssued by the African Cou ncil ”Ph ila
,

, ,

h el d o fii c e at th at or any othe r ti m e n or d i d delph ia an d i s i n affili ati on wi th th e Ph ila , ,

th e n a m e of Larine appear i n i ts tableau of delphi a con sol id ate d (Northe rn ) S upre m e

m e m bersh ip n or was the seal appen ded C ou n c il and th e
, S u pre m e Cou n c il for t h e ,

th e reto the seal o f th e Grand O rient Thi s North western Ju ri sd iction of th e Un i te d

warran t wh en e xam i ned by represen tati v es S tates
,
” w ith i ts G ran d East ” at S t
.

,
“ .

to be seal ed wi th the letters A Y M ” “

of a ri va l negro S up re m e C ou ncil was fo un d Lo uis an organ i zati on of s c h is m atic o rigi n ,

The Wash i ngton S u p re m e Cou ncil (S outh

, .

”
. . .

an d a Good Te m plar s S eal It m ay be e rn Jurisdiction ) was for m e d i n 1 8 6 9 an d

’
.

o
,

well to e xpl ai n that th e S c ottish Rite de soon be c am e dor m an t b u t was re v i v e d in

grees in Fran c e are c onferred ex c l usi vely 1 8 7 9 There are th e refore fou r negro S u .
, ,

by the au th ori ty of th e S upre m e C ou n c il a pre m e C ou n c ils professing to confer S cotti sh ,

body h a v ing n o c on ne c tion wi th th e Gran d R i te degrees i n the Un i ted S tates They .

O rien t Th e l atte r al th ough possessi ng are spas m od i c ally ac ti ve u su ally dorm an t

.
, , ,

these degrees dis c ou ntenan c es th ei r u se as e xhi bition s of life bei ng u sually confine d t o
, , ,

i t does the ri tes of M israim Me m ph is an d a gatheri n g of offi c ers to re el ect each othe r
,
”
,
“ ,

oth e r p rodu c ts of Mason i c degree m ake rs of or to m ak e a fe w

th e eigh teen t h and n i neteen th c en t u ries th i rty th i rds
thi rty seconds
The S t Lou is S upre m e
-
an d
.
“ -
. .
-

An ou tgrow th of t h e re v i v al of th is so Cou n c il wh ich c lai m s North western J u ri s ,

called S c otti sh Rite Free m ason ry at Ph il adel d i c tion has abo ut 1 5 0 m e m bers bu t n o t h , ,

ph i a was th e for m ation o f a ri v al k nown as in g i n th e n atu re of wh at by e v en a stretch ,

Ki ng D av id S u p re m e Cou n c i l It c lai m e d of c ou rtesy c oul d be calle d au th ori ty fo r

. .
,

d i re c t descen t fro m African S upre m e C ou n e xisten ce The Wash ington S u pre m e C oun .

c il wh i c h di ed i n 1 85 0
,
Th ere was also cil s existe n c e rests i t i s decl ared o n a ch ar
.
’
, ,

a Ki ng Frederic k S u pre m e C ou n c il th e re ter for a C oun cil of Pri nces of Je rusale m

twen ty years ago establ i she d by t h e founde r (a subo rdi n ate S cottish Ri te body ) gran ted
, ,

of t h e Bal ti m ore S up re m e C ou n c il w h o by African S up re m e C oun c il v ears before ,

c l ai m ed to h av e au thori ty for th at pu rpose the Washi n g ton organ i zati o n appeared Its .

fro m th e n egro S upre m e C ou n c i l for th e own clai m to a warran t fro m t h e G ran d

Uni te d S tates its Territories and Dependen O rien t of Fran ce refers probabl y to th e bare
, , ,

cies establ ished at Ne w York c i ty i n 1 864 by allegation th at th e Afri c an S upre m e Cou n

,

Baron A u guste H ugo de B ulow a m e m ber cil was c hartered b y the Gran d O rien t a , ,

of th e S up re m e C ou n c il of Fran c e As th at state m en t whi c h i s i ts own refutation T h e . .

Ne w Yo rk S u pre m e C oun cil repud ia t ed th e spu riou s c h aracte r of th e warran t of the

'

plac i ng of S upre m e Coun c il s at Bal ti m ore Phil adelphi a S upre m e C ou n cil h as b een re
an d at Ph iladel phi a l ittl e re m ain s to be said ferred to Th i s l ea v es only the Ne w Yo r k
,
.

i n referen c e to t h e m S o far as l earned t h e S u pre m e C ou n c il to deal wi th — that of

.
, _

only existing negro S u pre m e C oun cils are wh i c h Peter W Ray M D an d S R S cot .
, . .
,
. .

th e David Leary of Ph iladel ph ia wi th wh ich tron of B roo k lyn N Y are leaders T h e , , . .

,
.

9
the Ki ng F rederi c k S u pre m e C oun c i l u n i ted Baron d e B ul ow 33 a m e m ber of th e , ,

i n 1 88 1 un de r th e ti tle S C et c North ern S up re m e C ou n cil of Fran ce cam e to N ew

. .
,
.
, ,

J urisd icti on U S A th at referred to at York i n 1 8 62 ac c re di ted as a Represen ta

, . .
,

Ne w Yo rk ci ty ; th e S upre m e C oun ci l for ti v e to th e S upre m e C ou n c il of the Un i ted

th e S ou th e rn J uri sdi c ti on of th e U S S tates North e rn J uri sdi c ti on (wh ite ) — as . .
,

with h eadqu arters at Wash in gton Th orn ton related by negro Free m ason s m e m bers o f , ,

A Jack son M P S G C wh ich bases i ts th e negro S upre m e C ou ncil of New York

.
,
. . . . .
, ,
 FR E E MA S O NR Y A N IO N G N E GR O E S

a nd, as also ad m i tte d he ret urned to F rance

, law un to hi m self He sh owe d h i s sinceri ty
.

accred ite d by t h e (wh ite ) S u pre m e C ou n c il i n w h at h e d i d by c reatin g hi s son and ten

n a m ed as Represe n tati ve to th e S upre m e negroes th irty thi rd degree Maso ns wh o -
” ,

C ou ncil of Fra nce — th e body co ntrollin g with h i m self— min e black and two w hite
S cotti sh Rite grades o r degrees i n France
O n a seco n d v isi t to th i s c ou ntry i n 1 8 64
. m en —we re th e origi nal m e m bers of th e
negro S upre m e C o un c il for t h e Uni ted “
S tates its Te rri tories and D epe nden c ies ”
, ,

th e Baron fi ndin g n o S c otti sh Ri te Mason ry

, , .

a m ong n egro Free m ason s he re declared the , All the negro S upre m e C ou n c il s m en
?
( th at ) territory vacan t and by h is c lai m ed
,
t io n ed are for reason s gi v e n i rregular ;
, ,

prerogati v e as S overeign G ran d In spe c tor

, so m e of the m spu riou s and none of the m ,

G en eral of th e S upre m e C o u n c i l of France , h as e v e r been a c c o rded re c ogn i tion by any

h e organ ized a S u pre m e C ou nci l of n egroe s regular S upre m e Cou n c il i n the world .

w h o h ad bee n c reated th i rty th i rd d egree -

The i r total m e m bersh ip is about

F ree m ason s by h i m sel f fo r th at pu rpose . of wh i c h abou t 600 belong to th e Ph iladel
T h e fi rst to re c ei ve the degree was Patrick ph ia and Wash in gto n bodies an d 2 5 0 ,

H Reason the n Most Worsh i pful G rand

.
, to the New York S upre m e C ou n c il A n .

Maste r of the negro G rand L odge of Free ef fo rt was m ade i n 1 88 1 to u n i te the , ,

m ason s o f the S tate of Ne w Yor k De . negro S upre m e Co un c ils bu t w i t h th e , ,

B ul o w ne v e r re tu rned to France bu t re , ex c epti on n oted i t failed an d the strife , ,

m ai ned un til h i s death i n th e endea v or to

, for office fo r de c orati on s an d for re c og
, ,

fi rm l v e stabl ish S cotti sh Ri te Free m ason ry n it io n of t h e regul ari ty of one o v er anoth e r

a m ong c olored m en I n v ie w of th e Baron s is l ikely to k eep th e m apart

’
. .

a ction i t is p rope r to poi nt o u t that by

, Li ttle re m ai ns to be adde d i n a brief
th e law of all recogni zed S u pre m e C oun h istorical sk etch of F ree m ason ry a m o n g
c ils of th e An c ien t Ac c epted S cottish Ri te
,
negroes ex c ept th at a s c hi s m ati c S c ot
,

(of wh i c h th e S upre m e C ou nci l of F ran c e i s ti sh Ri te body e xi sted for a brief peri od

o n e) n o I nspe c tor Gene ral i s per m i t t ed to at Ne w York a few years ago kn ow n
”
, , ,

e stabl ish a S up re m e C ou ncil of t h e rite i n as th e Joe S m i t h S u p re m e C ou ncil an d ,

a ny coun try wh e re s uch a bod y al ready ex th at n earl y twenty fi v e years ago one Robert -

is ts e x c ept by speci al paten t i ssue d for t h e

,
C owes (negro ) clai m e d to h ave re c ei ve d the
pu rp ose The question th en i s di d D e
.
, , ,
ritual of t h e Rite of Me m ph is fro m the
B ul o w k n o w of the e xisten c e of a S up re m e G rand O rien t of F ran c e for p ropagation
C ou n cil i n th e U n ited S tates at th e ti m e h e am o ng negroes i n the Un ited S tates It is .

took th is step — one re c ogni zed by th e S n

. n ot k no wn th at h e eve r re c ei v ed au th ori ty
p re m e Co uncil of Fran c e ? Th e an swe r i s ,
to d o th a t O n th e c ontrary there is good
.
,

o f course th at as h e h ad v isi ted su c h a

,
reason to bel ie ve th at t h e G rand O rient of
C ouncil h ere — th at for the North er n Ju ris France d id n oth i ng of t h e k i n d (S ee Free .

d i c tion— an d had bee n appoi nted by i t a m ason ry Ri t e of Me m phi s )

,
I n any even t .

Represen tati v e to th e S u pre m e C ou n c il of n o bodies of th at rite e xi st h ere Abou t .

Fran c e ; on e therefore d i d e xi st an d nu
, ,
less h e h ad a spe c i al paten t fro m Fran c e
e m powering h im to do wh at h e d i d i n 1 8 6 4
,
twenty years ago there was a negro S upre m e
C ou n c i l establ ish ed at Bal ti m ore (not the
one al ready referred to ) b y C harles P D aly .

— wh i c h he ne v e r h ad o r cl ai m e d to h ave o f O cala Fla ,

w h o clai m ed auth ority fro m
.
,

h i s action in establi sh i ng a negro S up re m e so m e body i n th e B ri ti sh West I ndies The .

C ou n c il was Masoni c al ly illegal an d v oi d

, ,
. fi rst negro S upre m e Cou n c i l at B al ti m ore was
D e B ul o w w as e vi dently a v ision ary nu ,
e stabl ished by Le m uel G G riffi n as sta t ed .
, ,

d oubtedly a ph ilan th ropi st and on what h e ,

an I nspector General of th e N ew York S u
c oncei v e d to be th e eth ics of a si tu ati on a ,
pre m e C ou ncil wh o afterward organ ized
,
78 FR E E MA S O NR Y : R I T E O F ME M PHIS , A NC IE NT A N D P R I M I T IV E

Ki ng Frede rick S upre m e C oun cil at Ph ila B edarrid e in 1 83 5 e nti tl ed Th e O rde r of

delph ia Nothi ng i s k nown of the se organi
. M is raim .
”
z at io ns to da v -
. Jacques Etien ne Marcon i s was i ni tiate d
F r e e m a s o n r y : R it e o f M e m p h i s A n , i nto th e Rite of M is raim i n April 1 833 and , ,

c i e n t a n d P r i m i t i v e — No acco un t o f thi s . e xpelled th e ref ro m in Ju ne fol low ing I n .

Masonic ri te woul d be com ple te wh ich ig 1 83 9 i n associ atio n w ith Mo ul let an d othe rs
, ,

nored i ts paren t the Ri te of M is raim , Th e . h e fo u nde d the Rite of Me m p h is at Paris ,

l atter was fo unded at Milan i n 1 80 5 Pro m . an d soo n afte r establish e d Lod ges at Mar
i n c ut a m o ng i ts m e m bers we re L ec h an geur , seilles an d B russel s I t c onsi sted of ni nety .

Joly an d B ed arride L ec h an geur o n bei ng

, .
, one degrees later of n inety two degrees an d
,
-

refused ad m i ssion i nto th e S upre m e Cou ncil afte rward of n i ne t y si x degrees with a -

of the An c ie n t an d Accepte d S c otti sh Ri te , ni nety se ven th degree fo r the offi cial head
-

co m pile d an d organ ized th e Ri te of M israim of the Rite I t sh oul d requ ire li ttle special
.

i n opposi ti on to th e form er It con si sted . i nfor m atio n to properly i nfe r th at th is ri te

o f eighty se v e n degrees -
at fi rst late r of , was bas ed on th at of M israim I t appro .

n in e ty d egrees wh i ch in clu de d nearly all

, priat ed bodily degrees of the Ancien t an d
the n u m e rou s S c otti sh Ri te degrees in e x Accepted S cottish Ri te th ose pecul i ar to th e ,

ist en c e —degrees borro wed fro m othe r ri tes , Rite of M israim an d supple m e n t ed the m ,

fro m fl oati n g m aterial or i n v en ted fo r th e , w i th i n ven tion s Goul d sta t es that Mar
.

pu rpose I t w as i nt rod uced i nto France i n

. co nis wh o h ad bee n expell e d in 1 83 3 e stab
, ,

1 8 1 4 wh e re recogni tio n was refused i t by

,
l is h ed a Lodge of the Ri te of M is raim in
.

th e G ran d O rient I n 1 8 1 7 th e S up re m e . 1 8 3 6 and i n 1 83 8 was agai n e xpel le d

, The n .

C ou ncil of th e Rite of M israim was dis h e fabri c ated t he Ri te of Me m ph is the fi rst ,

sol v ed bu t Lodges c onti nue d to e xist and

, , Lodge of wh ich was for m ed at Pari s i n 1 83 8 .

fi nally i n 1 82 2 the Ri te be c a m e do r m ant

, , ,
I n 1 8 4 0 th e Pari s Lod ges of the Ri te were
al t h ou gh i t h as been prac t ised by a fe w Eu c lose d by t h e pol i c e but we re re vi v ed in ,

r0
pean Lod ges at i n terval s al m os t e ve r sin c e . 1 84 9 . Th e Rite was u nre c ognized by th e
The n i ne ty d egrees were co nfe rred (m ost G ran d O rie n t of France d u ring all that
of the m probabl y c om m u nicated ) i n fou r
, ,
per i od and th erefore was i r re gu lar Late
, , ,
.

series and se ve nteen c lasses ; t h e fi rst bei ng in t h e fi ftie s i t be c a m e d o r m ant M a c kov .

e nti tled S y m boli c th e second Philosoph ic , , s t ates th at i n 1 8 6 2 Marc oni s appl ied to th e
the t h i rd Mysti c al and the fou rth K ab b alis
, Gran d O rien t of Fran c e for re c ogni tion fo r
t ic . Thi s Ri te c l ai m ed the p ri v ilege of con th e Ri t e of Me m ph is and got i t by d i vest ,

t rol ling all o the r M ason i c ri tes w h ich asi de , , i ng h i m self of al l au th ori ty o ver i t and pla c
fro m i ts bei ng very c o m plicated was e nough ,
i ng i t en ti rely i n t h e hand s of the G ran d
to c on de m n i t S om e of i ts degrees we re
. O rie nt wh i c h absorbed and shel ved i t
, ,

based on th e ancien t Egyptian myste ries , wh ere so far as the G ran d O rient i s c on
,

h ence M israim an an c ien t n a m e for Egypt

,
. c erned i t re m ai n s to day
, As th is rite u til -
.

I t d iffers fro m all oth er Mason ic ri t es i n ized t h e th i rd degree of C raf t Mason r y se v ,

that i t abol ish ed the legend of th e th ird de e ral of i ts Lodges were re v i v e d afte r 1 8 6 2 ,

gree an d i n trod u c ed the story of th e death

, bu t wo rke d only the sy m bolic degrees .

of a so n of La m ech wh o was k ille d by th ree , In 1 8 7 3 one C are n c e wi th Marc oni s c o u , ,

r uffians An atte m pt t o re vi v e th e ri te i n
. ferred th e Rose C roi x (Me m ph i s ) degree p n
France i n 1 85 6 failed and Go uld in h i s , , se v e ra l Free m ason s wh o were o fficiall y in
H istory of Free m ason ry says th at for , for m ed that n o po wer or auth ority perm i tted
se ve ral years afte r i ts fe w Lodges con ti nued su ch an ac t as M arco ni s h ad di v ested h im
,

a precariou s existen c e A pon derou s ac . self o f all c lai m to th e ri te i n May 1 8 62 , ,

cou n t of the Ri t e was p ubl ish e d by Mark and again for m ally i n 1 863 1 86 4 1 86 5 and
, , , , ,
80 FR E E MA S O N R Y : K NI GH T S O F R O ME A N D R E D C R O S S O F C O N S T A N T IN E

de c lared to i n c l ude m any Past Gran d Mas so m eth i ng in Ne w York w h ich h e tol d the
”
,

ters an d h igh digni taries i n Mason ry i nitiates were regular Masoni c bod ies i n .

Th e offi c ial organ of the Ri t e Th e L yb ic wh i ch they co ul d get all the degrees at l ow

C h ai n ” w as p ubl ished at Ne w Yor k i n rates H is operations e xten ded to Ph il adel
,

.
,

1 883 an d c onti n ue d to appear for a n um ph ia an d C h i c ago whe re he fou n d m any ,

ber of years S C Goul d Manchester dupes at so m uch pe r capi ta He was de

. . .
, , .

N H states that a bod y was organ i zed at n o unc ed b y regular Mason i c au th orities and
. .
, ,

Uti c a N Y i n 1 880 u nde r th e title

,
. The soon fou n d h i m self u n der arrest after wh ich
, , ,

A n tient an d Pri m i ti v e O rie ntal Ri te of Mi s the bodies created by h im d ied o ut It was

”
.

rai m b u t Goodal e says the Rite of M israim th e ol d story of a c le v e r d egree peddler prey
,
-

was rep rese nted at N ew York c i ty i n 1 89 5 i ng upon c reduli ty an d igno rance The .

of Me m ph i s wh o “
by abo u t t wenty fi v e m e m be rs o f th e Rite O c hs Ri te of Me m ph is and M israim was
-

th ough t o f obtai ni ng n ot the Marc o nis Rite which be c a m e dor

, ,

a c har ter and con ti n ui n g th e work E vi m an t h ere abo ut 1 895 and i n wh ich a n um .
,

d en t l y the O rie ntal Ri te of M israim was ber of pro m i nent Mason s were i nte reste d fo r
so m ethi ng el se . a brief period The dea t h of the lat t e r was .

The re was also an Egyptian Mason i c Rite d ue to structu ral w eakn ess and dry rot .

o f Me m phi s for th e Cos m os i n B oston i n S ey m ou r wh o was so m e t h i ng of a degree , ,

1 88 1 wh i c h was n ot long l i ved an d th ere peddle r h i m self i nd uced m any acquain t

,
-

, ,

are records of an A ntient an d Pri m i ti ve au c es to j oi n t h e Rite u nde r the i m pression

(S panish ) O ri e ntal Rite of Me m phis an d they were u ni ti ng wi th the Ancie nt an d
M is raim at Ne w York Ph iladelph ia an d A c c epted S c o t tis h Ri te an d so l ong as he
, , , ,

C hi cago i n recen t years which h ad n o c o n c oul d sell th e m paraph e rnalia cost um es

, , ,

n ec t io n with the A n c ien t an d Pri m iti v e etc h e was willi ng to let th e m e m bers rule .
,
”
R i te of Me m p hi s e stabli she d here by Mar an d go v er n the Ri t e although h e hi m sel f ,

c onis S o vereign S an c t uaries of the origi was th e Gran d H ierophan t N o t w it h st and

. .

na l Rite o f Me m ph is h ave bee n establ ishe d i ng thi s wh i c h i s learned fro m th ose to ,

i n A m eri c a (now d ead ) G reat B ritai n (at wh o m i t was a m atte r of pe rsonal experi
,

W it h in gh am Manchester address Joh n e n c e a n u m ber of pro m i ne n t Free m ason s h e

, , ,

Yarke r edi tor of the o fficial organ

, The ca m e i de ntifie d w ith th e A ncien t and Pri m ,

K n eph I tal y Ro u m ani a Eg y pt and (it it iv e Rite of Me m ph i s only to lose i n te rest

, , , ,

i s sai d ) i n In di a . an d d rop ou t Th is Ri te i s a m asq uerad .

S pani sh an d Rou m an i an bran c h es h ave i ng Rite of Misraim originally fou nded as ,

bee n a sou rce of t rouble to A m eri c an Free a rival degree sh op and was v ery properly -

m ason s b y g ranting per m i ssi on to irres po n

, s m o th e red by th e G rand O rient of Fran c e
sible or othe r person s to propagate the s o i n 1 862 wh i c h body i t woul d see m was , , ,

call ed O rie n t al Ri te of Me m phi s an d Mi s dece i ve d i nto belie vi ng th e fou nder had

rai m i n the U ni t e d S tates a h odge podge deli vered up all au t hori t y o v er it I t we nt
,
-
.

o f th ose Ri tes and of th e v agaries of those fro m th e U ni t ed S tates to E nglan d and

d isse m i nating the m el se wh ere abroad whe re i t w as apparentl y
.
,

Jac q ue s O c hs a Rou m ani an c lai m ed au d ressed u p o r do wn so th a t n o t e ve n Mar

, , ,

t h o rit y between 1 8 9 0 and 1 89 6 fro m th e con is its o wn fathe r woul d k no w i t u n de r

, , , ,

Nati onal G rand Lod ge of Rou m ani a to es such a ti tle as an O rie ntal S c ot t ish Rite
”
,

t ab lish Mason ic Lodges i n th e U ni ted S t ates of Me m ph i s and M s ai i r m The rituals of . .

H is au th ori ty was re v o k ed an d h e the n ap the Rite s of M israim and of Me m phi s prop

,

peared as a Representati ve of th e G rand erl y belon g i n a l ibrary of Masonic c urios .

O rie nt of S pai n for th e Rite of Me m ph i s F r e e m a s o n r y : O r d e r o f K n ig h t s o f

and M israim ” and establish ed Lodges of R o m e an d o f t h e R e d C ro ss o f C o n
,
 FR E E MA S O N R Y : K NI G H T S O F R O ME A N D R E D C R O S S O F C O N S T A N T IN E 81

*—
s t a n t in e . o m eti m es calle d th e O rd er of
S fro m the posi ti on of a despi sed an d pro
th e Red C ross of C on stan ti n e sai d to b e th e scri be d h eresy to th at of a legally recog
,

oldest O rde r of Kn igh t h o od confe rred i n n iz ed an d h onored rel igi o n O ne of the .

con n ecti on wi th Free m ason ry T h e origi n fi rst act s of t h e O ri gi nal Kn igh ts of t h e

.
-

o f th e O rd er is attribu te d t o C on stan ti ne th e Red C ross of C on stan t i ne w as to replac e

Great w h o j u st before the ba t tl e of S axa
, , th e h eath en sy m bol s o n t he p ubli c buil d
Rubra O ctobe r 2 8 A D 3 1 2 beh el d a i n gs i n Ro m e wit h represen tat ions of t he
'

. .
, , , ,

v i sion of th e Passion C ross i n th e heaven s Re d C ross I n 3 2 6 E m peror C o nstan t i ne , .

“
w i th th e i n scripti on (u sually gi v en i n i n sti tuted the O rde r of Kn igh t of t he
G reek ) H o e Vi n ce
gen erally ren de red
(C onq u er by Th i s )
I n H o e S ign o “
G ran d C ross t o be confer red only on
Kni gh ts of the Re d C ross wh o h ad be co m e
, ,

Vi nces w h e reu pon h e v o wed th at i f su c

, d istin g uish e d i n t h e sci en ces th e learn ed
, ,

c essful again st t h e en e m y an d h i s life was professi on s o r i n t h e a r m y T he n u m ber , .

spared h e would c reate an O rde r of

, of Kn igh ts of th e G ran d C ross created by
Kn i gh t h ood to ch a m pion th e C h risti an E m pe ror C o n sta n tine was fifty an d i n 1 1 1 9 , ,

reli gi o n an d co m m e m orate h i s vi c to ry at a G ran d Asse m bly of K n i gh ts of the .

Th i s h e i s d ecl are d to h ave d one at Ro m e O rd e r at Ro m e i t wa s m ad e a statu te of , ,

D ece m be r 2 5 A D 3 1 2 C on stan ti ne at
, . . th e O rde r th at only fi fty Kni gh ts of the
.
,

th e ti m e of th e v i sion was n ot a beli eve r ,G ran d C ross sho ul d be cre ated i n any ki n g
i n th e C h ri sti an reli gi o n an d h e and h is do m or in depen d ent cou n try
, After the .

f rien d s bel ie v ed th at th e C ross i n t he death of C on stan ti n e i n 3 3 7 the Popes of , ,

h eav e ns was a d i v i ne o m en T o e m ph asi ze Ro m e c l ai m ed an d exe rcise d soverei gn

.

h i s co n versio n to C h ri stian it y C onstantine auth ori t y over th e O rde r for m any years
, .

caused eac h o f h i s o ffi cers w h o h ad em I t i s rel ate d th at i n 7 65 the O rd e r h ad

braced th e C h risti an rel igio n an d re c ei ve d am on g i ts m e m be rs e m pe ro rs k ings an d , ,

at h is h an ds the n e w O rder of C h ri stian pri n ces whe n th e first pil gri m age was m ade ,

Kni gh th ood to wear a Red C ross o n the to th e H oly S epulch re u nd er its banne rs .

b reast o r o n th e righ t arm and on t he Th is w as i n acc ord wi th the obligati o n s of

,

Ro m an I m perial stan dard s h e placed golden i ts m e m bers fo r i n 3 1 4 wh e n C on sta n ti n e , ,

wreath s and wi t h in th e m m on ogra m s c o m in stit u t ed the O rd er of Kni gh ts of th e H oly

”
,

“
p ose d o f th e G reek let ters C h i (X ) an d
”
Rh o (P ) t h e fi rs t of the two le t ters of
,
S epul ch re at the prayer of h i s m other
Helen a they we re espe c i al ly co m m i ssi on e d ,
,

the n a m e C h rist C on stan t i n e t h e fi rst

. to p rotect t h e H oly S epu l chre fro m the
C h ri sti an Ro m an E m pe ror was fu rth e r attac k s of ene m ie s of the C h risti an fai th
,
. .

i den ti fi ed w ith th e cause of C hris t i an i ty D urin g th e C rusades th e O rd er of K nigh t s ,

th rough h i s m oth e r Hele n a wh o i n t h e ,

of Ro m e an d of t he Red C ross of C on stan
, ,

year 3 2 6 discove re d and bro ugh t o u t of th e

,
tin e we re wid ely k no w n In 1 1 1 9 E m .

H oly Lan d th e re m ai n s of th e true C ross pero r M i c h ael An ge l os C o m m enus was ,

an d by re ason of h is h a v i n g con v e ned the elec t ed S o ve rei gn Gran d M aster of the

C oun c i l of Ni ce i n 3 2 5 w he re C on stan tine -
O rder an d that ti tle was retai n ed i n hi s
, ,

was recei ve d by B ish op Euse bi us wi th a fam i ly u nt il 1 6 9 9 The O rde r was rev i ve d .

panegyr i cal orati on Thu s i t i s t hat a re c en t

. i n En gland i n 1 6 88 by t h e Veneti an am

“
wri ter describes th e O rder as c o m m em o
rati n g t he fi rst ele v ati on of C h ristiani ty
b as sad o r at the C ou rt of S t Ja m es L on
d o n an d i n 1 6 9 2 t he A b b e G i ustin iani a ,
.
,

learn ed I tal i an pries t confe rred th e O rde rs ,

Th i s C h r i s ti an O rd er is no t t o b e c o nfo u nded ‘

w ith t h e Jew i s h and Pers i an d egree k no wn as t h e o f Kni ghts of the Re d C ross of C on stan tine ,
,

O rder o f t h e R ed C ro ss c o n ferred in A m er i c an H oly S epul ch re an d of S t J oh n th e E van

,
, .

C o m m an der i es o f K n i g ht s T em pl ars gelis t o n se v eral m e m bers of the En gl ish

.

6
82 FR E E MA S O N R Y : K NI G H T S O F R O ME A N D R E D C R O S S O F C O NS T A NT I NE

C o u rt I t i s to t h e Abbé th at th e O rde r i s
.

i nd eb ted fo r th e preser v ati on of i ts trad i

(C o n cl a v e ) con ferre d th e O rders of Ch ris
tian K ni gh th o od o n a cl ass of eigh t “
ti on s l an d m ark s an d ri tu al s an d it was
, , ,
”
p ro m in en t hi gh Free m ason s i n th e pres ,

fro m t h e latte r th a t Wal te r Rod well Wrigh t ,

en ce of se v eral Kn i gh ts of the G ran d
Pro v isi o nal G ran d S o v e reign of th e O rder Cross of th e O rde r Me m be rs of bo th th e .

s o c all ed A n c ient an d th e Mode rn Engl i sh

'

i n E nglan d i n 1 80 4 do ubtless gai ne d m a

,
-

t erial for th e p reparati on of th e m od e rn

ri t ual . Baro n H u nd e i n h i s H istory
,
“ Gran d Lod ges of Free m ason s w ho we re
m e m b ers of th e C o n stan ti n e O rders took
,

of th e Te m plar S yste m of S tri ct O b serv

”
an ce 1 75 0 state s : Th e great an d rapi d
, ,
“ a c ti v e par t i n t h e n egot i ati on s wh i ch led to
th e u ni on of t h e t wo G ran d M ason i c L odge s
progress of Free m ason ry on t h e E u ropean i n 1 8 1 3 wh e n the D u ke of S usse x wa s
,

C on ti n en t i s largely d ue t o th e e ff o rts of electe d G ran d Master of th e Un i ted Gran d

the Kni gh ts of Ro m e an d of t he Red C ross Lodge of England an d also S o v e reign ,

o f C on stan ti ne Th e clai m i s m ade th at

. G ran d Master o f the G ran d I m pe rial C ou n
t he O rde r was confe rred i n En gl an d as a cil of En gland of the O rd er of K n igh ts of
M ason i c degree as e arly as 1 7 83 an d th at , Ro m e an d o f t he Re d C ross of C on stan tin e .

in 1 7 8 8 i t was c on ferre d u pon a n u m be r of

E ngl i sh Free m ason s a m ong othe rs offi c ers
, ,
D uri n g th e peri od 1 8 1 3 —4 3 t h e O rd e r agai n
beca m e n otable as t h e fi rst O rde r o f “
of both of the Gran d Lodges of En gl an d C h i val ry i n Eu rope so m e of i ts c h ro n i
'

.
,
.

Th at well k n o wn Free m ason

-
Th o m as , clers addi n g th at th e Gran d C ross of th e
D un c k erl y was cre ate d a Kn i gh t of Ro m e O rd e r was c on si dere d as great a n h ono r as

an d of th e Red
,

C ross of C on stantin e i n t he O rd er of th e G ar t e r ” I n 1 862 th e .

1 7 9 0 an d w as afte rwa rd s S o verei gn Gran d

,
Kn i ghts of th e Gran d C ross d i d m u ch t o
M aste r of t h e O rd e r i n E ngla n d an d at , at trac t at t en t ion to the O rder th ro ugh a
t h e h ead of t h e O rder of the Te m ple at th e cere m on i al co m m e m orati v e of t h e establi sh
sam e pe ri od Th ree su cceed in g head s o f
. m en t of th e G ran d I m pe rial C oun ci l m ore
th e O rd er of Kn i gh ts of C on st an ti ne were th an fi fty years befo re i n wh ich th e S ir ,

li k e wi se Gran d Maste rs of th e O rder of th e K n i gh t s t aki n g part i n cl u ded m e m bers o f

Te m pl e H ugh an th e Masoni c h i sto rian
.
, , t h e royal fa m i ly an d m any o t he r gen t le
state s th at wh il e th e O rde rs o f th e Re d m en o f h igh ran k cabi ne t o fii c ers m e m bers
,
‘
,

C ro ss of C onstantin e an d of t he Te m ple
” “ of P arl i am en t an d represen t ati v es of th e
,

were for m an y ye ars

n io usl y sid e by sid e th ey
,
worke d h arm o
we re k ep t
,
“ ar m y and n avy .

Fro m th at peri od th e English Gran d Im

”
stri c tly separa t e an d the fact th a t th e
,
pe rial C ou n c i l began to e xten d th e O rder ,

C on stan ti ne O r ders of Kni ghth ood h a v e begi n n i ng i n 1 86 6 by re vi vi n g i t i n Ger ,

bee n c on ferre d o nly u pon Free m ason s e v e r m any Fr an ce I t al y an d i n m any of th e

, , ,

sin ce th e m id dle of th e e igh teen t h cen tu ry En gli sh coloni es I n 1 8 6 9 i t was i ntroduce d

.

i s probab l y d ue to th at association In . in to th e D o m in i on of Canada and o n May ,

1 8 0 7 th e re was qui te a rev i val of th e O rder 1 9 1 8 7 0 i nto th e Un i ted S t ate s at Ph ila

, , ,

i n E u rope an d i n th e En gl i sh col on i es , delph ia I n 1 8 7 1 C oncl a v es were i nstitute d

.

and the O rde rs of thi s C h ri s t i an Kni ght i n N ew Yo rk M assach u setts Ke n tucky

, , ,

h oo d were con ferred u pon m an y F reema Indi an a Ve r m on t M ai ne N ew Je rsey

, , , ,

son s am ong the En gl ish n o b il i ty T he . Mi chi gan Vi rgi n i a D elaware an d Mary

, , ,

G r an d I m peri al C ou ncil o f E n gl an d w as lan d in th e o rder n a m ed Th e Indepen

, .

o rg ani zed a t Lon d on i n 1 8 08 and i n th e , d en t G ran d C oun ci l o f Penn syl v ani a was
fol lo win g ye ar i t c lai m e d an d e xe rci sed so v organ i zed i n 1 8 72 t h e G ran d C ou nci l of ,

ereign t y o v e r t h e O rd er th ro u gh ou t t h e N ew Yor k and G ran d I m pe rial C ou n c il s

wo rld In 1 80 9 th e Lon d on En cam p m en t
. of Ill i n oi s M assach u se tts an d Rh o de I slan d
, ,
84 FR E E MA S O N R Y : K NI GH T S O F R O ME A N D R E D C R O SS O F C O N S T A N T IN E

for th e Un i te d S tates for En gl and con C ou n cil ch ange d its ru les i n 1 8 9 7 so th at

, ,

G ran d C oun ci l “
cl u de d a treaty wi t h th e En gli sh (m other ) Maste r Mason s m ay beco m e m e m be rs th u s
t o u ni te i nto on e S u pre m e app aren tly seek in g t o populari ze th e O rder
,
,

G ran d body all G rand an d s ubor d i nate Th e v i e w ta k en by the i n d epen den t G ran d
”
“
b odi es i n th e U ni te d S t ates I t i s fu rthe r C ou ncil s see m s to be th at there are en o ug h
.

“
‘

de cl ared i n Th e S tate m en t th at wi th i n pop ul ar Masonic O rde rs an d t h at thi s on e ,

a year the tre aty was repu d iate d by t h e sh ould con sti tute a pu rely i n telle ctu al
En gli sh G ran d C ou n cil n o twi t h stan di n g bran ch of Free m ason ry
, de v ote d
w h i ch th e S o v ereign G ran d C ou n cil Uni t e d wh olly to th e cul ti va t i on of th e h igher fac
,

S tate s of A m e ri c a c onti nues to poi n t to t h e ul t ies

, rathe r th an to gai n i ng recrui ts , .

trea ty as th e basi s an d j ustifi cati on of i ts Fou r O rders are conferre d by G ran d

e x i ste nce I n reply t o thi s offi ci al s of t h e C ou n cils of Knigh t s of th e Re d C ross of
.
,

S o v erei gn Gran d C o u n c i l de n y th at t h e Ro m e an d C on stan ti ne — th e fi rst th e one

.
,

t reaty h as be en rep udi ate d T he re co rds of h a v i n g th at ti tle th e second t h e O rde r of

.
,

“
the S o verei g n Gran d C ou n c i l Un i t ed S tate s Kn igh ts of the H oly S epul c h re the th i rd
of A m eri ca see m to confi r m T h e S t at e t he O rd er of K n igh ts of S t Joh n the E v an
,

”
,
.

m en t i n i ts c h arge th at t he body was gel is t an d fi nally as a m ark of espe c i al , , ,

“
p rac ti cally d orm an t b etween 1 8 80 an d 1 8 91 h on or fo r h i gh M ason ic offi ci als o r for zeal

“
w h e n as e xplai n e d i n T he S tate m en t i n Masoni c wo rk th e O rder of Kni gh t of ”

, , ,

se v e ral m e m bers
“ m et at Roch ester th e G ran d C ross m e m bersh ip i n wh i c h i s
'

, ,

N Y an d assu m e d to open a S o v e rei gn l i m i ted t o fi fty in ea c h co u n try I n addi

”
. . .
,

G ran d C o un ci l an d tra nsac t busi n ess ti on t o these th e O rd er of H oly Wis d o m o r .

, ,

O ne year l ate r i t h el d a C on clave at Kn i gh t Te m pl ar Pries t i s conferre d b y ,

Bloo m sbu rg P a an d cl ai m e d excl usi v e so m e G ran d C ou n c il s It i s sai d to h a v e

, .
, .

au th o rity o ve r th e C on stan tin e O rde rs been i n sti tute d i n 1 6 8 6 and wh en con ferre d
th ro ugh ou t th e U n i ted S tates basi ng th e in ol d En c a m p m en ts wh ich p racti se d th e “ ,

,
”
cl ai m on th e t re at y of 1 8 7 7 T he S o v er se ven steps of ch i val ry was t h e cere m ony
.

eig n Gra n d C ou n cil h as con t in ued to h old for consti tu ti ng ch apl ai n s After t h e re .

an n ual sessi on s e v e r si nce b u t I m peri al organi z ati on o f th e Ch iv al ric O rde rs i t h e

,

G r an d C o u n ci l s i n Penn sylv an i a Il li noi s cam e an appen dan t to t h e O rde r of C o n

Ve r m o n t M ai ne an d elsew h e re refu se to st an t in e
,

Th e seven s t eps of ch i val ry ” ,

“
”
.
, ,

recogn ize i t . are cl assifie d i n M ason ry i n E urope by

All of t he S t ate G ran d C o uncil s n am ed Wi t t e r B e rli n 1 83 2 as foll o ws 1 st , , , ,
“
,

an d the S o ve reign body as well d eclare th at K nigh ts of Ro m e an d of th e Re d C ross of

,

th ey h a v e cord ial re lati on s wi th th e Engli sh C ons t an tin e an d Kn igh t of t h e Gran d C ross ,

Gran d C oun c il T he total m e m be rsh i p of th e oldest O rder of C hi val ry ; 2 d Kn i gh ts

.
,

th e S o v e rei gn G ran d C o u nci l i t is c l ai m e d Te m pl ars ; 3 d Kn i gh ts of Mal ta ; 4 t h

, , , ,

e xcee ds Incl ud in g th e fi ve ind epen Kn igh ts of the H ol y S ep ul c h re appende d ,

den t I m pe ri al G ran d C oun ci ls an d t hose i n to wh i c h i s the O rde r of Kn igh ts of S t .

C an ada an d th e Uni te d Ki ngd o m i t i s esti Joh n of Palestine or S t John the E v angel

, , .

m ated there are A m e ri can and foreign i st ; 5 t h Rose C roi x ; 6 th Te m plar Priest , ,

K ni gh ts of Ro m e an d of the Red C ross of h oo d ; an d 7 t h C o m m an de r Elect Kni gh t , ,

C on stan t ine O n th e i n trod uc t i on of th e of K ad o sc h

. No one A m e ri c an Mason i c .

O rde r in to th e Un i te d S tates Kn ights T em body con fe rs all of th ese O rde rs T he sec

,
.

pl ars an d th i rty se c on d degree S co t tish Ri te on d an d thi rd are u n de r t he j u ri sdic t ion of

-

Free m ason s alone we re ad m i tted to i t b ut t h e G rand En ca m p m en t of K ni gh ts T em ,

so m e years later Royal Arch Mason s we re plars of th e U ni t e d S tates ; the fift h an d

ren dere d eli gible The S o v e rei gn Gran d se v e nth are con trol le d by th e S upre m e C ou n
.
 FR E E MA S O N R Y : K NI G H T S O F R O ME A N D R E D C R O S S O F C O N S T A N T IN E

oil s of the Anci en t Acce pte d S cotti sh Ri t e, of I lli n ois (G ran d S ecretary of t he
of F ree m ason ry for t he S ou the rn an d North vari ou s M aso ni c G ran d Bodi es i n Il l i n oi s ) ;
e rn M ason i c J u ris d i cti on s Un ited S t ates of , Marqu i s F Ki n g . of Maine (P ast ,

A m e ri c a respec t i vel y t he fou rth an d si xth

, Gran d M aste r of M ason s ) ; H ugh M c C urdy ,

by I m pe ri al Gran d C o un c ils and b y th e S o v of M ich igan (Past G ran d Master of

ereign G ran d Co un c i l o f Kn igh ts of Ro m e M ason s Pas t Grand Hig h Prie st of Roy al
,

an d of t he Re d C ross of C onstanti ne ; and Arch M ason s Past G ran d M aste r o f th e

.

th e fi rs t by the S up re m e G ran d C h apte r of Grand En c a m p m en t of Kn i gh ts Te m plars ) ;

th e G ran d C ross o f C ons t an t in e U ni ted , Abrah a m T Met c al f . of M ich i gan ,
.

S tates of A m e ri ca co m posed of repre se n t a

, (Past Gran d Mas t e r of Masons ) ; Fran c i s
ti y e s of the i nde pend en t S o ve reign G ran d .
,
°
A Blade s 3 3 D B u rn ha m T rac y , . an d ,

C o un cil s an d also by th e S o ve reig n Gran d

, Ni ch olas C oul so n of M ich igan ; M arsh
,

C oun cil Un i ted S ta t e s of A m e ri c a

, . 0 Perki n s
.
,of Ver m on t (Past G ran d
T h e S upre m e G ran d C hapte r of th e Maste r o f Mason s ) ; Ge orge 0 Tyle r .
,

G ran d C ross of C onsta nti ne of wh i c h , of Ver m on t (P ast Gran d C o m m an der of

C harles K F r an c i s Ph i lad el ph ia i s Regi s
.
, , K n igh ts Te m pl ars ) ; S i las W C u m m in gs .
,

t rar Ge ne ral i s t h e h i gh est body of t h e

, of Ver m on t (Pas t G ran d C o m m ande r
O rde r in th e co un try recogni zed b y th e of Knigh t s Te m pl ars ) ; D N Nic hol son . .
,

i n depen den t S o v ereign G ran d C o un c i ls I t . of Ve r m on t ; M illard F H icks an d .

,

was o rgan iz ed Jun e 2 1 1 8 7 7 u n der au , , E d ward P B urn h am . of Mai n e ; ,

t h o rit y gran t e d the late C ol o nel W J B . . . S eran u s B owen of Massach uset t s

,

M c L eo d M oore G ran d Pri or of Knigh ts

, (G ran d S e c re t ary of the G rand C h apter of
Te m pl ars of Can ad a wh o establ i sh ed t h e , Royal Ar c h Mason s ) ; Be n j a m i n W Ro well .
,

O rde r of C on stan ti ne i n A m eric a by au th or of Massac h use tts (Grand Re c orde r of

i ty recei ved fro m t h e Earl of Becti v e th e n , G ran d C o m m an de ry of Knight s Te m plars ) ;
G ran d S o ve rei gn of th e G ran d I m pe ri al C aleb S aun de rs 3 3 Massachu set ts (Past
,
°

C o un cil of E ngl and Th e S up re m e G ran d . Grand C o m m ande r of Kni gh ts Te m pl ars ) ;

C h ap t e r i s t o t he i nd epen de n t S tate Im F rede rick We bber Washi n gt on D C , , . .

pe ri al C ou n cil s wh at th e S upre m e C o u nc i l '

, (G rand S e c re tary Gen e ral of S u p re m e

A n c ien t A c c epte d S c o t t i sh Rite i s to the Co u ncil ,
A A S R S o u the rn Ju ris
. . .

bo d i es h ol d i ng allegi a n c e to i t re t ai ni n g , dic t i on ) ; Edward T S c h ul t z o f Marylan d .

e xcl usi ve righ t t o confe r th e O rder of t he (Masonic H is t orian Past Gran d Hi gh Pries t ,

G ran d C ross as does t h e l atte r th e ri gh t to

,
of Royal A rc h M asons Pas t G rand C o m ,

c onfe r t h e th irt y th i rd degre e A m o ng t h e

-
. m ander of Kn i ght s Te m plars ) ; Tho m a s R -
.

offi ce rs an d m e m be rs o f th e S upre m e G ran d Pa t ton , of Pen nsyl v ani a (G ran d T reas

C hapter of th e G rand C ross of C onst an ti ne urer of Gra n d Lodge an d G ran d C hapter ) ;

are : Joh n C o rso n S m i th of Ill i noi s , , C h arles Ca ry of Pe n n syl va nia (Gran d

,

i ts G ran d S o ve rei gn (Past G ran d Maste r of S ecre tary of G ran d Ch apte r of Roy al Arch
Mas on s Past G ran d H igh P riest of Royal
, M ason s and G ran d Master of Royal an d
A rc h Mason s Pas t Gran d C o m m an de r of
, S ele c t M as t ers ) ; Joh n S artai n Pen n ,

Kni gh ts Te m plars ) ; Josi ah H D ru m m ond .

,
sylv ani a ; Ed ward S Wy c k o ff Pen n .
,

of Mai ne i t s G ran d Vi ceroy (Pas t

,
-
syl vani a E d ward B S pen ce r Pe nnsyl v ani a .

G ran d M as t e r of M aso n s Past General , (Gran d S cribe of G ran d C hapter o f Royal

G ran d H igh Pri est of th e General Gran d Arch Mason s an d Past G ran d C o m m an de r
C hapte r Past G ran d C o m m an de r of Kni gh t s
,
of Kn igh ts Te m plars ) ; An d re w J K aufi .

Te m plars Past S o v erei gn Gran d C o m m ander

, m an Pen n syl van ia (Pas t G ran d C o m m an de r
,

of the S u pre m e C ou n ci l A A S R ,
. . . .
,
of Kn igh ts Te m plars ) ; H arvey A M c K il l ip .
,

North e rn Ju ri sdi cti o n ) ;Gilbe rt W B arnard .

, Pen n syl van ia (Past Grand Maste r of
86 F R E E MA S O N R Y - : S O C IE T Y O F MO D E R N R O S C R UC I I A NS

Ro yal an d S elect M asters ) ; C harles K . F r e e m a s o n r y :S o c iet y o fM o d e rn R os

F ran ci s ,
Pen n sylvan ia (P ast G ran d i e r u c ia n s — Fou nde d m ore th an a score of
.

M aste r of Royal an d S el e c t M asters ) C h arl es . years ago ac c ord in g to the ac c oun t pub
,

F M ati er i s Gran d Represen tati v e of th e

. lish ed by th e H igh C ou ncil of the S o c ietatis
S upre m e G ran d C h ap te r of th e G ran d C ross ,
R o s ieruc ianae U nited S tates of A m e r ica by
, ,

Un i te d S tates of A m eri c a near th e Gran d , Robe rt Wen tworth Li ttle of E ngland upon , ,

I m pe ri al C ou n cil of E nglan d an d Lo rd ,
the re m ai ns of an old Ger m an associati on
S al t sun i s G ra n d Represe n tati v e n ear th e wh ich h ad co m e u n der h i s obser vatio n du r
Gran d I m pe ri al C ou n c i l of S co t lan d . i ng so e of h i s resear c h es
m ” Th e Angl i .

At t h e m eeti n g of t h e S upre m e G ran d c ized organization was c reate d as a l i terary

"

C hapte r at B oston S epte m be r 2 1 1 8 9 7 , , ,

soci ety to collect arch aeol ogical a nd hi s
,

app ropriate t ri bute s were pai d th e m em t o ric al subj e c ts pe rtai ni ng to Free m asonry
orj es of decease d m e m be rs C h arles T , . an d secret societies i n general ; to sti m ulate
M c C lenac h an M ason ic H i stori an
, searc h fo r h istori c al tru th particul arly w it h ,

of t h e G ran d Lodge of N ew York ; refere n c e to F ree m ason ry ; an d to re v i v e ia

An t ho n y E S tocker . Penn sylv an i a ,
t erest i n the work of c ertai n sci e ntists and

(Past Gran d C o m m and e r o f Kni gh ts T em sch olars In th is e ffort Mr Li ttle a d is

. .
,

pl ars ) ; an d D aniel S pry Gran d R epre ,

t inguish ed Free m ason was assiste d by su c h ,

sen t ati v e n ear t he G ran d I m pe rial C ou n cil wel l k no wn m e m bers of the C raft as Willia m
-

of Canada an d t he Registrar Gene ral read Robert Wood m an Th o m as B Wh yt eh ead , .

,

th e followi n g lette r fro m the Masoni c H i s Willi am Ja m es B ugh a h and C u th bert E , .

torian W J H ugh an Torquay En glan d

, . .
, , ,
P eek i n Engl and th e E arl of K i ntore and ,

h i m self a Kn igh t of th e Gran d C ross Rober t S m ith B rown i n S c otlan d Pri nce ,

Y o u r i nv it ati o n t o atten d t h e S u prem e Grand R h o d o k anakis an d Professor E m m an uel

C h apter o f t h e U n it ed S ta t es o f A m eric a j ust a t h and .
Gell a nis i n G ree c e ; an d Colonel W J B . . .

I c an no t at t end b ut w i s h i t were po ss i b l e so as t o g ri p
, , Moore in the D o m ini on of Canada Rosi .

yo u b y t h e h and a nd o th ers o f m y v al u ed b reth ren

, .
c rucian socie ties were p ro m p tly e stabli sh ed

Th ese person al reference s woul d see m t o

'

i n Englan d S c o t l an d Gree c e and l ate r

, , , , ,

i nd i c ate th at m a ny of th e m ore d i stingui she d i n the D o m i nio n of Canada Lik e o r .

Free m ason s i n t he co u n try oppose th e gan iz at io n s m ay al so be fou n d i n I rel and ,

clai m of t h e S o v e reign Gran d C ou nci l to I ndia C h i na a nd i n T unis In 1 8 7 9 th e

, , .

e xcl usi v e j u ri sd i cti on o v er th e C on stan ti ne H igh C ou ncil of S cotlan d establ ish ed a

O r d e rs i n t h e Un i te d S tates I n re ply to .
Rosicr ucian S o c i ety at Ph iladelph i a an d ,

an i nq u i ry as to t h e s tatu s of th e O rder of i n 1 880 one eac h at Ne w Yo rk B oston , ,

Ro m e an d th e Red C ross of C on stan ti ne i n and Bal t i m ore represe ntati v es fro m wh i c h

,

t h e Un i te d S tates C F Matie r Regi strar . .

m et at B oston o n S epte m be r 2 1 th e sa m e
, ,

Ge neral of th e En gl i sh (m othe r ) I m perial year an d e stabli she d a H igh C ou n c il for t h e

,

Gran d C o un cil wrote as follo ws S epte m be r Un i ted S tates to h ol d j urisdiction w ithi n

,
, ,

1 5 , 1 89 7 the sam e an d regulate the rel ation s of th e

I a i n d i rec t ed and h ave t h e h o no r t o s ay th a t a society h ere w i th othe r i ndepe nd en t j uris d ic
c o n ferenc e o f t h e I m per i al Grand C o u nc il s o f E ng
tions Th e consti tu tio n adopted p rovides
.

l and and S c o tl a nd w ill b e h el d in E d i nb u rg h in that n o aspi ran ts sh al l be ad m i tte d e x c ept

Apr il 1 89 8 an d th at t h e wh o l e qu es ti o n o f t h e
, , Mas ter Mason s of good m oral ch arac te r in ,

po s iti o n o f t h e b o d i es c l ai m i ng t b e t h e s u prem e o
t el l igen t free fro m prej udice an d an xious
”
, ,

g o vern i ng b o d i es in A m er i c a w il l b e f ul l y c o n for i nstru c tion E very frater i s required

A s it i s b eli ev ed th at represent ati v es
.

s id ered .

fro m t h e U S A w ill b e present i t is s inc erelv

. .
to c h oose a Lati n m otto wh i c h is to be ap ,
.
,

h o ped th at t h e c o nferenc e w ill settl e t h e c au se o f pend ed to h is signatu re i n all c o m m unic a

d i sag reem en t in t h e O rd er fo rever . tions to the S ocie t y wh i c h sh all be regi ste red ,
88 FR E E MA S O NR Y : R O YA L O R D E R O F S C O T L A ND

su c h K nigh ts Te m plars as h ad fled to to being a ge nu i ne O rde r of Knigh th ood

S cotlan d af t e r the d i ssolu t i o n o f th e T em th an al m ost any othe r co nferred i n con nec
pl ars an d u nd er hi s p ro t ectio n h ad taken tio n wi th Free m ason ry an d in i t is foun d ,

part i n the battle of B an no c kbu rn I ts . the i nti m a t e c onne c ti on between the sword
ri t u al i s in an tiquated An glo S axon v erse -
. an d th e trowel wh i c h i s refe rred to i n se v
Th e O rde r of S t A ndre w of th e Th istle .
,
e ral oth ers Its ri tu al i s d i s t i n c tl y C h ri s
.

af t e r ward am al gam ated w i th th e Royal t ian As i n the O rd e r of H ero dem th e

.
,

O rde r of H ero dem was in stitu ted by Robe rt , offi c e of G ran d Maste r i s v ested i n th e K in g
B ru c e Ki ng of S c otla nd o n July 24 1 3 1 4
, , , ,
of S c o t lan d (n ow of G reat B ri t ai n ) an d i n ,

to b e c o nfe rred it i s sai d upon S cottish

, , h i s abse n c e a seat i s al ways kept v ac an t for
Free m ason s wh o fough t with h im a m on g ,
h im i n whateve r cou n try a Ch apter is h el d .

t h irty th ou sand othe rs at th e battle of , O wi ng to th e sim il arit v be t wee n n a m es the ,

Ban n o c k bu rn again st an En glish ar m y of

,

“ O rder of th e Rosy C ross and that of th e

one h un d re d th ou san d m en
ti m e ” says Th ory
.
A t abou t th at
h e for m e d th e Ro y al
,
“ . Rose C roi x of the An cien t an d Accepted
S c otti sh B it e the bel ief h as pre v aile d th at
,

G ran d Lodge of t he O rde r of H ero d em re , th e lat te r i n so m e way is based u pon the

, ,

servin g to h i m self an d h i s su c c e ssors fore v er for m er Thi s appeare d to be true because

”
.
,

t he ti t le of G ran d M aster Th e O rde r of . both c l ai m ed to hav e h ad th ei r seats of go v

H ero d em i s sai d to ha v e bee n i ntrod u c ed ern m en t at Kil wi n ni ng n ear the I rish S ea , ,

i nto K i l wi nn i ng at abou t the ti m e th at i n S cotland be c ause bo th ga v e a Ch risti an

,

Free m aso n ry appeare d i n S c otland and ,

i nterp re tati o n to th e th ree s y m bol i c degree s
Ma c key regard s i t p robable th at th e O rder of Free m aso nry an d be c ause t h e nam e s of
,

was designed to m ak e plai n the ri tes and bot h bear a st ri k i ng rese m bl an c e As a .

sy m bol s u se d b v the C h ri stian b uilde rs i n a m atte r of fa c t th ere i s n o fu rth e r si m ilarity

,

trul y c atholic m an ner adapted to all wh o , and n o con nection wh ate ve r Th ei r cere .

a c k n owl ed ge o ne S u pre m e God wh e th e r ,

m on ial s an d e ssential s are en ti rel y diffe re nt .

Jew o r Ge n t ile . Prov i n ci al Grand Lodges of th e Royal O r

Th e secon d degree of th e Royal O rder of de r of S c otland one of the ol dest c ontin u
,

S cotland t h e O rd er of the Rosy C ross i s an

,
‘

, ou s append e n t O rders of F ree m ason r y are ,

O rde r of Ci v il Knigh th ood wh i c h i t i s , . no w h eld i n Gl asgo w an d Aberdee nsh i re ,

sta t ed was fou nded by Rober t B ru c e af t er

, S c otl and ; Yor k sh i re North u m berland D u r , ,

t h e battle of Ban nock bu rn an d c onferred ,

h am C u m berland Lan c ash i re Chesh i re
, , , ,

upon c e rtai n Free m as on s wh o h ad assisted a nd Lon don Englan d ; Western I ndia ;

,

h im . I t m ay onl y be c onfe rred by th e C h ina ; Ne w B runswi c k Prin c e Ed w ard Is ,

G ran d Maste r h i s D epu ty or a Provi nci al

, , land O n tario an d Q uebe c ; Natal Cape
, , ,

G ran d M aster Th e n u m be r wh o m ay re
. Colon y S witze rland and th e U nited S tates
, ,

c eiv e i t i s li m i ted Form erly i t was si xty

. where c h ai rs are al wa y s k ept v acan t fo r th e
t hree wh o we re to be S c ot c h m en b ut th e , h eredi t ar y G ran d Master .

n u m be r h as sin c e bee n i ncreased and di s ,

Th e Ro y al O rde r of S cotland was i n tro
t ing uish ed F ree m ason s i n al m ost al l c o un d uc ed i nto th e Uni te d S t ates at Wash i ng
trie s m ay n o w re c ei ve i t upo n bei ng ton D C , May 4 1 8 7 8 i n th e roo m s of
. .
, , ,

ad opted as S co t tish (no t S c ottish Rite ) the S upre m e C ou n c i l of the Ancien t A o ,

Free m asons I t has al so bee n cl ai m ed that

. c ept ed S c otti sh R i te for the S ou th ern Ma

t h e O rde r o f th e Rosy C ross was pra c t i c ally sonic J urisd iction U ni te d S tates o f A m er,

m ade up of th e an c i en t O rde r of th e Th is ic a wh e n th e Pro v i n c ial G rand Lodge for

,

tle an d th at t h e c ere m o n ial of in itiation

,
th e U ni ted S tates was i nsti tuted by v irtue
i n to th e l atter was borrowed bodil y In . of a ch arte r i ssued b y th e Gran d Lodge at
any e ven t th e Rosy C ross c o m e s m o re nearl v
, Edinbu rgh S c otlan d in wh ich S ir Al be rt
, ,
 FR E E MA S O NR Y : S T A T IS T IC S O F M E MB E R SH IP
'

Pik e i s n am ed as the Pro vi n c ial G ran d Mas S teph en B erry and Josiah H D ru m m on d .
,

ter ; Josiah Ha y den D ru m m o nd M ai ne , Portl and Me th e late C harles T M c C lena

,
. .

D epu ty Prov i n c ial G rand M aste r ; Albert c h an of New York ; to th e Gran d S e c reta

Gallati n Ma c k ey th e n of the D i stri c t of

, ries o f G rand Lodges and othe r Masonic
C ol u m bia S e n io r Pro v in c ial G rand War
, G ran d bod i es th ro ugh ou t th e Un ited S ta t es
den ; S a m uel C ro c ker L awre nce M assac h u , and B ri ti sh North A m e rica ; to G ran d S ec
setts Jun ior Pro vincial Gran d Warde n ; ret aries of nearl y e ve ry foreig n Grand Lo d ge ;

W ill iam M orton I rel and of th e D i strict of , an d m any others disti ngui she d as Masoni c
C ol u m bi a Prov in c ial Gran d S e c retary ; Rob
, stu de nts or h i s t orians w ith wh o m corre ,

ert M c C o sk ry Grah a m Ne w York Provin , ,

s po n den c e h as bee n c ond u c ted S i m ilar .

c ial Gran d Treasurer ; Joh n Robi n M c re c ogni ti on i s d ue to S ecretaries of S upre m e

D an iel Vi rgi n i a Pro v i n c i al G rand S word
, , o r G rand bodies an d o t he r rep resen tati v es
B earer ; Vi ncen t Lo m bard H u rlbu t Ill i noi s , of th e I ndepen den t O rder of O dd Fellows ,

P ro vi n c ial Gran d Ban ner Beare r ; En o c h -

Ancien t O rde r of Foresters In depe nden t ,

Terry Carson O h i o Provi n c ial G ran d Mari

, , O rd er of Good Te m pl ars G ran d Un i ted O r ,

schal ; H enry L Pal m er Wi sconsi n D epu t y

.
, , de r of O dd Fellows (m e m bersh ip of wh ich
Pro v in cial Gran d Maris c h al ; Ch arl es Roo m e , i n the Uni t ed S tates i s co m posed of negroes ) ,

Ne w York S eni or Pro vin c ial Gran d S tew

, I ndepend en t O rder of Re c h abi tes A n c ie nt ,

ard an d Ja m es C u n ni ngh am Bat c h el or

, ,
O rde r of H iberni ans S ons of Te m peran ce , ,

L oui sian a Pro vi n c ial G rand S teward The

, . U ni ted A n c ie nt O rder of D ru id s B nai ,
’

m ee ti ngs of t h e Pro vi ncial Grand Lodge are B rith an d th e L o v al O range I n sti tu t ion
’
, .

hel d an nually at th e sa m e ti m e and pla c e

,
Th e Free m ason s are sh own to be the m ost
as th e S up re m e C ou n c il s of the S c ottish Rite n u m e rou s and by far th e m ost wi dely d is
fo r th e S ou the rn and the Northe rn J urisdic tri buted th ro ugh out t h e worl d If n on af .
-

tion of th e Un i ted S tate s al te rn ately T h e . fi liat ed Free m ason s were cou nted t h e to tal ,

p rese nt Pro vi n c ial Gran d Master is Josiah m e m bersh ip of th e M ason i c Fraterni ty woul d
H ayden D ru m m on d of Po rtl and Me wh o , .
, u nd oubtedl y a m ou nt to abou t be
suc c eede d to that o fii c e upon th e death of cause th ose able to j udge esti m ate that ou t of
Albert Pik e in 1 8 91 T he se c retariat w i th .
,
the wh ole n u m be r of l i ving m e m bers o f th e
th e re c ords files e tc i s at th e Cathed ral
, ,
.
,
C raf t abou t 4 0 per c en t are no n affiliat es
,
.
-
.

o f th e S c ottish Rite No 1 0 0 G S tree t N

,
. . , . The to tal of Free m ason s i n C uba re
W Wash i ngton D C The p resen t m em , . . fers to t h e perio d j ust before th e o utbreak
b ersh ip of the Prov in c ial Gran d Lodge of of th e re volu tion p rior to th e S pani sh ,

th e Un ited S tates i s 2 84 . A m erican War an d i n c l udes n on a fliliat es

,
-
‘
.

F re e m a s o n r y : S t a t i s t ic s o f M e m b e r No o n e of th e t en frate rn iti es stati sti c s of ,

s h i p — A m ong th e l on g l ist of sec ret so c i

. m e m bersh ip of wh ich are co m pared w i t h
et ies ,
the na m e s o f wh i c h are fa m ili ar to th ose of the Free m ason s i s ve ry w idel y dis ,

n ewspaper readers there are el even wh ich ,

t ri buted o ver th e gl obe I n c on trast wi th .

m ay be c l asse d as i nte rnation al stati sti c s of ,

an e xh ibi t wh ich poin ts to Masoni c Lodges
m e m bersh ip of wh i c h are p rese nte d i n a i n al m ost e very c i vi l ize d part of th e w orl d
separate e xh ibi t These d a t a th e m ost
.
,
e x c ep t Russia Au stria an d part of Asia
, ,

c o m pre h en si ve of th e k i n d e ve r p repared , Min or ac c o m pan y i ng c o m parati ve stati sti c s

,

h ave bee n c o m pile d th rough th e c o iipera sh ow onl y th ree o the r ou t o f te n inte rna ,

tio n of represen tat ives of e ach of the m . t io nal se c re t so c ieties wi t h an y th in g like a

,

Unu su ally full parti c ulars c on c ernin g t h e c os m opoli tan c h aracter— th e A n c ien t O rder

nu m ber of Free m asons i n vari ou s c ou n of Foresters I nd ependen t O rde r of Good

,

tries states an d p ro vin ce s th rough ou t the

, ,
Te m pla rs an d the In dependen t O rde r of
,

world are to be cred i ted to th e researc h es of O dd Fellows The strongh ol d of th e A n

.
92 FR E E MA S O NR Y : S T A T I S T IC S O F ME MB E R S H IP

GE O GRAP HI C AL D I S TRIB UT I O N O F M E M B E R S HIP O F E LE V E N I N T E RN ATIO N AL

S E CR E T S O C I E TI E S —C o n tt nu c d
.
-

ME MB E R S H IP
1 8135 —1 896 .

S o uth
u
Il ds an s

o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oooooooo

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

A I nc lud es in I l d 1 00 i I l f M
c e an n d 54 5 i
s e o an , an n C h anne lIl d
s an s— l n al l ,
I lud ught f R b k h in U i t d S t t
,

B— nc es D a ers o e e a n e a es
I lud i h t l ib uti ng w i d
.

D — nc ng y m mb
o no rar e g ders a ar e an w o m en m em b ers and c o ntr o ws
E —I lu d i f R uth i t h Un it d S t t
.

nc ng D u gh t
a ers o n e e a e
G— I nc lud es i
n oth B iti h p
er r i ns o ssess o s .

cie nt O rde r of Foresters (th e pare n t Forestie pe n den t O rde r of O dd Fell ows h as m ore
body ) i s n atu rally i n th e Un ited Ki ngdo m , m e m bers th an th e Mason i c f raternity i n the
onl y one eigh th of i ts m e m bershi p bei ng
-
Un ited S tat es but w h ile th e latter fi nd s
,

fou nd el se wh e re pri n c i pally in A ustral ia , ,

only o ne h alf i ts tot al m e m bersh ip h ere
-

Tas m ani a Ne w Zeal and th e Un i te d S tates

, , , 9 6 pe r ce nt of all the m e m bers of th i s O r
.

an d C an ada wi th very s m all total s i n S o uth ,

de r of O d d Fellows i s i n th i s c ou ntry Th e .

Afri c a S pai n Holl and th e n orth c oast of

, , ,
l argest foreign m e m bersh i p of th e l atte r i s
S ou th A m eri c a an d so m e of t h e larger West , i n Au stral i a Tas m an ia an d Ne w Zeala n d
, , ,

In di a islands Th e Indepen dent O rder of . where th e total i s nearl y In Ger

G ood Te m plars i s strongest of co urse i n , ,
m any wh e re the O rde r i s growin g th e total
, ,

th e Uni ted S tates bu t ve ry n early as strong , i s abou t bu t i n France I taly Den , ,

i n E u rop e and consti tute s th e only large

, m ark S wi tzerland H oll an d and S weden
, , ,

i n ternati on al se c re t socie ty e xcepting th e Me xi c o H ayti Pe ru C h ile Japan an d t h e

, , , , ,

Free m ason s wh i ch i s w idely di stribu ted . H awai ian I slands th ere are v ery few O dd
I t al so has a large following i n Norway an d Fellows Less th an two th irds of th e S ons
.
-

S weden Den m ark Ger m any an d S wi tze r

, , ,
of Te m pe ran c e are foun d i n th e Un ited
l and Mexi c o Ind ia th e O rien t Afri c a
, , , , , S tate s an d Ca n ad a le ss than one thi rd i n ,
-

Au stralia an d Ne w Zeal an d The In de , . the Un i t e d Ki ngdo m and abou t o ne ten th ,

-
G RA PHIC C HA RT S HO WI N G T HE RE L A T I V E M A S O N IC ME MB E RS HIP IN VARIO US
C O U N T RIE S
.
94 FR E E MA S O NS : DI S T IN GU I S H E D A ME R I C A NS

i n Au stral ia and Ne w Zealan d A bou t 4 0 . on e o rganization these ele v e n i nternation al

,

per cen t of th e m e m be rs of the Gran d

. fraterni ties nu m be r probably adu lt
U n i ted O rde r of O dd Fellows (th e paren t m al e m e m be rs i n , Lodges scattere d ,

E ngli sh O rde r of O dd Fell ows ) are m em alon g the path s of c o m m erce an d civili zati on .

bers of E ngli sh S c otch and I ri sh Lodges ; , , Wh ile the su n ne ver sets u po n th e B ri t

ne arly 5 0 pe r cen t (negroes ) are i n th e . i sh flag it i s also tr ue that so m ewhere east
,

U ni ted S tates ; abou t 8 pe r ce nt i n A u s . of th e h o rizon of dayl igh t the re i s always

t ral ia and Ne w Zealand and th e re m ain de r , a Mason i c Lodge at labor and i n Engl ish , ,

wi dely s c attered totals for S outh Africa , ,

speak i ng c ou ntries i n particul ar Lodge s of ,

I n di a West In dies an d C entral an d S ou th

, , othe r i nternational frate rn i ties at work to
A m eri c a bei ng very s m all More than . rel ie v e th e wan ts of th e sufi ering an d di s
t wo th i rds of th e m e m be rs of the An c ien t
-
tresse d and to c ul ti v ate the ties o f brothe r
O rder of D rui ds are fou n d in the l an d o f its h ood .

bi rth th e Un ited Kingdo m ; abou t on e si xth

,
-
F r e e m a s o n s : D i s t in g u i s h e d A m e r i
i n A us trali a an d Ne w Zealand an d nearly ,
c a n s — Withi n a fe w years afte r the for m a
.

as m any i n the Un ite d S t ates Th e Inde . tion of a Masonic G rand Lodge at London ,

pe n den t O rder o f Re c h abi tes reports th at i n 1 7 1 7 m an y m e m bers of th e nobil ity

, ,

2 per cen t of i ts m e m bersh ip i s i n th e

. representati ves of the p rofession s an d othe r
Un i te d S tates an d the rest i n t h e Un i te d
, learne d m en be c am e m e m bers of th e C raft ,

Ki ngdo m Th e total m e m bersh i p of the

. an d between 1 7 2 5 and 1 73 5 Lodges of E ng
Uni t c d Ancien t O rder of H ibern ians i n th e
-

,
l ish origi n we re establ ish ed i n m any of th e
Un ite d S tates an d i n th e Uni ted K i ngdo m ,
l arge r c i ties of C on ti ne n tal Eu rope whe re , ,

i s d iffic ul t to obtai n bu t th e figu res gi v en ,

for a fe w years th ey w e re c o m posed al m ost
,

best obtai nabl e esti m ates of represen tati v e e x c lusi vely of m en of rank an d learn ing .

m e m be rs sh o w th at nearly 8 0 pe r cen t of
, . Th e gro wth of t h e Frate rni ty as i s well ,

th e O rde r i s i n the Un i te d S tates The . k now n has long been along the l i nes of u n i
,

B nai B ri th s m allest of i nte rnatio nal se c ret ve rsal bro t he rh ood an d e ve n t wo h un dre d
’ ’
, ,

so c ie ties i n t h e list n u m bers only about ,

an d fifty years ago its m e m be rshi p i ncl uded
m e m bers a l togethe r of whi c h , d isti nguish e d m en i n v ari ous station s of life .

are i n the U ni ted S tates 7 00 in Asi a M in or , I n al m ost all E u ropean co un tries th e C raft
an d el sewhere i n the far East and 3 0 0 i n ,
to th i s d ay con ti nu es to enj oy the patronage
Africa The surprisi ngly l arge n u m be r of
. an d coope ration of th e reign ing fa m il ies an d
m e m be rs of th e Loyal O ran ge In stitu tion i s of the n obili ty no t ab lv i n G reat B ritai n
, ,

gi v e n o n the au th ori ty of a p ro m i nen t m em Holl a nd Den m ark Norway S weden and

, , , ,

be r h i gh in offi cial rank A total of 1 0 0

, .
,
Germ any Th e li k e w as true i n France
.

0 00 i n the Uni ted S tates does n ot look l arge ,

un de r t h e B ourbon s i n th e Napoleon ic ,

bu t i t i s diffi cul t to belie v e th e re are 3 83 ,

r égi m es and u nd er th e Republ ic Free
,
.

0 00 O range m e n i n B ritish North A m erica , m aso n rv also c ontin ue s to enj oy great pop
an d it i s stil l m ore u ne xpe c te d to learn ul arit y a m ong th e followe rs of th ose wh o

th ere are as m any as in the U ni ted c reate d a u n ited I taly I n E nglan d th e

.

K i ngd o m and i n British posses Fratern ity i s presid ed o v e r by th e Pri n c e of

sions not spe c ified . Wales and i n S wede n and Nor w ay by Ki ng
,

These el e ven societies are see n to h av e O scar . I n D e n m ark the C rown Pri n c e i s
aggregated n o m in ally m e m bers i n at the h ead of th e G rand O rie nt The late .

1 895 —9 6 o r (o m i ttin g h on orary an d w o m e n

,
E m pero r Frederi c k was Gran d Master of
m e m bers of so m e of the m ) abou t Ge r m an F ree m ason s fro m 1 855 u ntil hi s
Al lo wing fo r th ose cou n ted twice o r m ore death . The E m peror Wil lia m alth o ugh ,

ti m es owing to m e m bersh ip i n m ore than

,
a Free m ason h as n ot attende d Lodge
,
96 F I FT H O R DE R O F ME L C H IZ E DE K A N D E G Y P T IA N S P H IN X

Anson B u rli nga m e M assach u se tts to C hi na ;

'

, , Kane an d Lieu te nan ts R E Peary and . .

Marsh all J ewel l C on necti c ut to Russia ;and , , A W G reely

. . E di tors : S am uel B owles .

Caleb C u sh i ng Massach u se tts to S pain , , .

(l s t ) George D Pren ti c e George W C hild s
, .
, .
,

G o v e rnors of S tates : Ri c h ard W Caswell .

, H en ry W Grady and C olonel Joh n M
.
, .

North Carol ina ; E d m u n d Rand olph Vi r , C ockerill Fi n anciers : J E dward S im

. .

gi ni a ; D eW it t Cli nton Ne w York ; Leon , m on s H en ry W C an non Joh n W Ma c key

, .
, .
,

A b b et t Ne w Je rsey ; L uci us Fair c h ild Wi s

, ,
Wash i ngton E Co nnor an d Wil lia m S herer .
, ,

c on si n ; Ro s well P Flower New York ; .

, M anage r of th e Clearing H ouse N ew York ; ,

Jam es B Gordon Georgia ; J M Ru sk .

,
. .
, Joseph S m ith an d B righ am You ng of t h e
Wi s c onsi n ; Th o m as M Waller C o nnec t i .
, Morm o n C h u rch ; Gene ral Albe rt Pike of
c ut ; Ge neral Be nj a m i n F B u tler Massa .
, th e C onfederate Ar m y ; S tephen Gi rard ,

c h uset t s ; J B M c C reary Ken tucky ; D H . .

, . . phil an th ropi st ; Josiah Qu i ncy (Presiden t
H astings Pe n nsyl v ani a ; an d Geo rge W
, . of H ar v ard C ol lege 1 82 9 4 0 d u ring th e ,
-

Pe c k Wiscon sin Un i ted S t ates S enators :

, . anti Mason i c agitati on ) ; Jac ob Quantrell
-

R ufus C h oate M assach uset t s ; Th o m as H , . gue rrill a leader i n the Ci v il War ; Rich ard
Ben ton Mi ssou ri ; Joh n Rowan Ke ntu cky ;
, , Vau x of Ph iladelphi a ; Rt Re v Bi sh op . .

Gen eral Joh n A Logan Ill i nois ; O l i ver P .

,
. H C Potter of New York ; Rt R ev Wi l
. . . .

Morton I ndiana ; Leland S ta nford C ali

, , l iam S te v e n s Pe rry of I owa ; Re v S teph en .

fo rnia ; Mario n B u tle r North Caroli na ; , H T yng ; Re v Robert Collyer Ne w York ;

. .
,
'

F T D u B oi s Idah o ; J N D olph O re
. .
, . .
, C h au ncey M D epew O H P Bel m o nt .
, . . .
,

gon ; George F E d m u nds Ve r m ont ; C J .

,
. . S a m uel M Go m pers Joseph D Week s .
, .
,

Faulk ne r West Vi rgi ni a ; Arth ur P Gor

,
. M arsh all P Wilder Joh n B rough am E d .
, ,

m an M aryl an d ; H C Han sbrough North

, . .
, w in Forrest Wi lli am J Fl orence and E d , .
,

D a k ota ; 0 H Pl att C on necti c ut ; M S . .

, . . wi n Booth .

Q uay Pe n n sylv ania ; G L S h ou p Idah o ;

, . .
,
Th e fact that nearly all the na m es are
Hen ry M Telle r C ol orad o ; Joh n M Th u rs
.
, . of m en wh o h ave be co m e d i stinguished i n
ton Nebrask a ; D ani el W Voorh ees In
, .
, pol i tics war o r the professi on s was to h ave
, ,

di ana ; Z B Van c e North Carolina ; Joh n

. .
,
been e xpected It is less often th at one .

J In gall s Kansas ; Joh n T Morgan Ala

.
, .
,
a c qu i res a natio nal or i nternatio nal repu
bam a ; Ch arl e s T Manderson Nebraska ; .
, t at io n i n co m m e rcial m anufacturi ng or , ,

John M Pal m er Illi noi s ; William A P c f

.
, . a gri c ul tu ral p ursuits an d i t i s am ong fol ,

fe r Kansas ; Th om as C Platt an d Warne r

, . lowers o f th e la t te r of course th at by far , ,

M ille r N ew York C ongress m e n : David

,
. th e larger proporti o n of th e nearly
Wil m ot Pe nn s y l vania ; Robert Too m bs
, ,
a ffi l iated and u na ffil iate d A me rican Free
Georgi a ; Th o m as C orwin O hi o ; Wi lli a m , m ason s are to be fou n d .

D Kel ley Pen nsyl van ia ; R P Blan d

.
, . .
,
F i ft h O r d e r o f D I e l c h iz e d ek a n d
Mi ssou ri ; S a m uel J Ra n dall P en nsyl .
, E g y p t i a n S p h i n x — Th is se cret organiza
v ani a ; Willia m S H ol m an Ind ian a ; Jam e s .
, tion of m en and w o m en t h e l as t k nown pu bl i c ,

D Richard son Te nn essee an d Jere m i ah

.
, ,
appearance of wh i c h w as at B oston i n 1 8 94 ,

E S i m pson Kansas
. J ud i c iary : Joh n ,
. was also k nown as th e S olar S piri tual Pro
Marsh all of Vi rgi nia C hi ef J usti c e of th e gres s iv e O rde r of th e S il v e r Head an d Gol de n
”
, ,

S upre m e C ou rt of th e Un ited S tates ; George

M Bibb C h ief Justi ce of Ke ntu c k y ; Rob
.
,
S tar . The O rder clai m ed to h a v e been
fou n de d se v eral th ou san d years A “ .

e rt Tri m bl e Ken tu c k y C h ief J ustice of the , , whi c h m ay si gnify ei the r ante Melch izede k -

S upre m e C ou rt of th e Un ited S tates ; an d o r afte r Mel c h izedek .

Joh n M Harlan Ken tu c k y Asso c iate J us

.
, , G e n ii o f N a t i o n s K n o w l e d g es a n d , ,

ti c e of th e Uni te d S tates S upre m e C ou rt . R e l ig i o n s — A m ystical association wh ich

.

A m ong Arctic E xplorers : D r Elish a K . . seek s to c o nd uc t i ts neophytes fro m the

 O R DE R O F A MA R A NT H 97

S ee n to the Unsee a sort of esoteric col (Mas onic ) Lo dge an d n, m any ,

“
al t ho ugh i n
l ege fa m il iarly k now n to i ts m e m bers as th e c ases th e govern m en t m ay be gui de d by
,

G N K R I t was organ i zed at Boston Mason ic u sage as th e m ost perfe c t syste m

. . . .

in 1 888 and contai n s th ree bran ches the extan t i t i s to be stri ctly un d ersto o d th at
, , ,

Laws of the B us Mo v ens an d O m

'

ln in i tself th i s i s n ot a M aso ni c O rde r an d

” the degree i s i n n o sen se a Masoni c deg ree ”
, , , ,

c l udi ng the se c re ts c onnecte d th e re wi th .

.

Th e H ierophan t i s reporte d to re si de i n A p It i s fu rth e r ann o un ce d th at as i n add iti on ,

pl egat e Cal , . to t he abs t ru se an d co m pli c ate d teachi ngs

H e r m e t i c B r o t h e r s o f L u x o r —S ai d o f Free m ason ry w hi ch go to m ake up a
“
'

”
.

t o be a nc ien t m ystical an d of O riental ori

,
part of l ife we also
, nee d sunsh i n e so , ,

gin . The head o f th e E xte rior C i rcle i n these Free m ason s h ave bui lt u p a n ew
A m erica recently resi de d i n Ill in oi s It O rde r w h ich i s Mysti c i n its subtl e l es ‘

”
.
,

teaches th at t h e d i vi n e sci nti ll atio ns of s ons as i n i t s fo r m Veiled becau se n o , ,

e te rnal sp i ri t will ea c h
‘
cycle o f necessi ty
com plete i ts ow n h u m an h eart st an ds al l reve ale d ; an d i n
I t i s so m eti m es re an .
’
E nch an te d Real m because d uti es “ ,
“
ferre d to as Isi s Un v eile d wear an d sorrows bu rde n i n any u nen
”
.

I n d e p e n d e n t I n t e r n a t i o n a l O r d e r o f ch ante d real m Th e cornerstones of th e .

O w l s — O rgani zed by W illi am Ri c h ard son

. O rde r th erefore as m ay be in ferred are , , , ,

G A Meac h a m , an d oth ers F ree m asons soc iabi lity an d goodf ello wsh i p Th e fi rst
. . .
,
.

a t S t Loui s M o
. i n 1 8 90 a se c ret soci et y Grotto was fo r m e d at C li n ton N Y wh e re
,
.
, , , . .
,

h aving so c iabi l ity an d re c reati on for its o b H a m ilt on C ollege is sit uated Th e organ i .

j ec t s O nl y Free m ason s (Master Mason s ) z at io n spread rapi dl y th ere bei ng ten

.
,

a re eligible to m e m be rsh ip The presiding Grottos i n e xi stence fi ve years l ate r with

.
,

offi cers of subord inate bodies are c alled S api t wo t hou san d m e m bers Li k e the Be h evo .

e n t S c reechers ; an d i n stead of Lodges pla c es len t an d P rotecti ve O rder of Elks the , ,

o f m eeting are c all e d Nests the go verni n g Mysti c O rd er Veile d Prophets of the E u
, ,
.

body be ing th e S upre m e Nest of th e World ch an te d Real m es t abli shes only one Grotto .
,

T h e O rder n u m bers abou t m e m be rs or subordin ate b od y i n any one ci t y T he .

, .

M y s t i c O r d e r V e il e d P r o p h e t s o f t h e total n u m ber of Grottos i n 1 8 9 7 was ten

, ,

E n c h a n t e d R e a l m — Fo un de d b y H on th e pri ncipal o nes bein g at N ew York

. .
,

T h o m as L Ja m es e x Post m aste r Gen eral Roch este r an d B u ff al o an d th e t otal m em

.
,
- -

, ,

o f t h e U n ite d S tates wh o was th e fi rst he rsh ip abou t ,

Th e h ead co v e ri n g of
G ran d Mo narc h of the o rgani z ati o n ; Pro a Vei led Proph et i s a tu rban wi th a sil v e r
fesso rs O re n Root of H a m il to n C ollege ti ssue veil th e color of wh ich i s sele c t e d by , ,

C lin t on , N Y an d J F M ac Grego ry of e ach Grot to wi th the exce pti on th at pu rple

. . . .
,

M ad iso n Uni ve rsi ty Mad i so n N Y ; Ge n v eils are reser v e d for m e m be rs of th e S u

, ,
. .

eral Will i a m M Nest an d L eR o y F ai r c hi ld pre m e C oun c il or go v erni ng b ody

.
, ,
.

b oth of H a m i l ton N Y ; wi th Rt Wo r , O r d e r o f A m a r a n t h — O rigin ally in

. . . . .

G eorge H Raym on d Gran d Le cturer of the ten ded as higher de gree in th e O rder of t he
.
,

Gran d Lodge of Free m ason s o f t he S tate Eastern S t ar to for m t he th i r d of a se ri es ,

o f Ne w York ; Lieu ten an t W C Eaton of wh i ch th e E astern S tar degree an d th e . .

,

U S N ; an d m an y oth ers al l Free m aso n s Q uee n of the S ou th sh oul d be respecti v ely

. . .
, ,

as a soci al an d recreati ve secre t society th e fi rst an d secon d As C h apters of t h e O r . .

T h e O rder ann ou nces th at i n order t o con de r of th e E astern S tar di d n ot appro ve th at

se r v e i ts o wn i n terests an d secu re t he m ost pl an th e A m aran th re m ai ns a di sti n c t O rder , ,

d esi rable m ateri al n on e but Master Mason s to wh i ch only M aster Mason s i n goo d stan d

“
are m ad e el i ib l e for m e m bersh ip O n in an d w o m en wh o are m e m bers of the O r
g e g .

o f i ts obj ects is to benefit the sy m boli c der of th e E astern S tar are eligible Th e .
98 O R DE R O F MA R T INI S T S

ri tual upon wh i ch i ts presen t w ork i s studen ts o f Esoterici s m E gyptol ogy and , ,

fou nde d is sai d to h ave b ee n wri t ten ne arly S y m boli s m Me m bershi p i s l i m i te d The . .

forty years ago by J B T ayl or of Ne wark O rder i s k n o wn to e xist i n Massach use tts
. .
,
.

N J Thi s Robert M acoy of N ew Yor k i s

. .
,
O r d e r o f t h e E a s t e r n S t a i n— A ch ari
sai d to h a v e a m plifie d an d i m p ro v ed u n til tabl e an d bene v ol en t society to w h ich only
,

it h ad su bstan t i ally th e for m used to d ay Maste r Mason s thei r wi v es wi dows si ste rs-
.
, , , ,

The i n sti tu ti o n of C o u rts of the O rd er of an d d au gh ters are el igible I ts teach i ngs .

A m aranth began abou t fi v e o r si x years ago are fo un ded on t he H oly B i ble C h apters of , .

b ut th e gro w th of thi s O rde r h as n ot been th e O rder exi st i n nearly all i f n ot qui te ,

rapid to tal m e m bershi p t o day n ot e xceed al l of th e S ta t es of the Un i on i n the Pro v

,
-

, ,

i ng fi v e h un d red Th e ri tual i s base d on i n ce of O ntari o an d elsewh e re i n the D o

.

i n ci dents i n th e l i v es of se ve ral chara cters m ini on of Canada S cotl and an d at one , ,

i n the Ne w Testa m en t I n the begi nnin g ti m e i n Mexico Cen tral A m erica an d i n

.
, ,

an atte m pt was m ade t o i ncorp orate a in u S ou th A m eri c a I ts t o tal m e m be rsh i p i s .

tu al asse ss m en t benefi ci ary fea t ure b u t i t n early abou t ,

i n the
was ab an d one d soon after Th e obj ects are Uni te d S tates an d v ery s m all elsewhe re
.
, ,

largely be ne v o l en t and social (S ee O rder th e m aj ori ty bei ng wo m en Its sy m boli s m

. .

of t h e Eastern S tar ) . cen tres abou t th e fi v e poi n te d star and t h e -

O r d e r o f M a r t i n i s t s — O ne of th e n u p en tagon o r S igne t of S ol o m on I t i s re
.
, .

m ero us M asoni c ri tes w hi c h m ade i ts late d th at ori gi n ally the fi rst poin t of t h e , ,

appearance in Fran ce abou t th e m i d dl e of star su ggeste d O bedi en c e ; the second A t ,

th e l ast cen tu ry I t i s al so c al led the Ri te t ac h m en t ; an d so o n ; bu t th e m odern ri tu al

.

of M arti ni s m I t appeare d at Lyon s i n teach es th at t he fi rs t poi n t represents th e

. :

1 7 6 7 wi th ten degrees fathere d by Lou is bin di n g force of a v o w

, , i ll ustrated b y ,

Cl au de de S t Marti n a di sciple of M arti nez J eph t h ah s daugh ter ; the seco n d de v otion
.
,
’
,

“
’
P as c h al is Th e l atter s ri te of n i ne degrees t o reli giou s prin ci ples as e xe m pli fied i n the
”
.
,

for m e d th e basi s of th e rec t i fied ri te of ch arac te r of Ru th ; th e thi r d fi deli ty t o ,

S t M arti n w h o w as a deepl y rel igio us m an

.
, ki n dred an d fri en d s as person ifie d by E s , ,

a s t ud en t of Rosi cruci ani s m of S weden ther ; th e fo urth fai th i n th e p owe r an d

, ,

borg an d of the teachi ngs of the Kabbali sts m eri t s of a Redee m er as m ani feste d by
, ,

an d h er m eti c docto rs of t h e m id dle ages M arth a ; an d the fi fth C hari ty il lustrate d by .

, ,

H i s ri te w as n atu rally fi lle d with wh at h as Electa Th ere i s al so a sy m b oli s m e xpresse d

”
.

bee n descri be d as re v e rie s of t h e m ysti cs th rough t h e S ignet an d the re are o the r .

,
“
T he O rde r w as popular for a ti m e an d e m ble m s sh o wn wi thi n the star Th e so , , .

sprea d i n to Ger m any an d Russi a w here i t c iety h as th e custo m ary s ign lan guage fo un d
,

h ad a brief caree r T h e onl y e xcuse for i n k i nd re d organ iz ati ons It is prope r t o

. .

“
t h is refe rence i s the state m en t by S C e xpl ai n t h at th i s O rder is not Free m ason ry
G oul d i n h i s Arcane Frate rni ties M an an d i s i n n o w av conn ecte d wi th i t I t was
, ,
. .

.
,

ch este r N H 1 8 0 6 th at th e O rder
,
. .
, re, created by Free m ason s an d only m e m bers
, ,

duc ed to t h ree esse n ti al an d fou r accessory of th e M ason i c Fratern i ty and wo m e n rela

”
1 8 8 7 whe re i t i s
,
“
degree s was i n trod uce d in to A m erica i n t iv es of th e l atter m ay j oi n i t I t aff ord s n o
,

being conferre d by estab especial m eans by w hi ch wo m en m e m bers

.

lish ed an d recog ni ze d M ason ic au th o ri ties m ay pro v e t he m sel v es relati v es of Free .

“
H e adds th a t i ts ch i ef offi c e r fo r the Un i te d m asons e x c ept to Free m ason s wh o are
”
,

S tates
“
re si de s i n M issou ri an d th at it s m e m bers of th e O rd er o f th e Eastern S tar
,

di sci ples are resi dents of m ore o r l ess of Th e O rder i s q ui te popular in th e West
.

th e S tates ” . whe re al m ost e v ery ci ty and tow n h as o ne

,

O rd e r o f t h e S E IL — C o m posed of o r m ore C h apte rs

. . I ts m e m be rsh ip i s also .
1 00 OR DE R on T HE E A S T E R N S T A R

War of 1 8 1 2 one is fo r ce d to re s t conte nt

, , s uccess Whe n M orri s sai le d for the H oly
.

un til Robe rt Morris i n vented an d cost u m e d L an d i n 1 8 66 h e tu rned o ve r all h i s rights

, ,

h is O rde r of th e Easte rn S tar Morri s w as . to th e O rder of t h e Easte rn S tar to Robe rt

b orn at B osto n in 1 8 1 8 was m ade a Fre e , M acoy of New York I n 1 8 6 6 a ch urch .

m ason at O xford M iss M arch 5 1 8 4 6 an d , , , s t ood at t h e corn e r o f G ran d an d C rosby

“
i n 1 8 4 7 wi th h i s wi fe rece i ved the se c alled S treets i n Ne w Y ork th e property of t h e
-

, , , ,
“
sid e o r u n syste m ati ze d M ason ic degree , Free m ason s of th e S tate of New Yo rk an d ,

t he Heroi n e of Je ri ch o Th is i s sai d to . i n D e c e m ber o f th at year a fai r w as hel d

h ave gre atly i n te res t e d h im and i n F eb ru ,
th ere fo r the be n efi t of t h e propose d Masoni c
ary 1 85 0 wh en confi n e d to h is bed wi th
, ,
H all and H o m e At i ts con cl u si on th e
.

rh eu m ati s m h e i s desc ri bed as h a v i ng d e

,
n
ladie s wh o h ad presi ded o v e r t h e tables were
v ise d the O rde r of the Eastern S tar H e
wri tes of hi s h avin g h esitate d for a “ . l oath to break th ei r ple asan t associ ati on s
and a bal l w as gi ven a m on t h o r two l ater
,

the m e o n wh i ch t o b ui l d su ch an O rde r , an d a th ousan d doll ars m ore real i ze d fo r the

h a v i n g dal lied o v er a n a m e an d pondere d fu n d O n Jan u ary 1 7 1 86 7 ei gh teen o f
.
, , ,

l on g o v er th e selecti on of th e fi v e poi n t ed -
th e l ad ies organi ze d a socie ty and called i t
star an d pen tagon as i ts c hief e m ble m s . t h e Alph a C h apte r o f the O rder of th e
Th is woul d i nd i c ate origi nali ty on h i s part , E as t e rn S tar T hey m et o ccasi on ally and
.

an d suggests that h i s calli ng i t th e O rde r of perfor m ed work s of ch ari ty bu t lack i ng a , ,

the Eastern S tar w as m erely a coi n ci dence . ri tual th e so c i e t y d i d n ot p rosper Abou t

, .

The write r i s u nabl e to learn th at Mo rri s a year l ate r on e of th e l adies m et Robe rt

e v e r h eard of t h e E astern S tar of 1 7 93 . M acoy an e m i n en t F ree m ason an d tol d
, ,

Th i s th e n i s t h e sl en der th read u pon

, ,
h im t hat i f the soc ie ty h ad a ri tu al sh e
whi ch h angs th e cl ai m of an ti qui ty for th e th o ugh t i t w oul d be successful Mr Macoy . .

m o de rn O rde r M o rri s w an t e d th i s society

. se t to wo rk rearranging t h e ol d ri t ual an d ,

to beco m e a bran ch of F ree m ason ry so as , on O c tobe r 1 5 1 8 6 8 in the presen ce of th e

, ,

to per m i t w o m en m e m be rs t o p rove the m e igh teen l adies referred to confe rred t h e ,

sel v es relati ves o f Free m aso n s to m e m be rs degree wi t h h i s o wn w ife as the can di dat e
, .

of the M ason i c Fra t erni ty anywhere an d to Macoy si m pli fi e d th e work of th e C o ns t el

en abl e th e m to sh are in t h e c hari t abl e w ork l at io n s an d am pl ifie d that o f th e Fa m i l ies
o f th at F rate rn i t y H i s plan e xci te d great
. by a d ram ati c rearrange m en t w h ic h w as at
opposi ti o n an d faile d I n 1 85 3 h e con
,
. on c e su c cessfu l Fro m th at ti m e th e O rd er
.

ferred th e O rder o n a n u m be r of acqu ai n t began t o i n crease and Ne w York S tate ,

an c es an d i n 1 855 in sti t uted C o n stell ati o n

,
t o day h as 1 2 5 C h ap t ers an d abou t
-

No 1 Pu ri ty at L od ge Fulton C o un ty
.
, , , ,
m e m bers T h e G rand Ch apter of New
.

Ken t u cky Th e headqu arters were at Lex

. Yor k was organ i ze d No v e m ber 3 1 8 7 0 , .

in gt o n K y an d M orri s of cou rse was th e

, , , ,
In 1 8 6 6 Al bert Pi ke pri n t ed a v ersi on
G ran d L u m i n ary Abo ut t wo h u nd re d . of t h e Fre nch ri tual of an O rder of t h e
C on stell ati on s w ere for m ed th rough ou t th e E aste rn S t ar of a cen t u ry ago usi n g th e ,

Un i te d S tates one bei ng i n N ew Yo rk ci ty

, ,
for m s i nt act bu t augm en tin g th e parts
, .

so m e wh ere on S pri ng S tree t Th i s arran ge . The ri tu al i s co m posed of th ree degrees ,

m en t of th e Easte rn S tar ri tu al m et wi th Appren tice C o m pani on and Mistress Th e

, , .

disfa v or fro m Free m ason s an d as t h e

ce re m ony w as too co m pl i c ated ” “M orri s
,

,
work i s n o w excee di ngly scarce Th e de
grees are so co m pli cate d th at i t w oul d be
.

re vi sed it i n 1 8 5 9 calli n g the bodies F am i m practi ca b l e for th e ordin ary asse m b l y to

il ies of th e Easte rn S tar ” A n u m be r of
,

. wo rk t he m an d th ere i s n o record th at t h ey
,

Fam ilies were i n stitu ted bu t the revi se d ,

we re e ver e xe mpli fi ed in th is cou n try .

ri tu al e v i dently di d n ot possess ele m en ts of Wh eth e r ei th er M orri s or Maco v e v er saw

 O R DE R O F T HE P A L L A DI U M 10 1

t h i s w ork or th e ori gi n al i s n o t k n o wn O rder i n th at its teach in gs are i m parted by

”
.

M acoy as S upre m e H ead of th e O rder

,

began ch arterin g ch ap te rs and i ssui ng new

,

“
m ean s of secret m ach i ne ry
”
Its s o c all ed
rel igi on i s referre d to as th at of t h e
.
-

“
w arrant s t o su ch Fa m il i e s as exi sted an d , stars ” . No o ne bu t m e m be rs profess t o
1 86 9 1 8 7 0 1 8 7 1 an d 1 8 7 2 wi t n essed th e
, , k n o w t h e cause of i ts exi sten ce o r i t s
e xten si on of the O rde r i nto n e arl y e v ery un derlyi ng prin ci ples .

S tate in th e Un i on C uba Mexi co C ent r al , , O r d e r o f t h e M y s t i c S t a r — Founded .

“
‘

an d S outh A m eri ca supe rsedin g a sp e c ies abou t 1 87 2 or 1 8 73 at N ew York city by

”
, , ,

of Ad opti v e Free m asonry wh i ch h ad A J D uganne an d oth ers I t was d esign e d

. . .

grown u p i n Mi chi gan an d i n Ne w York i n t o ri v al th e th en r api dl y gro wi n g O rde r of

1 8 6 7 an d 1 8 6 8 Wh at w as calle d th e
. the E astern S tar an d l i ke i t was open .
, ,

S upre m e C o u n ci l of th e Ad op t i v e Ri t e of onl y to Maste r M ason s th ei r wi v es w i d ows , , ,

t h e Worl d was i n s t i tu te d at Ne w Y ork m othe rs dau gh ters an d si sters

, It di d n o t , .

ci ty J une 1 4 1 87 3 at a ti m e w h en a
, , ,
li ve lon g .

m eeti n g of th e Gen eral G ran d C o u n c il of O r d e r o f t h e O m ah L a n g u ag e .

R oyal an d S elect Maste rs (A m eri can Ri te Fo u n de d at Washi n gton D C ; year n o t ,

.

of Free m ason ry ) was h el d at th at ci ty . gi ve n I t de scri bes th e ori gi n al u n i versal

.

'

M orri s p resi ded an d Mac oy was elected

, language the root as th e O m ah ton g ue
, , ,

S upre m e Pat ren M rs F ran ce s E Joh n son the pri m al lan g uage wh ic h alli e d m an t o
”
-
. .
,

S upre m e Ma t ro n ; A n d re w Cassard Asso , Yah veh and al l eges tha t t h rough c o n fu

,

ci ate S upre m e Pat ron L au ra L B u rton .

, si o n of sou nd s m uch th at w as k n own to m an
D eput y S upre m e M a t ron ; Robe rt M orri s ,
is l ost th at th e O m ah la nguage re vealed t o
S upre m e Re c orde r ; Willi a m A Pral ] S u
pre m e T reasu re r ; an d P M S av arv .
.

.
,

,
“
m an th e se cre t s of m ate ri al life ; an d th at
thi s l anguage n ow up on th is pl an e t h as
S upre m e Inspec to r Th is was n o t long on ce m ore reach e d th e iden ti cal poi n t fro m
”
.

l i v ed Th e Gen e ral Gran d C h ap t e r of th e

. wh i ch i t wa s diff u se d so th at m en dai ly ,

O rder w as for m e d i n 1 87 6 at C h i c ago an d pron oun ce th e m agi c words h a v i n g n o con

”
, ,

h as j u ri sd icti on over th e en ti re O rde r e x ,

c ept io n of th ei r o c c ul t powe r and m e ani n g .

cept i n Ver m on t C on n ecti cu t Ne w Y ork

,

an d N ew Je rsey repo rti n g 2 7 G ran d C h ap

,
, ,
S C G oul d i n h is
. .

c iat io n s
Resu m é A rcan e Asso
,

add s th at a w o rd t o th e wi se i s
,
“
ters i n all I n 1 8 7 4 A l on z o J B u rton of
. . suffi cien t fro m wh ich so m e m ay i n fe r
Ne w York ori gina ted a fl o ral cere m on y t o that th e O rde r th i n k s i t h as m u ch i t cou ld
su pple m en t the gen e ral w ork of t h e S oci teach e ve n to th e m os t e ru di te stu den ts of
,

ety wh i ch is i n qui t e gen eral u se At t h e

, . h igh grad e Mason ry .

session of th e Gr a nd C h apte r h el d i n Ne w ,
O r d e r o f t h e P a l l a d i u m — S aid by S C . . .

York cit y J un e 1 8 9 5 th e O rde r of t he

, , ,
G ould i n hi s Resu m é of A rcan e A ssoci a
”
,
“
S i sterh oo d w as exe m pl ifi e d by a selected
co rps fro m U tica N Y and th e d egree , . .
,
an d
“
t ion s to h a v e been i n sti tu ted in
,

in t ro duced i n to th e Un i ted S t ates at

was ad opte d as an au xili ary I t was c o m . C h arlest on S wh e re i t re m ai ned d or
,
.

posed in the latte r part of 1 878 an d i s m an t u n ti l 1 88 4 wh e n i t w as re vi ved i n

’

fo u n de d o n the Bi bl i c al accoun t of Jac ob s

“
1 88 6 as t h e n e w an d refor m e d Pallad iu m
’
, ,

l adder an d a h i s t ory of th e l ife o f Ma ry t o i m part ne w force to t h e t radi ti on s of

th e m oth er of th e S avi o ur (S ee O rde r of . h igh grade Mason r y ” It ad m its m en an d .

A m aran t h ) . wo m en th e for m e r to th e gra des of Ad elphos

,

O r d e r o f t h e M a gi — A m ystical C hi an d C o m pan i on of Ulysse s an d th e latter to ,

cago S ociety th e p ractices an d preach i n gs t hat of Pen el ope As i ts C ou nc il s are h el d

”
.
,

of wh ich are open t o all wh o can appre i n cogn i t o i ts p roceedi ngs ne ver pri nted
”
, ,

ciate the m bu t wh i ch i s i n re ali t y a se cre t

,
an d i ts m e m bershi p i s grea t ly restri c ted ,
1 02 O R DE R O F T HE S . S . 8 . A N D B R O T HE R HO O D O F T HE Z . Z . R . R . Z . Z .

l i ttle i s kn o wn of it by o t h e rs th an m em
bers I t p ubli sh es the F ree an d Regen “ ~
Ill u m i n ati (Avi gn on
the re v eries of both B oeh m e (foun der of
i n to wh i ch ,

”
.

crated Pal l adi u m by wh i c h title i t i s n o w, the l a t t er ) an d of S wedenborg (wh o was

kn o wn . n ot a Free m ason ) we re i ncorpora t ed It .

O rd e r of th e S . S . S . an d B ro th er h as been p resu m ed t o h a v e lon g been e x

h
qu ar t ers “
o o d o f t h e Z Z R R Z Z — H ead
”
for thi s cou ntry at B oston
. . . . . .

.
t in c t outside o f a few S we di sh L o dges ; bu t
S C Goul d in Arcan e F ratern itie s Man
. .
,
” “ ,

I ts m otto i s All th ings co m e fro m chester N H 1 896 says th at th e Ri te flo u r

” ,
. .
, ,

wi th i n Its seal i s a ci rcle for m e d of

.
, ish ed i n a Lodge i n Ne w York fro m 1 85 9
th ree cobras separated by th ree swasti kas u nti l 1 8 6 3 an d th at i t is still practi sed
”
, ,

i n tu rn en close th e c ru x an sata fro m

'

,
“
en c i r c l i ng t wo i n t e rlace d trian gl es wh ich
”
,

,
, as a di stin ct ri te in th e D o m i ni on o f
C anad a .

w h i ch i ts theosoph ic te m pera m en t an d S o c i e t y o f E l e u s i s — Co m m e m orati ve of .

m ysti cal ten den c i es m ay be i nferred It . i ts p rototype i t i s fou nde d o n a portion of,

de c lares th at Lo ve wi th Wi sd o m i s t h e the c ere m oni es of th e l atter an d occas io n ,

sec re t of Life an d th at th e T o rch of Li fe

, ally h ol d s a gran d festi val wi th appropriate

i s sai d to be a l arge c ube of crea m wh i te“

i s fed b y th e O il of Lo v e A m on g its rel ics .

-
e xercises It dates i ts bi rth 1 3 5 6 B C and
.

h as for i t s m otto Quad h oe s zbt v ult C om

,
'
' '
. .
,

stone of great antiq ui ty p rese n ted by a m u ne b o nu m Its d uodece n nial celebra t ion
,
” , .

Mexican chief Me m bersh i p i s s m all

. . was h eld at B oston i n 1 884 .

O r d e r o f t h e S 1ifi s — Ph ilosophi cal an d . S o c i e t y o f t h e I l l u m i n a t i — A s ec ed .

the osoph i c al base d on th e Un i tari an d oc

, in g M or m on reli giou s s ec ret so c iety for ,

t rine s of t h e Persian s T he word S ufi . m en wi th wh i c h was associ ate d an oth er

,

refers t o the A rabi c wo rd S uf wool an d , ,

organ iz ati on T h e C ovenan t a secre t so , ,

al l udes to th e dress of th e D ervi sh es wh o c iet y for M o r m o n m en an d w o m en wh i c h ,

origi nal ly taugh t th e p ri nci ples t he O rder e xis t e d on Bea v e r Island i n North e rn La k e ,

seeks to el ucid ate whi ch are allege d to , M ich igan off th e Gran d T ra v e rse re gi on s
, ,

recon cil e ph ilosoph y w ith re veale d religion be tween 1 85 0 and 1 85 6 Wh en th e Mor .

by m ean s of m ystical i nte rpretations of d oc m on s u nde r B righa m Youn g l eft C ou ncil

, ,

trin e . Th e c an d i date fo r i ts m ysteries Blu ffs for Utah Ja m es J S t rang at th e ,

.
,

“
represen ts a t rave l e r i n searc h of Tru th
a h i dden t reasure and passes t h rough ,
,
head of a party of secede rs (N ew York
S un
” G rand Rapid s correspon den ce ,

eigh t stage s o r grades Worshi p L o v e S e , , ,

Jan uar y 2 1 1 89 5 p ubli sh ed Jan u ary , ,

el u si on K n o wledge Ecstasy Tru th U n io n

, , , , ,
j ou rneye d to B eave r I sl an d fo un ded th e ,

an d E xti nction o r absorption i nto th e v illage of S t Ja m es n a mi n g i t af t er h im

”
, .
,

Ligh t S C Gould of Manch es t e r N H

. . .
, , . .
,
self ere c te d a tabernacle and with t he
, , ,

s tates th at represen t ati v es of the O rder re a ssi stan ce of a d oze n you n g m en as apos
si de i n N ew Yor k and Mi sso u ri . tles ,
” con d ucted rel igi ou s se r v ices By .

O r d e r o f t h e W h it e S h r i n e o f J e r u s a 1 85 0 S t Ja m e s h ad a p opul at i on of abou t
.

l e m — Fou n d ed at C h icago a few years ago 600 I n 1 85 0 S t rang h ad a re velati on from

”
. .

by C h arles D Magee S upre m e Ch ancell or an an gel o f t h e L ord di re c tin g h im to be

”
. .
, ,

Men an d wo m en are eligi ble to m e m be r cro wne d Ki n g of th e M orm on s and en ,

j oi n i n g u pon h im an d h is peopl e t h e p racti c e

— S
Q ueen o f th e S o ut h . ee O rde r of of pol y ga m y H e was accordi ngly crown ed .

A m aran th . ki n g i n w ha t m igh t be d escri be d as a m ple

R it e o f S w e d e n b o rg A m ys t ical .
,
fo r m ,
an d took u n to h i m self a n u m ber

th eosoph i cal Mason ic rite con si stin g of s ix

degrees w hi ch gre w ou t of t h e Rite of t he
,
,

th at “
of w i v es T h e ac c ou n t refe rred t o add s
.

i n th e C hu rc h ” were t wo sec re t
1 04 T A L L C E DA R S O F LE BA NO N

Th e degrees o f T v l ers of S ol o m on S t Law ,

. han ded down to be passed al on g Its fi n ale .

re nce the Mar t yr an d Kn igh t of C o nstanti

, i s so m e t i m es a ban quet .

n o pl e are conferre d only upon th ose wh o h ave T e m p l e o f I s i s — S ituated at C hi c ago . .

taken the t wo prece din g de grees an d th at , Lectu res are deli vere d before its m e m bers
l ast n a m e d u pon th ose o nl y wh o are willi n g to m on thly o n su c h su bj ects as th e Mysteries
, ,

repea t an d si gn t he Apostle s C reed M ac k e y ’

. the S ph i n x th e Pyra m ids an d H er m e t i c
, ,

says of th e degree of Kn i gh t of C on stanti Teach i ngs Its sy m bol i s a fou r win ge d

.
-

n o pl e th at i t h as n o c onnecti on wi th Free
,
k n eph su rro un ded b y a cobra Dr W P . . . .

m aso n ry teach e s an e xcellen t lesson in h u

, P h el o n i s n a m e d as th e fo un de r of th e S o
m i li t y an d t h at i t w as probab l y i n sti t ute d
, c iet y i n whi ch m u ch i s m ade of the Tetra
,

by so m e M aso ni c lec tu rer Th e Babylo n ish .

gram m at o n or co m bi n ati o n of H ebre w le t
,

Pass used to be con ferred i n S co tlan d i n ters represe nti n g t h e great and sacred n am e
Royal A rc h Ch apters I t p ossesse s so m e . of D ei t y .

th i ng in co m m on wi th th e Maso n ic O rd er T h e o s o p h i c a l S o c i et y (C ontributed .

of the Re d C ross confe rre d i n C o m m ande ri e s b y M rs Ann ie Besan t ) The Th eosoph ical
. .

of Kn igh ts Te m plars I t i s t h o ugh t that the

. S ociety i s an i ntern ati on al brotherh ood th e ,

H oly an d Blessed O rde r of Wi sdo m i s allie d form ati on of wh i ch was suggeste d on S ep

t o one of a si m i lar n a m e refe rred to u n de r te m be r 7 1 87 5 i n the room s of Madam e
, ,

the sk etch o f th e O rde r of K ni gh ts of the H P Blavatsky 4 6 I r v in g Pla c e N ew York

. .
, ,

Re d C ross of Ro m e an d C on stan tine (wh i ch c i ty U S A and the defi ni te organiz atio n

, . . .
,

see ) parti cularl y as th e can di d ate m ust

, of wh ich was co m pleted on Nove m ber 1 7 t h
be e ither a K n igh t Te m pl ar o r a th i rty of th e sa m e year O n th at day th e duly .

secon d degre e Free m ason of th e An cie n t ele c ted President C ol onel Hen ry S teele ,

and Accepted S cotti sh Rite Th e T ri n it a . O lcott d el i vere d the i naugural add ress an d
, ,

rian D egree of Kni gh t of S t Joh n of Pat . t h e offi c ial year o f the S ocie ty i s re c k one d
m os i s c onferre d only u pon Free m ason s o f fro m No v e m be r 1 7 1 8 7 5 Th e fi rst o fficers , .

m ark an d le arnin g wh o have recei v ed the h ave an h i stori cal i n terest Preside nt He nry .
,

th i r t y second degree of the Ancien t an d A o

-
S teele O lcott ; Vi c e Presi de nts D r S Pa n -

, . .

c ept ed S c ot t i sh Rite I t i s C h risti an and

. c oast an d G H Felt ; Correspo nd ing S e c re
. .

Tri ni tari an an d it s possessors de cl are i t

,
tary H elen a Petro v n a Bl a v atsky ; Re c ord
,

e qu i v alen t to a p ate n t of M ason i c n obil i ty . in g S e c retary Joh n S torer C obb ; Treasu re r , ,

Th e ri tual refe rs to th e ban i s h m en t of S t . H J Newton ; Librarian Ch arles S o t h eran ;

. .
,

Joh n I t i s bel ie ved to be allie d to t h e

. C oun c ill ors Re v J H Wi ggi n R B West, . . .
, . .

O rd er of Kni ghts of S t Joh n th e E v an . broo k E m m a Hardi nge B ri tten D r C E

. , . . .

gel ist ,
con ferre d i n Gran d C oun cil s of S i m m on s H D Monach esi ; C ou nsel to the . .

Kni gh ts of th e Red C ross of Ro m e an d S o c iety W Q Judge , O f al l th ese but

. . .
,

C on st antin e Th e S ov erei gn C ollege is still

. on e re m ain s to day th e Presiden t Fou nd e r -

,
-

si t u ated at Rich m on d Va an d i ts th ree , .

,
H S O l cott w h o afte r t wenty two y ears
. .
, ,
-

foun de rs con t i n ue a m on g i t s p ri nci pal o f of l oyal service as Presiden t re m ai n s stil l at ,

fi c ers . Tot al all ied m e m be rsh ip abou t the head of the S o c iety the sy m bol of its ,

of wh o m abou t 5 60 are i n the Uni ted un i ty an d t h e c u stodia n of it s un bro k en t ra

S tates . d it io ns Th e rest are all swep t away by death
.

T a l l C e d a r s o f L e b a n o n — Th e n a m e . or desertion the death o f H P Bl av a t s k y,

. .
,

o f a so cal led M aso ni c

-
si de degree The . th e c o foun de r h a ving occu rred i n 1 89 1
-

,
.

c e re m o n y i s sai d to be a m u si n g T he de . O rga n iza t io n — Th e organ izatio n of t h e .

gree has n o offi ci al sta n di n g and th ere i s , S o c ie ty i s c opie d fro m th at of th e U ni ted

n o regul ar or a uth o ri zed m eth od of confer S t ates so far as federal an d l ocal go ve rn
,

ri n g it be y ond th e fac t th at i t has bee n

,
m ent s are conce rned I t h as a p residen t .
,
 T HE O S O P HI C A L S O C IE T Y 1 05

elected for a term of se v e n years (th e Presi as soon as ci rcu m stance s per m i t of th ei r
dent Fou n de r h old s h i s offi c e fo r l if e th e
-

, be ing organize d u n der local go v ern m en ts

se ven years term appl ying onl y to h is suc
’
they are en c ou raged to th u s group the m
c ess o rs ) .H e appoin ts a v ice president bu t -

, sel ves .

t h e appoin t m en t m u st be ratifie d by th e S o Any seven m e m bers o f t h e S o c iety m ay

c ie ty ; an d h e appoi nts a re c ord ing secretary apply to be ch artered as a B ran c h all c h ar ,

an d t reasu rer The re are n o o th er offi c e rs

. ters de ri ving thei r au th ori ty fro m the Presi
belo n gi ng to th e S oc iety as a wh ole The . den t E very B ranch o r Lodge of th e S o
.
, ,

ge neral c on t rol and ad m in istration of th e c iet y ele c ts its own offi c ers an d m ak es its

S o c i ety i s v ested i n a Ge neral C ou ncil con , o wn b y laws subj ect to th e p rov isi on that
-

sisting of th e Presiden t the Vi c e Presi den t ,

-
. su c h b y laws m u st n ot c on flic t with the gen
-

an d t h e General S ecretaries of th e S e c ti o n s eral ru le s of t he S ociet y Any seven or .

i n to wh ich the S ocie t y i s d i vi ded I ts head . m o re ch artered B ran ch es c an be for m ed by

qu arters are at Adyar M ad ras I nd ia an d , , , th e Presi den t on thei r appli c ati on i nto a
, ,

con sist of a l arge an d beau tiful buildin g , S e c t i on an d th i s S ection enj oys l o c al auton
,

contain ing a spaciou s h all for m eeti ngs a ,

o m y ; i t ele c ts a General S e c retary wh o i s ,

fi ne l ibrary th e offi ces of t h e S ocie t y and a ex ofi c zo a m e m ber of the Gen e ral C oun c il
’

, ,

n u m be r of li vi ng apartm en ts ; th i s bu il d ing t h e governi ng body of t h e wh ol e S ociety ,

i s su rrou n de d by exten si v e grou n ds pic t ur ,

an d w h o i s th e o ffi c i al ch an nel of co m m uni
esq uel y planted an d has se veral s m all er
,
c ation between th e President an d th e S ec

bungalows conn ected wi th it for the work tion Each General S e c re tary se nd s an
.

o f t h e S ociety an d the reception of v i si tors nual ly to th e Presiden t a report of the year s

’
.

The l ibrary wh i c h was opened i n 1 88 6 by

, work of h i s S e c tion an d these are su m m ar ,

a re m ark able cere m ony i n wh ich H i nd u ,

iz ed b v th e Presi de nt i n h i s ann u al rep or t ,

Bud dh i st Moha m m ed an an d Zoroastrian

, , and are preserv ed as part of the reco rd s of
priests offi ciate d con tai n s a valu able c o l l ec
,
t h e S ociety at Adyar Th e re are at presen t .

tio n of so m e Easte rn pal m leaf m an u -

(1 8 9 7 ) se ve n S e c tion s of the Theosoph i c al

scri pts an d p ri n ted li teratu re so m e of th e , S o c iet y : t h e A m e ri c an S e c t ion chartered i n ,

for m er bei n g e x c eed in gly rare It bids fai r . 1 886 General S ecretary Al exande r Fulle r
. ,

to gro w i nto an i nstitu tion of very great ton Un i ve rsi ty Place Ne w Yor k c i ty ; i t ,

i m portan ce an d pl an s are on foot to m a k e

,
c o ntai ns 4 0 B ra n c hes and i s growi ng rap

i t a great teac h i ng c en tre and a resort for i dly ; t h e Eu ropean S ecti on c h arte re d as ,

studen ts fro m al l parts of t h e worl d I ts . th e B riti sh S e c tio n in 1 888 and e xtend ed ,

be au ty secl usi on an d qu ie t— while only

, ,
to E urope i n 1 890 Ge ne ral S e c retary G , , .

seve n m iles d istan t fro m the c i ty of Madras R S Mead 1 9 A v enue Road Regent s
. .
,
’

— c o m bi ne to re nde r i t an i deal s ot fo r t h e Park Lond on E ngland wi th 7 9 Bran c hes

p , , ,

stude n t The an n i ve rsary m eetings of th e

. and Ce ntres (groups n o t ye t chartered ) ; the
Th eosoph i c al S ociety are h el d at Adyar at I n d ian S ecti on c hartere d i n 1 8 90 General
, ,

t h e en d of each D e c e m ber an d on th at o c c a , S ecre taries Bertram Keightley and Upen

sio n a v ast gathe ri ng asse m ble s of m e m bers d ran at h Basu Benares I ndia w ith 1 8 1
, , ,

an d friend s fro m all parts of Ind i a an d fro m B ran c hes an d C en tres of wh i c h 4 7 are in ,

oth e r l an ds ; th e t w ent v fi rst an n i versar y -

ac t i ve ; th e Au stral asian S e c tion c h artere d ,

was celebrated there o n D e c e m ber 2 7 2 8 ,

ih 1 8 9 4 General S e c retary J S c ott 4 2
.
,
.
,

2 9 an d 3 0 1 8 96
, , . Margaret S treet S yd ney N S W with , ,
. . .
,

B ranches of th e S ociety n ot bel onging to 1 2 B ran c hes ; th e Ne w Zealand S ection ,

an y S ecti on an d m e m bers un attach e d to

, c h arte red i n 1 89 5 Ge neral S ecretary Lilian
, ,

any B ran c h or S ection are c on ne c te d di

,
Edge r M u tual Life Bu ild i ngs Au c kl an d
, , ,

rec t l y wi th the h ead quarters at Adyar ; bu t wi th 8 B ran c hes ; the S c an di navi an S ection ,
1 06 T HE O S O P HIC A L S O C IE T Y

ch arte red i n 1 89 5 Gene ral S ecretary A Zet , , . a gracious frien dli ness an d w i l li ngness to
t ers ten N yb ro gat an 3 0 S t ockh ol m S we den
, , , l earn .

wi th 1 3 B ranches ; th e Ne th erlan d s S ection , D oc t r in es S t udi ed — The leadi ng doc

ch arte red i n 1 8 9 7 General S ec re tary W B , , . . t rines stu di ed i n the Theosoph i cal S ocie ty
F ri ck e 7 6 A m s t eld ij k A m ste rdam H ol
, , ,
are : th e u n i t y of existen c e ; th e th ree Logoi ;
land wi th 7 B ran c hes
,
. the n atu re of th e un i ve rse an d of m an as ,

C ev lo n h as 2 2 B ran ches but th e y are n ot ,

m acrocos m and m ic rocos m e v ol v i ng i n a ,

organi ze d i nto a S e c t ion ; the c h ief w ork of se venfold order ; th e O ne S elf as th e root of
t he S o c i ety i n Ceyl on has bee n th at o f e du Bein g i ts i n fold m en t i n m atte r an d the un
,

c ation Un de r t h e in spi rin g e ne rgy o f the

. fo ldm ent of i t s powe rs the rei n ; th e i nh e ren t
Presid e n t Fou nde r the S i nh alese B ud dh i sts
-
d i v i n ity i n m an h i s consti tution an d pow
,

have b uil t an d n o w m ai ntai n 1 0 0 s c h ool s ers ; h is e vol u tion by rein c ar n ation treadin g ,

an d two large c olleges ed u c ating be twee n ,

i n tur n th e ph ysical astral an d m en tal , ,

and B udd hist c h ildren Th ese . world s ti m e afte r ti m e under th e l aw of

, ,

2 2 S i nh alese B ran c hes an d fou r others are causation o r k ar m a u n til perfection i s

, ,

the onl y B ran c h e s ou tside th e S ecti ons . gained ; the qui c k eni ng of e v olu ti on by th e
O bj ec ts — The obj e c ts of th e Theosoph ical stu dy an d practice of th e science of th e
S o c iet y are th ree i n n u m ber : 1 To for m a . sou l ; the presen t e xistence of m en who have
n u cl eu s o f th e Un i v ersal Broth e rhood of attai ned perfect ion an d who re m ai n on
,

H u m a ni ty wi thou t disti nction of race

, , earth to hel p on ward the evol ution of thei r
c reed se x c as t e o r c olor 2 To en c ou rage
, , , . . less ad v anced breth re n ; th e presen c e of suc h
the stu dy of c o m parati ve religion ph il o so , m en i n all ages as c ustod ian s of a b o dv of
,

phy and s c ie n c e 3 To i n vestigate unex

,
. . k n owled ge respe c t i ng Go d the u ni v e rse , ,

plaine d l aws of nature an d t he po we rs late nt m an an d thei r relation s to each o t h e r le ad

, ,

i n m an O nly th e fi rst of th ese obj e c t s is

. i ng to a k n owledge o f t h e S elf the di vi ne ,

bi ndi ng on all m e m bers an d th e S o c iety , wisdo m ; th e e xi sten c e an d conti nu al ac t iv

e m bra c es m e m be rs of al l faith s de m and in g it y of I n t elligences — spi ri t u al and othe
n o asse n t to any for m ul a of beli ef as a qu al i engaged i n c arrying o n and d i recting all the
fi c at io n of m e m be rship I ts m e m bers are . p rocesses of n atu re wi th wh o m m an can
,

con necte d by a n e t h ical rather th an by an c o m e i n to c on tact by v i rtue of the spi ri tual

i n telle c tual bo nd and thei r u n i ty rests o n a

, i ntelli ge nce l ate nt wi t h i n h i m self It i s .

subl i m e spi ri tu al id eal n ot o n a for m ulated , asse rte d th at these d o c t ri nes are co m m on to
c reed The S o c ie t y h as n o d og m as in sists
.
, all rel igion s an d th at wh e re an y of th e m
,

o n no bel i efs i ndorses n o c h urc h , su pports , have be c o m e o verlaid b y efii ux of ti m e i t is ,

n o p arty takes n o sides i n th e e ndless qu ar

, n ecessary i n order t o prese rve th e rel igion
, ,

rel s that ren d so c i ety and e m bi tte r n ati on al , tha t th ey sh o uld be restored Thei r p res .

so c ial an d pe rsonal life I t see k s to d raw

, . e n c e i n th e various reli gi on s can be prove n
n o m an a way fro m h i s fai th bu t h elps h im by the co m m on language of sy m bolis m i n ,

t o fi n d i n th e depth s of h i s o wn religion th e whi ch they are e xpressed th e leading sym

spi ri tual n o urish m e nt h e needs Tha t eac h . bols of great religion s bei n g i denti c al The .

sh ou ld sh o w to th e reli gion of oth e rs the stud y of sy m bolis m i s carefully pu rsued i n

respe c t h e c lai m s for h is o wn i s u nde rstood the B ran ch es of t h e S o c ie ty .

as an h o norable obliga t i o n i n the S o c iety ,

I n ner Gr ad es an d T eac lzmgs — Wh ile .

an d perfec t m utual cou rtesy o n t hese m at e veryone wh o re c ogni zes t he u ni ve rsal broth
ters i s e xpe c ted fro m m e m bers More an d . e rh o o d of m an i s wel c o m ed wi t h i n the Theo

m o re thi s lead s to c o ope ra t i on in th e search sophi c al S oci e t y i ts i nner grades c o m pri se d

, ,

fo r tru t h to softeni ng of p re j ud i c es to l ib
, . wi t h i n the Eastern S c h ool or Esoteri c S ec .

eral iz ing of m ind s and to t he grow t h of , ti on are open only to those m e m bers of n ot
,
1 08 T HE O S O P HIC A L S O C IE T Y

m ad e he r way to A m erica whe re she was

.
,
c h anged i ts n am e i n 1 883 fro m the Bri t
di re c ted to begin h e r tea c h i ng work m et i sh Theosophi c al S ociety to th e Lon don
Lodge of the Theosoph ical S ociety ” It
,

C olonel O l c ott an d accep te d h im as t h e c o l

, .

l eague sh e w as seek i ng an d ann oun c ed her , stil l bears th is n am e and h as Mr A P , . . .

self t o the wo rl d th rou gh th e pu bli c at io n of S i nne tt t h e well k n ow n writer as its Presi

,
-

t wo large vol u m es I si s Un veiled a w ork

, ,
"
dent It i s th e pre m ie r Lodge of the S o
.

sh owi ng a vast range of occul t k n owledge , c iet y as h oldi n g t h e ol dest ch arter

, .

bu t a c olle c tion of n otes for a book rath e r The Foun de rs left E ngland for I ndia on
th an the co m plete book i t sel f . Jan uary 1 9 1 8 7 9 an d l an ded i n B o m bay
, ,

Th ese two re m ark abl e person s we re the on Febru ary l 6 t h There th e In d ian de .

fou nd e rs an d t h e su s t ain ers of th e Th eo part m en t of the S ociety was foun ded an d ,

soph ical S o c i ety : Col onel O lcott th e exec u branch after bran c h rapi dly spran g up .

tive offi cer th e o rgan izer p residing ov er all

"

, , Th e m ove m en t spre ad to Ceyl on i n 1 880 ,

i ts ou te r acti vities ; an d M ad am e Blavatsk y n i ne branch es bei n g for m e d the re I n E u .

t h e tea c h er th e expou nde r of o c cult m ys

, rope the I oni an B ran c h was foun ded i n
,

t eries an d th e wiel der of occul t forces Th ey . C orfu i n 1 882 followed by th e for m a t i on of

,

were the twi n su n s roun d wh i c h the wh ol e bran ch es i n Fran c e i n 1 883 an d i n S cot ,

syste m re vol ved . land and Germ anv i n 1 884 .

The S o c iet y di d n ot flou rish i n A m erica I n A m e rica th e m ove m en t langui sh ed .

after i ts fou nd ation Li ttle i nterest was . An app are n tl y abo rti v e atte m pt to for m a
arou sed b y i ts teac h i ngs S pi ri tual is m being , B ran ch at Los An gel e s C al was m ade i n , .
,

th en i n t h e ascendant and it appeared as ,

April 1 8 7 9 an d u n der date April 3 0 1 881
, , , ,

th ou gh th e S oc iety were fated to pe ri sh still

born Bu t i ts organ izati on was j u st k ept
.
M r J udge w rites of t h e one grou p i n Ne w
.

York ci ty that it i s suspended ” and “ ,

goi ng b y i ts fo u n de rs an d th e great spi ri t o ugh t to re m ai n torpid for som e ti m e

u al for c es beh in d i t e nsured i ts c on tin uan c e yet ”. B u t General D oubled ay an d D r .

th rou gh th ese early d ays O n July 1 6 .

,
J D Bu c k w ere elected a m ong the Vi c e
. .

1 8 7 7 at a m eetin g of th e S oci ety th e Presi

, ,
Presid e nts of the wh ole S ocie ty i n April ,

d en t was au th ori zed to for m branches of th e 1 880 an d Mr Judge was ele c ted as a re
, .

S oci e ty i n G reat B ri tai n India an d else , ,

c ordin g se c re tary i n 1 8 7 9 and re el e c ted i n .

wh e re at hi s d is c re tion to tran sfe r th e S o ,

1 880 I n January 1 882 a sligh t renewal
.
, ,

c iet y s h e adqu arters to any cou ntry i n wh i c h

’
of l ife appeare d at Ro c heste r and a B ran ch ,

h e m igh t h i m self h e establi shed an d to t em , was c h artered foll owed on M ay 5 1 883 by

, , ,

po rarily appoi nt anyone he m igh t sel e c t to a B ran c h at S t Loui s O n Dece m ber 4 . .

,

any e xe c utive o ffic e n e c essary for t h e tran s

a c tion o f bu si ness These arrange m en ts
.
1 8 83 the original Ne w York grou p lo n g
,

su spended di ssol ved itself an d th e N ew

, ,
“ ,

w ere m ad e i n vie w of th e approa c h in g de Yor k B ranch of th e Theosoph i c al S ociety

partu re of th e Foun ders for In di a ; th e Ne w was for m e d u nder th e na m e of the Ar v an
York headquarters we re bro k e n up o n th ei r Theosophi al S ocie ty
c
” w ith M r J udge as , .

sai ling for Li ve rpool on D ece m be r 1 7 1 8 7 8 , ,

Presiden t A B oard of C on trol fo r the
.

bu t a n u c le us appoi n ted b y the Presiden t re m o ve m en t i n A m e ri c a was c harte red by th e

m ai ned to c arry o n th e l ife of the o rgan iza Preside n t Fou nder on May 1 3 1 884 I t
-

, .

t ion i n A m e ri c a— Gene ral Abner D oubleday ,

l asted u n til O c tober 3 0 1 88 6 whe n i t was , ,

Dav id A C u r t i s G V M av nard and W Q

.
,
. . . . . d issol ved by the orde r of t h e Presiden t an d ,

Judge . the n i ne B ran c h es of th e Theosoph ical S o

The fi rst o ffsh oo t of th e Th eosoph ical S o c iet y th e n exi sting i n A m erica we re for m ed

c iet y appeared i n Gre a t B ri tai n an d w as , i nto th e fi rst te rritorial S e c tion o f t h e S o

ch artere d on Ju ne 2 7 1 878 Thi s B ranch , . c iet y Th is S ection was de fin i t ely organize d
.
 T HE O S O PH IC A L S O C IE T Y 1 09

on O ctober 30 1 886 at the resi den c e of D r

, , . c iet y see m ed to be i nspi re d wi th fre sh li fe
J D B u c k C i n c in nati 0
. .
,
Mr W Q ,
. . . . an d ene rgy Mr J udge return ing from . .
,

J u dge was u nani m ou sly elected General S ec I nd ia th re w h i m sel f i nto the work i n A m e r
,

ret ary and Treasu re r an d fro m th at ti m e , ic a with th e resul ts already n oted The .

fo rward he de voted h i m self to th e work of Presiden t su c c eeded i n obtain i ng fro m Lord

bu ild ing u p th e S e c t ion w ith i n do m i t able D erby then th e head of th e C oloni al O ffic e
, .

c o u rage pe rseveran ce an d e ne rg y
,
S o wel l . . v ario us al terati ons i n th e go ve rn m en t pol
he wrou gh t that in n i ne y ears he had estab ic y i n C e y l on th us benefiti n g the Bu d dh ist
,

lish ed a S e c tio n of n early on e h un d re d populati o n of th at isl and wh i le the govern ,

Bran ch es an d th ough at the en d h e de

,
m e nt i n I nd ia at last wi th dre w fro m t h e
s ert ed th e S ocie t y and struck at i t a frat ri offi c ial perse c u tion b y police espion age wh i c h
ei dal blow th e errors of h is l a t e r years m ay
,
i t had carried on agai nst the t wo Foun ders ,

be forgotten i n the l ustre of h is earlier se r u nde r the preten c e that the y were engage d
v ices whe n th e s c h is m he c au sed i s heal ed
,
i n poli ti c al i n trigues Mad a m e Blavatsk y .

b v the gen tle h and of ti m e . sett l e d i n E u rope at fi rst i n Ger m any and ,

The A m e rican rev i val follo wed c lose o n th en i n Lon do n w here she gathered ro un d ,

t he heels of one of the m ost ruthle ss attac k s h er a nu m be r of p upils si nce well kn own ,

e v er m ade o n t h e S ociety Two e m ployés . i n th e m ove m en t B ertram an d Ar c h ibald ,

of th e S o c iet y a c c used of w ron g d oi ng

,
-

, Keigh tley G R S Mead C F Wrigh t th e

,
. . .
, . .
,

c on c e rted w ith c ertai n m i ssion aries i n Mad C ou ntess Wac h t m ei ster M rs Isabel C ooper ,
.

ras an elaborate a c cusati on agai n s t Mad am e O akley M rs A nnie Besant all m e m bers of
,
.
,

Bl avatsky w h en sh e and the Presiden t were

,
th e po werfu l L ond on gro up c alled th e Bl a
absen t i n E urope c hargin g h er wi th frau d ,
v at s k
y Lodge whi le she was al so i n th e c l ose
,

i n c on ne c ti on wi t h abn or m al m anifesta n eigh borh ood of h er ol d pu pils A P S in , . .

t ion s prod uce d by h er Mada m e Blavatsk y . nett an d C W Leadbeate r t wo of the m ost

. .
,

pro m ptly re si gn e d h e r posi tio n i n th e S o c i wi dely k nown w ri t ers o n Theosophy (A l l .

ety i n order t h at i t m ight n ot be co m pro

,
th ese e x c ept D r Ar c h ibal d Keigh tley and
,
.

m ised in th e eyes of the p u bl i c an d d e , Mr Wri gh t re m ai ne d lo y al to th e S o c iet y i n

.
,

m and ed an i nv es t igation i nto t h e c harges . th e great c risis of 1 8 94 The E u ropea n

A l arge an d i m po r t an t co m m i t tee was m o ve m e nt gre w rapi dly u n de r the i m pul se
fo rm ed to l ook i n to the m at t er an d cleared , gi ve n b y Mad a m e B l av at sk y s prese nce and ’

h er fro m th e c h arges m ade c on c l usi vel y , wri tings an d h er Lon don pupil s h ave re
,

provi ng th at t he y were based en ti rely o n m ained the leadi ng wri ters of theosoph ical
fal se an d sland erou s state m e n t s m ade by li teratu re for m i ng the li terary h ear t of th e
,

e ne m ies of th e S o c iety w ith th e v ie w of d e S o c iety At t h e c lose of 1 88 8 Mad am e Bla

.

v at s k y with h e r colleague s c ordi al assent

’
stroyin g i t Mada m e B lav at sk y s resigna
.
-
’
, ,

t ion was refused an d the S o c ie ty declared ,

fo rm e d her personal pupils i nto th e E so t eric
i ts full c onfi de n c e i n h er i ntegri t y so th at , S e c tion that sh e l ater n a m e d t h e E astern
,

the atte m pt to rui n h er only e n th ro ned h e r S ch ool thu s publi c ly reopen ing the anc ie nt
,

m ore se c urely i n th e hearts of its m e m bers . path way to the ob tai ni ng of the d i v i ne wis
As w i t h K ing S ol o m on s j udgm e nt wh i c h ’
, do m . I n 1 89 1 o n May 8th sh e passed o ut , ,

pro v ed th e true m oth er of the di sputed chi l d of th e body biddin g her p upils to e xpect ,

by h er read in ess to su rren der i t as hers i n h er reappearan c e ere l ong i n Indi a in an ,

orde r th at i t m igh t li ve so di d H P Bla , . . I ndian body c h osen by her M aster as t h e

v at s k y s pro m pt and e ntire self abnegatio n
’
-
veh icle for he r next i n c arnati on S h e left .

prove h e r m oth erly de v otion to the S o c ie ty the c arrying on of h e r special d epart m en t

to wh i c h she h ad gi v e n bi rth . of work in the h and s of h er pupil M rs , .

Fro m th is ti m e (1 884—85 ) on ward th e S o A nni e Besant in wh ose ch arge she also ,

1 10 T HE O S O PHIC A L S O C IET Y

pl ac e d th e wh ole of her u npublishe d m an u se c eding fro m th e origi nal association A .

s c ripts . cou ple of h u ndre d m e m bers followe d th ei r

The S ocie ty c on ti nued to spread i n al l e xam pl e i n Eu rope u n de r the leadersh ip of ,

parts of the worl d b ut i n 1 8 92 an d 1 8 93 , D r Ar c h ibal d Keigh tley and abou t a score

.
,

m any c o m plai n ts were circulated ac c using follo wed sui t in Au stral asi a The fratri ci dal .

“
M r W Q J udge— wh o h ad been m ade
. . . bl ow d id n o t succeed i n sl ayi ng the great
Vi c e Presiden t o f th e wh ole S ociety— of
-

i ntern a t i onal S o c iet y E v e n i n A m erica a .

forgi ng m essages wh ich pu rported to c o m e re m nant stood fi rm and re m ai ne d as th e

f ro m th e Masters Th e scan d al gre w so . A m eri c an S e c tion and th e fou rtee n B ranche s ,

great th at it becam e necessary t o i n vestigate to wh ich i t was re du ce d h ad i ncrease d t o

i t and M rs An nie Besant early i n 1 8 94
, . forty i n Jul y 1 8 9 7 I n E urope th e S ociety .

prese n te d a for m al request to th e Presiden t has grown rapidly in i m portance an d th ere ,

t o appoi nt a co m m ittee for th e i n v estigation are n ow th ree S ections i n E urope i nstead of

of th e ch arges The c o m m i ttee m et i n Lon
. one wh il e i n A u stralasia New Zealand h as
,

don ln the July of th e sam e year b u t w as , beco m e a separate S ection th e Theosophical ,

foile d i n i ts p urpose by the legal i ngen ui ty S ociety th u s possessi ng se ven S e c tio ns scat
of th e a c c u sed wh o pleaded th at i t had n o
, t ered o v er th e world T he whole S ociety i s .

j u risdi ction to t ry h im T he aborti v e at . th e stronge r an d th e p ure r for th e lesson

te m p t t o p ut thi ngs righ t o nly i n c reased th e that n o positio n i n it h o wever h igh n o ser , ,

scandal an d at th e C on v en tio n of t h e In
, v i c es h o we ver great c an be hel d to condon e
, ,

dian S e c tio n i n th e foll owi ng D e c e m be r a devi ation s fro m the path of probity an d tru th
resol u tio n was passe d call ing on th e Presi i n the S o c ie ty s w ork ’
.

dent to obtai n fro m M r Judge a v in di c ation B ib l iograph y The leadin g m agazine s i n

”
. .

of h is c harac te r w i th i n si x m onth s or fail , th e S ociety are The Theosoph is t foun de d ,

i ng t h at to expel h im fro m the S ociety . by H P Blavatsky and C olonel H S 0 1

. . . .

The A ustralian S ectio n foll owed sui t and cott edi ted by th e latte r an d p ubli she d at
”
, , ,

th e Eu ropean calle d o n M rs Besant to p ub . Adyar Mad ras I n di a ; Lu c ife r fou n ded

, , ,

lis h the e v iden c e At tha t ti m e th e S o c i ety

. by H P Blavatsky e di te d by An nie Besant
. .
,

consisted only of fou r S e c ti o ns and th ree of an d G R S Mead and pu blished i n Lon

”
, . . .
,

th ese we re resol ute th at Mr J udge sh ould . do n E ngl and ; Me rc u ry edi ted by J IV

, , . .

c lear h i s character or l ea v e the S o c iety

Meanwh ile M r Ju dge had bee n plan nin g a
.
.
,

U S A ; Theosoph y i n Au stralasi a
. . .
“
Walters p ubli sh ed i n S an Fran c i s c o Cal ,

,
.

c o up (Z e maz ee He h ad c ir c u late d pri publi shed i n S yd ney N S W Au strali a ;

-
. . . .
, ,

v at el
y d ocu m ents d enou n c in g M rs Besan t .
, T h eo so ph ia published i n A m sterdam
, ,

and cl ai m i ng th e righ t to re m ove h e r fro m H olland ; Le Lotus Bleu edi ted by D r , .

the position as teach e r sh e h ad bee n give n P ascal an d publ i sh ed i n Pari s ; T eo so fisk

”
,

b y M ada m e Bl a v atsky H i s A m eri c a n c ol T ido k rift publi sh e d i n S tockh ol m S we

”
.
, ,

leagues su pported h im an d b e i nd u c ed ,
den ; S oph ia publish ed i n Mad rid S pai n , , .

the m at t h e C on v en tion of th e A m eri can

,
Besid e s these th ere are m any s m al ler j ou r
,

S ec t io n at B oston in April 1 8 95 t o declare , , , mal s i n v ariou s langu ages i ssued i n E urope ,

the A m erican S o c ie ty i ndepe nden t w i th , and in I ndia s uit ab le to l ocal work an d needs
, .

h i m self as Pre siden t for life H e was sup . The chief wo rk s i ssued are— B y H P . .

po rted by 90 v otes to 1 0 an d the A m eri c an ,

Blavatsky : The S e c ret D octri ne 3 v ol s ; , .

S e c tio n was redu ced to fou rtee n B ran ch es , The Key to Theosophy ; Isis Un
‘
t he re m ai nder c o nsti tuti ng the m sel v es i n to v eiled 2 v ol s ; The Voice of the S i .

a se parate S ociet y leavi ng th e i n te rn ational

body and w h ile re tai ni ng i ts n a m e casti ng
,
lence ; Panario u or a C ollection of
Fugi ti ve Papers ; The Ca v es and J un “
,

”
, , ,

?
o ff thei r allegiance to i ts Preside nt and gles of H i ndostan ; Nigh t m are Tales 7 ( C
,
 FR A T E R NA L O R DE R S

M U T U A L A S S E S S M E N T B E N E F I C I AR Y F RA T E R N ITI E S

(GE N E R A L )

F r a t er n a l O rd e r s . —
Wi th in a d ozen to p ro m ote goo d fello wsh ip an d rel ief d u r
years th i s e xpressi o n h as co m e t o h a v e spe i n g si ckness an d buri al at death S o m e of
,
.

c ial refe re nce t o t he beneficiary se c re t soci th ose soc i eties h a v e m ain taine d a con ti nu ed
et ies th ose wh ich pay death
,
sic k fun e ral , , , e xi stence t o thi s day m ore th an on e h un ,

di sabil ity or o ther b en c fi ts an d wh i ch h a v e

, , dre d years The c u tt in g dow n of th e taxes
.

beco m e so pop ul ar They are th e n atu ral . fo r t h e reli ef of t h e poor i n 1 8 1 9 sh o wed th e

o utgro wth of th e Engli sh fri endly soci eties
T he fi rst E n glish frien d ly socie ti es act
was passed i n 1 79 3 It design ated the m as
. appreci ati on of the B rit ish Go vern m ent of
the w ork done by th e friendly societies i n
. encou ragi ng self reli ef T he frien dl y so
-
.

societie s of goo d fell owsh ip Thei r o rigi n . c iet ies ac t was en ti rely reconstructe d i n
see m s by co m m on c onsen t t o be th e b u ri al 1 82 9 so as t o ta k e cogn i zan c e of t h e int en
,

cl ub of the an c ien t Ch inese th e Greek s an d , , , t ion s an d requi re m en ts of suc h societies .

after th e m t h e Ro m an s by wh o m the idea

, , Th e act was f urth e r a m en ded i n 1 8 3 4 1 84 6 , ,

was tran s m itted to the Teu t on s when c e th e , 1 85 0 1 85 5 an d i n 1 8 7 5 an d 1 8 7 6

, ,
By 1 85 5 .

Te u ton ic G u ild s Th e re appears t o be so m e

. w he n fri en dly socie ties n otably th e Eng ,

doub t wh e t h er th e earl iest En gli sh fri en dly li sh In depen den t O rde r of O dd Fellows
soci eties we re of Ro m an or Teu t oni c origi n . Manch este r Un ity and the Ancien t O rde r ,

I nvestigato rs declare th at both th e Greeks of Foresters h ad be c o m e fir m ly establ ishe d

,

an d th e early E ngli sh gui l ds follo we d an d ext re m ely popul ar t h rough o ut t he Ki n g

b u ri al reli ef w i th a syste m of m ut u al assist do m t h e re we re
, such organ i za t io ns
ance i n si ckness and di stress Natu rally i n .
, regi stered Un de r the ac t as a m en ded i n
.

the begin n in g gui lds w ere l argely m ad e u p

, 1 8 7 6 B ri ti sh frien dly socie ties we re d i v i de d
,

o f n ei gh b o rs t hose l i v i ng i n a parti cular

,
i n to th i rteen c l asses : 1 A ffil ia t e d S ocie .

l ocal i ty fro m w h i c h i t i s bu t a step to

,
ti es or O rders such as O dd Fello ws For
_ , , ,

guil d s m ade u p of m e m bers of th e sa m e e sters Re c h abi t es D ru ids an d th e like

, , , ,

trade wh e n ce th e early trades un i on s o r

, , wh i ch h a v e lodges c ou rts te nts or di v i , , ,

guild s A fter th e su ppressi on o f t h e re

. si on s ; 2 G eneral S o c i etie s ; 3 C oun ty S o
. .

l igio us guil d s i n E nglan d in t h e si xteen t h c iet ies ; 4 Local T o w .n S oci eties 5 Local .

cen tu ry a syste m of organi zed reli ef w as

,
Vi llage S ocieti e s ; 6 Parti cular T rad e S o .

substi tu t ed by m ean s of the poor law of

,
c iet ies ; 7 Di v idi n g S oci et ies ; 8
. Deposi t .

Eliz abeth after wh ich foll owe d th e earli er

,
Fri en dly S ocieties 9 Collectin g S oci eti es .

o f the pre se n t t ype of what i n E n gl an d are 1 0 Ann ui ty S ocieties ; 11 Fe m ale S oci

. .

calle d fri en dly societi es The earl iest of . et ies su ch as th e Fe m ale Foresters O dd ,

the kn o w n En gl i sh fri en d ly societies were S i sters Loyal O ran gewo m en C o ni fo rt ing

, ,

S iste rs e tc ; 1 2 W o rkingm en s Cl ubs for

’
for m e d in 1 63 4 b u t a uth ori ti es agree that
, . . .
,

n o co n n ecti on h as been sh o wn between t ho se i n search of e m pl oy m ent or relief ,

th e m and th e last of th e m edi ae v al gui ld s fro m speci al ail m ent ; an d 1 3 Cattl e In s a r .

i n 1 62 8 After th e fi rst friend ly soci e ties

. an ce S ocieties By t h e am ende d act of
.

act was passed i t i s stated th at th ousan ds

,
1 8 7 5 th ese S ocie t ies m ake an nu al repo r t s
o f cl ubs fo r m e d friendly societies design e d ,
of th ei r con di ti on an d operati on s and at ,
 FR A T E R NA L O R D E R S 1 13

five -
year i n ter v al s state m en ts o f asse t s lia , Forty ei gh t of the large r an d m ore su c
-

b il it ies ri sks an d c on t ri buti ons

, ,
. c essful O rde rs th ose for m i n g t h e Nati on al ,

Th e O dd Fellows Foreste rs Re ch a b i tes

, , , Frate rn al C on gress are fe we r t han one ,

an d D rui ds all En gl ish fri en dl y socie tie s of

, th i rd of the t otal n u m ber of l i k e so ci eties
th e fi rst cl ass h ad bee n i n troduce d i n to th e
, sti ll i n e xi ste nce ye t they report fou r ,

U ni te d S tates prio r to t he C i vi l War u p ,

fi ft h s of the to tal m e m bers h i p of all be n e
to wh i ch peri o d n ati v e e ffo rts to m ake fi c iary secret so ci etie s about out ,

secret socie ties h ad been co n fi n ed largely of Thei r ou tstan d i ng cer

t o poli ti cal o rgan i zation s E xcepti on s w ere
th e coll ege fra t ern i ties an d the I m pro ve d
.

“
t ifi c at es rep resen t about
pro t ect ion ” an d du ri n g the last th i rty
of
,

O rde r of Red Men a ve ri table fri en dly , years th ey h a v e di sbu rse d nearly
s ocie ty At the c l ose o f th e war t h e Kn i gh ts
. 000 I t i s n o t kn own th at w ri ters o n c c
.

of Pyth i as appe are d l ik e wi se a f rien dly , operati o n in t he U n i ted S tates h ave h ad

s ociety an d a fe w years l ater th e An cien t
, th ei r atten ti o n called to t he progress m ade
O rde r o f U n it ed Wo rk m en th e pi o nee r
.
, by co ope rati ve or m utu al asse ss m en t li fe
secret o rde r foun de d to m ak e practi cable a i n su ran ce besi d e wh i ch c o dperat iv e b uyi n g
, ,

s yste m of co operati v e l ife i n su ran ce Th i s .

a m o n g c on su m ers co operati v e sto res an d , ,

i t di d an d h as h ad se v er al h un d red i m i ta
, in d u stri al c o o pe ra t i on i n th i s cou n try h ide , ,

t ors o f w hi ch m any su r v i ve
,
Ex cept i n . th ei r di m i n i sh ed heads .

t h a t th ese F ra t ern al O rde rs by m ean s of ,

m u tual assess m en ts p ay be n efi ts t o relati ve s

, fo l l o w i ng s t at is t ic s o f m e m b ers h i p o f
T he -

o f decease d m e m bers th e y p ra ct i cally par ,

var i o u s frat ernal o rders are f u rn i s h ed b y M r A dam .

V arno c k B o s t o n S u prem e S ec ret arv o f t h e A m er i

V
al lel th e E ngli sh fri end l y so c i e t i es n a m e d .
, ,

c an Leg i o n o f H o n o r
Th e M utu al U n der wri te r C h art of Frater
'

n al O rgan i z ati o n s sh o ws th at at th e b egi n

n i n g of 1 8 9 6 th ere we re 3 04 m e m bers N A ME or O R D E R .

bel ongin g to the frate rn al o rganiz ati on s re

porti ng t o v ari ou s i n su ran ce d epart m en t s
l I d d t d oo o o o o o o o
I
.

n epen en O r er

“
A h av as s rae
A t t he beginni ng o f 1 89 7 th at total h ad A i
m er c an B ene fit i t
S oc e y
,

4 , 38 1
A i
m er c an G uild 3 , 680
i n crease d t o 0 92 Th e a m o u n t of . A i L i
m er c an eg o n o f H o n o r
A i t d
nc en O r er o f t h e P y ram id s 3 02 6
pro te cti on w ri tte n d u rin g th e year 1 8 9 6 A i t d
nc en O r er Un e it d k
W o r m en
utu l P t ti
o o o o o o o o o o

A ti ‘
d
r san s O r er o f M a ro ec o n
w as as agai n st B nai B r
‘
ith I d d t d
n epen en O r er
’

u i
,

B en H ur S prem e T r b e o f f

T h a t i n fo rce was as again s t

.
'

h i
,

B o em an C C U . 10 82 7
,

h i lv i i ht L di
.

B o em an S a o n an K n g s an d a es
T h e assets aggregated th h d
B ro er o o o f t h e Un o n i oo o ooo o o
di d F t
C ana an O r er o f o res er s
again st th e year th li
C a o c B ene o en v l tL i eg o n

before T h e li abi li t i es were $3 th li i t

C a o c K n gh s o f A m er c a i ooooo
.
th li i ht i
C a o c K n g s o f W s c o ns n i 7
4 38

agai ns t Fro m assess m e nts i n th li utu l

C a o c M a B ene fit i t ooooooo
A s s o c a io n
th li d F
C a o c O r el o f o res t ers
‘

1 8 9 6 th e s u m of was recei ved th li li f fii

C a o c R e e an d B ene c ary A ss o c a o n i ti
, t li
C a h o c W o m en s B ene o en
‘
vl tL i eg o n

agai n st i n 1 8 9 5 Re cei pt s e x h Fi d d
C o s en r en s , O r er o f
.
, F t
o res e rs o f Illi i I d
no s d t d
n epen en O r er o f
F t l
.
,

el usi v e of assess m en ts we re in i ti
ra erna A id A s so c a o n
, F t l lli
ra erna A an c e

1 8 96 an d i n 1 89 5 T h e total F l i u
rat erna T r b n es
, .
F I l I d d t d
ree S o ns o f s rae n epen en O r er
F t I d d t d
,

12 4 , 685
i n co m e was i n 1 89 6 an d $3 8 , ,
o res ers ,
F t n l L gi
ra er a
n epen en O r er o f
eb on
.

i n 1 895 ; losses pai d i n F t l M y ti C i l

ra ern a s c rc e
F t l L i f A m ic
o o o o o o o o o o

ra erna n on o er a

1 89 6 an d i n 1 89 5 E xpenses G en A m b ly f t h A m
sse B A o e er . enev . sso

G ld U it d O d
.
.
,
o C en ro s s , n e r er

in 1 8 96 we re an d in G ldo St enF t ity ar ra e rn 23 9

15
G ood F l l w R y l S i ty f
e o s o a oc e o
Imp v d O d
,

1 89 5 T otal disbu rse m en ts for 1 896 a m oun ted H pte ph as o s, ro e r er

f Wi i
.

H m
‘
er Sann s o ns o sc o ns n

to w hi le i n 1 895 t h ev were H m C i l
o e rc e

H m F um B
o e fit O d
or ene r er 4 "90 3

8
1 14 FR A T E R NA L O R DE R S

Th e e no r m ou s m e m bersh ip of th e rel a B u t th ese societies go farth e r by c ul t iv at

t iv el y n u m erous F rate rn al O rders i s ex
plai ned by th ei r be nefi ciary or pro t eo
i n g a spi rit of frate r ni ty an d by enc o urag
i ng centres of i n tell ectual aesth etic an d so “ , ,

tion feat ure s wh i c h vary greatly an d n o t c ial d evel op m en t whi ch often t ake th e pl a c e
, , ,

only i n c l ude a d eath bene fi t v aryi ng fro m of t h e cl ub Th e n a m e s of m an y of th e .

$1 0 0 to bu t in su rance against sic k O rde rs are p re tenti ou s an d so m e ri di cul ou s .

ness di sabil ity and acci den t and i n ih

,
In m any in s t an c es the title s of e xec u ti v e
, , ,

s t ances a funeral be nefi t an d a be n efi t at

,
offi c ers so un d ou t of pl ac e b ut n o t m ore so
,

t h e deat h o f th e wi fe of a m e m be r wh i le than a few e m ployed in ol der an d l arge r ,

o ne O rde r e rect s a m on u m ent over th e grave so c i e ties The t end en c y appears to still b e .

of e v ery de c e ased m e m ber to c ost $1 00 for th e m ul tipli c ati o n o f Fraternal O rders ,

. .

In th e l a t ter h alf of th e p re v iou s cen tu ry

v ery few new sec re t soci eties m ad e thei r
N M O A E
appearan ce the fas c i n ati on of Free m ason ry
or R D E R .

for i n telligen t m en lead ing the m r ath er t o

I nd p d t O d M utu l A id
e en en r er
a m plify than to i m itate A resul t was th at
a
.

I d p d tO d fF
n e en en t n r er o
m o re th ano res c s
M ason i c an d oth er degrees
I d p d tW t St O d
n e e n en es ern ar r er

K i gh ts nd L d i fH
n
K g
n i ht d L d i
s an
a
f S u ity
a
a
es o
es o
were i
ec
n ven
o no r
r
ted m ost of wh ich are fo rt u ,

K i g ht
n d L di s an f t h Fi id a es o
n at ely dea d e
B
res
u t d uri ng th e l atter t h i rd of
e
K i ght d L di f t h G ld n S t
.

n s an a es o e o e ar. .

K ight
n f C lu m b u
s o o
th s
e ni n eteen th c en tur y ac t i vi ty i n secret
K i ght
n f F th
s o M th w a er a e
K ni gh t fH s o o no r soci e t y l i nes h as been transferred to A mer
K i ght
n f Py thi
s o E d wm t R a k as , n o en n
K i gh t
n f St J h
s O d M lta o n anic a wh e re the ben t see m s t o h a v e been t o
a
K i g ht fS b i t F i d li ty d I t g ity
.

,
n s o o r e y , e , an n e r .

K ig h
n f t h G ld
ts o E gl e o i
enn v en ta n ew secret so c i e ti es legi on s c i rcles
e
K i g ht
, , ,
n f th M s o b e 1ac c a ees
L d i C th li B v l nt
a es
‘

a o c ene o e uni on s o r ord ers — m o st of the m design ed

L d i f th M b
a es o e ac c a ees
,

L gi f t h R d C s
e on o e e to p ro vid e m ach i nery for colle c tin g assess
ro
L y l A dd iti l B fi t A
o a i ti
o na ene ss o c a on
L y l M y ti L gi f A m i
o a s c e on o m ent s an d payin g t he m o ve r t o th ose
er c
L w G m G L d f N A
'

o er anf th L S r o ge o e o
ni P wh ose m i sfor t un es an d th e t e r m s of the ir
. . . .

t tiv A
.

M as o c i ti
ro ec e sso c a on
M d n W dm n f A m i
o er oo e o er c a
M utu l P t a i n O d f ro ec t o c on t rac t s
r er o polici es or ce r t i ficates m ake
M y ti W k
, ,
ld
, .

s c f th W
or ers o e or
N ti l B v l t S i ty
a o na ene o en 50 9 th e m t h e re c i pients These or d ers a re still
oc e .

N t i l P te tiv
, .

a o na ro c e
N ti l P vi d t L m
a o na ro en i n t he for m ati v e peri od an d m uc h re m ai n s
'

on ,
N ti l R v A
a o na i ti
es er e 1 8 500ss o c a on
t o be don e before any of t he syste m s of
N ti l U i
a o na n on
d O d f P t ti n
.

N w E gl
e n an r er o ro ec o
N th w t n Legi f H
or es er o levyi n g asse ss m e n ts can be gene rally recog
n o o no
N th A m i U i
or er c an n on
n ized as a near ap proa c h to perfe c tion As
P ilg i m F th l nit d O d f
r a ers , 23 03 9
'

e r er o
.

P td H m Ci l
ro t ec e o e 23 65 2 rc e
a resul t there are m an v wea k l in g be ne
R idg b P t ti
e y A i ti
ro ec IO 0 7 8
on fi oc a o n
R y l A 1 95 1 05
R
o
o ya
a
lCi l
u rc a
rc e
nn)
3 1 99
fi c iary socie ties an d a n u m be r are fore ,

R o ya l L gu ea e
d oo m e d t o fai lu re Wh e n t h e st ro n ger an d
R y l N i gh b
.
o a f
e o rs o
R y l T m pl f
o re progressi ve o rders sh all h ave de m on
o

R y l T ib
a
f J
e e o
m
o a r ph e o o se
tti h C l O d
s t rat ed t h e ch ara c ter an d exten t of thei r
Sco s f ans . r er o
S hi l
e d f H o o no r
S u p m C u c il H m C i l
re e o n
w
o
or k e
by e m pl oyin g su bsta nti al ly t h e sa m e
rc e
S u p m C u il L gi
,

re e of H n nc , e on o o or
S up m C u t f H
re e o r o $ 51 00 sys t e
o no r
m of assess m e n t s th e re wil l be fewe r
S up m L d g N t R
re e ov e, a eser e
,

S up m L d g O d f C lu m b i
.

re e o Kt
e, we
r er o ak an d o
i m perfect Th
an e ten den
s. cy wil l
S u p m R uli g F t lM i Ci l .

“
re e n ra erna vst c rc e
U it d F i d O d
.
,

n e r en f s, r er o th en be to h ave l ess an d l ess to do wi t h t he

U it d F i d
n e f M i hi g
r en s o c an
m C th li O d fF t secre cy of wh i c h so m uch an d yet so l i ttle
'
'
o en s a o c r er o o res ers
W dm o o f th W en o ld e or
W km B fi t A i ti is m ade to day an d c o m bi natio n o r c o n
‘

or en s e ne s so c a o n -

solid ati on will appear to co m plete a suc

T h e t o t al m em b ers hi p o f t h e fo rego i n g li s t i s
cess in i co o perati ve m a c h i ne for a m eli
A m o u n t o f b ene fit s pa i d in 1 89 7 84 1
,
, ,

To t l pay m ent s fro m 1 86 7 t o 1 897 were orati n g t h e ills t h e h u m an flesh i s h ei r to

a
.

o v er T h e ben efi ci ary societies as con sti tute d

 FR A T E R NA L OR DE R S 1 15

t o day m ay
-
be di v i ded i n to fo u r gen eral sh ou ld be ad de d th at both bran ch es of the
classes H ibern ian s are no w un i te d T he grou pin g .

(1 ) Th ose wh i c h bi n d th e m sel v es to in clude s i n ad dition to totals fo r th e Mas oni c ,

bu ry th ei r dead and t o f urn ish stated rel ief Frater n i ty i n for m ati on fro m th e foll o win g
, ,

to m e m be rs wh o m ay be si c k di sabled etc ch ari table and ben ev ole n t secret societi es

, ,
.
,

i rrespecti ve of t h e nee d of such m e m bers In depen den t O rde r of O dd Fell o ws I nde ,

for pecu n i ary assi stan ce pen den t O rde r o f Good Te m pl ars S on s ,

(2 ) Regular dea t h benefi t m ut u al assess of Te m pe ran ce K n igh ts of Pyth i as I n de

, , ,

m en t soci eties pen den t O rder o f Re d Men Fo res t e rs of ,

(3 ) De ath be n efi t orders o f th e sh ort A m erica G ran d Ar m y of the Repu bli c , ,

te r m v arie ty wh i c h seek to c ou ple m u tual Anci en t O rd er of H ibe rn i an s Kni gh ts of

, ,

assess m e n t li fe i nsu rance w i th th e ton ti n e M alta Ancie nt Free an d Accepted Mason s

-

pl an an d p ay back to su rvi v i n g m e m be rs (n egro ) an d Gran d Un i te d O r der of O dd ,

wh o shall h ave m ade regul ar pay m en ts Fe llo ws (negro ) , .

e tc fo r a ce rtai n n u m be r of years t h e ful l

.
, A m ong the s e calle d Patri oti c O rders
,
-

a m o un t of th ei r assess m en t s o r pre m i u m s o fii eial retu rn s h av e been recei v ed fro m th e

, ,

in so m e in stan ce s wi th i n te rest a d ded Th e follo wi ng J u n io r O rde r Un i te d A m erican

.
,

success wh ich te m po rari ly at ten d ed a few of Mec han ics ; O rde r of Un i ted A m e ri can Me
th e be t ter k n o wn sh o rt t e r m o rd e rs wh i c h c h anic s Patri o t i c O rde r S on s of A m e rica
- -

are d ead appe ared to be d ue to su rvi v i n g O r der of th e A m e ric an Un i o n and A m eri

, ,

m e m be rs bei ng relati v e ly fe w an d l apsed can Pro t ect i v e Associ ati on (A P A )

, . . .

m e m bershi ps co m parati v e ly n u m ero us S tati sti c s of th e Patron s of H u sban d ry

.

(4 ) The fo u rth grou p is n o t a large on e h ave al so bee n i n cl u ded as well as de tail s .

,

co m prisin g th e few orders wh i c h h a v e respe cting m e m bersh i p of t h e fol lowi n g

sough t to re n der th e B u ildi n g an d Lo an death an d ot her ben e fi t societie s : An cien t
Association m o re at t racti ve b v reason of O rde r of Un i te d Work m en Royal Arcan u m , ,

beco m in g a sec re t o rder . M od ern W ood m en of A m e ri ca Kni gh ts of ,

The acco m panyi n g tabul ar e xh ibi t of th e Maccabee s Kn i gh ts of H on or K ni gh ts , ,

statisti cs of m e m be rsh ip of t we nty si x of th e an d Ladi es o f H on o r Kni gh t s of the Gol den

'

l arge r an d m o re i m po rtan t n ati on al an d Eagle an d Wood m en of t h e Wo rld ,

.

i n tern ati on al secre t soci eties i n th e Un i t e d Figu res fu rni she d by the A m e ri can Pro
S t ates w i th total s arran ge d by S tates an d t ec t iv e Asso c iati on an d th e O rde r of th e
,

Te rritorie s i n c on j u n c ti on wi th t h ose of A m e ri c an Un i on are offi ci al but d o n o t

, ,

m e m bershi p abroad m ust p ro v e of i n t erest see m to be su ffi cien tly i n accord wi t h t h e

,

to m e m be rs of the organ iz ati on s n a m ed as si tu ati on to be of great val ue for c o m pari ,

wel l as to stu de n t s of th e sociologi cal aspects son O m i ttin g total s for th ese t wo organ i .

of t h e gro wth and de v elop m ent of se c ret z at io n s i t i s foun d th a t t wen ty f ou r of th e ,

-

socie tie s Thi s presen ta t i on h as been pre m o re im po r t an t secret fratern i ti es ou t of

.
,

pare d afte r prolo n ge d c o rre spon d en ce w i th n earl y 3 50 h a v i ng an acti v e e xi sten ce ,

th ose b es t fi t t ed to con tribu te data an d repre n u m b ere d ,

m e m be rs i n th e Unite d
sen ts t h e l a t es t a v ail able c o m p arati ve to tal s S tates i n 1 89 5 —9 6 It i s probable th at wi th .

of all t he o rgan i z ati o n s Th e Loyal O range t h e ad de d m e m be rship of m o re th an th ree

.

In s t i tuti o n is o m i tted bec au se of i ts p refer h undred othe rs m any of the m s m all soci e ,

e n ce n o t to m ak e publ i c de tails as to m em ti es th e gran d total woul d approxi m a t e ,

he rsh ip To tal s fo r th e An ci en t O rd er of
. th u s poi n ti n g to nearly
H i ber n i an s refe r t o o nly one bran ch B o ard adults m e m be rs of secre t frate rn i t ies i n
, ,

of A m erica m e m bers of th e B oard of E ri n th e U ni ted S tates after allo wi ng fo r th e

, ,

pre ferri n g n ot to sen d tot al s by S tate s It u sual propo rti on belongin g to t wo o r m o re

.
1 16 FR A T E R NA L O R DE R S

organ i z ati on s ; n early on e i n th ree of the Ill i n ois th ird w ith m ore th an , m em
votin g popul ati on of th e c o un t ry . bers o r abou t 1 1 p e r ce nt ; O hi o fo urth
,
.
,

The rel ati ve nu m erical st re ngth of th e w ith 1 0 per cent ; Massach u se t ts fifth w i th .
,

fou r large r societies i n th e various S t ates 8 per c e nt ; M i c higan si xth wi th m ore th an

.
,

and Te rri tories i s m ade plai n b y an ae c o m 7 per cen t and I ndiana seventh with 7 pe r
.
,

panyi ng m ap (see Prefac e ) o n wh i c h thei r c en t th e se ve n S tates accou nti ng for fou r

.
,

na m es are m arke d i n o rder a c c ordi ng to ,

fift h s of the aggregate A m e ri c an m e m ber
m e m bership i n th ose S tates an d Te rritories . sh ip of th e t wen ty fou r f rate r ni ties speci -

Refere n ce to th e geograph i c al c h art sh ows fi ed .

th at the re are m o re m e m bers of the Masoni c The pay m e nt of benefits o r i nsuran c e b v

th an of any other secret frate rnity i n M ain e ,
m eans of assess m e nts graded ac c o rd i ng to ,

Ve rm on t Con ne c ti c u t Ne w York Ke n
, , ,
age at ti m e of j oi ni ng is apparen tly (1 89 8 ) ,

t ucky Mi sso uri D istrict of C ol u m bia Vi r

, , ,
m ost popul ar a m ong so c ie ties in the Frater
gi ni a North C arol i na S ou th Carol i na Te n
, , , n al C ongress O f th e fort y fi v e fraterniti es
.
-

n essee Flori da
,
Alaba m a M ississippi , , , repo rts h ave been recei v ed f ro m thi rt y si x of -

A rk ansas an d I nd ian Territory an d m ore

,
wh i ch twen t y se v e n report the abo v e pl an i n
-

m e m bers of the O d d Fellows i n M assac h u operation eigh t of th e re m ai n in g n i ne

,

setts Rh o de I sland Pen n syl van ia N ew Je r

, , , being equ all y d iv ide d be twee n th e m eri ts of
sey West Vi rginia O h io I ndiana Iowa
, , , , t h e pre m i u m s y s te m proper and wh at m ay
Wyo m in g C olorad o O klah o m a Wash ing
, , ,
be call e d the step rate pl an o f assess m en t ih -

to n Cal iforn ia an d Nevada of the Ancien t

, , creasi n g at regular i nte rvals wi th the age of
O rder of U ni te d Work m en i n D elaware , the i nsure d In th e re m ain ing so c iety the
.

M i nnesota No rth D ak ota S ou th D ak ota

, , , benefi ts are grade d ac c ord i ng to the age ,

M ontana Id ah o Nebrask a Kansas O regon

, , , , ,
whi le th e assess m e nts are fi xed and un ifo r m .

an d A ri zona ; of t he K nigh ts of Pyth ias Th e A n c ien t O rde r o f Uni ted Work m e n

i n Loui sian a an d Ne w Mex i c o ; of th e reports twe nty one j uri sdi cti on s using the -

Patron s o f H usban d ry i n Ne w H am pshi re ; straigh t u ngraded assess m e n t plan and thi r

,

Ju ni or O rde r of Un ited A m eri can Me c h an tee n t h e step rate asse ss m ent The O rde r -
.

ics i n Maryl a nd ; K nigh ts of the Mac c abees of Uni te d Frie nds ch anged on Janu ary 1 ,

in Mi c h igan ; Mod er n Wood m e n of A m e rica 1 8 9 8 to th e step or group pl an of assess

,

i n Illi n ois and Wi s c onsin ; and th e negro m ent i n c reasing at each fi ve years
, T wo .

F ree m ason s i n Georgia O th er so c ie ties . other soci e t ie s are c on sideri ng a si m ilar

fi ndi n g a pla c e a m ong t h e fi rst fou r i n poin t ch ange The re i s so m e vari a t i on i n th e
.

o f n u m ber i n on e or m ore S t ates are the

, ,
a m ou nt of i nsurance paid A be ne fit of .

Goo d Te m pl ars ; Grand Ar m y of th e Repub fro m 85 0 to i s paid b y the K nigh ts

l ic ; Foresters of A m e rica ; Ro y al Ar c an u m ; an d Ladies of th e Golden S tar wh ile th e
‘

Patrio tic O rde r S ons of A m e ri c a ; I m proved

, Ca t h olic Be ne v olen t Legion t he Nati onal ,

O rder of R ed Men ; Knights of H on or ; Provi den t Un ion the H o m e C ircle the I n , ,

an d t h e negro O dd Fel lows . d epen den t O rde r of Fore sters the A m eri c an ,

Pen n s y l van ia i s the b an n er secre t so c iet v Legi on of H on or t h e Nation al Un ion an d , ,

S t ate con tribu ti ng m ore tha n

,
m em t h e I m proved O rder of H ept aso ph s pay f ro m
bers of twen ty fo ur organ i zati ons wh ose -

$50 0 to S eve n out of th i rty si x o r -

to tal s are c on si de red i n the ac c o m panyin g ders report pa y i ng sick benefits ; n i ne oth e rs
statisti c s of m e m bersh ip 1 9 pe r c e n t of the , . report su c h benefits option al wi th th e lo c al
gran d total i n all S tates and Te rri tories . o r subord i na t e bod ie s ; wh ile n i netee n o r ,

Ne w Yo rk stand s secon d wi th , m ore th an one h alf report n one I n the

-

,
.

m e m bers of th e twenty fou r fraterni ties 1 6 -

, m aj ority of c ases where paid such bene fits ,

pe r cen t of the gran d total for th e c ou ntry ;

. are th e resu l t of the work of the lo c al
1 18 FR A T E R NA L O R DE R S

bodies and are not part of t h e du ty o f th e

, v ested as p ro v ide d by law The An c ie nt .

paren t so c ietie s More th an one h alf of

.
-

O rd er of U ni ted Wo rk m en raise
t hese so c ieties repor t varying grades of bene ann ually by a tax of $3 per m e m ber S om e .

fi ts payable in c ase of a c ciden t i n v ol v ing so c ie tie s h ave a reserve i n th e sh ape o f one

partial o r to t al disabilit y su c h as th e l oss of assess m en t i n ad van c e As a gen eral th i ng .

one o r m ore li m bs or eyes in c apa c i ty fro m , the rese r v e whe re possessed i s i n vested i n
,

old age (seve nty ye ars bei ng a c o m m o n U ni ted S t ates or S tate and m u ni c ipal bon ds
period ) paralysi s or othe r cau ses
, , The . and fi rst m ortgages on real es t ate Th e O r .

pay m e n t of one t ent ln t o o ne h alf of the

- -
d e r of S elect Frie nds adop t ed a rese rve pla n
fac e of the m e m ber s bene fit certi fi c a t e u pon
’
at t he close of 1 89 7 Th e Nati onal Reser v e.

the occu rre nce of any of th ese d i sabili ties Asso c iation plan of i nsu ran c e i s v ery li ke
see m s qu ite gen eral Pay m e nt of fu neral . that of ol d li ne co m panie s e xcept for the
-

e xpense s is a featu re of se ve ral so c ieties bu t , rese rve ele m ent i n th e l a t te r s pre m iu m s ’

.

al m ost al ways of l o c al lodges o r bodies S ix . A v e rage age of death benefit m e m bers i n

teen ou t of th i rty si x so c i e t ies report n o -
t wenty fou r so c ie ties at th e e nd of t h e fi rs t
-

bene fits payabl e by reason of total o r partial th ree years of th e so c i e t ies exi sten c e i s ’

d isabil i ty Th e replies i ndi c ate th at weekly

. pla c ed at abou t wh ile the average
s ic k bene fits are of t en payable ou t of du es age i n th e sa m e socie tie s i n the last fi s c al
o f lo c al l od ges wh ereas the oth e r benefits
, y ear i s pl aced at sh owin g the i ntro
are m ore generally d efray e d by m ean s of d u c tion of you nger m e m be rs Th e repl ies .

assess m e nts . as to c ost of m an age m en t sho w an i n c rease

I t i s of i n terest to n ote th at the rate of per capi ta as th e so c ieties ad v ance in years .

m ortal i t y i n th i rty socie ties d u ri ng t h e thi rd The ave rage of th e repl ies of twen ty seve n -

year of th e existen c e of eac h of th e m ave r fraternities sh o ws th at th e per c apita c ost

age d per wh ile d u ri ng the last of m an age m en t d uri n g the last v ear w as
fis c al y ear (1 89 7 ) the a v erage death rate pe r -
abou t pe r m e m ber wh ereas wh en ,

was an d th e ave rage age of th e th ese so c i eties were th ree y ears ol d thei r per
socie t ies sh ow in g th i s death rate abou t fi f -
capi ta cost was o nl v S o m e societies
teen years I n twe n ty eigh t socie t ies the
.
-
re c k on th e c ost of m an age m en t pe r m em
average c ost pe r for such benefi t s be r as a fixed s um an d repo rt i t year afte r
pai d i n 1 89 7 was wh e re as th e sa m e year O th e rs like th e Royal A rcanu m the
.
, ,

c o m pani es reported the cost wh en th ose so Royal League t h e Modern Wood m en of ,

c iet ies were onl y th ree years of age at A m e ri c a th e Kn i gh ts of t he Mac cabees

, ,

Th e n eed of an ad equ ate reserve to p rovi de Legion of th e Red C ross Kn igh ts an d ,

for e m erge ncies does not see m to h ave im Ladies of S e c u rity Wood m en of th e World
, ,

pressed all o f these societies alik e O nly . National Reser ve Associ ation an d th e Na ,

abo u t one half of th e fratern ities m e m bers of

-

, t io nal U ni on sh o w a d e c reased cost of m a n

t he C on gress report h a v i ng re se rve fun ds
, . agem en t per m e m ber n o w as co m pared wi t h
Th e m et h o d of raisi ng su c h fu nds vari es th e th ird year of thei r e xiste nc e .

wi th t h e so c ie t ies b ut ge ne rally i t i s b y
. The i rreg ularity an d i n c o m ple teness of
m ean s of assess m e nts upon m e m bers S om e . replies re c ei v ed from be ne fi c iary organiza
organization s set apart a c ertai n pe r c en tage tion s no t m e m bers of the Fraternal C on
of su c h assess m en ts as a rese rve fu n d I n . gress i s testi m ony to the v alue of organi
Massac h usetts and o th e r S t a t es the bank i ng z at io n i n f rate rnal i nsu ran c e as wel l as i n

laws un de r wh i c h i nsuran c e so c ie ties oper

,
oth er li nes of busi ness The re are of c o urse .
, ,

ate requ i re rese r v e fund s and d i re c t ho w

,
so m e h onorable ex c ep tions bu t th e statisti c s ,

t h ey sh al l be i n v ested The A m e rican L e . of ope ration of th ese organ izati ons are n ot
gio n of H ono r h as a re ser v e of in ge ne rally satisfactory A m on g fraterni ties .
1 20 FR A T E R NA L O R DE R S

no t m e m bers of the Fratern al C o n gress the E nd o w m en t Guild an d th e Prudent Patri ,

pop u larity of th e assess m en t a c cord in g t o eiau s of Po m peii col lect in suran c e pre m i u m s
age pl an i s sh own by thei r re c o rds O f . suggesti v e of a rev i v al of the syste m s u sed
th e th i rty so c ieties reporting se v en tee n are , by old li ne co m pan ies
-
Th e I ndepende nt .

u sin g t h e pl an Th e follo win g i s a l ist of

. O rd e r Free S ons of I srael Independen t O r ,

th e m : de r S on s of Abrah a m Independ en t O rder ,

C anad i an O rd e r of Foresters . S o ns of Benj a m i n and th e O rd er of S parta

,

C ath oli c M u tual Benefi t Asso c iation . pay b enefi ts by m ean s of u nifor m straigh t , ,

C a th oli c Wo m en s Benev olen t Legio n ’

. u ngrad ed assess m e nts w h ile i n the O rde r ,

C o m m er c ial T ravelers Asso c i ation ’

. o f the I ro quoi s and i n th e B rotherh ood of

Golde n S tar F rate rn i ty . Rail w ay C o ndu cto rs benefi ts and not assess ,

I nd ependen t O rde r B nai B ri th ’ ’

m ents o r con tri bu t ion s are grad ed a c c ord
Kn igh ts and Lad i es of H onor . i ng to age The C ontin en tal Fratern al
.

K ni ghts of C ol u m bu s . U n i on is an en dow m e n t associ ation wh il e ,

Kn igh ts of Pyth ias End owm en t Rank ,

. the Fo resters of A m e rica which for m erly ,

L oyal Kn igh ts and Ladies . h ad su c h a plan h as d is c on ti n ued it

, T he .

Mode rn A m eri c an Fratern al O rder . G ran d F rate rni ty i s u n ique i n th at i t pays

M y sti c Wo rke rs of th e World . an nu i ties fo r partial or total d i sabil ity or ,

Nati onal Frate rn ity . to wid o ws an d orph an s or other rel ati v es at

G ran d Un i ted O rde r of O dd Fell ows . the death of m e m be rs .

O rde r of S cotti sh Cl an s . A mong t h e d istin c ti v ely frie ndly socie

U ni on Frate rn al League . ties th ose wh i ch aim to rel ie v e dis tress an d
,

W este rn K n igh ts Protecti v e Asso c iatio n . pay fun eral e xpen ses am ong m e m bers an d ,

A m on g the above t h e a m ou n t of benefits to assist th ose wh o m death h as robbe d of

pai d varie s f ro m $5 0 to m ost of support are th e fol lo wi ng
,

the m payi ng $5 0 0 to Twelve of I ndepend en t O rde r of O dd Fellows .

the m repor t n o ben efi ts paid by th e O rder Un i ted An c ie nt O rde r of D rui ds .

as a w h ole th e sa m e bei ng optional w ith

,
An c ie nt O rd e r of Fo res ters .

su bord i n ate bodies Parti al an d pe r m ane n t

. An c ie nt O rder of H i bern ians .

dis ab ilit v i s provided for h owe v e r by m any , ,

J r O rd e r U n i ted A m eri c an Mech anics
. .

of th ese so c ieties A te ndency toward an

. Actors O rder of Frie n dship
’
.

i n c reased d eath rate as they gro w ol der i s

-
I ndepen den t O rder of Mech anics .

n o ted and a si m ilar i ncrease i n th e c ost of

,
I m pro v ed O rde r of Red Me n .

th i s fo rm of i nsu ran c e per th ou san d D ues . S ons of S t Ge orge . .

of local bran c h es see m to be the basi s of Nati onal Prote c ti v e S oci ety .

the si c k be nefi ts wh ile regular assess m en ts

, S hephe rd s of Beth lehe m .

are generally rel ied o n to d efray othe r be ne Anci en t an d Ill u striou s O rde r of Knigh ts
fi ts Abou t one h alf of the se organi zati on s
.
-
of Malta .

report reser v e or e m e rgency fu nd s ; statis I n only one i ns tance t h e S on s of S t , .

ti c s o f age and cost of m an age m en t are very George and th en i n o nly a few S tates d oes
, ,

i n c o m p l ete
. the bene fi t paid at the death of a m e m be r
The sa m e general conclu sion s are to be e x c eed $2 5 0 In one in stance the Inde
.
,

obtai n ed fro m an e xam in ation of t h e statis pe nde n t O rder of Me c h an i c s the am ou nt ,

ti c s o f si m i lar so c ie ti es d oin g business u nde r p aid falls as l ow as $2 0 and run s as high as ,

d iff eren t pl ans . Two th e A m e ri c an I nsur , $2 5 . I n the i nstances of the An cien t O rder
an c e Un ion an d th e K nigh ts of t h e Gol den of H ibe rn ians the A n cie nt and I llu striou s
,

Eagl e u se t h e step rate assess m en t wh ile

,
-

, O rde r of K ni gh ts of M a l ta th e I m p ro ved ,

t h e Fratern al Tribu nes the Progressi ve , O rde r of Red Men the Independen t O rder ,
12 2 A ME R IC A N B EN EF IT SO CI E T Y

of O dd Fellows and the Ancie nt Un ite d i dly It i ssues certi fi cates t o m e m be rs fo r

,
.

O rde r of D ru id s the go v erni ng body does $2 5 0 $5 00 or an d Lod ges , ,

n o t re c ogniz e th e paym e nt of e ither ins ur pay wee kly sic k benefi ts and dues an d as ,

an c e or death benefits S ubordi nate l od ges s essm en t s of m e m bers wh il e si ck i n th ei r

'

.
, ,

c o urts groves o r tribes e m pl oy a death op tion

, , I ts m eth o d of assess m en t t o m eet .

be nefi t syste m i n wh ole or i n part I n dea t h benefi ts i s appro v ed by so m e of the .

so m e S tates a few of these o rgan iza t i ons best frate rnal actuaries i n th e c oun try an d , , ,

n otably th e A ncie nt O rde r of H ibernians i n as i n o nly o ne of two o t h e r i n sta n ces a m o n g

Pen nsyl va nia contrac t for i nsu ran c e wi t h li ke organi z ati ons a fo r m al i ni ti ati on i s no t
, ,

regular i nsu ran c e c o m panies The sic k n ecessary to acqu i re m e m bersh i p The ce re
. .

be nefi t weekly m on thly o r otherwi se i s a m ony of i n i tiati o n i s said t o be si m ple yet

, , , , ,

recognized i n stitu ti on am ong th e so c ieties di gn ified bu t th ose wh o pre fe r m ay ta ke t h e ,

n a m ed an d whe re s y ste m ati c ally pai d v aries obl igation befo re a su pre m e offi ce r an d se
,

fro m $2 to 81 5 wee kl y Med i c al attend an c e cu re m e m bershi p as effec t ual ly as at a reg

.

an d m edi c i nes are paid fo r by su bordi nate ul ar m ee ti ng Men an d wo m e n be t ween the .

bodi e s of so m e of these so c ie ties wh i le t h e ages of eigh tee n an d forty fi v e wh o m ay be

,
-

pay m en t of speci fi c su m s for b u rial e x s oci al ly ac c eptable bel ie v ers i n a S upre m e ,

penses is gene ral The National Pro tecti ve B ei n g and able to e arn a li v eli h o od are
. ,
,

S o c iety pays an acciden t benefit Raisi ng eli gi ble to m e m be rshi p Th e o rga ni z ation
.

th ese f und s i s pro vi ded for ge ne rally fro m wi ll n o t en ter any e xce p t th e m ore h e al th
.

d ues al th ough a few of th e societie s rely ful regions of n o rth e rn S tates an d at pres
, ,

upo n assess m en ts Th e necessi ty fo r ao ent h as L odges i n all the N ew En g lan d

.

c u m ulati ng a rese rve or e m e rgen c y fun d i s S tates I t s pu bl ish ed l ist of so m e of i ts .

recogni ze d i n at least o n e h alf of the f rate r be tte r k no wn ce rtifi c ate h old e rs in cl ude s
n it ies n a m ed bu t i n o t h ers d epen dence see m s go ve rn ors of S t ates an d a l ong li st of S t a t e
, ,

to be pl ac e d o n t h e wee k l y o r oth er d ue s and n ati on al an d m u nici pal o fii c ial s The re are , .

assess m ents I n the An c ien t O rde r of For al so fou n d t he n a m es of pro m i nen t o ffi ce rs

.

e sters in wh ich d ues are grade d a c c ordi ng of th e Ancien t O rder of Uni ted Wo r k m en
, ,

to age at e ntry i ts v ariou s treasu rers h eld Kn ights of H on o r Royal A rcan u m Royal
, , ,

at th e cl ose of 1 89 6 an i n c rease S oci ety of G ood Fell ow s Wor k m e n s Be ne ’

of i n that year The Actors fi t Associati o n I m pro v ed O rde r o f R epta

.
’
,

O rder of Frie ndsh ip fro m the cir c um s t ances soph s A m e ri can Legi o n of H on or Good
, , ,

of the case a s m all so c ie ty reports Te m plars O rder of the G ol den C ross Im

, , ,

i n th e treasury S tati stics of th e death rate p rove d O rde r o f Red Me n In d epen den t
.
,

per th ou san d and c ost of i nsuran c e a m ong O rde r of O d d Fellows and Free m ason s , .

th ese frien dly so c ie ties are naturally a ffecte d T he l ist of lawye rs physi ci an s ban k o fii , ,

by t h e i rregular nature of the be ne fits p aid c ial s ed i to rs pu bl ish ers and busi ness m en , , ,

and syste m s of dues an d assessm en ts an d are t hrough o ut Ne w En glan d wh o are i d en tifi ed ,

th erefo re u nel ass ifiab le w i th th e S ociety w o uld pro ve an add iti on t o

.

A m e r i c a n B e n e fi t S o c i e t y —Th i s i s any si m i lar o rgan iz ati on .The h ead q uar .

o n e of the s m aller m u tual assess m ent bene te rs of th e socie ty are at B oston .

fi c iary fratern i ti es ; bu t al th ou gh i ncor A m e ric a n B e n e v ol e n t L eg io n — A .

po rat ed as l ate as 1 89 3 by C harles H B u rr n ewly o rganized m u tu al assess m e nt bene

,
.
.
,

Geo rge B S te v e n s Lewi s N C u sh m a n fi c iary socie ty wi th h eadq uarte rs at S an

.
,
.
, ,

G eo rge H Johnson Dan i el T B u zzel l J a F ra n ci sco

. .
, .

c ob Bi ll i ngs J r an d S a m uel S h aw o f
, A m er ic a n F rat ern al I n s u r a n c e ,

Massa c h u se tts i t al read y n u m bers nearly U n i o n — O rgan i ze d at B ata v i a N Y

,
.
, . .
,

fi v e th ou sa n d m e m be rs an d i s gro wi n g rap with i n the past fe w years a benefi ciary and

, ,
 A ME R IC A N LE GIO N O F HO NO R 1 23

social associatio n for m en an d w o m en Its .

of Massach use tts Its fi rst C o un cil was .

Lodges are scattered th ro ugh western N ew organi z ed at Fal l Ri ve r July 9 1 888 I t , , .

Yor k . for m s on e of se v eral secret fratern al bene , ,

A m e r i c a n I n s u r a n c e U n i o n —O rgan . fi c iary o rgan i zati o ns to wh ic h m en and

iz ed at C ol u m bu s O 1 8 94 by m e m bers of
, .
, , wo m e n are bot h eli gible wh i ch c on fine ,

th e Fratern al Mysti c Ci rcle wh o we re di s . the i r ope rati on s to th e Ne w En gl and S tates .

satisfie d wi th th e cou rse p ursue d by the A m o n g i ts foun ders were m e m bers of the
l atter as wel l as by m e m be rs of th e Na
, G ran d Un i te d O rder of D ruid s i n the
t io nal Un i on o f th e Kn igh ts of Pyth i as
, , Un i t e d S tates t he An c ie nt O rder of
,

th e O dd Fell o ws an d the Mason ic Frate r

, Un i te d Work m en and t he Un ite d O rder of ,

mi ty . I t par t i all y paral leled th e i n c reasing Pi lgri m Fath ers It pay s s ic k an d dea t h.

rate of assess m en ts accordi ng to age , , be n efi t s by m ean s of assess m ents I t h as .

wh i ch h ad don e so m uch t o b uil d u p an d m e m bers .

stren gt h en t he Nati on al Un i on an d p ro v i des , A me r i c a n L e g i o n o f H o n o r — O ne of .

for deat h to tal di sa b ili ty an d old age ben e

, , the be st k n o wn a m on g th e l arger an d m ore
fi ts T he for m of go v e rn m en t i s t h e u su al
. pop ular frate rnal so c ial an d b enefi c iarv , ,

o n e i n si m il ar secret benefi ciary socie t i es , assess m en t societi es foun ded by D r D ari us , .

an d i nclu de s l o c al an d S tate C h apte rs to , Wi lso n an d n i ne oth e rs of B oston D ece m ,

get h er wi th a Na t i o nal (or su pre m e ) C h apter , be r 1 8 1 8 7 8 I t ad m it s to m e m bersh ip

, .

the h igh es t legisl at i ve au t ho ri ty Me m be r . w h i te m en an d wo m en be tween 1 8 and 5 0 ,

sh i p is con fi ne d to m en an d wo m e n bet ween years of age an d i s go v e rned by a S upre m e

,

1 5 an d 4 9 years of age re si di n g i n th e ,
C o u n ci l . S u bo rdi n ate C ou n c ils wh i ch are ,

S tates “
m o re heal t h ful po rtion s of th e U n i te d
wh o are e ngaged i n prefe rre d o c
wi dely scattere d th rou gho u t th e U ni on are
di rected i n m atte rs of local i n t e re st by
,

”
,

c upat io ns D eath be nefits of su m s ran g

. G ran d o r S tate C ou ncils represen tati ve s ,

ing fro m $5 00 t o per m an en t total fro m wh ich an d al l Past S u pre m e C o m

,

disabil i ty ben efi ts of fro m $25 0 t o m an ders m ake up the S u pre m e C o u ncil

, .

an d ol d age benefi ts o f l i k e a m o u nts are T h e ri tu al i stic an d in i tiat ory featu res are
paid an d t he U n i on i s unde r th e su per
, less pro n ou n ced th an th ose of m os t si m ilar
v isi on o f the i nsu ran ce dep art m ent of th e
S t ate of O h i o T he ri t u al teac h e s Al l “ soci et ies i n th e Un i t e d S tates Prospec ti ve
m e m be rs are i nfor m ed th at i ni ti atory cere
.

”
.

fo r o ne an d o ne fo r all wh ich sugge sts the , m oni es if obj ecte d to m ay be d i spen se d

, ,

m otto of th e Kn ight s of Labor b u t i s in ,

wi th b v assu m in g a for m al obligati on at
t erpret ed di ffe rentl y Th e e mble m co nsists
. an y con veni en t ti m e an d pl ace O rigi n ally .

of a ci r c ul ar ban d con tai ni n g thi rtee n stars ,

th e m axi m u m age of eli gibil i ty t o m e m ber

“
an d i n the m th e letters for m i ng th e w ord s
H elp i n Need ” th e wh ol e su rro un di ng
,
sh i p was 6 4 years bu t th is was red uc e d t o
5 0 ye ars i n 1 885
,

Th e O rde r i ns u res t he
.

the i n i t i al le t ters of th e n a m e of th e organ l i ve s of i ts m e m bers for and

izat io n Wh il e am o n g th e yo u nger of s im
. e ach at th ei r opti on certifi c a t es
, ,

ilar soci eti es th e Un i on w h i c h starte d ou t

, ,
of w h ich carry a graduate d wee k ly reli ef
wi th 50 0 m e m bers h as en j oye d rapi d in ,
benefi t S o m e of t he fou n ders we re a m ong
.

'

crease in m e m bersh i p an d gi v e s pro m ise of th ose w h o organ i ze d th e R o v al Arcan u m ,

real i z i n g th e an tici pati on s of th ose wh o and one ,

D r Wilson w as con nected with
.
,

c reate d i t . th e Kn igh ts of H on or S i nce i ts fo unda .

A m e r i c a n O r d e r o f D r u id s — O rgan . ti on t h e O rde r has pai d m ore th an

ized by Wil lia m Pearso n an d Wi ll i a m A . 0 00 in death an d rel i ef ben efi ts Th e pro .

D u n n at Fal l Ri v e r Mass an d ch artered

, ,
po rti on of wo m en to m en a m ong i ts m em
M ay 1 7 1 888 unde r the law s of th e S t ate
, ,
h ersh ip i n 1 8 9 4 was abou t as one to se v e n .
1 24 A NC I E NT O R DE R , K NI G H T S O F T HE M YS T I C C HA IN

The A m erican Legion of H on or su ffere d be au ti ful p opul ar an d attracti v e B oth , , .

fro m in cre ased expen ses death ra t e an d lack O d d Fell o ws an d Foreste rs socie ties h a v e
, ,
’

of ne w m e m bers d uring 1 895 an d 1 8 9 6 as si m i lar pu rposes an d di ffer fro m F reem a , ,

d id so m e o t her si m ila r organ i z ati on s M em

bers acco un t e d for the si tuati on by nu
so n r
y Th e poi n t t o th i s lies i n th e rese m
.

blance of th e A n cien t O r der Kn i gh ts of “ .

,
~

“
usu ally h ea vy assess m e nts i n 1 8 9 6
” ” “
o wi n g th e Mys tic C h ai n to th e O dd Fello ws an d
,

to
an d a “
i n cre ase d deb ts th e h ard ti m e s
, Foresters i n th e face of th e fac t th at i t is
s m all er p roporti on of new m em the creati on of Free m ason s an d be ars m an y
.
,

be rs ” wh i c h a gran d to t al of
,
m em i m prin ts of th e h an di work of the C raft .

be rs D ece m be r 3 1 1 896 co m pared wi th No t until eigh tee n years after i t was foun de d
, ,

o n D e c e m ber 3 1 1 89 5 and , d i d th e S ir Kni gh ts of th e Mysti c C h ai n

,

at th e cl ose of 1 8 89 (th e m axi m u m ) w oul d i n corporate an i nsu ran ce feat ure l i ke th ose
,

see m to c onfi r m Leadi n g m e m bers of the ad opted by so m any o the r secret societie s
.

S upre m e C ou n ci l are m en of e x perien ce i n fou nded i n the pas t th i rty years T he .

f rate rnal in su ran ce so c i eti es an d wi th c o An ci en t O rder Knigh ts of th e Mysti c C h ai n

,
'
,

operati on fro m th e ran k an d fi l e of t h e was fou n de d at Readi n g P a February 2 ,

.
, ,
’

O rde r w e re able to so con du c t th e soci ety s by Joh n 0 M atth e w loco m oti v e en .

,
e

affai rs as to restore th e p rosperi ty t h e o r gin eer on th e Phi lad el ph i a an d Readin g

gan iz at io n pre v i ou sly e nj o y ed Th e ch ief Rail road an d Joh n M B rown m e rch an t
.
, .
, .

e m ble m of th e Legi on i s a m odifi cati o n of Joh n 0 Matthe w w as ali v e i n 1 89 7 bl ind .

,

th e cross of th e Fren ch Legi on of H on or an d help l e ss the ch arge o f subordi nate Cas , ,

whi ch h as th e Mal tese C ross fo r i ts m odel tles o f Pen n syl v an i a Joh n M B rown d ie d , . .

an d h as been con spicu o us u nde r v ari ou s Ju ne 1 0 1 880 Both fo u n ders we re Fre e

, , .

for m s as the basi s of so m any d e corati on s m ason s an d th e e m bl e m of th e O rde r em

, .
, ,

I n 1 8 79 the ye ar foll o wi n g t h e foundi n g bodying th e All S eeing Eye o v e r th e h oly

,
-

of the A m eri can Legi o n of H o n or t h e I o wa B i ble u pon an altar su ggests t he earlie r

, ,

Legi on of H on o r a si m ilar soci ety was o r i n fl u ences su rro un din g it ye t at the fi rst
, , ,

gan iz ed at C edar Rapids and does busi i nit ia t i on ce re m on y twen ty one Kni gh ts
,
-

ness i n t hat S tate o nly In 1 8 84 t h e of P y t h ias be c a m e Kn ights of the Mysti c

.

No rth weste rn Legi o n of H on or was o rgan C h ai n .

iz ed an d in c orporate d to do bu si ness i n The pu rp oses of the O rde r are to reli e v e

I owa Nebras k a Kan sas M innesota Nort h breth ren i n si ck ness acci den t o r di stress ;
, , , , , ,

an d S o uth D ak ota . m u tu al assi stan ce i n b usin ess and to p rocu re

A n c ie n t O rd e r K n ig h t s o f t h e t
, s e m pl oy m en t ; t o assi st an d care for w i dow s ‘

t i c C h a i m — T hi s secre t organ i z ati on i s con an d orph ans of decease d m e m bers to create

spic u o us a m ong th e h u n dred an d o ne of the greater l o v e fo r count ry h o m es an d fi re
- -

, ,

last gen erati on by reaso n of it s no t h avi n g si des t o teach obed ien ce an d fi deli ty to th e
been s t arte d as a m utual i n su ran ce socie ty laws of t he co un try i n wh ich they li v e an d .
,

I t s h i gh sou n din g ti tle beco m es si m ple r to b ind togethe r t h e m e m bers of th e O rde r

-

when i t i s real i zed th at th i s m ode rn broth i n on e co m m o n bro t h e rh oo d Parti san sh ip .

erh o o d i s fou nd ed o n trad i ti on s an d fan cies an d sectari ani s m are e xcl uded Th e m otto .

whi c h h e d ge t he m sel v es abou t King Arth u r or en si gn i s L oyalty O bedi en ce an d P i

an d th e Kn i gh t s of t h e Ro un d Table delit y
”
an d th e m ar k i s a pentagon ,
“ , ,

wh e n c e th e designation An ci en t O r de r
,
bearing on each of i ts si des an in v erte d l o wer .

O ne i s c o m pelled to co m pare i t w i th t h e h alf of an i soscele s triangle th e wh ole sug ,

O rd er of F oresters rathe r than th e O dd Fel gest ing on e for m of a M al tese cross of fi v e

l o ws fo r the basi s of th e ri tu al s of t h e fi rst ar m s Thi s f u rni sh es fi v e di sti nct field s i n
,
.
,

t wo a re foun d i n E n gl ish ro m an ce an d are the fi rst of w h ich wh ite i s an open book ;

, , ,
126 A N C IEN T O R DE R or FO R E S T E R S

Isl an d N ew York New Jersey D el aware

, , , ,
fro m fou r to t en doll ars At th e death o f .

M aryl an d Vi rgi ni a West Vi rgi ni a and

, , ,
th e wi fe of a m e m ber benefi ts of fro m ,

O hio . th i rty to on e h u n dre d dol lars are pai d an d

Th e m i li tary ran k or degree was in tro at th e deat h of a m e m be r ben efi ts of fro m ,

d uc ed by t h e S u pre m e C astle i n 1 8 80 bu t
at t hat ti m e h ad n o m i li tary h ead an d was ,
,

“
fifty to tw o h un d re d an d fi fty dollars
”
Th e lady d egree k nown as degree o f ,
.

de si gned m e rely to a t tra c t m e m be rs Th e . Nao m i or D augh te rs of Ru th was i ntro

, ,

plan fai le d an d i n 1 8 8 9 th e S up re m e C astle

, d uc ed i n 1 8 9 0 S ubordi n ate bod ies are
.

elected a m ili t ary head t o t h e ra nk wi th th e ,

calle d Asse m bli es Thi s d egree was for .

ti t le of C o m m an d er Gene ral T he bodi es -

. m erly u n der the su pe r v i si o n of the S upre m e

w ere n o l on ger calle d C o m m a n d eries the ,
C astl e b u t its growth was so rapi d i t was
,

ran k bei n g p at tern ed as t o tacti cs an d uni , thou ght best t o allo w m e m bers to legislate
for m afte r the Uni ted S t ates Ar m y Ar m s
, . for t he m sel v es E ach Asse m bly n ow elects
.

u sed are t h e straigh t swo rd for al l ex cept a Past C o m m an de r represen tati ve t o i t s ,

m o un te d o fli c ers wh o car ry m il i t ary sabers, . G ran d (S tate ) As se m bl y an d each Gran d ,

Th e C o m m an de r Gene ral w h o m ust b e a -

, Asse m bly elects t w o representati v es to th e

m e m ber of t h e S u pre m e C astle i s elected , S u pre m e Cas t le of the A n c i en t O rd e r ,

for three y ears b v t h e co m m issi on e d o fiic ers ‘

K n igh ts of th e Mysti c C h ai n all of w h o m ,

of th e se v e ral S ta t es Th i s bran ch wh i ch .
,
m ust be Past G ran d C o m m an de rs T h ey .

i s n o w fi r m ly es t ablished i s di vi de d i nto , are ad m itte d to m eeti ngs of the S u pre m e

co m pan ie s battal ion s regi m en ts bri gades
and di v i si on s
,

It is t h e onl y m il i tary
.
,
“ , ,
C astle on ly wh e n the l atter i s w orki n g o r
legi sl ati ng for the degree of Nao m i T hi s .

secre t organi z ati on wh i ch u ses th e Un i te d branc h i s establi sh e d i n Pen nsyl van i a N ew

”
,

S tate s Ar m y t actics excl u si v ely an d in ,

Yor k West Vi rgi ni a Vi rgi ni a O hi o N ew
, , , ,

c l udes fi v e regi m en ts an d th ree battali on s ,

Jersey R ho de Islan d Ne w H a m p sh i re and
, , ,

for m ing one brigad e and seve n u n attach e d , D elaware an d t h e total m e m bersh i p i s
,

co m p ani es W i t h a total m e m bershi p S ep

, , Wee kly ben efi ts ave rage fou r d ol
te m be r 1 8 96 of
, , lars and deat h benefi ts fift y d ollars Al l
,
.

The in su ran c e feature was i ntrod u c e d i n m en t ak i n g t he d egree of Nao m i m u st be

1 88 9 an d i s k n o wn as t h e F un e ral B en e fi t
, m e m be rs of a Castl e Th e re i s n o k no w n .

Rel ief Fu n d I t i s con t rolle d by o fii c ers

. c onn e c t i on bet wee n t he d egree of Nao m i ,

an d a Board of D i re ctors elected b y t h e S n o r D au gh te rs of Ruth attache d to the A n ,

pre m e Cas t le wh o report ann u ally t o th at

, c ien t O rde r K n i gh ts of t he Mysti c C hai n
, ,

body Par ti ci pan ts i n th e ben efi ts of thi s

. and an y of se v e ral o th er si m i l arly n a m e d
fun d are m e m be rs of C astles in goo d stan d se c ret so c ieties for m en an d wo m en .

i n g an d h eal t h be t wee n ei gh tee n and fifty

, A n c ien t O rd e r o f F o r e s t e r s — Th e
v ears of age an d wo m e n m e m bers of t h e
,
An c ien t O rde r of Fores t ers i n the Un i ted
degree of Nao m i be tween si xteen an d fifty , S tates i s the l ineal d escen d an t of the E ng
years of age Assess m en ts are t wen ty ce nts
. l ish O rde r The fi rst C ou rt i s n o w dead
.
,

eac h paya b le m onth ly Th e death benefi t

, . h av in g been esta b li sh ed i n Ph il ad el ph i a i n
i s eigh ty pe r cen t of o ne asse ss m en t bu t i n .
,
1 83 2 .Wh en at th e Mi n neapoli s C o nv en
,

n o case sh all i t excee d $25 0 O f the re . ti on abou t

,
o u t of m e m bers
m ain der 1 5 per cen t i s pl a c ed i n t h e gen
, . secede d fro m En gl i sh au th ority an d calle d
eral f un d an d 5 per ce n t i n the si n k i n g . the m sel v es th e An cie n t O rde r of Fo resters of
fun d to be i n v ested by th e B o ard of Man a A m e ri c a i t left th e re m ai nin g C ou rts of t h e
,

gers The total m e m be rsh i p in th i s depart

. Ancien t (En gli sh ) O rde r i n t his co un t ryto
m en t o n De c e m b e r 3 1 1 89 6 was , ,
apply for a for m of l o c al go v e rn m en t to th e
Wee k ly si ck ben efi t s pai d b y C astles range H i gh C o u r t of Englan d an d to begi n agai n ,
 CW ” 5000 5 95 50 N0 . fill/L

10 3 6 icoupr w oo 5 pm 75 ro
rue M t /f fi rapm of f 0 £ £5 ri ps
l WH/C fi 5 0 6 6 3 0 50 R 0 nu mom

C ameo /A N cat/m no t J O / fvfo t ar

18 6 /

C HA R T S H O W IN G R E LA T IO N S HIP O F AM E RIC A N
T HE C A N A D IAN
O R DE R S O F F O R E S T E R S T O T HE PAR E N T E N GLIS H O R D E R O F
T HA T A N C IE N T A N D HO N O RAB LE FR AT E R N I T Y .
1 93 A NC I E N T O R DE R or G LE A N E R S

the work of recru i ti n g i t s depl eted m em A nc ient O e rs — A c o m

rd e r of G l ean .

hershi p T wo S ubsi di ary Hi gh C ou rts

.
parat iv el y rece n t fratern al benefi c iary so ,

were grante d i n 1 8 9 1 o ne for th e Atlantic , , c iet y organ i z ed at C ai ro

, Mi ch , .

Ce nt ral an d S outh er n S ta t es an d th e
, , A n c i e n t O r d e r o f P y r a m id s — A n ew
othe r for re m ain i n g S tates of t he Un i on . fra t ern al benefici ary socie ty organ ize d at
, ,

With i n th e past si x y ears its i ncre ase in Topeka Kan , .

m e m bership h as been note worthy th e t ot al , A n c i e n t O r d e r o f U n it e d W o r k m e n

in c lu di ng abou t m en an d — The An c ien t O rder of Un ited

wo m en Wo m e n h ave been ad m i tte d to

. W o rk m en c h aracteri zed as th e ol dest of th e
f ull m e m bershi p si nce 1 89 2 n o t wit h s t and great fraternal benefi c iar y O rd ers i n th e,

i ng th e i ncorpo rati on i n thi s O rder of Uni ted S tates was fou nde d at Mead v il le
, ,

C i rcl es of C o m pan i on s of th e Fo rest Th e . P a O ctobe r 2 7 1 8 68 by Joh n Jord o n Up

.
, ,

rit ual of t h e A nci e n t O rde r i n A m eri c a h as c h u r c h a Free m ason

, wh o w i th o thers h ad , , ,

been greatly a m pli fied by per m issi o n o f , beco m e d issatisfie d wi th an d h ad retire d

th e H i gh C ou rt of En gland Li ke oth e r fro m T h e League of F riend sh i p S u pre m e
”
.
,

bra n ch es of Foreste rs t he An c ien t O rder i s Mech an ical O rde r of the S un Th e first

‘

.
,

p ri m arily a si ck an d f un e ral be n efi t society . Lodge of the Ancie nt O rder of Un ite d

I t has an en d o w m en t ben efi t bu t it i s 0 p ,
Wor k m en was nam e d Je ffe rson No 1 an d .
,

t io n al S ic k an d fu neral benefi ts are p aid

. th e c on stituti on adopted by i t pro vi ded th at
fro m fi xed con t rib uti on s grade d ac c o rdin g o nly wh ite m ale person s shoul d be eligible
t o age at ent ry an d upo n Foreste rs ex t o m e m bersh ip ; th at th is provi sio n sho ul d
’

perien c e tables E n do w m en ts are pai d

. never be altered am e nded o r e xp un ged ; ,

f ro m assess m en ts graded acco rd in g to age an d that when th e total m e m bersh i p sh oul d

a t en t ry base d on Fore sters m ort al i t y
,
’
a m ou nt t o one th o usand an i nsu rance offi c e ,

table s B ri ti sh Forestry i n cl u di n g C ou rts

.
,
sho ul d be establ ish ed a nd p oli c ies i ssued
i n th e Uni t e d S tates C an ada B er m u da , ,
se c u rin g at the death of a m e m ber n ot less
B ri t i sh G ui an a B ri ti sh H on du ras S pa in
, , ,
than $5 00 to be pai d to h is la wf ul hei rs .

H awai ian I sl an d s H oll an d B riti sh Indi a , , , A Pro vi ncial G rand Lod ge w as fo r m ed i n

Mal t a N ew S o u t h Wales Ne w Z eal an d
, ,
1 86 9 whe n the am ou n t of i nsu ran c e was
,

Peru Quee nsland S t H ele n a C ape of Goo d

, ,
.
,
plac ed at not l ess than and a u n i
H ope Na t al S ou th Af ri c an Repu bl ic S outh
, , ,
for m assess m e nt establi shed o f 81 B y 1 8 7 0 .

Au strali a Tas m an ia V ictori a on the Gol d

, , ,
fi ve Lodges we re represe nte d at the Provi n
C o as t at L agos i n C en tral A m eri c a the
, ,
c ial G rand Lodge A s i n oth e r O rde rs d is
.
,

Uni t e d S tates of C ol o m bi a B ri ti sh an d ,
sensions arose an d for t wo y ears there we re
Dani s h West I nd ies H ay t i an d Wes t Au s ,
-
,
two rival Gra nd Lodges B u t by 1 8 72 .

t ralia h as pai d si c k an d death bene fi t s si n ce

,
un io n and h ar m on y p re vailed an d th e 0 1 ,
'

1 8 5 4 i n e xcess of Pri or to th e de r en t e red o n a c areer o f growth and p ros

d ate n a m ed retu rns were in co m pl e t e or
, perit y I t s to t al m e m bersh ip i n abou t 6 0 00
.

u n rel i able Th i s i s th e great fratern i t y

. Lodges in 1 8 9 5 w as in e x c e ss of
, .

wh ic h rank s al m ost wi t h the Man ch este r i n t h e Uni t ed S t ates and nearly in

,

Un it y O dd Fel lo ws i n t otal m e m bersh ip i n ,

C anad a a stri king re c ord for prac t i c ally
,

distribu t io n th rough o u t th e world an d i n ,

twe nty fou r y ea rs of acti ve exis t e n c e bu t
-
.

th e e nor m ou s su m s paid ann ual l v to si ck wh ich i s less re m arkable than t h e s um total

an d d i s t resse d m e m bers I t s presen t grand . pai d to wi do ws an d orph ans between 1 869
total m em b ersh ipis n earl y T he pro an d 1 8 9 5 m ore th an , The
por t ion of t he m e m bersh ip of th e O rder i n go v ern m en t of the O rde r rests i n the
t h e Uni te d S t ates i s abou t 4 pe r cen t Fully .

8 5 pe r cen t is fou n d i n th e Un ited Ki ngd o m

. . N ot k no wn to ex i st t o day
-
.
1 30 A T LA NT I C S E LF E ND O W M E N T
-
A S S O C IA T IO N O F A ME R IC A

f raternal benefici ary organizati on s of thi rty

, yon d pre c e dent and rank s to day a m ong t h e -

years and m ore ago wh ich i n addi tion , , , fi rs t of i ts class S enators M S Quay J C . . .
, . .

sh oul d e xtend i ts b enefi c enc e to th e w idows S Bla c kbu rn C ongress m an J G Cann on

.
, . .
,

an d orph an s of its deceased m e m be rs i n a e x Governor Jam es E Cam pbell of O h io

-
.
,

stipul ated sum of m oney suffi c ien t to se c ure and Will i a m Jen ni n gs B ryan are m e m ber s
the m fro m want was an u ntrie d experi , of thi s O rde r .

m e nt u n ti l th e o rgan izati on of th e A n c ient A t l a n t ic S e l f E n d o w m e n t A s s o c iat i o n

-

O rder o f U ni ted Work m en Fol low in g i n . o f A m e r i c a — For m e d at G reen v ille S

. C , . .
,

i ts wa k e s c ores of o th e r assess m e n t secre t

, , , in 1 88 6 t o i n su re th e l i ves o f its m e m bers
,

in suran c e societies h ave d i v ided the fiel d of by m ean s of m ut ual assess m e nts Reporte d .

l ife i nsu ran c e i n t h e Uni te d S tate s with th e dead .

ol d l i ne c o m pan ies Fro m i ts rank s h ave

-
. B ig F o u r F r a t e r n a l L ife A s s o c i a t i o n .

spru n g m any organi zation s of l i k e ch arac te r .

— O rgan ized at D en ver C ol o to pay si c k .
, ,

Prio r to th e C i v il War protection for wid ows an d d e ath benefits by m ean s o f m u tual as
an d o r phan s th rough th e m edi u m of life sessm en t s .

i nsuran c e was wi th i n th e m e ans of the well C an ad ia n O rd er o f C h o s en F rien d s .

to do only To d ay i t i s th e pri vi lege of

-
.
- — Fo rm e d i n 1 89 1 an d 1 892 by secedin g
the h u m blest The fou nde r of the O rder
. , m e m be rs of th e O rder of Ch ose n Friend s
Joh n Jordon Up c h ur c h was a m ech anic , , resi de n t i n th e Canadian D o m i nion The .

an d i n 1 8 6 8 was i n t h e e m ploy of t h e Atlan pare nt O rd e r was arranging to gi v e its C an a

tic an d G reat Weste rn Rail road He was . dian m e m bersh ip se parate j u risd i c tio n i n
possessed of n o m ar k e d litera ry attai n m ents , order not to an tago niz e th e D o m i ni on in
bu t was a k een obser v er of m en and e vents , su rance laws w hen th e se c essi on took pl ace .

was possessed o f good reasoni ng powers and , , C a n a d i a n O r d e r o f F o r e s t ers — B e

above all a ph ilan th ropi c n ature H is orig
,
. twee n the Canadian branch and the Inde
i nal obj ect was n ot so m uch to establi sh a pen de n t O rd er o f Foreste rs fro m wh i c h i t ,

syste m o f i n suran ce as to brin g toge ther S p rung i n 1 8 7 9 th ere de v el oped a sh ar p ,

th en c on flicting so c ial i nte rests capital and , ri val ry an d antago ni s m wh ich lasted fo u r o r
labor t o provide m ean s of arbi t ratio n wi th
,
fi v e years— in fact u nti l the l atte r so far ,

wh i c h to settle diffi c ul ties th at were con ou tran th e C anad ian S oci e ty i n m e m bersh i p
s t an t l y ari si ng Thi s feature h as si nce bee n
. as to ren der ri v al ry ou t of the questio n .

el i m i nated to m ake roo m for th at of m u tual (S ee I ndependen t O rder of Foresters of I lli

protectio n Viewed to day th e m anage
.
-

, n oi s and t h e I n dependen t O rder of Fores

m e n t of t he O rde r at the beginn in g was te rs ) Th e Canad ian O rde r of c ou rse i s
.
, ,
'

c ru de and u nbu si ness lik e an d i ts success i s

-

, only o ne of fou r O rders of Forestry i n t h e

u n d oubte dly d u e m ore to the i n tegri ty and D o m i n i on the largest being the Indepen
,

sin c eri t y of i ts m e m bers an d to the rapi d den t fro m wh ich the C anadian O rd er se
,

grow th of th e S o c ie ty than to th e earl y em cede d afte r wh i c h rank the Ancien t (E ng

,

ploy m en t of di sti nctly b usiness p ri n c i ples . l ish ) O rd e r and (o n e Cou rt of ) th e Fo resters

The fi rst fi v e years of i ts h istory de v eloped of A m erica The C anadian O rde r h as pros
.

little su c c ess and m uch opposition I t was . pered h a v ing i ncreased fro m 85 0 m e m bers
,

n o t u n til th e session o f th e G ran d Lodge of i n 1 880 to nearly , wi th i n se v en tee n

Penn syl v ani a h eld at Mead ville Pa i n
, ,
.
, years Lik e othe r bran che s of the tree of
.

Jan uary 1 87 3 at wh i c h ti m e th e O rde r

, , Forestry i t retain s th e c h aracteri sti c titles
, ,

nu m bered only 80 0 m e m bers that i t gav e , ri tual legen d and for m of gove rn m en t of
, ,

pro m ise of real gro w th S in c e t h e organ i

. th e pare n t so c iety I t does n ot seek m em .

z at io n of t h e S u pre m e Lodge i n February , hersh i p ou t of th e C anadi an D o m i n ion and , ,

1 87 3 th e O rder h as prospered al m ost b e

, l i k e the In dependen t O rde r ch arges a fi xe d ,
 E MPIR E K NI G H T S O F R E LIE F 131

m onthl y pre m i u m w i t h w h i c h to pay death po rat ed Ap ril 1 1 8 9 7 af t er wh i c h th e , ,

ben efits confi n i ng sick an d o t he r benefi ts to

, growth of the organ izatio n was c o nspic u
assessm en ts I t pays $5 0 0
.
, o usly rapi d The w ith d rawal of M r Warne
. .

or be nefits at deat h beside s si c k an d , an d others fro m t h e Ancien t O rde r of

fune ral benefits (wh i ch are opti on al ) an d , Un ite d Work m e n was be c ause the G rand
furni sh es m e m bers w ith m edical atten d an ce Lodge refuse d to adopt certai n c h anges
free S in ce 1 87 9 the Canadian O rder h as wh ich h e th ough t v i tally necessary to th e
”
.

pai d ove r to m e m bers an d th ei r O rde r provision for i n c reasi n g cost of in

,

depe ndents i n in su ran c e an d bene fits I ts . su rance as th e so c iety grows ol der Mem .

fun d s are all i n vested i n C anada an d th u s , bers of th e C ol u m bian League w ill m ak e a

far i t h as re po rted an e xceedingly low death featu re of c el ebrati n g O ctobe r 1 2 t h as C o
rate o nly
, pe r i n i ts se v en teen th l u m bu s D ay Me n only are el igible to m em
.

year Th is l i k e t h e I ndependen t O rde r

.
, , h e rsh ip al l m en to so c i al an d patrioti c
,

appears t o m ak e a feature of i ts i n su ran c e m e m bersh ip but only th ose between eigh

,

and oth e r ben efi cial ad v antages rath er , tee n and fi ft y y ears of age i n th e d eath bene
m ore th an so m e other secre t benefi c i ary , fit depart m en t wh i c h issu es certi ficates of
,

so c i eties . The seat of go v ern m e n t of the $5 0 0 ,

an d base d on
S o c iety i s at B ran tford O n t ,
. t wel ve an n ual step rate assess m en ts a c c ord
,
-

C i r c l e o f t h e G o l d e n B a n d — Au xil iary . i ng to age The fou n ders of the ne w O rd e r are

.

to th e Patriarch al C ircl e of A m e rica (S ee . pro m i nen t c i ti ze ns of M ich i gan an d the soci ,

th e latter ) . ety starts o ut w it h e ver y prospe c t fo r su c c ess .

C o l o r e d B r o t h e r h o o d a n d S i s t e rh o o d D a n i s h B r o t h e r h o o d o f A m e ri c a .

of H ono r —O rganized at Frank lin K Foun ded at O m ah a Neb i n 1 88 1 a fra

.
y ,
.
, ,
.
, ,

i n 1 88 6 as a social and be ne ficiary society

, , tern al ben efici ary so c iety so m ewh at si m ilar
,

i n wh i ch c l assifi c ation i t i s reco rd ed i n cen to the O rde r of Modern Wood m en I t pays .

su s reports for 1 8 90 N 0 fu rth e r i nfor m a . sick an d death be nefi ts an d n u m be rs about ,

tio n i s obtained concern i ng i t . m e m be rs in Massa c h u setts C o n nec t i ,

C o l o r e d C o n s o l id a t e d B r o t h e rh o o d . cu t Ne w Yor k Mi c h igan Illi n ois Wi sco n

, , , ,

—A t Atlan ta Te x the h om e offi c e of th i s

. sin Nebraska Io wa M i n nesota S outh
, , , , , ,

m u tu al be neficiary socie ty of negroes (as D ak ota Kan sas C olorado Wyo m i ng Wash
, , , ,

gi v e n i n the t en th ce nsus ) no th i ng i s k now n , ingt o n an d Cal iforn ia

, I t h as pai d .

o f th e organ ization . i n be nefi ts .

C o l u m b i a n L e a g u e — A n outgrowth of . D aug h t e rs o f H o p e —The c ensus of .

the A ncien t O rde r of U ni ted Work m en th e , 1 89 0 gi v e s th e add ress of t h is m u tual assess

paren t of m ode rn fraternal beneficiary fra m en t beneficiary so c iety a t O ln eyv ille R I
, ,
. .
,

t ernit ies i n the U n ited S tates organ ized at

D etroi t M ich O ctober 1 2 1 8 96
, .
, t h e an ,
,

,
“ wh e re i t i s n ot k nown to the postal aut h o ri
ties .

n iv ersary of t h e d is c o v ery of A m eri c a by D a u g h t e r s o f t h e G l o b e — Branch of

”
.

Ch ristoph er Colu m bu s by Re v W Warn e , . . o r au xiliary to th e Knigh ts of th e Globe an ,

Wil so n Past S up re m e Master Work m an and

, Illi n oi s social bene v ol en t m ili tary an d
, ,

for m e r Gra nd Recorder of th e An c ien t O r patrioti c fraternal soc iet v (S ee Kni gh ts of .

der of Un i te d Work m en William A Pu ngs ; . th e Globe ) .

Re v William Pral l D D ; Albe rt P Jacobs

.
, . . .
, E a s t er n S t ar B e n ev o l e n t F un d of

an d others No fu r t h er ac tio n was tak en

. A m eric a — S ee O rde r of th e S tar of Beth
u n til Janu ary 1 1 8 9 7 whe n th e p rel i m
, , le he m .

inary m atters of organ iz ation were c onti n E m p ir e rgan

K n ig h t s o f R e l i ef. —O

u ed Th e ne c essary two h u nd red m e m bers

. iz ed i n 1 889 at B u ffalo N Y an d i ncor ,
. .
,

h a v i n g been obtai ned t h e society was i ncor , po rat ed un de r th e laws of th at S tate as a

132 E Q L IT A B L E
'

A ID UN IO N O F A ME R IC A

fratern al ben efi c iary assess m ent i n su ran ce len ce ch ari ty soci al a n d m ental cul ture
, , , ,

c l are th at i t h a s
“
society Its pu bl ish e d an n oun c e m en ts de to care fo r t h e sic k an d needy to ai d one
n o se cre ts o r i ron clad an o t her i n obtai ning e m ploy m e nt an d to -
,

oat h s bu t (else wh ere ) t hat m e m be rs are assist ea c h o t h e r i n bu si n ess I t al so in

,
.

boun d b y a sole m n obli gati on t o ren der su re d m e m bers i n su m s rangin g fro m 83 2 5

assi sta n c e to any si c k o r di sable d brothe r i n to b y m ean s of assess m en ts of fro m
need of h elp The S u pre m e S ecret ary i s t wen t v —fi v e c e n ts to 81 acco rding t o age an d
.
,

a secret society an d properly too ,

” “
au th ori t y for the state m en t t h at i t i s c alle d a m ou n t Th e be nefi t certi fi cates al so pro
It v ided fo r the pay m ent of speci fie d su m s in
,
.
.

in su res m e m be rs for or case of acci den t resul t i ng i n p hysical dis

an d m ake s n o restri c ti o n wi t h ref abi l i t y El igi bi li t y to m e m bers hip e x .

e ren c e to extra h az ardo us o c cu pati on s ten ded to can did ates fro m 1 5 to 5 5 years of
-
.

A ny te m perate i n d u striou s m an bet ween age

, Th e t otal m e m bersh i p i n t wen t y fo ur .
-

2 0 an d 5 5 years of age i s e li gi b le to m em
O
S t a tes and i n Can ad a in 1 8 9 6 was abo u t
hersh ip p ro v i di n g he ca n pass t h e req uired
, of w h ich 2 5 0 0 0 were benefi ciary
p hysical e xa m i nat ion O ne assess m ent i s an d . soci al m e m be rs T h e offi cial em .

l ev ied each m ont h w he t her there h as been ble m con si s t ed of t he in i t i al s of th e title of

,

a death o r n ot t he a m oun t collected nu th e O rder i n a t riangl e su rro un ded b y a

, ,

n u all y i n e x c ess of th e s um requi red to pay con v enti on alize d su n b u rs t Th e s y ste m -

.

death benefits goin g i n t o th e reser v e fu nd of as sess m en t s i n th e Eq ui table Ai d Un ion .

A fu ne ral ben efi t of $1 0 0 $2 0 0 o r $3 0 0 i s su ggests t he i n fluen c e of t he An cien t O rder

,

p aid i m m edi ately o n proof of death bu t i s of Uni t ed W ork m en The go vern m en t of , .

de du c t ed fro m th e dea t h ben efi t wh i ch i s t h e so c i e ty i s si m ilar to tha t of o t her si m i

,

pa y able wi t h i n n i ne t y d ay s Th e E m pi re lar soci eti es su bord i nate Un i on s being

.

K nigh ts of Reli ef was fou nd ed by pro m i u n der the i m m e di ate j u ri sdi cti on of G ran d
nen t c i ti zen s of B u ff alo an d v ici ni ty m em or S tate (or pro vi n ci al ) Un i on s t he o fii, ,

bers of the An c ien t O rder of Uni t ed Work cers an d represen ta t i v es of th e latter m ak

m en t h e Ro y al A r c an u m Free m asons an d i n g up t he S up re m e Un i on o r hi gh es t
, , , ,

O d d Fello ws T h e m otto of t h e O rder is legislati ve au t h ori t y In April 1 89 7 the

”
. .
, ,

B en e volen ce Philan th ropy an d C harit y

, Un ion suspen d ed pay m ents and wen t i nto ,

an d i t s ritu al i s base d on th e Gold en Rule and t he h and s of a recei ver I t h ad fough t .

i n cu l c ates o bed ie n ce t o th e m o ral and ci v il h ard to c onti n ue i t s exi sten ce an d num ,

l aw Th e total m e m bersh i p i s about

. bere d abou t m e m be rs pri ncipall y i n ,

di stri bu ted th rough o ut h alf a d ozen S t ates t h e co un tr y di stricts of O h i o P enns y l .

,

T he society h as been su ccessf ul fro m the v an ia a nd N ew Yo r k Less t han fi v e ,

.

start and gi ves pro m ise of con t i n ue d years befo re i t h ad w o rth of

gro wth an d prospe ri t y poli cies i n fo rc e an d n o t m an y y ears pre
.
,

E q u i t a b l e A id U n i o n o f A m e r i c a v iou sly th e a m oun t was al m o st .

O rg ani zed at C ol u m b us Warren C o un ty Its d ecl i ne began i n 1 8 9 1 I n 1 89 5 i t s i nco m e

, , .

Pa . M arch 2 2 1 8 7 9 an d i ncorporated was

, , , an d its d isbu rse m en ts
u nd er th e l aws of Pe n n syl van ia Fou r of and i t s death rate had i ncreased wi th i n fo ur
.

t he fo u n ders we re Free m asons Thi s s ecre t y ears fro m to . per annu all y , .

be nefi ci ary fraterni ty per m itted the for m a E q u it a b l e L e ag u e of A m e r ic a — A .

tion of su bord i nate Uni on s as i ts L odges Bal t i m ore m utual assess m en t in su rance
,

are t er m ed n o r t h of 3 6 3 0 n orth lati tude O rder

'

, organi zed abou t ten y ears ago

°
,
.

i n t he U ni ted S t ates and i n t he D o m i n i on D i e d i n 1 8 9 4 .

of Canada I t so ugh t to bri ng m en an d

. F ra t e r n a l A i d A s s o c i a t i o n —O rgan .

w o m e n i n to i ts Uni on s to pro m ote b enev o iz ed O ctober 1 4 1 890 at Lawre nce Kan .

, , .
,
1 34 FR A T E R NA L T R I B UN E S

“
in cl ude d with i n th e m e an i n g of th e w ord
frate rn i ty 2 d To m ake pro v i si on t hat
are fi led an n u ally wi th th e i nsuran ce depart
m e nts of Ne w York Ne w Jerse y P enns y l , ,

each S ubordi n a t e L odge s h all fro m i ts ,

v ani a M aryl an d O h io Mi ch i gan Ill i noi s
, , , , ,

general fun d pay d ues an d assess m ents of

,
I owa an d Ne brask a A t n o peri od i n its
,
.

si c k or d isable d m e m bers m aturi n g d u rin g , h i story h as th e O rde r been m ore p rosperous

such si ck n ess o r di sabili ty ; 3 d The pay , th an at p resen t th e year 1 8 9 6 h a v i n g ,

m en t of th e a m ou nt specified i n th e cer t i b rough t a l arge r v ol u m e of n ew bu si ne ss

fi c at e of m e m be rsh ip to to the th an any p recedin g ye ar Th e presen t m em .

ben efi ci aries at the d eath of a m e m be r ; hersh ip is m ore t h an 1 2 0 00 .

4th ,
Pay m en t to a m e m be r of one h al f of -
F rat e rn a l T r ib u n e s — O rgani zed in .

t he s um na m ed i n h i s c erti ficate of m em Ju ne 1 89 7 b y A L C raig and others at

, . .
,

hersh ip i n case per m a nen t total d i sabi li ty Ro c k Islan d Ill to pay de ath si ck d is
, .
, , ,

o v e rtakes h im ; 5 th Th e creati o n of an, abil i t y o ld age an d an nu it v benefits Both

, , .

E m ergen cy or E qual i z ati on Fund to p re , m en an d wo m e n m ay beco m e m e m bers .

ven t t h e nu m ber o f a ssess m en ts exceed i n g The S o c iety s t arted wi t h 7 5 0 m e m bers em ,

twel v e i n any year 6 t h Th e colle c ti on of a , pl oys the grade d pl an of assess m ents an d .

Gen e ral F un d t o m ee t t h e expen ses of th e cl ai m s the u nique featu re o f guarantee

S upre m e Rul in g D uri ng t wel ve years th e
. by a Loan and I nde m ni t y C o m pany that i ts
O rde r h as pai d t o m e m be rs an d ben e ficiaries con tra c ts w i th its m e m be rs will be fulfilled .

i n de ath an d per m anen t total di sabil ity F ra t e r n a l O rd e r o f P r o t e c t o r s — A

ben efi t s al m ost and th e e m e r ~
m u tual assess m en t bene fi c i ary society wh i c h
genc y fu n d h as to i ts cre di t o v er h ad i ts headquarters at Li ncol n Neb a fe w ,
.
,

wh ile the ann u al cos t t o m e m bers h as been years ago .

s m all I n 1 89 5 i t was as follo ws for t he age s

.
, F ra t e r n a l U n i o n o f A m e r i c a A mu .

na m e d tu al assess m en t benefi c iary so c i ety fo und e d

,

A ge 2 5 ,
on on per an .
by F F Ro ose F A Falke nbu rg and
. .
,
. .
,

30 , others at D en v e r C ol o S epte m ber 1 1 8 9 6

, .
, , ,

35 , to pay death sick d i sabil ity and ol d age , ,

4 0,
benefi ts Me n and wo m en are eligible to
.

45
m e m bersh ip an d th e to tal n u m ber of m em
,

Th e se an n ual pay m en ts i n c lu de the th ree bers is i n ex c ess of M r Roose th e S n .

ele m en t s re qui re d t o m ee t the death clai m s pre m e President has h ad m uch e xperience ,

fun d e m e rgen c y fun d an d expen se fun d a m ong frate rnal orders an d i s a m e m ber of

“
, , .
,

At t he age of 3 5 a certificate for

,
th e An cien t O rde r Un i t ed Wor k m e n M od ,

“
1 89 6 woul d cost d i stri buted as fol ern Wood m e n of A m e ri c a K nigh ts of ,

l ows : D eath clai m s fu n d E m er ,

P yth ias Wood m en of th e T o rld Ph i D el t a
, ,

genc y fun d an d E xpense

, fu nd ,
Theta Hept aso ph s Ju ni or O rder Uni ted
, ,

Fro m the d a t e of organi zati on u n ti l A m eri c an M e c h an ics Red Men an d of the , ,

J une 1 8 91 al l th e e xe cu t i ve o ffi cers of t h e
, ,
Masonic Fraterni ty .

S upre m e R ulin g resi ded at C ol u m bu s O , .

,
F r a t e r n it y o f F r ie n d l y F e l l o w s — O r
wh e n th e offi ces of t he S upre m e Mys t i c ganiz ed at Ne w Yor k i n 1 885 to pay , ,

Rule r an d S up re m e Re c o rder we re m o ved i n su rance to m e m bers by m u t ual assess m en t s .

to Ph i ladelph i a I n Apri l 1 8 9 5 the S u

.
, , I t was still al i ve i n 1 8 00 bu t n o trace of i t ,

pre m e Ru lin g was i n c orpo rated Th e p oli cy . i s fou nd i n 1 89 7 .

of t h e E xecu t i v e O ffi cers of thi s O rde r has G l e n w o o d D e g r e e — L n ifo rm ran k of

’

favored th e fil in g of an nu al reports w ith th e I ndepe nden t O rder of Foresters form e d ,

th e I n su ran c e dep ar t m ents o f S tate s whe re , i n 1 8 7 5 (S ee In depende n t O rde r Fores t ers

.

t he la ws p ro v i de for i t a nd an n ual repo rts

, an d d i t to of Illi noi s ) .
 HO ME C IR C LE 1 35

G o l d e n R u l e A l l ia n c e — O rgan i ze d at . was organ ize d i n B oston O c tobe r 2 1 8 7 9 , , ,

Bos t on pri o r to 1 88 9 an d re c o rde d i n th e , an d began business No v e m be r 5 1 87 9 bein g , .

c ensu s of 1 8 9 0 as a m u tual assess m en t bene ,

c h ar t e re d u nde r the laws of Massac h usetts

fi c iary f rate rni t y I ts m e m be rsh ip was no t

. Jan uary 1 3 1 880 I ts fou nders were Hen ry
, .

large n o r d i d i t se c u re a national repu ta

, D am on D r Joh n T C od m an D r Th o m as
, . .
, .

tion No t ra c e h as been secure d of s urv iv

. Water m an D r Ed ward Page N H Ful , .
, . .

i ng bod ies of th i s O rder . le r Joh n A C u m m i ngs and J ul iu s M

, .
, .

G o l d e n S t a r F r a t e r n it y O rgani zed i n . S wai n al l reside nts of B osto n or v i c i n i t y

, .

1 881 a t Ne wark N J as a frate rnal bene ,

. .
, , They were all m e m be rs of th e Mason ic Fra
fi c iary so c ie ty for m en an d wo m en Its . t ern it y Kn igh ts of H on or an d Royal A r c a
, ,

t otal m e m bersh i p i s about d i stribute d n um th ree we re O dd Fello ws and two were

, ,

th rough Ne w Je rsey Ne w York and C on ,

.
,
m e m bers of t h e An cien t O rder of Uni t ed
n ec t ic ut but v e ry few of i ts Lodges are
,
Work m e n .

fou n d ou tsid e of th e S t ate wh e re i t w as The ch ar t e r perm it t e d the socie ty fi rst ,

fo un ded I t h as n ei ther a proh ibi ti on re

.
, to u ni te i n social un ion all a c ceptable m em
l igio us or poli tical bias an d states th at i t i s
, , be rs of th e Roya l A rc an u m thei r wi ves , ,

i n a sou nd fi nan cial con d itio n w i th n o ou t m others sisters daugh ters and w o m en
, , ,

s t and ing li abil i ties Its ritual seek s to im . frien d s fo r th e pu rpose of m u tual aid
, ,

press the teachi ngs o f bene volen c e and assi stan c e m oral and i ntellectual i m pro v e
,

c h ari ty . m ent ; an d se c ond to establ ish a b enefi t ,

G r a n d U n it e d O r d e r I n d e p e n d e n t , fu n d fro m wh ic h a s um no t ex c eed in g
S o n s a n d D a u g h t e r s o f P u r it y — Th is . sh ould be pai d to t h e decease d m em
bene ficiary an d so c i al so c ie ty was organized ’
ber s fam ily relati ves o r d ependen ts as , ,

a t H arri sonbu rg Va p rior to the p resen t , .

,
d i re c ted .

decade None of i ts Lodges are kn own to

. Fo u r bene fi t degrees were adopte d an d a ,

be i n existen c e n o w . cand id ate h av i ng passed a sati sfactory in

G ra n i t e L e a gu e — Fo rm ed at P hil adel v es t i at io n a m edi c al e xa m i nation
g , an d th e ,

ph ia nearly te n years ago to i nsure the lives bal lot was ad m i tted to one of th e fou r de
,

o f m e m be rs by m ean s of assess m en ts R e . g rees as h e m igh t ele c t carr y ing 85 0 0 , ,

ported d ead . or $3 5 0 0 p rote c tio n an d ,

H o m e C i r c l e T h e — Wh e n the Royal , . th ere was the n issued a ben efit c e rti ficate
A r c an u m wh i c h i s c o m posed e xcl usi v ely of
, for th e a m o un t selecte d payable to so m e ,

m en h ad been organ i zed n early t wo years

, legal bene ficiary n a m ed i n th e appli c ati on .

and a h alf and h ad been i n trodu c ed i nto

, I n 1 881 th e Legi sl atu re of Massach use tts
t wen ty th re e S tates of the Union so m e of
-

,
by spe c ial act gran ted th e S upre m e Cou nci l
i t s active m e m bers residen t s of Massac h u , of th e H o m e C i r c l e au th ority to i ncrease i ts
setts con c ei ve d th e i dea o f organi z in g a
, benefi t to $5 0 0 0 an d to re c ei ve as m e m bers ,

si m il ar society i nto wh i c h th e m e m bers of all a c cep t abl e appl i c an ts w ith ou t refere nce
t h e Royal Ar c an u m could tak e th ei r wi v es ,
to thei r affilia t ion w ith th e Ro y al A rc an u m .

d augh ters si ste rs and wo m e n frien d s an d

, , ,
Unde r the l aws of Massach u se tts t h e society
gi ve th e m th e full ben efi c ial an d soci al pri v c an n ot transa c t a c o m m erci al i n su rance busi
“
il eges wh i c h m e m bersh ip i n su c h a so c ie ty n ess and wh ile i t s pol icies or be nefi t c ert ifi
,

confers T h e pl an was to welco m e w o m an

. c ates are good for th ei r fac e val ue to th e

to a full sh are of the work h onors an d ,

fa m ily relati v e o r actual depe nde nt na m ed
, , ,

respon sibilities wh ich with fe w exce ption s , ,

no certificate i s issu e d payable to any othe r
h ad been refuse d h er by se c ret beneficiary person an d th e benefi ts c annot be d i sposed
,

o rganizati on s Wi th this obj ect i n v ie w

. of by will assigned for any pu rpose o r at
, ,

the S upre m e C ou ncil of th e H o m e C i rcle t ac h ed for d ebt of t h e m e m be r or ben efi c i ary

1 36 HO M E FO R UM BE NE F I T O R DE R

ei t her d u ri n g th e l ifeti m e o f th e m e m be r or m it t ees, an d rep rese n tati v es fro m Grand

at hi s decease Me m bership i n the H o m e
. C ou ncils Assess m en ts pai d b y m e m be rs i n
.

C i rc le th en i s an assu ran c e to th e m e m ber

, ,
subordinate C ou ncils are calle d t o the S u
t h at th e a m ou nt of benefi t n a m e d will i n ,
pre m e Treasu ry o n th e fi rst of eac h m onth .

the e ven t of hi s o r h er de c ease i n good The j u ri sdi cti on of th e O rder i s l i m ited to

s t an d i ng be paid th e benefici ary sele c ted
,
. the U ni te d S tates an d the D o m i ni on of
The experien c e of t h e O rde r i n recei vin g C an ada an d i ts busi ness i s c on ducted in the
,

wo m e n an d ac co rd ing to th e m offi c e h on ors , , E ngli sh l an guage only I t h as a m e m ber .

and per m i ssion to c arry a protection or in sh ip of abo u t lo c ated i n th e S tates

su ran c e for depend en t pare nts or c h ild ren of Mai ne N ew H am psh i re Massac h uset t s
, , ,

upon the s am e c o n dit io n s of e ntran c e m edi

'

. Rh ode Islan d C on ne c ti c u t Ne w Yor k N ew

, , .

c al exa m i n ation an d c ash paym en ts as m en

,
'
, Jersey Penn s y l v ania Marylan d \ 1 rg1 ni a
, , , ,

h as bee n favorable Wo m e n co m pose th i rty

. North C aroli na Georgia O h io Ill in oi s , , , ,

per cent of t he m e m be rsh i p an d the H o m e

.
, Mi c h igan Mi ssou ri and Nebrask a th e D i s
, , ,

C ir c le fu rni sh es th e fi rst an d pe rh aps only tri e t of C ol u m bia and th e Pro v in c es of O u

e xam ple ”wh e re a b enefi c ial so c iety consti
.

,
tario Qu ebec and New B run swi c k
, ,
I ts .

t ut ed of m en an d wo m en h as el e c ted a lady ritual i s based on th e G olden Rule an d ,

as i t s c hief e xecutive o ffi c e r . teac h es m oral ity and upri gh t li vi ng Th e .

T wo m illion d ollars ha v e been paid i n e m ble m of t h e S o c iety c on sis t s of a design

death benefits besides the speci al relief to for m e d of th e l e t te r H an d a c i rc le whil e ,

m e m bers whe n il l or in n eed a m oun tin g to , that of the S upre m e C oun c il its governi n g ,

abou t i n seve n teen years Death . body su ggests th e d o m esti c resul ts of a

,

be nefi ts pai d h ave direc t l v aid ed o v e r well spen t an d i ndu strious l ife
-
.

person s and i n a large m aj o rity of c ases th e H o m e F o r u m B e n e fi t O r d e r — Ch ar .

de c eased m e m be r h as left to depe n de n ts n o t ered u nd e r th e l aws of th e S tate of Il li noi s ,

other prote c ti on or l ife i n su ran c e . i n 1 892 as a m utual assessm en t benefi c i ary

, ,

The e xperien ce of th e H o m e C irc le h as so c iety by p ro m inent m e m bers of th e M od

,

bee n c on spicu ou s am on g t h e benefi c iary se e rn Wood m e n of A m eri c a an d of the Mason i c

cret so c ieties of th e cou n t ry in th at i t h as , Frate rn i ty I t i s c ontrolled b y i t s m e m bers
.
,

never h ad o c c asi o n to c on test th e paym ent th e business of the associatio n being m an

of a benefit i n the courts and th at i ts l egal, aged by a board of dire c tors Wo m en are .

expenses for a period of se v enteen years are ad m itted to full m e m bersh ip w ith m en th e ,

trifli ng . S ubord inate C ou n c il s are c o m age l i m i ts fo r benefi c iary m e m bersh ip bei ng

posed o f benefi c iar y m e m be rs of eithe r sex betwee n si xteen and fift y fi v e years H on -

between ei gh tee n and fi fty years of age wh o , orary o r so c i al m e m bersh ip i s gran te d th ose
m ust pass a favorable exam i n ation an d bal over the age l i m i t for i nsu rance The orde r .

l ot Applican ts o ve r fi fty y ears of age m ay

. i ssues death benefit certifi c ates for 85 0 0 ,

be ad m i t ted as so c i al m e m be rs wi t h o ut a an d an d any m e m ber losin g

m edi c al exa m i nati on G ran d Co un c il s are
. a foot h and or an eye by an ac c ide nt i s en
, ,

organi zed i n S tates and p ro v in ce s h avi ng at ti t led to re c ei ve one fou rth of the a m ou n t -

l east m e m bers an d are c o m posed of

, n a m ed i n the c ertificate th e balan c e bein g
'
,

th ei r o ffi c ers standi n g c o m m ittees an d

, , payable at d eat h Me m bershi p i s restri c ted.

represen tati v es fro m subordin ate C ounc ils . to h eal th ful d istricts and denie d to th ose ,

They h ave th e general supervi sion of t h e foll o wing h az ardou s o c c upati on s A n un .

O rder i n th ei r respe c t i ve j u ri sdi c tion s The . u su al regul ation in l i ke fraterni ti es i s th at

S upre m e C o uncil the h ead of th e O rder
, , wh i c h su spe n d s for th ree m on th s an y m em
m a k es laws and d isbu rses th e B enefi t F u n d . h er w h o be c o m es i ntoxicated an d e xpel s for
I t i s c o m posed of i ts o f fic ers stan di n g c o m, th e se c o nd offen c e al th ough as e xplained , , ,
1 38 I ND E P E ND E N T C HE VA L I E R S A N D L A DI E S O F I ND U S T R Y

we re reported with a total m e m bershi p of ,

bers were m ade pe r m anent m e m bers o f th e
149 . Fo r the fi rst si x years of i ts e xistence , S upre m e C o n cl a v e as Past S upre m e Ar c h
the I m pro v e d O rder of H ept aso ph s was an on s h avi n g equ al pri vil eges w i th t h e Rep
,

t ago niz ed by th e pare n t society so that d u r , resen t at iv es on th e fl oor of each S upre m e

i ng th e fi rst two years i ts m e m bership in S i tting T he m e m bershi p o f th e O rde r i s

.

creased to only 5 1 6 i n twel ve C oncla v es . e xcl usi vel y i n the Uni ted S t ates an d i s d is
B ut the S o c iet y(see O rde r of th e H ept aso ph s ,
tribu ted n orth of S o ut h C aroli na Kentucky , ,

o r S e v en Wi se Me n ) was i n th e h ands of Ark an sas and Texas exten d i ng west t o an d

, ,

strong c onse rvative m en wh o are said to

,
in cl u din g C ol o rado D ea t h benefi ts range .

h ave gi ven freel y of th ei r ti m e and m ean s fro m to an d are m et b v asse ss

t o bu il d i t u p I t n ow n u m bers m ore th an
. m ents S ubor din ate C oncla v es un der the
.

m e m bers i n twen ty S tates an d i n , S upre m e general laws are per m itted t o shape
the year 1 8 9 5 enj oyed a phen o m e nal growth . t he i r o wn b y l aw s so far as th ey refe r to si c k
-

The O rde r e m brac es the funda m ental prin ben efi t s b ut m an y C on c la ve s h ave deci de d
c ipl es of leadi ng k in d red so c ie tie s e x c ept n o t to pay si c k be n efi t s Two C on cl a v es .

that i t has abol ished G ran d (S tate ) C on h ave been so prosperou s as t o be able to
C l a v es and l eaves i ts b usi ness a ffai rs i nclu d
, , bu il d te m ples of t h ei r o wn Zeta C on cla v e .

ing th e m anage m en t of i ts death benefit of Bal t i m ore has an edifi ce wh i ch cost

f un d i n the h and s of i ts per m anen t an d
,
an d Gran t C on clave at E aston P a , .
,

oth er S upre m e o fficials I n Maryland th e .

, has also dedi cate d a h an d so m e te m pl e t o th e
crad le of th e O rd er th ere are nearly ,
p ri n c iples of t h e Fratern i ty Th i s O rde r .

m e m bers with an a v erage m ortal i ty rate of

,
was a m on g the fi rs t t o pl ace i ts in su ran ce
only 7 i n per an nu m The followin g . feat ure un de r t he su pe rvi s ion of in su rance
i s e xtrac t ed fro m t h e Marylan d I nsu ran c e depart m ent s i n S tates whe re i ts m eeti n gs are
C o m m ittee s report for 1 89 5 ’
h eld i n o rde r th at i ts eff orts an d the results
”i n
,

o f its wor k m a re m ai n an ope n book

y ,
In l s i ng m y ex am i nati o n o f t h e c ond iti on s o f
c o
whi ch t h e reco rd of th e m a t erial good i t ac
F rat erna l B enefit O rders it is pro per fo r o ne t o
co m pl i sh es m ay be see n by al l m en:
.
,

re fer s pec i all y t o t h e I m pro ved O rder o f H ept aso ph s

as t o t h e pro m ptn ess w ith w hi c h all c l a i m s h ave In d e p e n d e n t C h e v a l i e r s a n d L a d i e s
b een m et and pai d an d in al l c ases i t w as fo u nd t h e
, o f I n d u s t r y — O rgan ize d at Fall Ri v e r ,

or g an i zati o n h ad m ade reaso nab l e efi o rt t o c o m pl et e Mas s 1 8 89 as a fra t ern al m u t ual assess m en t

, ,
t h e nec ess ary fo rm al iti es an d i nqui r i es in o rder t o ,
associ ati on Li v e d on l y about si x years
. .

i n c reas e t h e effi c i enc y fo r t h e s ettl ement o f a ll

In d e p e n d e n t O rd e r o f C h o s en
c l ai m s .

F rie n d s Early i n 1 88 7 w he n th e O rder

.
,

Th e O rder h as i ssue d c e rti fi cates repre of C h ose n F rien ds was only t h ree years ol d ,

se n ting m o re th an l ead ers of th e lat ter i n C ali forni a applied t o

i n 1 8 9 5 a c redi table e xh i bi t I n eighteen
,
. t h e S u pre m e C ou n ci l fo r a separate j uri s
years o ver h av e been pai d to d icti on o u th e Pa c ifi c C oas t T h is was re .

benefi ci aries The benefi c iary fun d i s p ro

. fused n o t wi th stan d in g the st ren gt h o f the
,

t ec t ed by t he Marylan d C ode of Laws sec , O rd e r t he re and th e resul t was a se c essi on

,

tion 1 4 3 L of ch apte r 2 9 5 of t h e Legi sl a

, , , an d the for m ati on of th e In d epe nden t O rd er
ti ve Acts of 1 894 wh i ch cl ears fro m any at , of C hosen Fri en ds Wi th i n a fe w y ears t h e .

t ac h m en t p roceedin gs all m on eys to be pai d In depen den t Cali forn ia Frien ds n u m be re d

fro m such fun ds h el d by any si m ilar organi or m e m bers bu t t h e S oci ety ,

z at io n The S upre m e body con sists of

. ul ti m a t ely d rop ped ou t of sigh t (S ee O rder .

i t s offi ce rs dep uties an d represen tati ves

, , of Ch osen F rien ds ) .

elected by th e m e m be rshi p of S ubo rdi n ate I n d e p e n d e n t O rd e r o f F o r e s t e r s .

C oncla ves T he o rigi nal o r charte r m em

.
, , Th i s branc h o f Fores t r y l i k e the Fores t e rs ,
 IND E P E ND E N T O R DE R O F FO R E ST E R S 139

of A m e ri ca (wh i ch see ) was th e ou tgrowth , Kni ghts of th e S h e rwoo d Forest i n other

of a m ov e m en t t o secu re l ocal self govern -

bran ch es of Forestry I n 1 8 7 7 j u v en ile .

m en t a m on g N ew York and N ew J ersey . bran c h e s were organ i zed i n wh ich you th s

Foresters wh i ch began in 1 8 7 1 an d cu l
, , were in terested taugh t parli am en tary l aw
, ,

m inat ed after seve ral refu sals of th e E ng

, and restrai ne d fro m i n dul gen c e i n li qu or
l ish H igh C ou rt t o esta bli sh a S u bsi diary an d tobacco S in ce 1 8 82 when th e j u v en ile
.
,

H igh Cou rt for th e Un ite d S t ates i n J une , , depart m en t was reorgan i zed i t h as beco m e ,

1 8 7 4 at Newark N J
, when C our t In de
,
. .
, a usefu l and succe ssful adj u nct I n 1 8 7 5 .
,

pen denc e secede d fro m th e An ci en t O rder , when o n ly one ye ar ol d t h e O rde r h ad -

an d wit h two C ou rts created by i t estab

, , gro w n fro m t h ree C ou rts an d 5 00 m e m bers ,

l is h ed a n e w o r I ndepe n den t O rd er
,
A B . . . w ith wh ich i t began to forty si x C o urts an d
,
-

Cal dwell th e leade r of the m o ve m e n t was

, ,
m e m bers ; an d in 1 8 78 w he n i ts m em ,

the fi rst M ost Worth y H igh C h i ef Ran ge r . h ersh i p w as nearly th e ti tl e of t he

The re m ark able success wh i ch has atten de d go v ernin g body w as c hanged to the M ost
th e gro wth of th i s o fi s h o o t fro m E n gli sh ’
W orthy H ig h C ou rt of th e Worl d t h e ,

Forestry i s atteste d by i t s twe nty tw o years

“
al te rati on being th e substi tu ti on of the
” “
-

of e x isten ce and an i n crease of fro m perhaps w ord s t h e Worl d for t h e U ni t e d

5 00 to m ore th an m e m bers i n twen ty S tates . I n 1 8 78 th e O rde r m et w i th seri
S tates of t h e Un io n t h e C an adian D o m i n i o n
, ,
ou s di saste r i n th e u nfaith fu ln ess of an
th e Un ite d Ki n gd o m an d Irel an d Abou t , . offi ci al wh o di sappeared si m ul taneou sly
,

4 3 per ce n t of i ts m e m bersh i p i s i n th e
. w i th abou t of i ts fun ds S ub se .

Un ite d S tate s I t s for m of go v ern m en t

.
,
q ue n tl y abou t on e th ird of the a m o un t was
-

wi t h so m e m i n o r diffe rences i s lik e th at of , res tore d bu t so great was th e l oss th at the

,

th e Foresters of A m eri ca an d th e In de e ff or ts of th e S oci ety to m ake goo d i ts o bli

pen den t O rder o f O dd Fell o ws I t fu rn ish es .
gat io n s by e xt ra assess m en ts resul t ed i n
m e m bers wi t h fre e m edi cal attendan ce an d seri ou s di ff e ren ces wh i c h for a ti m e th re at , ,

n u rses and pays sic k t otal disabili ty

, , ,
en e d co m plete di srup t ion Th e fi rm stan d .

fu neral an d m ortu ary benefi ts A m arke d

, . taken by J udge Wi l lia m B H oke t he n the .
,

d ifferen ce bet wee n th is an d o t h er bran ch es e xecu ti ve h ead of the O rder h i s j u di ci al ,

of Forestry is th at wh ile th e lat te r rely

, te m pera m en t stron g character an d w ide
, ,

wh ol ly u po n asse ss m e nts to pay be nefi ts an d perso nal i nfl ue nce al one pre v e nted dis int e
en d ow m e nts th e Indepe nden t O rder i n
, , grat io n A l arge n u m be r of M assach use tts
.

1 88 1 c o m bi n e d th e assess m ent featu re of

, C ou rt s h el d ou t fo r S t ate as o pposed t o
t he ben eficiary or frien dly soci ety wi th t h e ,
n ati onal assess m en ts an d pay m en ts b ut ,

pl an of th e regul ar pre m i u m paying insur -

ulti m ately deci ded to re m ai n an d be gove rn ed
ance c o m pan y I n 1 8 92 i t was regi ste re d
.
"

by th e will of the m aj o ri ty Not so h o w .

,

as a Friendly S ocie ty i n t h e U n ited Ki ng e v e r wi th so m e of th e I lli n ois C ou rts wh i ch

, ,

d o m an d u nder th e requ i re m ents of th e

, refuse d to abi de by the deci si on s of th e S u
Fri en dly S oci eti e s Act d eposited wit h t h e ,
pre m e C ou rt an d h ad th ei r ch arte rs re v oke d
, ,

Bri tish Go v ern m en t t o en able i t to w hereu pon th e y m et an d o rgani ze d the In

do an i n suran ce bu si ness i n th e Un i te d depen den t O rd er o f Fo resters of Ill in ois .

K ingd o m I n 1 8 7 5 one year after i ts es

.
,
T h e break i n the ran k s of t h e Illi n oi s
t ab l ish m ent a ladies b ranch was for m ed
,
’
,
I ndependen t O rde r of Foreste rs was n o t th e
c alle d th e Miriam degree wh i c h correspon ds ,
only li k e con se que nce of th e fi n an cial l oss
t o th e degree of C o m pan i on s of the Forest t o the O rder in 1 8 7 9 Pri o r t o th e Ill in ois
.

in the Foresters of A m erica I n 1 8 75 also .

, ,
m o v e m en t th e In depen den t O rde r n um
,

a U nifo rm ed Ran k was institu t e d as th e bere d about an d th e total l oss fro m

Glen woo d d egree w hich correspo nds t o th e
,
secessi on w ithi n a year w as n o le ss th an
11 0
- IND E P E ND E N T O R DE R O F FO R E ST E R S O F I L LI N O I S

There were as po in ted ou t abo ut , , ingt o n , C ol orad o Mon tan a A ri zon a Wi s

, , ,

seced ers i n Ill inoi s to w h i c h m ust be , con sin Pe nn s y l vani a K ansas i n 1 89 1 and
, , , ,

adde d i n t h e Can adi an D o m in i on i n , i n the Uni t e d Kin gd o m i n 1 8 9 2 T h e .

O c t ober 1 87 9 ,
by wh o m the Canadi an
, spi ri t sh own by thi s S ocie ty i ts m eth od s o f ,

O rder of Foresters w as organ i zed . self develop m e n t and of con du c t i ng i ts

-

I t w as i n 1 8 7 8 al so th at Foresters i n , , b u si ness have been m ost effecti v e Under .

Lon don O n tari o pl an n e d and foun de d th e

, , i ts S upre m e Cou rt are regi stere d th i rty t wo -

origin al O rde r of Kni gh ts of the Macca H i gh C our t s i n v ari ou s S tates Territ ori es , ,

bees In 1 88 1 th e I n depe n de nt O rder the

.
, , pro v in ces an d c ou ntries to wh ich
, ,

larger part of the m e m bersh i p of wh i c h w as su bordi n ate C ou rts h ol d allegi an ce A n d .

in t h e U ni ted S tates su ffere d i ts se veres t , after n o m inall y t wenty t h ree years of ex

, ,
-

blo w t h rou gh th e acti on of i t s S upre m e is t en c e (prac t ical ly only fi f t ee n years ) wi th ,

C ou rt at Al b an y N Y i n re sol vin g to
, . .
, m o re t h an m e m bers i t h as a su r ,

ch an ge th e n a m e of the societ y to t he pl us o f after h av in g pai d over

Un i ted O rder o f Foreste rs T he C an adi an . in benefi t s S econ d to th e efforts.

C ou rts were u n wi lli n g to abi de by thi s an d , of n o o t h er m an i n organi zi n g and e xten d

fo un d faul t w ith A m e ri can C ou r t s for h a v i n g th e In dependen t O rder of Fo resters are
ing m ade c h an ge s i n th e ri tu al for el im inat , th o se of i t s S upre m e Ch ief Ranger D r , .

ing th e ch apl ain fro m t h e l i st of offi ce rs , O ro nh yat ek h a o f Toron to O nt , .

discardi n g prayers fro m th e cere m on ie s , I n d e p e n d e n t O rd e r o f F o r e s t e r s o f

an d for hol din g m eeti ngs on S un d ays l h e Il l i n o i s — It i s sta t e d by v ariou s c h ro n i c lers
‘
. .

resul t w as th e con ti n u ation of th e C an ad i an th at t h e I n depende nt O rder of Foresters of

C ourts as th e In depen den t O rde r o f Forest I ll i noi s wh i c h was for m ed by a m e m ber of
,

ers (th e cl ai m bei n g th at the Co ur t s wh i ch the Massac h uset t s C ath ol i c O rder of Forest
ch an ge d th e n a m e of the O rder were the ers and b y seceding m e m be rs of the In cl e
,

sece de rs ) an d at th e H igh C ou rt m eetin g at

,
pen den t O rde r of Foresters of Illi noi s at ,

O t taw a in J ul y 1 8 81 wi t h a total m em
, ,
~
C h i c ago i n 1 8 7 9 starte d wi th abou t 2 0 00
, ,

he rshi p re du ce d to le ss th an 4 0 0 (exc eptin g m e m bers i t s C ourts all bei ng i n the S tate

one C ou rt in Eli zabeth N J ) agai n began , . . of Ill i nois m ost of the m i n an d about the
,

the wo rk of b uil di ng up t he O rder Th e . ci ty of C h icago The Mi ri a m degree was.

A m eri c an o r secedi ng bran ch t h at wh i ch

, , c arrie d along i n wh at m ay be c alled the

ch an ge d i ts n a m e to the U ni t e d O rder ,
Illi noi s se c ession b ut i ts m e m bersh i p was
,

th ough it sta rted with abou t m em n ot large an d i s n ot to day A n o vel fea -

.

bers di d n o t possess th e el e m en ts of suc

,
ture i s foun d i n i ts m od ifi c ati on of th e Glen
cess I t l an gui sh ed and wi t h i n a fe w years
.
, woo d d egree o r m ili tary rank w hi c h was ,
-

be c a m e e xtin ct Mean wh i le t h e Ind epen

. al so retai ne d i n th at ladie s are ad m i tted .

den t O rder al m ost all of i t at th at t i m e i n th e

,
Th i s S ociety pays e ndow m en t b en efi t s by -

C an ad i an D o m inio n wen t resol ute ly to work , ,

assess m e nts an d sick an d fu ne ral benefits
and n otwi th stan d in g acti v e opposi tion fro m
,
fro m C ou rt d ues To j udge fro m sta t isti c s
.

th e C anadi an O rd e r se c u red wi th i n t wo , ,
of m e m bership i nteres t i n th e Illi noi s O rde r
,

yea rs a l i st of
,
m e m be rs an i ncrease ,
of Foresters h as been o n th e de c l i ne In .

of 3 0 0 per ce n t Tw o years late r i n 1 885

.
, ,
1 880 it h ad m o re th a n m e m be rs an d ,

it n u m bere d n e arly m e m be rs an d i n ,
l ate i n 1 80 3 m e m bers an i n c rease
, ,

1 88 9 w hen i t was i ncorporate d at Toron to

. ,
of n early n i nefol d i n thirtee n years S i n c e .

m ore t h an m e m bers B etween 1 8 90 . that ti m e the m e m bership h as d eclin ed ,

an d 1 89 6 i ts gro wth was ph en o m enal o r ,

a m ou ntin g to only i n January 1 894 , ,

fro m 1 6 0 0 0 to n early m e m bers . i n Janu ar y 1 895 and to on ly ,

C ou rts were est abli she d i n O regon Wash ,

one year l at er a decli ne of abou t on e seve nth
,
-
1 42 K NI G H T S A N D L A DI E S O F HO NO R

to be i ncorporated u n de r the laws of Illi n oi s eligible to m e m bersh ip al l a c ceptabl e wh i te

affecting organi zations payin g death acci ,
pe rson s m ale an d fe m ale
,
” Th e original .

den t d isabil i ty an d ol d age b enefi ts by

, , act of 1 878 fi xe d th e am ou nt of benefit pay
m ean s of m u tual assess m ents . able o n th e death of a m e m ber at a sum n ot
K n i g h t s a n d L a d i e s o f H o n o r — Th is . e xceedin g but the am en datory ac t
was th e fi rst secret b enefi c iary so c iety to -
of 1 88 1 increased th e li m i t o f be nefit pay
ad m i t w om en to equal so c i al an d bene fici ary able at death of a m e m be r to wh i c h
p ri v ileges wi th m en and i s oth e rwi se n ote , c h an ges consti tute th e fou n dation of th e
worthy in th at i t i s th e ou tgrow th of a side gro wth an d p rosperity of th e O rde r of
or au x iliary d egree k n own as the degree K n igh ts an d Lad ies o f Ho no r of to d ay th e -

o f Prote c tion wh i ch was atta c h ed to the

, d ate of th e i ndepen den t e xisten ce of whi ch
Kn i gh ts of H o nor fro m 1 8 7 5 u ntil 1 8 77 . i s S epte m be r 6 1 87 7 Th e am oun t pai d on
,
.

Kni gh ts of H on or th ei r w i v es m others , , , eac h si ngle assess m e nt by each m e m be r de

wi do ws an d u n m arri ed d au ghters an d sis
, pends upon the age at j oi ni ng th e O rde r an d
ters o v e r eigh teen years o f age we re el igibl e a m ou n t of benefit carried O n Ju n e 3 0 .
,

to th e degree of Protection wh ich per ,

1 8 7 8 i ts m e m bersh i p was as follows : Me n
, ,

for m e d th e sam e so c ial and benefi c i ary fu n c 90 7 ; w o m en ,total On ,

tions for th e K night s of H on or th at th e D ece m ber 3 1 1 8 95 m en , , wom en , ,

D aughters of Rebekah does for th e I nd e total , The obj e c ts of the

penden t O rder o f O dd Fellows O nl y a few . Fraterni ty are (1 ) to u ni te frate rn ally all ac
Lod ges of th e degree of Protection were o r c ept ab l e w h ite m en an d wo m en o f any rep u

ganiz ed d u ri n g 1 87 5 an d 1 8 7 6 bu t l ittl e en .
, table p rofession bu si ness o r occu pation wh o
, ,

c o uragem en t bei ng gi ven by the S up re m e are o v e r ei gh teen an d u nde r fi fty years of

Lod ge of Kn igh ts of H onor wh ich body i n , age (2 ) To gi v e all possible m oral and m a
.

May 1 87 7 repeale d the l aw c reating th e

, , t erial aid i n i ts powe r to i ts m e m bers an d ,

degree O n S epte m ber 6 1 8 7 7 rep rese nta

.
, , th ose d epend i ng u pon th e m by h old i ng ,

ti y e s fro m Lodges of th e degree of Protectio n m oral li terary and scien ti fi c lectures by

, , ,

m et at Loui svil le K y to dis c u ss the c o n ,

.
, en cou ragi ng ea c h oth er i n bu sin ess and by ,

d i ti on o f a ffai rs and i f possible e ffe c t a per , , , assisti ng eac h othe r t o obtai n e m ploy m en t .

m anent organ i zation The ou tco m e was .

(3 ) To pro m ote ben e v olence and c h ari ty by
th e for m ation of a Pro v isi on al S u pre m e establi sh ing a rel ief fu nd Th i s fun d i s .

Lodge for the degree of wh ic h th e foll ow , m ai ntai ned by m on thly assessm en ts o n th ose
i ng all of Ke ntu c ky were th e fi rst o fiic ers :
, , m e m be rs wh o d esi re to partici pate i n i t ,

E J Will ia m s on T IV S ey m ou r E J
. .
,
. .
, . . wh o are di sti ngu i sh ed in th e laws of the
M c B ride F D Mac beth C L Pi per J A
,
. .
,
. .
,
. . O rder as Relief F un d m e m be rs The Relief .

D e m aree W E Ladd K H S en g O N
,
. .
,
. .
, . . Fun d Depart m en t co m prises th ree open
B radbu rn T E D e nn i s G W C h e c k an d
,
. .
,
. .
, d i v i si on s : D i visi on 1 o f 85 00 ; D i v i sio n 2
, ,

T J Wyatt Th e fi rst an n u al m ee tin g of

. . . of D i v ision 3 of D i vision 4
, ,

the S upre m e Lodge of Protecti on K ni gh ts , of bu t the last n am ed d i vi si on is -

”
an d Ladies of H on or w as h eld at Lo ui s ,
n ow c lose d to e n tran ts Upon satisfac tory .

v il le K y S epte m ber 1 9 1 8 7 8 an d i n Apri l

,
.
, , , proof of th e d eath of a Relief Fun d m em
of th e foll owi ng year th e S upre m e Lodge of be r i n good stand in g at ti m e o f death such
, ,

Protecti on K nigh ts and Lad ie s of H ono r

, , sum of m oney i s pai d to the design ate d
was i n corporated O n D e c e m be r 1 4 1 88 1 .
, ,
beneficiary as th e deceased h ad i n li fe con
th e Ge n eral Asse m bly of Ken tucky a m e nde d tribu ted for and w hi c h was specified i n th e
,

the act of i n corporati on by strik i ng ou t the Rel ief Fu nd ce rti fi c ate hel d by th e m e m be r
”
wo rd s of Protection an d so changin g the , at the date of death Be nefits are payable .

m e m be rsh ip l i m i tati on cl ause as to ren d er to su c h m e m ber or m e m bers of h i s or he r

 K NI GH T S A N D L A DI E S O F S E C UR IT Y 143

fa m ily person or person s dependen t on or

, O . M A wh ich proba b ly refer to the m otto
. .
,

relate d to h im or h er as h e or sh e m ay h a v e of th e O rder appe ar o n an o rna m e n tal

”
, ,

di re c ted The O rd e r h as pai d o u t i n d eath

. sh i eld o v er the design Th e best k now n .

be nefi ts d u ri ng n i ne tee n years e m ble m of th e Knigh ts o f H ono r i s a m ono

Any ac c eptable w hi te person not less th an , gram form ed o f the l etters 0 M A an d . . .
,

eigh teen n or m ore th an si xty fi v e years of -

o f t h e Kn igh ts and Lad ies of H onor a pe n ,

age m ay be ad m i tted as a so c ial m e m be r

, d an t triangular design i n the angles of ,

wi th ou t m ed ical e xam i n ati on These m em . w hi ch the sa m e letters appear I t i s of ln .

be rs pay th e u su al Lodge d u es bu t are ex ,

t eres t to poi nt ou t that th e e xpe rien c e of
e m pt fro m con tributin g to the Relief Fu nd . the Knigh ts an d Ladies of H on or sh o ws
Th e business of th i s O rde r i s co nd uc te d that i ts risk s o n wo m e n m e m be rs h a v e con
th rou gh a S upre m e Lodge Gran d Lodges , , s tan t l y p rove n the be tte r of the two c lasses .

coexten si ve w ith the i r se ve ral S tate bou nd a L D W it h erill M D S u pre m e Med i c al

. .
, . .
,

ries an d subordi nate Lodges I t h as si x

, . E xa m i ne r o f th e O rde r for t h e t wel v e years
t een G ran d Lod ges bu t i ts m e m bershi p i s , reports ou t of the fi rst deaths (De
distribute d i n n earl y e v ery S tate of “ th e c em b er 2 6 1 877 to Ju ne 1 0, 1 8 9 5 inc l u
, , ,

U ni o n Represen tati ves c h ose n by sub o rdi

. si ve ) were of m en an d wo m en .

n ate Lodges con sti tu te th e se veral G rand Th e sa m e authori ty says conce rn i ng th e ,

Lodges and represe n tati v es ch ose n by the

, ch aracte r an d desi rabil ity of wo m en as in
se v eral G ran d Lodges c onstitu te wi th i ts o fii , suran c e risk s : S tati stics sh o w that th e l ife
cers a nd c o m m ittee m en th e S upre m e Lodge ,
. of fe m ales as a rule i s longe r th an th at of
, ,

T he S upre m e Lodge con d ucts e xclu si v ely , ,

m ales .Th ei r e xposu re to v iolen t death s
th e col lectio n an d d isbu rse m en t of the R e an d abu se of i ntoxi c ants is far less Fro m .

l ief F und and h as full powe r to m ake l aws

,
a m ed i c al standpoi nt I wou l d u rge the m em
fo r its ow n gove rn m en t an d to go v e rn bers of th e O rde r to i ncrease thei r ran k s as
far as possibl e fro m th e wo m en of ou r lan d ”
,

G rand an d subord in ate Lodges . .

Less e ffort h as bee n m ade by the Kn igh ts (S ee Loyal Knigh ts an d Ladies ) .

an d Ladies of Hono r to m ak e th at organ i K n ig h t s a n d L a d i e s o f S e c u r i t y — O ne

z at io n d isti n c t fro m t h e K nights of H on or of the m ore m ode rn and progressive of th e
th an h as so m eti m es bee n th e case by off latte r d ay m u tu al assess m en t death an d
-

sh oots fro m se c re t societies the co m parison , d isabili ty benefi c iary secre t so c ieties to ,

bei n g foun d rath e r with s c h i s m s a m on g O dd wh i c h both m en an d wo m en are el igi ble .

Fellows an d Foreste rs so m any i nd epend en t ,

I t was ch artered u nde r the la w s of th e S tate
O rders of wh i c h e xist w it h si m i lar n a m es ,
of Kan sas February 2 2 1 8 92 wi th i ts h ead , ,

ti tles e m ble m s an d ri tu al s Th e seal of

, ,
. quarters at Tope k a by m e m be rs of t h e ,

th e S upre m e Lodge of the Kn ights an d ,

Masonic F raterni ty the Ancie nt O rde r of ,

Ladies of H on or con tain s th e repre sentation Un ite d Wor k m en one or both O rde rs of ,

of a k n igh t i n ar m o r wi th sword and sh iel d , , Wood m e n an d oth e rs I t e l i m i na t es th e

,
.

ready to defen d an d p rote c t th e wid ow and e xpensi v e an d gene rally u n necessary S tate
c h il d re n w h ich w ith a b rok e n col u m n are
, , o rgan ization u su ally fo un d i n si m ilar so c i
also represen ted Upon the shield h eld by . et ies i ts National C ou nci l bei n g co m posed
,

the k nigh t wh o sy m bol izes the O rder are

, ,
of represe ntatives fro m subordi nate Co un
th e letters 0 M A i n the angles of a t ri
. . . c il s electe d by a dire c t v o t e of the m e m bers .

angle Th e seal o f the S upre m e Lod ge of

. It operates th rough ou t the Un ite d S tates
th e m othe r O rde r the Knig h ts of H on or , ,
an d C an ada n orth of North C arol i n a Te n
, ,

i s si m il ar e xcept that the k nigh t stand s w i t h

,
h essee Ark ansas
, O kl ah o m a New Mexico
, , ,

h i s sh iel d arm rai sed Th e trian gle an d th e

‘

. an d Ari zona e xcl ud in g c ities of ,

broke n col u m n are m issi ng b ut t h e le tters , populatio n an d o v e r Ad m ission as i n .

,
1 44 K NI G H T S A N D L A DI E S O F T HE FI R E S ID E

m ost su ch so c ieties i s restricted to wh ite

, per c e n t of th e am ou nt pai d i nto th e bene
.

person s of good m oral ch ara c te r between fi c iary fu nd by the de cease d o r for m er m em

eigh teen an d fift y fi v e years of age w h o c an
-
ber i s i n v ested by the S up re m e Lodge to
pass a satisfactory physi c al e xa m in ati on . for m a per m anen t fu n d wi th w h i c h to pro
C erti ficate s o r pol icies are i ssue d to m en an d vi de for th e pay m en t of assess m e nts of m em
wo m e n m e m bers al ike fo r su m s ran gi ng bers of fi fte en (o r twen ty ) years standing ’
.

fro m $50 0 to These are p ai d by The se r v i c es of S H S ni de r e x S uperin . .

,
-

m ean s of grade d assess m en ts i n full a t ,

ten den t of In su rance of t h e S tate of Kan sas ,

death o r i n part i n case of disabili ty by

,
as S upre m e S e c retary of th e Kn ights an d
ac c ide nt H old ers wh o reac h the age of
. Lad ies of t h e Fi resi de are an e v idence of ,

se v en ty receive one te n th of th e am oun t of

-
th e i ntellige n c e an d e n t h usias m with wh ich
the poli c ie s each year un til t h e fac e i s paid . the so c iety h as e nte red the al ready well fill ed -

A featu re of th e o rgan izatio n i s its re ser v e fi el d of frate rnal i nsu rance orders .

f un d wh i c h is create d by setti n g asid e $5 0

,
K n ig h t s a n d L a d i e s o f t h e G o l d e n
on eac h n am ed i n ce rti ficates an d ,
P r e c ept Fou nde d by Tho m as Gan der up
-

l oan i ng i t on real e state m ortgage se c u rity . R E E v erh art W B D avi son an d Joh n
. .
, . .
,

I t i s u sed to m eet death l osses afte r twel v e I verson at Cl i nton Ia i n 1 8 96 an d i ncor ,

.
, ,

m onth ly assess m e nts h a v e bee n m ade with i n po rat ed u n de r th e l aws of th e S tate o f Iowa
a year In e xpl ai n i ng i ts reserve f un d th e
. with so c ial an d benefi c iary obj e c ts I t con .

an n ou nce m en t i s m ade th at the plan of o re

ati ng i t h as been c opyrigh ted an d i ts pe r “ te m pl ates establishi ng Lodges th rough ou t
t h e U ni on
”
.
,

pet ual use se c u re d to the O rde r T he . K n ig h t s a n d L a d i e s o f t h e G o l d e n

growth o f th e O rde r h as been u n usu all y R u l e — O ne of th e ol der b ut s m aller secre t
rapi d i ts total m e m bersh i p a m ou n ti ng to
,
ben efi ciary soci eties c o m bi n in g m an y of th e ,

abo ut i n o ne t h i rd th e S tates of th e
-
featu res of o th e r li k e o rgan i zati on s wi th
Un ion a tribu te to the effi ciency of the
,
so m e of i ts o w n It was organ ized at Cin .

sal arie d o rga nize rs of ne w C ou n c ils an d to c in n at i O i n Au gu st 1 8 7 9 an d i n cor

, .
, , ,

the en th u sias m an d l oyalty of th e ran k an d po rat ed u n d er the l aws of Kent u cky in the
file of i ts m e m be rsh ip i n wh i c h i t m ay be
, sa m e m onth Th e fou n de rs were m e m bers .

sai d to h ave fairly ri valle d the v i tal ity sh o w n of o th er benefi ci ary f ratern al so c i e t ies n o ,

by al m ost any si m ilar so c iety C ou n c ils of . tably th e O rd er of M u tu al Ai d wh ich su c ,

K nigh ts an d Ladies of S e c u rity are prac t i c um b ed to th e yello w fe v er epi d e m i c at

cally p ri v ate social c lubs rathe r th an m ysti c Me m ph is e arly i n its career i n 1 8 78 ; the
, ,

te m ples b ut th e ritual an d ce re m onial are

,
Ancie n t O rder of U ni te d Wo rk m en an d ,

in stru c tive and attrac ti ve bein g well c alc u , th e K n ights of H ono r A fe w representa .

l ate d to i m press u pon t h e m ind of the n o t iv es an d o ffi c ers m et in fi n al sessi o n a t C i n

v i t iate th e i m portan c e of wi sd o m secu ri ty , c inn at i an d after se ttli n g clai m s again st th e
,

prote c ti on and fratern i ty , . O rde r of M utual Ai d adj o urne d s ine die .

K n i g h t s a n d L a d i e s o f t h e F i r e s id e . A m aj ori ty of th ose p resen t then m et and

— A m u tu al assess m en t beneficiary organiza organized th e K n igh ts of the G olde n Rule ,

ti on fou nde d at Kan sas C ity Mo i n 1 89 2

, , .
, , whi c h h as preserved with v aryi n g su c c ess
by represe nt atives of k i nd red organ ization s a c on tin u ous e xi sten c e e ver si n ce The .

i n M i ssou ri an d K ansas I t issues life ac ci .

, h eadqu arte rs of th e O rde r are at L oui s v ill e ,

den t an d sick be ne fi t certi fica t es i n separate

,
K y and th e for m of go v ern m en t i s m uch
.
,

cl asses It ad m i ts m en an d wo m e n ali ke
.
, li k e th at of si m i lar so c ieties i n cl u di n g a ,

an d has abou t m e m bers poi n ting to an S u pre m e C o m m an dery G ran d C h apters ,

e x c eption ally rapid growth A t the death . h a v i n g j u risd ic ti o n i n the S tates and S u b ,

of a m e m be r or lapse of a m e m bersh ip 1 0 ,
ord in ate C astles Fun d s p ai d to ben efic iaries .
146 K N I GHTS O F C O L UM B I A

as a m u tu al assess m en t ben efi ci ar y so c iety

t o whi c h only Maste r Mason s between
,
“
i se to obey th e la ws of th e O rde r an d
prote c t a w orth y broth er i n h is ad ve rsi ti e s
t we n t y o n e an d fi fty years of age are eligi
-
an d a ffli ction s
” The w oul d b e m e m ber i s
.
-

ble I t i ssues certi fi c ate s of

. each , requi red to p rofess a bel i ef in God and ,

payabl e a t dea t h an d h as expen de d in t h is

,
m u st be able to earn a l i veli h ood for h i m sel f
m an ner m ore th an I ts total an d f am ily A m e m be r m ay c arry $5 0 0
.
,

m e m bersh i p is abou t m ost of wh o m or i nsu ran c e an d assess m e nts ,

resi de at or n ear Phi ladel phi a A G ran d . to m ee t pay m en ts of death benefi ts are as
Lo d ge w as organ i zed i n 1 8 7 7 wh i ch c on si sts , sessed a t the l owest l i m i t grad e d a c c o rdi ng ,

of al l Past S ir C h iefs an d th e fi v e el ecti v e to age * Mo re than

. has bee n
offi c ers of su bordin ate Lo dges . pai d i n death benefi ts wi th i n the t wen ty
K n ig h t s O f C o l u m b ia A Topek a .
, th ree years sin c e th e S o c ie ty was organi ze d .

Kan frate rnal m u t ual be nefi t organi za

.
, , Benefi c iaries m u st be th e n eares t d epen den t
ti on Its Lodges are s c attered th rou gh
. relati v e s Certifi c ates of m e m b e rsh ip can n ot
.

West M i ssissippi an d Missou ri Vall e v S tates . be used as c olla teral n o r are m one y s pai d in ,

Th e m e m bershi p i s n ot lar ge . thei r rede m p tion subj ec t to sei z ure to satis fy

K n ig h t s o f H o n o r — Th e l in e of des c e n t
. debts of th e i nsu red Lod ge s pay sick benefits .

of the Kn igh ts of H on o r i n t h e fa m ily of to m e m bers at the i r option an d h andle th eir ,

ben efi c i ary se c re t so c ieties i s d i re c t fro m th e o w n fu nd s to th at e nd D eath benefi t fun ds .

paren t d eath be nefi t assess m e nt soc iety the , are pai d to an d disbu rsed by th e S up re m e
A n c ien t O rde r of U nit edW o rk m en se v en teen ,
Lodge T he go v e rn m e n t of the O rd e r l ik e
.
,

m e m bers o f wh i c h i n c l ud i ng m e m bers of the

, th at of the I nd epe nd e n t O rde r of O dd
I nd epen d e n t O rde r of O dd Fell ows led by T h e K n i g ht s H o no r
,
t o o k o ne s t ep in ad vanc e
of
Ja m es A D e m aree fou n ded th e K ni gh ts
.
, o f t h e A nc i en t O rder o f Un it ed W o r k m en in th at , ,

of H on or at Loui sville K y in 1 8 73 I t ,
.
,
.
w h il e t h e l atter as s essed al l m em b ers a u n i fo rm
h as been very su c c essful i n that i t rank ed i n s um t o pay a d eath b en e fit (a n d s t ill d o es ) t h e fo r ,

n u m e rical strength a m ong th e fi rst h alf m er fo u n d a n ex c u s e fo r ex i s t en c e in it s o r i g i na l

d oze n si m i lar O rders wi th a total m e m be r pl an o f as ses s m en t b y w hi c h m em b ers b et ween 45

,
and 5 5 years o f age pai d m o re th a n th o se b et ween
sh ip o f i n 1 89 5 wh ich fell o ff to ,
2 1 and 4 5 F ro m th a t per i o d 1 8 73 —75 t h e wo rk
.
, ,

i n 1 8 9 7 du ring reorgan iz ation when

, , o f ev o l uti o n am o ng frat er nal as s es s m en t s o c i eti es

i ts assess m e nt plan was re m odelled an d .

went rapi d l y o n t h e n ex t s t ep b e i ng t h e grad i ng o f
,

as ses s m e n t s and l at er an i nc r eas i n

brough t d own to d ate I t s p urposes are to . ,
g as sess m en t ac
c o rd i ng t o age It was n o t l o ng b efo re t h e K n i g ht s
u ni te frate rnally ac c eptabl e wh i te m en of
,
.

o f H o n o r ad m i tt ed t o m em b ers h i
good m o ral c h arac te r and soun d bodily p pers o ns b et ween
1 8 an d 2 1 y ears o f ag e an d ad o pt ed g raded ass es s
heal th ; to lead the m to assi st each other i n m ent s fo r al l j i n i ng th ereaf t er up t o t h e age o f
o ,

dis t re ss i n business and the search for em

, , 45 . B y 1 894—95 it b ec am e pl a i n th at t h e s ys t em o f
pl oy m en t wh i c h are c h arac te ri sti c o f m any
, paying a fi x ed as s es s m en t y ear aft er year d et er ,

si m ilar so c ieties an d to establ ish a widows ’ m i ned b y t h e age o f t h e m em b er at d at e o f j o i n i ng

,

t h e s o c i et y wo ul d s o o ner o r l a t e r b e fo u nd wa n ti n g ;
and orph an s benefi t fu n d of not less th an
’ ,

an d in 1 8 95 t h e K n i g ht s o f H o no r af t er
pro l o ng ed
85 00 n o r m ore than to be paid to ,

i nves ti gati o n ad o pt ed a pl a n o f i ns u ran c e b as ed

,

fa m il ie s of de c e ased m e m bers The se .

on a dif f eren t rat e o f ass es s m ent fo r eac h ag e b e ,

called secre c y whi c h attac h e s to the Frate r g i n n i ng w ith 1 8 and end i ng w ith 6 1 i nc reas i ng ,

n it y i s declare d to be only su c h as i s ne c essary fro m year t o year T h e effec t i t is d ec l ared w il l

.
, ,

to k eep o ut i ntruders an d u nworthy m en b e th at eac h m em b er in any o ne year w il l pay o nl y

t h e s um n eed ed fo r b enefit s o n d eath s a m o ng
fro m i ts benefits ; u prigh t m en of al l p oli ti
m e m b ers o f h i s o w n age b ased o n m o rt al ity ,
cal parties an d rel igiou s creeds bei ng wel t ab l es a nd t h e ex per i enc e o f ass es s m en t b en fi c i ary e

c o m e to i ts rank s No oath i s ad m ini ste re d

.
se ret s c i eti es T hi s rad i c al c h ange h as result ed
c o .

to c and idates for i ni t ia t i on only a p ro m , ad v a nt ag eo u s l y .

 KN I G HT S O F S O BR IE T Y FI D E LIT Y
, , A N D I NT E GR IT Y 147

Fell o ws the Foreste rs an d n early all si m il ar

, , i ng n early all of th e past e igh tee n years in
organi zations i s cen tred i n a S upre m e Lodge
, c rease in m e m bersh ip an d i n
po pul arit v h as
m ade up of represe ntati ves of G rand (S tate ) c harac t e rized the F rat ern it v I t s S u pre m e .

Lodges The la tt er are co m pose d of rep re

. Lodge i s m ade up of represe nta t i ves of 3 6
sen t at iv es of subo rd i nate Lod ges and h ave G ran d Lod ges to wh i c h are attac h ed 1 6 6 0 '

, ,

j uri sd ictio n ove r th e affai rs of the O rd e r i n su bordin ate Lodges w i t h an ave rage of 50
th ei r respecti ve S tates Nearly all th e large r
. m e m bers each .

assess m en t bene fic iary organi zati ons are re K n i g h t s o f H o n o r o f t h e W o rl d — A .

sponsi ble di re c t l y or i ndi re c tly fo r th e c re ne w frate rnal i n su ra n c e societ y wi th head ,

ati on of si m ilar so c ieties e ithe r th ro ugh , quarters at Nat c h ez Miss It appears to ,

.

sch is m born of ri v al r y a m ong w o uld b e lead -

h ave u sed the n a m e o f ano t h e r o rgan izati on .

ers o r b y h a v in g se r v ed as m odels o r o t h er K n ig h t s o f t h e S e v e n W is e M e n o f
wi se and the K nigh ts of Il o n o r p rove no
,
t h e W o r l d — T h e Uni ted S tates c en su s of
.

e x c ep t ion I n 1 8 7 5 th e S upre m e Lod ge

. 1 890 n a m es t h i s S o c iety a m ong o thers
establi sh ed a side o r au xiliary d egree e nti fou nd ed to d o an i nsu ran c e business bu t ,

t l ed the d egree of Protec ti on to wh i c h , n oth ing i s k no wn of it at Nash vi lle where

Kn igh ts o f H onor th ei r wi ves m othe rs
, , , its ch ief offi c e was l o c ated I ts ti tle sug .

u n m arried daughters an d si ste rs e igh tee n , gests th at i t w as an offsh oot f ro m or rel ated
o r m ore years of age were eligibl e O nly a
,
. i n so m e way to th e I m prove d O rde r of o r ,

few Lod ges of th is d egree we re i ns t i tu ted to the O rd e r of the H ept aso ph s .

d u ring th e nex t year or t wo (see Kni gh ts K n ig h t s o f S o b r i e t y F i d e l it y an d , ,

and Lad ies of H on or ) and i n 1 8 77 t h e S n,

I n t e g r it y — A m u tual assess m en t b enefi c i
p re m e Lodge repeale d t h e l aw c reati ng the ary soci e t y fo r m en o rgani ze d at S yra c use
, ,

d egree wh e re u po n represen tati ves of th e

,
N Y in 1 8 9 0 I t d oes business in n earl y
. .
,
.

degree m et at Louisv ille an d organi zed a n a d ozen S ta tes bu t a large p roportio n of i ts

,

i ndepen den t secret assess m e nt be nefi c iar y m e m be rs are resid e nts of the E m pi re
so c ie ty fo r m en an d wo m en u nde r th e ti tle , S ta t e
. I t i ssue s d eath c er t i fi c ates fo r $5 00 ,

The O rde r of Protectio n of Knigh t s an d an d an d pays ac c id en t an d

Lad ies of H on or wh i c h w as su b seq uen tly
,
si c k be nefits of $5 $1 0 $1 5 $20 an d 3 2 5
, , , ,

c h an ged to th e Kni gh ts an d Ladie s of Hon or . week l y Th e l a t te r are li m i te d to fi ve con

.

Th e Kni g h ts of H on o r wh ile a m o ng the , sec ut iv e week s and to twen ty week s al to

,

better an d fa v orably k n own of l i k e so c i geth e r i n any one year Th ree rates of .

et ies h as n ot attai ned i t s prese n t e m i ne n c e

,
assess m ents are offe red m e m bers th e lowest ,

wi th ou t in te l l ige n t an d persisten t wo rk o n of wh ich dela y s the period at wh ich the

th e part of h u nd reds of pro m i nent busi ness benefit goe s in to e ffec t bu t m akes the in ,

an d professional m en wh o h ave bee n an d su rance easie r to carry The se c o nd rate i s .

still are m e m bers O f Western origin i t

.
, based on a sh o rte r del ay i n putting i n to
early spread to th e East an d th e S ou th . ope rati on th e death bene fi t contract wh ile ,

Fro m 1 7 m e m bers wh o fou nd e d the O rde r , th e th i rd m a k es t h e i nsuran c e operati ve

th e m e m be rshi p in c reased to 9 9 by the c lose fro m the m o m en t of j oi ni ng Th e l oss of .

of 1 87 3 bu t one year l ater it h ad grown ten

,
o ne h an d and arm abov e t h e wrist or o ne ,
'

fol d wi th 999 n am es o n the roll Fro m

,
. foo t and leg above th e ankle en ti tles a ,

1 87 5 th e S ocie ty s i n c rease was rapi d u n til m e m be r to one si xth the a m oun t due u n de r
’
-

1 8 7 8 w hen th e yello w fe ver epide m i c was

,
h i s c ertifi c a t e i n case of d ea t h I n case of .

t he cau se of i ts fi rst seriou s re verse In . th e l oss of both h and s and arm s above th e
th at year alon e the O rd e r su ffere d a d rai n w rist or bo th fee t an d legs above t h e ankles
, .

o n its fi nan c ial reso ur c es of the h e i s e nti tle d to one th i rd the fac e of th e
-

resul t of th e death of 1 93 m e m bers D u r . c erti ficate Me m bers wh o arrive at the age

.
1 48 KN I GH T S O F T HE BLUE C R O S S O F T HE WO R LD

of se v e nty years are e nti tled to 1 0 per c e nt . A m e ri c an Legion of H onor Wood m en of ,

of th e am o u n t n a m ed i n the ce rtificate ea c h the World th e G rand Ar m y of the Repub

,

year u ntil one h alf th e a m oun t nam ed i n

-
l ic an d oth e r secret so c ieties
, The influ .

the c ertificate i s pai d All su rpl u s of pre

. en c e of the Work m en i s see n i n the unifor m
m ium s after th e pay m en t of cl ai m s i s se t , assess m e nt rate th at of th e Free m asons and
,
“
aside as a re ser v e f u n d to p ro vide against
, O dd Fell ows i n the degree work an d em
ex c essi v e m ortal ity i n any one year Loan s . b lem s an d th e G rand Ar m y i n i ts obl iga
,

on real estate secu ri ty are m ade to m e m bers ti on t h at no o the r flag th an t h e glorious

o n the m o n th ly pay m e nt pl an i n S tates S tars an d S tripes sh all e ve r float o v e r ou r
wh e re the O rd e r is i nco rporated . c ountry
” Fou r d egrees or ra nk s are c o n
.

K n ig h t s o f t h e B l u e C r o s s o f t h e fe rred th at of Vol un teer M il i tan t Knigh t

, , , ,

W o r 1d — O rgan ized at H o m e r M i c h
. in ,
.
, and Valian t Knigh t O f the lat te r L L . . .

1 888 to pay
,
an d death bene Mu n n , of Freeport Il l writes th at ,
.
,

fi ts by m ean s o f m u tu al assess m ents of m em W h ile h e i s fa m ili ar wi th m any O rde rs and

bers I t also pai d week ly be nefi ts i n c ase s
. h as w i tnesse d cere m onies of th e h ighest
o f sick ness o f m e m be rs Th e o rgani z atio n
. grade of ex c ellen c e the beauty i n struction
, , ,

i s not k n ow n n o w to th e postal o fii c ial s . an d i m p ressi veness of th e Valian t Kn igh t s ’

K n ig h t s o f t h e B r o t h e r h o o d — A m u . rank take a v e r y h igh rank am ong the m .

tual assess m e nt benefi c iary O rder foun d e d O ne of the c h ief obj e c ts o f the Fraterni ty i s
pri or to 1 88 9 w hich reported to th e U n ited
, to in culcate l ofty i de as of A m erican ci tizen
S tate s t enth cen sus fro m Phoeni xv ille P a ,
.
, sh ip While the O rde r is wel l d istri bu te d
.

but i s n o w u nk nown there . th rou gh ou t th e West it i s strong in Ill i nois , ,

Ii n ig h t s o f t h e G l o b e — A so c ial m ili , wh e re a large p roportio n of i ts m em

tary c h ari table and patriotic secre t organ i
, , bers reside .

z at io n wh i c h secu re s th e d e ath benefit fea K n ig h t s o f t h e G l o b e M u t u a l B e n e fi t

ture to its m e m bers th rough th e Kn ights A s s o c ia t i o n A n on se c ret c o ope rati ve
.
- -

o f t h e Globe M u tu al Benefit Asso c iation a , i nsuran ce c o m pany organ ized u n de r th e ,

n on secre t co ope rati ve i nsu ra nce co m pany

-

, , laws of th e S tate of Illin ois i n 1 8 90 t o ia

o rgan ized un de r th e l aws of the S tate of sure m e m be rs o f the Knigh ts of th e Globe
Illi noi s to wh ich only Kn igh ts of the Gl obe
,
an d D augh ters of th e Globe (S ee the lat te r ) . .

are eligibl e Men an d wo m e n m ay beco m e

. K n ig h t s o f t h e G o l d e n E a g l e — A m o ng
m e m bers o f both organ iz ations th e l atter , th e v ariou s be ne fi c iary se m i m i li tary secret ,
-

fi rst j oi nin g th e D augh ters of th e Globe a , socie ties wh i c h h ave fou n ded th ei r ri tu als an d
bran ch of th e K nigh ts of the Globe The . c ere m onial s upon th e h is to ry and pagean try

m u tu al aid so c iety th rough the Kn ights i s of the C rusade rs th e Knigh ts of the Golde n
,

re c ru i ted fro m the m ore heal thful p orti on s Eagle o r C hi val ri c Kn igh ts of A m eri c a is
, ,

of the U n ite d S tates and ann ou n c es spe c ial

, c on spi c uous n o t al one for i ts rapi dly in
,

i nd u c e m ents to you ng m en becau se of i ts creasin g m e m bersh i p wh i c h n u m bers abou t ,

u n ifor m rate of assess m ents I t i ssues death . bu t as w el l fo r its adaptatio n to

benefi t certi fi c ates fo r ten d i ffe ren t a m oun ts , A m e rican soil of the struggle s of early
rangi ng fro m $5 0 0 to to th ose b e Ch ristian k n igh thood The obj e c ts of th e .

t ween ei gh teen an d fi fty si x years of age -

O rde r are bene v olen c e m utual relief agai nst ,

wh o are o the rwise el igible Th e Kn igh ts . the trial s an d di ffic ul ties at te nding si c k ~

of th e Globe was organ ized at C h i c ago i n ness d istress and d eath so far as th ey
, , ,

1 88 0 by Free m asons pro m i ne nt i n the S c ot m ay be m itigate d by sy m path y an d pec u

tish Rite by O dd Fellows of the h igh est
,
miary assi s t an c e ; to “c are for an d prote c t
rank an d by m e m bers of th e Ancient O r
,
th e wi dows an d o rphans ; to assis t those
der of Un ite d Work m en Royal Arcanu m , , ou t of e m pl oy m ent ; to en c ou rage eac h other
1 50 KN I G HTS O F T HE GO LD E N E A G LE

pro m i nen t citize ns of Ph iladelph i a be c a m e m ilitary , wh i c h h as c h arge of drills an d pa

i nterested the progress of th e O rde r has
, rades Th ere i s a se m i m il itary feature in
.
-

bee n rapid and by D e c e m be r 1 8 9 6 i t was

, , , the ri tuali sti c w ork of th e Castles sai d to be
in su c cessful opera t i on i n thi rty fo ur S tates -

, v ery attrac ti ve bu t the m i li tary wor k c o n

,

wi th 83 0 C astles D uri ng the past ten . n ec t ed wi th the degree of C hi val ry it i s ,

y ears i ts growth has bee n c on spicu ou s i n th e c l ai m ed i s un su rp assed by any si m ilar

,

h i story of k i nd re d organ i zati on s more th an , c e re m oni al i n l ike socie ties .

8 0 0 Castles h avi ng been organ ize d d u rin g Th e Knights of t h e Gol den Eagle say
th at period . they are p io nee rs i n p rote c tin g those wh o
I t i s n o t obl igatory for th e m e m bers to h ave passe d the li m i t of age at wh i c h th e y
c on ne c t th e m sel ve s wi th the m il i t ary b ran c h , c an e nte r si m ilar o rganizati on s _
The re are .

wh i ch i s an i m portan t adj unct and attrac ts a l arge n u m ber of Veteran C astl es c o m ,

the young m en The C o m m ande ri es as . pose d o f m en fifty years of age an d o v e r ,

the m ili tary bodie s are te r m e d — are separate which l ike th e Castl es an d Co m m and eries
, ,

fro m th e Castles ; bu t any S ir Knigh t i n h a v e po we r to legislate in regard to d ues

good standin g i n hi s C astle i s eligi ble to an d benefi ts .

m e m be rsh ip i n a Co m m ander y The u n i . Th e O rde r also cl ai m s to be th e pi onee r

for m o f m e m be rs of the C o m m an de ries i s in pro te c ting th ose wh o h a v e belonge d to
e laborate an d plai nly pat terned afte r but , C astles wh ich h a v e beco m e defu nct The .

still di ssi m il ar fro m th at of t h e M ason i c , C astle of Protection o ri gi n ated by Past S u,

K nigh ts Te m plars Th e Co m m an deries . pre m e Ch ief J D Barnes of Pe nn syl v ania

. .
,

n o w co nfe r th e degree of Ch i v al ry ad op te d , pro vides that such m e m bers m ay pay due s

by th e S u pre m e Castle at i ts ann u al sessi on to and re c e i ve benefits from t h e Grand
, ,

hel d i n Readi ng P a O c tober 1 8 9 6 Th is

,
.
, ,
. Castle of Pe n nsyl v ani a an d t h e S upre m e ,

i s requ i red to be ta k en by th ose wh o c on ne c t Cas t le h as re c e n tly adopte d a l i k e plan fo r

the m sel v e s with t h e m il itary b ranch The
m otto of th is degree i s C h i val ry T ru th
an d Peac e ”an d th e ritu al deal s at l ength
“ . th e benefit of those u nder its i m m ediate
j urisdi c tion Th i s bran c h i s k no wn as the
.
, ,

,
Nation al C astle of Prote c tion The Knigh ts .

wi th c h i v alry an d th e h istor y of the C ru sade s . of the Gol de n E agle h ave c ertai nly ta k e n a
C o m m anderies are u n de r the c on trol of a s tride i n ad v an c e i n look ing o ut for t he wel
l ieu tenan t general elec ted by the S u pre m e
-

, fare of m e m bers wh ose C astles are defun c t ,

Castle e very th ree years e x c ept in S tates , i n w h i ch respect so m e olde r and large r be ne
wh ere th ere a re fi ve o r m ore C o m m and eries , fi c iary secre t so c i e ti es are re m iss In 1 885 .

w h en a G rand C o m m an de ry m ay be i n s t i m e m bers of the Kn igh ts of th e Golde n

t ut ed Th e offi c ers of a Grand C o m m an d
. Eagle o rgani zed a si m il ar society u nde r the
e ry are G rand Co m m ande r G ran d Vi c e , title Legi on of th e Re d C ross Th e requi
,
.

C o m m an de r G ran d Marsh al G rand He rald

, , , si te qualifi c ations for m e m bersh ip i n the
Grand Pre c eptor Gran d H istorian G ran d , , Kn igh ts of th e Gol de n Eagle are th at th e
Al m o ner Grand I n ne r Gu ard an d G rand
, ,
applican t be a wh i te m an eigh teen years of ,

O u te r G u ard T he m e m bers of t h e G ran d

. age of good m oral ch ara c ter a bel ie v e r in
, ,

C o m m an d e ry are k no wn as Gran d Ch e va the e xisten c e of a S upre m e Bein g and of

l iers an d ac h ieve th at h on or by v i rtue of
,
the C h ristian fai t h free fro m m e ntal o r .

h avi ng passed th rou gh t h e posts of a subor bod ily infi r m i t y c o m pete nt to support h im
,

d ina t e C o m m an dery S ubordinate C o m . self and fa m ily a law abidi ng reside nt of

,
-

m an d eries m ay be bene fi c ial or n o n ben e -

th e c ou n try i n whi c h h e l i v es an d h a v e ,

fi c ial as th ey ch oose
,
The re are t w o d epart . su ffi cien t edu c ation to si gn h is o wn ap
m e n ts— t h e c i v il w h i c h c onfers th e d egree
,
pl i c ati on fo r m e m bersh ip wh i c h by th e , ,

an d attend s to al l business m atte rs ;and th e way are al m ost e xa c tly t h e quali fications
,
 K NI G H T S O F T HE MA C C A B E E S 15 1

de m ande d for ad m i ssion i nto th e O rde r of the th e sam e place wi th respec t to K nigh ts o f
H ept aso ph s o r S e v e n Wi se Men Mo re th an
,
. th e Golden Eagle as th e D augh te rs of R e
o n e half th e total m e m bersh i p of th e O rder
-
bek ah do to th e I ndepen de nt O rder of O dd
i s i n Penn syl van ia Th e Grand C astl e H al l
. Fellow s an d th e C o m panion s of th e Forest
,

at Ph iladelph ia was pu rch ase d f ro m th e to the Foresters of A m eri c a Th e Lady .

K nigh ts of Labor for wh e n th e l at Eagle s m ee t i n Te m ples and regul ate ,

ter m o v e d i ts h eadq uarte rs to Wash ington th eir ow n week ly an d fune ral be ne fits an d
a fe w years ago an d is a m on u m e n t to th e
,
d ues . Thei r total m e m bership i s about
e xten t an d i m po rtan c e of th e O rde r i n t h e Te m ples which are separate fro m ,

Keystone S tate Th e D eath Ben efi t F un d

. an d i n n o wise adj un c ts of Castles are ,

i s co m pose d of m e m be rs i n good standi ng u n de r the i m m ediate c on trol of t h e S u

of subordi n ate C astles bet wee n th e ages o f ,
p re m e Castle u n t il th e re are te n Te m ples
e ightee n an d fifty and m e m bers of s ub o rdi
,
i n a S tate wh en a Gran d Te m pl e m ay be
,

n ate Te m ples (the au x il iary or Ladies O r ,

’
for m ed .

der ) be tween th e age s of si x teen an d fifty ,

K n i g h t s o f t h e L o y a l G u a rd —Fo un d .
,

who m ust pass a sati sfactory e xam inati on ed by Ed wi n O Wood at Fl in t Mi ch .

, , .

p re v iou s to ad m i ssion Th e am o u nt pai d . Jan u ary 1 895 Men an d wo m en are .

to beneficiaries of m e m bers i n good standin g eli gi ble t o m e m be rshi p It pays d e a t h .

is i n C lass A an d $5 0 0 i n Class B
,
. ben efi ts o nly I t o rgan i zed Lodges i n
.

Wee kly sick benefi ts an d f uneral ben efi ts are 1 0 4 ci tie s w i th i n two an d on e h alf years -

pai d by m ean s of asse ss m e n ts at the opti on and n u m bers m ore th an m em

of subordi nate Castles The assess m e n t . be rs .

i n Cl ass A i s 5 0 c en ts an d i n Class B 2 5 K n ig h t s o f t h e M a c c a b e e s — No on e
c ents I t wi ll be see n th at one obj ect of th e
. of th e pop ular secre t benefi ci ar y fra t erna l
fou nders was to f u rn ish a m oderate death so c i et ie s whi ch h ave sprun g i nto bei n g d u r
bene fi t to m e m bers at a l o w cost I n 1 8 96 . i ng t he l atte r qu arte r of th e ni ne teen th
a$ 52 5 0 death benefi t c lass was pro v id ed as ,
cen tu ry h as bee n m ore successful t h an th e
sessm en t s i n wh i c h are pro rata wi th th ose Ma c c abees Its ori gi n al i n spi ra t i on was of
.

in C lasses A an d B D uri ng th e year 1 8 95

. Can adian ori gi n bu t i ts robu st you t h an d
,
‘

was pai d ou t for rel ief by the Cas early m an h oo d are tri bu tes to th e n u rt ur
tles of the O rder th e i n v est m ents a m o un t
, i ng care an d e xecu ti v e capa c i ty of A m eri
in g to can c i t i z e n s Th e foun de rs o f t he m o d ern
.

The E agle H o m e Asso c iation of P en n sy l Maccab ees are to be c o m m en ded fo r quarry

v an ia h as for its obj ect the protecti o n of i ng t h e foun dati on stones of t h ei r ri tual ,

the age d Eagles w idows an d orphan s an d

, , ,
legen d an d cere m oni al in s t rata wh i c h ha d
,

i s s upported by a pe r capita f ro m su c h Cas n o t e ven bee n u n co ve re d by th e expl o rin g

tles as are e n rol led i n m e m bersh ip The . h an d of th e se cret soci e t y ri tuali st Th e .

so c ial fe ature i s characte ri sti c of th e O rder , m o de rn O rde r of Maccabean Kn i gh th ood i s

an d one ni gh t in eac h m onth is gen erally bui l t u pon t h e tradition s an d h istory of th e
set apart for en tertai n m e nts . an cien t Maccabean d y nasty th e ach ie v e ,

Th e Te m ple degree o r Ladi es of the , m e nt s of w h i ch are record e d i n t he fi rst an d

Gol de n Eagle is O pe n to wo m en of good
,
secon d B oo k s of the Ma c cabees i n t h e ,

m oral character n ot less th an sixtee n years

,
apocryph al O l d Testa m en t Th e foll o wers .

of age wh ethe r rel ati v es of Kn igh ts of the

,
of J udas Maccabeu s we re Je ws of n o par
Gol d e n Eagle o r n ot as well as to m e m be rs
, t ic ul ar t ri be wh o b rave d death in th e d e
,

of th e O rde r of th e Knigh ts of the E agle . fence o f th ei r belie f i n the God of th ei r

Th i s au xiliary to th e Eagle Kn igh ts h as se fathers The n a m e Maccabeu s i s sai d to
.

c ial and ben efi c iary obj e c ts and fil ls m uch , h a v e bee n de ri v e d fro m a H ebre w te r m
1 52 K NI G H T S o r T HE MAC C A BE E S -

sign i fyin g a h am m e r * I t was to Ju das . de ath of Antioch u s b u t was m u rdered by,

Maccabeu s t h e Je ws were i nde b t ed for th e th ose wh o feare d h i s i nfl uen ce o n the hei r

prese r v ati on of th ei r poli ti c al po we r and to th e th rone S i m eon t he secon d bro t h er
.
,

reli gi ou s li berty I n t h e se con d centu ry . of Judas aid ed b y Ro m an allies becam e

, ,

B C
. the Je ws t ransferre d thei r al legi ance t h e rule r of the J e ws and fi nally reest ab ,

fro m Egyp t to S yri a and t wen ty fi v e years ,

-
l is h ed the i n depend ence of t he Je wi sh n a
la t e r t he S y ri an Ki ng An tioch us E piph an es , , tion Th e wi sd o m an d m oderati o n w i th
.

c o m m an d e d t h e m t o ren oun c e thei r reli gi on , wh i c h he u se d th e po we r i n truste d to h im

defil ed th ei r san c t u ary an d ordere d the m , we re so well appreci ated i n h i s own day
to pay t h e h on ors due alone to D i vi nity t o t h at th e year 1 4 1 B C — th at after h i s suc
. .

the O l y m pi an Ju pi t e r T his the Je ws un . cessio n — was m ad e t he begi n ni ng of a n ew

“
de r t h ei r Prie st Mat t ath ias resi ste d i n a
thi rty ye ars war ” Before th e ou t bre ak
’
.
era .

Upon t he en d u ri ng trai ts of charac t er

Mat t athi as bei ng a pe rso n of c onsequen c e , displayed by the an cien t M accabean fa m ily
’
was te m pted b y a S v rian c aptai n t o e m brace i n the Je wish t hi rty years war for reli gi ou s
th e n ew fai th b ut wi t h h i s own h an d h e an d poli t ical l ibe rty par t ic ul arly th ose of
,

sle w t he fi rst renegade J ew wh o approached i t s fi rst great represen tativ e J udas M ac ,

t he al ta r of i dolatry T hi s p re c i pi t ate d c ab eus t he m o dern Kn i gh t s of the Macca

!
,
.

t he co n fli c t Mat ta t h ias h i s fi v e son s an d , , bees h ave fou nde d t hei r frate rn al O rde r of
a fe w fai t hfu l foll o wers dest roye d the em m u tual relief I t was Ju das Ma c c abeu s
.

b l em s of th e h ea t he n worshi p i n M o di n an d wh o fi rst co m m an ded h i s sol die rs in di v i d

vi c i ni ty an d fled i n t o th e w il de rness of i ng t he fru i t s of th ei r v ictori e s to rese r v e a
Judea T he H ellenes frie n d s of t he Greek s
.
, part for the wid o ws an d orph an s of thei r
ai de d th e S yri an s an d th e fa m ily of M ac brothers wh o had fallen i n battle — a pro m i
c ab eus of whi c h Ju das Ma c c abeu s w as th e
. n en t feat ure of t he work of m odern Mac c a
h ead espou se d the cau se of the Je ws Ju das
, , b eis m .

Ma c c abe us beco m i n g th e leade r of th e re The m ode rn O rd er of th e Maccabees was

v ol t af t e r t he d e a t h o f hi s fa t h e r M atta fou n ded in 1 8 7 8 by m e m be rs of the O rder
t h ias a few years af t e r the outbreak of the of Fore ste rs an d othe rs at Lon don O n
, , ,

war i n 1 6 6 B C T he for m e r to o k c o m
. . tari o wh o we re fa m i li ar wi t h the h i story
,

m and an d at M i z pah rep ul se d an d pu t to

,
of t he an cie n t Maccabees an d belie ve d i t ,

fligh t the S y rian s alth o ugh h i s forces were
grea t ly o utn u m bered At Beth z u r h e agai n
pu t the S y ri an s to fl igh t re c on qu e red Jeru
, fo rm ed an excell en t fra m e work o n wh i ch t o
. co n str uct a m ode rn fratern al an d b enefi
, c iary so c i ety They dre w up a consti t uti on
.
,

sale m pu ri fi ed th e Te m ple re es t abl i sh e d

, , prepa red a ri tual an d c ere m on ials and t he ,

t h e h oly se r v i ce an d c oncl uded an alli an ce

, ne w society was born Wi t h i n t wo years i t .

wi t h t h e Ro m ans H e fell i n bat tl e i n . h ad spread th rou ghou t th e Canadian D o

16 1 B C . H e was su c c eed ed b y h i s bro t her
. m ini on an d in to several of th e Uni ted S t a t es ,

J on at han wh o beca m e H igh P ries t on the

,
w ith a total m e m be rshi p of about
I ts early growth i s d ecl are d to h ave been of

“
It l so c l ai m ed t h e nam e " M ac eab i w as
is a

fo rm d fro m t h e i n iti a l s o f t h e Heb rew wo rd s m i

e
a m u sh roo m ch ara c ter No m ed i c al e x
.
.

A a m o c h a b aé lim J eh o vah s i g n i fy i ng
'

,
h o is li k e ,
'
a m i n ati on was requi red of a ppl i can ts an d ,

th ee a m o ng t h e go d s Jeh o vah ? , assess m e nts at de ath s we re onl y ten cen ts

1 O n b ei n g s u m m o ned b y t h e S yri an o verseer and ap iece for all m e m bers The b us m ess m an .

s w e ed :
r
“
b ad e t o m a k e sac rifi c e t o t h e go d s M a tt athi as a n
If all t h e peo pl e in t h e ki n gdo m o b ey t h e
,
a em en t w as n o t of the k i n d wh i c h bene
g
fi c iary o rg ani z ati on s of th is variet y n o w
o rd er o f t h e m o na rc h t o depa r t fro m t h e fa ith o f

th ei r fath ers I a nd m y s o ns will ab i de b y t h e

,
requi re e xpe nses i n creased rela t i vel y m ore
,

c o vena nt o f o ur fo refath er rapidly th an t he in c o m e an d as d eath s ,

1 54 K NI GH T S O F T HE S T A R O F BE T H LE H E M

th e acti ve work of e xten d in g t h e m em shi p fee wh en appl ie d for at t he sa m e ti m e ,

h e rsh i p th rough o u t the co un try I n 1 89 2 a . and on pay m e n t of d ues to m ain tai n on ly

per m anen t h ead qu arte rs was e stabli sh e d at one l ocal organ i zati on C ertai n classes of .

Por t H u ron Leaders a m o n g th e K ni gh ts

. railroad e m pl oyees express m en fi re m en , , ,

de c l are th a t th e O rder wh ich co n si sts of a , an d m iners (e x c e pt coal m i n ers wh i ch are ,

body of m en ban ded togethe r for t h e p ro proh i bi te d ri sks ) are regarde d as h az ard ou s
t ec t io n of thei r fa m il ies an d h o m e s i s n o t , ris k s an d pay twenty fi v e cen ts add iti on al
,
-

an i nsuran ce c o m pany an d bears th e sa m e , assess m en t for e ach Persons eu

relatio n to an i nsuran ce co m pany th at a gage d i n blasti ng c oal m i n in g sub m ari ne
, ,

fath e r bears to a gu ard i an I t i s only . operati on s m a k i ng hi ghly in flam m able or

,

p roper to ad d th a t t hi s di sti n cti o n i s d raw n e xplosi v e m ate rials ae ron au ts ele c tri c li ne
, ,

be t ween n early all secre t fraternal b en efi , ,

m en etc are n o t eli gible to m e m be rshi p o n
, .
,

c iary soci eties an d open m u tual assess m e n t accou n t of the extra h az ard ou s n atu re of
in su ran ce co m pa n i es as wel l as bet ween th e ,
the occupa t i on s ; i n addi tion to w h ich pri n ,

for m er and th e ol d l i ne l e v el pre m i u m , c ipal s or agen t s o r e m pl oyees i n th e m a n u

payi n g li fe in s u ran ce co m pan ies Th e . factu re or sale of spi rit uo u s or m al t liq u ors ,

O rder of th e M accabees i s qui te co m p re an d th ose addi cte d to the i nte m perate u se

h en siv e as t o th e relief i t e xten ds I t not . of i n toxi cati ng l iquo rs are i neligi ble t o ,
'

o nly pays benefits at th e death s of m e m bers , m e m be rsh i p .

both m en an d w o m en bu t for di sabil i ty , , T h e to t al m e m bersh i p of the Kn igh ts ,

d u ri ng e xtre m e ol d age and sick n ess for , D ece m be r 1 1 80 6 of wh ic h m ore th an one

, ,

acci dents an d to m e e t fu neral e xpe nses

,
. th i rd i s i n Mi ch i gan was abou t ,

These pay m en ts are m et by m ut ual assess

m en ts base d u pon the actuari es t abl e “ ’
d istri bute d th rough ou t fo rty S tates an d
Pro v i nces an d t h e d eath rate i n 1 8 9 5 was
”
, ,

of m o rtal ity Assess m en ts are m ade

. only in w h i c h w as e xcepti onally
m o nthly an d i n c lu de an allo wan ce of 1 2
,
low . Fully i n ben efi ts h ave
pe r cent for th e act ual c ost of m an age m e nt
. . been pai d si n c e th e O rder w as foun ded .

All wh ite pe rson s of soun d bodil y h eal th Th e total m e m bersh i p Knigh ts and Ladies ,

an d good m o ral ch aracter social ly acce pt ,

co m bi ned D ece m ber 1 1 8 9 6 was
, , ,

able between e igh teen an d se v en t y ye ars of

,
and t h e co m bi ne d benefi t s d i stri b u te d h ad
age are eli gi bl e to m e m be rshi p ; bu t only
, am oun ted to m ore th an

th ose between ei gh t een and fi ft y t wo years -

K n i g h t s o f t h e S t a r o f B e t h l eh e m .

of age m ay j oin an d sh are i n the ben efi ciary S ee O rder of t h e S tar of Bethleh e m

“
.

fea t u res S i c k benefi ts a re f ro m $4 to $1 0

. L ad i e s o f t h e G o l d e n E a g l e — Th e
per wee k w h ile $5 0 $2 0 0 o r $3 0 0 an n ually
, , , wo m en s social and ben efi ci ary bran c h of
’

are pai d i n case of t otal an d pe r m anen t dis th e m utual assess m e nt fratern al so c iety ,

ab il ity an d $5 0 $1 0 0 or $3 0 0 a n n uall y for

, , , th e K n igh ts of t h e Gold en Eagle (S ee th e .

ol d age ben e fits A benefi t of fro m $3 to . l a t ter ) .

$3 0 i s pai d in case of d i sabli n g acci den ts ; L a d i e s o f t h e M a c c a b e e s — As nearly .

$1 7 5 to for th e acci dental l o ss of al l the pro m i nen t b enefi c iarv secret societies
both eyes h and s o r fee t o r h an d an d foot
, , ,
h ave au xili ary o r w o m e n s bran c h es to ai d
,
’
, ,

$1 0 0 to for h an d o r foot ; an d $4 0 t o i n chari table w ork an d assi st so c i all y an d

$5 0 0 fo r t he ac c id en tal l oss of an ey e T h e . oth e rwise i n pro m otin g th e i n terests o f t h e
fun e ral ben efi t of an un m arri e d m e m ber i s paren t org an i zat ion s so th e Kn igh ts of the ,

$5 0 an d t h e death ben efi t $5 0 0
. , Maccabees are s u ppl e m en ted by th e Ladi es
0 00 o r ,
an d (wh ere G reat C a m ps of th e M ac c abees To M rs A G Ward of . . . .

e xi st ) as h i gh as T hese be nefi t s M us kc go n M i ch belon gs t h e c red i t of

, ,

( o n e o r al l ) m ay be se c u red for one m e m ber h avi ng suggested an d plan ne d t h e Ladies

 L A DI E S O F T HE MA C C A BE E S 1 55

of th e Maccabees S h e drafted th e origi n al . O ctober 1 1 89 2 to h ar m o ni ze the worki n gs

, ,

c on sti tuti on for the fi rst H i v e co m p osed of , of v ario u s G reat H i v es an d to re nder th ei r ,

w iv es o f the Kn igh ts at M u skegon At first, . social ritualis t i c an d ot he r work u ni for m

, , ,
'

t h is so c iet y was l ocal an d pu rely social i n an d as i ts n am e su ggests t h e S upre m e

, ,

c h aracter bu t i n 1 88 6 appli cati on was m ade

, H i ve i s t o d ay th e supre m e au th ority o f t h e
-

t o th e G rea t C a m p for Mi ch i gan at Kala , Lad ie s of th e M accabee s It i s m ade u p .

m azoo for recogn i ti on as an au xi liary branch

, of represen tati ves of G reat H i ves an d i s ,

t o aid l ocal Ten ts soci ally an d for l aws to ,

t h e au xili ary branch of t h e S upre m e Ten t
pro vi de fo r l ife an d di sabi li ty benefi ts to be of th e Kn igh ts of t he M accabees of t he
m a n aged by the au xili ary socie ty i t self Th e Wo rld th e supre m e govern i ng bo dy of t he
,

req uest w as n o t gran t ed an d a secon d ap ,

Kn igh ts .

pl i cati on i n 1 88 7 m et w i th anoth e r refusal . Th e L a d ie s of th e Mac cabee s i s cl ai m e d

B ut th e e ffo r t s of the w o ul d b e Lad y Mac -
to be th e fi rst m o ve m en t of the k in d a m on g
c ab ees we re n o t rel axed an d as m any of the , w o m en offe ri n g death benefi ts m ak in g i ts ,

l e adi n g Kn igh ts h ad be c o m e con v in c e d of own laws and t ransact in g i ts o w n bu s in ess

, .

th e d eter m i n ation an d abil i ty of th e l ad ies I ts s u c cessful caree r h as su rpri se d m an y ,

t o acco m pl ish wh at they h ad un dertaken ,

e v e n a m on g its well wishers an d h as sh o w n -

t he G reat C a m p wh i c h m et at P o rt H u ro n
,
th at w o m e n m ay safe ly be i n trusted wit h
i n 1 8 88 recogn ized the organ i zati on of a
,
th e co n d u c t an d m anage m en t of m an y of
G reat H i v e for Mi c h i gan au xil i ary to the , th e b roader busi ness aff ai rs of li fe The .

G reat C a m p A G reat H i v e w as fi nally o r

. total m e m be rshi p of th e Ladies of th e M ac
g an iz ed i ts l aws approved by the G reat
,
c ab ees D e ce m be r 1 1 896 of wh i c h fully
, , ,

C a m p an d i ts offi cers electe d an d i n stalle d

,
on e h alf i s i n Mi ch igan h ad i nc reased t o
-

by M aj or N S Boyn to n G reat Record . .

,
si n c e the for m a t i o n of th e Great
Keeper in May 1 8 90 O rgan i ze rs were
, , . H i ve for Mich igan i n 1 888 an d m ay be ,

app oi n ted an d th e lad ies O rde r was rapidly

,
’
foun d i n m ore th an one h alf t he S ta t es o f -

i ntrod uced th rough ou t Mi c h igan i n c o n n ec th e U n ion an d i n the C an adian D o m ini on .

t ion w ith v ariou s Te n ts of the M accabees . It ai ds its si c k an d d i stressed m e m bers ,

By August 1 89 0 th e total m e m bersh i p of

, ,
care s for th e li vi ng bu ries i ts dead an d pays, ,

t h e Ladies of the Maccabees was only 1 7 0 ,

death an d di sabil i ty be nefits Wo m e n be .

b ut fro m th at ti m e on ward i ts growth su c ,

t ween th e ages of si xteen an d fi fty t wo -

cess an d popul ari ty a m o ng l adie s rel ati v es

, ,
sociall y accept abl e are ad m i tte d t o li fe ,

o f th e Kni gh t s of th e M accabees an d oth ers , ,

ben efi t m e m be rsh i p after passin g a m edi cal ,

h a v e bee n con ti n u o u s For so m e years th e . e xa m in ati on T hey re c ei ve d eath ben efi t

.

gro wth of t he so c iety o win g to i ts ch arte r , ,

c e rt i fi cates for 85 0 0 an d an d
,

w as con fi ned to M ic h igan H i v es we re sub . i n c ase of pe r m anen t o r total dis abili ty or ,

sequen tly orga ni ze d by G rea t C a m ps i n on reac h i n g t he age o f seve n ty years th ey ,

o th er S t ates ; b ut in Ne w Yo r k an d O h i o re c ei ve ann u ally on e tent h of t h e s um n a m ed -

G reat Ca m ps retain e d c on trol of s ub o rdi i n t hei r c er t i fic ates Th us far the deat h .

n ate H i ve s an d of thei r fun ds Th is for . rate a m on g th e Ladies of th e Mac c abee s h as

a t i m e p re ven t e d H i ves i n the S tates n a m e d been re m ark ably l ow T h e social rit ual is .
,

fro m bei ng represen te d i n t h e S up re m e ti c l i te rary an d ed ucati on al e xerci ses are

, ,

H i ve of th e O rder of the Ladi es of th e p ro m i ne n t fe atu res In v i e w of i ts u n i qu e

.

M a c cabee s of t he W orld restrictin g th ei r

e nj oy m en t of soci al an d fratern al bene ” “
,
ch ara c ter th e society bei ng th e fi rst of i ts
,

k in d m an age d e x c l u si v ely by w o m en i t i s ,

fi ts o f t h e O rd e r i n oth e r S ta t es than th ei r p ro pe r t o ad d that t o L ady L ill i an M .

o wn . B u t th e S up re m e Hi ve of th e Lad i es H oll ister of D e t roi t an d Lady Bi n a M West .

of t h e M ac cabees of t h e Wo rl d was o rgan i zed of Port H u ro n i s l argely d ue th e s uccess

1 56 LE A G UE O F F R I E ND S H I P , S U P R E M E M E C H A NI C A L O R DE R O F T HE S UN

an d presen t h igh s tan din g of th e au xiliary L o y a l C i rc l e — A ne w fraternal b enefi

bran ch of the M accabees . c iary socie ty organi ze d a t C ham paign Ill
, , .

L e a g u e o f F r i e n d s h i p S u p r e m e 1\I e , L o y a l K n ig h t s a n d L a d i e s — A n out .

c h a n ic a l O rd e r o f t h e S u n A b enefi . gro w t h of th e Kn igh ts an d Ladi es of H onor .

c iary l abor organ izati on n o w e xtin ct m em , , The l a t te r s o c iety w as c o nnected wi th th e

bers of wh i ch for m e d th e A nci en t O rder of Kn igh ts of H onor and Mizpah Lodge B os , ,

Uni te d W ork m en i n 1 8 6 8 (S ee t he l atter ) .

‘

. ton was one o f the m ost wid e awak e Lodges

,
-
.

L e g i o n o f t h e R e d C r o s s — O n e of the . The K ni gh ts an d Lad ies of Hono r se v ered

s m al ler m u t ual assess m en t ben e fi c i ary so i ts c onne c ti on wi th th e Knigh ts of H ono r ,

c iet ies f ou nde d i n 1 8 8 5 by m e m bers of th e

, and th e m e m bershi p of M izpah Lodge di s ,

Kni ght s of t h e G old en E agle wh i c h i nsu res ,

satisfied wi th the a c tion o f th e so c ie ty di s ,

th e li v es of i ts m e m bers i n t h e s um of sol ved i ts con nection wi th th e Kn igh ts an d

see k s t o proc ure e m pl oy m e n t fo r Lad ies of H onor an d se t up ho usekeepin g
th e m and so far as possi ble t o assis t th e m
, , , on i ts own ac c ou n t as th e Lo y al K nigh ts
in b usin ess Al l acceptable wh i te m en b e
.
, an d L adies The fi rst m eeti ng was h el d
.

t ween ei gh tee n an d fifty years of age wh o ,

No v e m ber 1 1 1 88 1 i n Bosto n The fo r
, , .

'

c an pas s th e req ui re d ph y s ic al ex a m inati on , m ati on of th e othe r C ou rts d evol v ed u po n

are eligible t o m e m bersh i p I t i s go v e rne d . C ou rt Mizpah and u n til th e fifth C ourt
,

by a S u p re m e C oun cil m ade up of i ts o fii , h ad bee n i n sti tuted no atte m pt at a h igh e r

cers an d represen tati v es of G ran d C ouncil s ,
body was m ade At th at ti m e delegate s .

wh i ch h ave j u ri sd i cti o n o ve r su bord i nate w ere sen t fro m the fi ve C ou rts an d upo n ,

C ou n cil s i n S tates wh ere esta b li sh ed I t . these dev ol v ed th e du ty of establ ish ing t h e

fu rni sh es si c k as wel l as death ben efi ts an d , , gove rni ng body Th e I m perial C ou rt was .

si nce i t was fou nd ed h as paid n e arl y $1 60 , ,

for m ed Dece m be r 6 1 883 th ough i t was , ,

0 00 to be n efi c i ari es Th e ri t u al i s based on
. k nown as t h e H igh C ou rt u n til February 52 3 -

th e h istory an d tradi ti o ns of th e C rusades ,

1 8 84 No especi al atte m pt was m ade t o
.

bu t as m ay be supposed h as n o di re c t or
, ,
p ush m atters u n ti l after th e i ncorporati on o f
o the r rel ati on to t h e M asoni c o r o th e r o r th e so c iety June 1 8 1 895 w h en som e im
, , ,

ders of t he Red C ross The t o tal m e m be r . portant c h ang es were m ade in i ts c o n s t it u

sh i p abo u t
, i s cen tre d i n M aryl and ,
tion .A t the presen t ti m e th e O rd e r i s
D ela ware Pen n sylvani a Ne w Jersey an d
, , ,
gro win g sl o wly though v ery satisfac torily .

N ew Yo rk an d i ts head quarters are a t B al

,
The d eath rate of th e O rde r h as bee n v ery
t i m ore Th e e m ble m i s a red M altese C ross
.
,
lo w .

sl igh t ly m od ifi ed fro m th e c on v en t i on al Th e strongest c lai m t h e O rde r h as u pon

s h ape w it h t h e l et t ers L O R C i n th e
,
. . . . i ts m e m be rs i s th e genui ne feeling of frate r
ar m s an d a ci rcle i n the cen tre con taini ng
,
n it y wh i c h h as h eld i t t oge t h e r whe n so
,

a represen t atio n of t h e C ross an d C rown . m any stronger s oci eties h ave gone to th e

(S ee also Kn igh ts o f th e Gol de n Eagle ) . wall Verv m u c h i s d on e by al l th e C ou rts

.

L i g h t o f t h e A g e s — A n In d i an a fra to e ncou rage th i s se n ti m en t an d m an y en ter

’

.
,

t e rnal benefi ci a ry socie t y w i th i ts h ead ,

t ain m ent s are gi ven The ri tualis t i c work .

quarters at I n d i an apoli s wh i ch i n 1 89 7 ,
also i s v e ry good I t i s a se c ret benefi c iary
.

d ropped i ts frate rnal feat u res and con ti n ued ,

socie ty ad m i tti ng al l so c ially ac c eptabl e
,

busi ness as an o rd i n ary in su ran ce c o m pany . w h i te person s of su i table age wh o c an pass

L o y a l A d d it i o n a l B e n e fi t A s s o c ia the requ i red physical e xam in ation I t pays .

t io n — A . f raternal benefi ciary soci ety ,

a d ea t h ben efi t n ot to exceed th ou gh
for m ed i n 1 88 9 by m e m bers o f the Royal the ac tual a m ou n t pai d h as n e ve r reac hed
A r c anu m t o wh i ch on ly th e l a t ter are eli
,
~
that s um A si c k benefi t i s pro v ided for i f
.

gib l e as m e m be rs (S ee R o v al A rcan u m )
. , d esi red th ough fe w of t h e C ou rts h av e
,
1 58 MO D E R N WO O D ME N O F A ME R IC A

in c rease d fro m a m e m bersh ip of 6 0 0 i n Th e re c ord m ade b y the Mod e rn Wood

1 8 84 to in 4 1 80 local C am ps on m en of A m e ri c a sh ows th at the c ost of pro
S ep te m be r 1 1 89 6 ,
. t ec t ion h as no t i ncreased with i n se v e n years ;
The terri tor y of th e Modern Wood m en i s that i t i s fu rn ish i ng in suran c e at a cost o f
co nfi ne d by i ts c h arter to th e S tates of Ill i for pe r an n u m ; th at th e c ost
n ois Mi n neso ta Io wa Nebrask a Wi s c o n
, , , , of m anage m en t i s 7 8 c en ts per m e m ber ;
s in M i c h i gan Kansas North D ak o t a S o uth
, , , , that th e a v erage age of m e m bersh ip is
Da k ota M i ssouri I ndi ana and O h io fro m
, , , , years an d that the a v erage deat h rate pe r
,

wh i c h th e ci t ies of C h icago D etroi t M il , ,

is No o th e r secret benefi c iary
waukee S t Lou i s an d C in ci nn ati are e x
,
.
, socie ty eve r sh owe d su c h an i n c rease i n
c l uded T h is i t is clai m ed m ake s i ts te r
.
, , m e m bersh i p wi th i n a year as th at of t h e
rit o ry th e h eal th iest i n the c ou ntry I n . Modern Wood m e n of A m eri c a wh i c h was , ,

ad di tion persons engaged i n h azardou s o c

, i n rou nd n u m bers There w ere 6 9 2 ,

*
u
c p at io n s are n ot el igi bl e to m e m bership . death clai m s paid that year am oun ti ng to ,

Assess m e n t s to pay be nefits are grad u ated and th e total am ou n t pai d to

accordi n g to t h e age of the person j oi n i ng , beneficiaries si n c e organ iz atio n i s
the gradi ng bein g i n proporti on to the ave r Th e t otal i n c rease i n m e m be rsh ip d u rin g
age e xpe c tan c y o f l ife by th e standard of eigh t m o n t h s of 1 89 6 brok e th e S ociety s ’

A m eri c an tabl es The rate re m ai ns th e . own re c ord 4 9 3 5 0 O n S epte m ber 1 1 8 9 6

, .
, ,

sam e as at th e begi nni ng th e spe c i al i ndu c e , i t h ad of in su rance in force .

m ent bei ng to yo u ng an d m i d dle aged m en -

. Unde r th e O rde r s ch arte r th e head offi c e i s
’

O rd i nary e xpen ses of the l o c al and h ead l ocate d at F ul ton Ill wh e re C W H awe s , .
, . .

Ca m ps are paid by th e se m i an n ual d ues -

. h as c h arge of th e record depart m en t T h e .

A qu al ifi c ati o ns fo r m em b ers hi p in t h e Wo o d
s
general supe r v isi on of th e O rde r co m es n u
m en o f A m er i c a are as ex c epti o nal a m o ng l ik e r ul es de r th e d i re c tion of Head C on sul W A . .

in s i m il ar s o c i eti es as is t h e rapi d an n u al i nc reas e No rthcott of Gre en v ille Ill C olonel A H , . . .

in m em b ers hi p th es e are g i v en in f ul l , Persons t o H olli ste r of Mad i son W is i s i ntru sted , ,

b ec o m e m em b er m u s t b e w h it e m al es o ve r ei g ht een
s ,
wi th the fun ds of the O rder and th e fi n an ,
and u n d e r fo r t y fi v e years o f ag e o f s o u n d h ea lth
c ial supe rvi sion i s u nde r th e control of t h e
-
, ,

ex em l ar y h ab i t s and g o d m o ra l c h ar a c t er O ne o
p ,
.

w h o is o v er fo r t y— fi v e years o f age i f b ut fo r a s in ,
followi ng gentle m en wh o for m th e Board of ,

g le d ay is i nel i g i b l e
, Perso ns engaged in t h e fo l .
D i re c tors :A R Talbot C hai rm an Li n c ol n
. .
, , ,

l o wi ng ki nds o f b u s i ness o r em pl o ym en t w il l no t b e Neb ; J W Wh i te Rock Falls Ill ; J N

. . .
, ,
. . .

a d m itt ed as m e m b ers o f thi s F rat er n it y : Rail w ay

Reece S pri ngfield Ill , Marvi n Quac k en
, ,
.

b rak em a n ra il way eng i neer fi rem a n and sw it c h

, , ,
bu sh D undee Ill ; and B D S m i th Man
, ,
. . .
,
m a n m i n er em pl o yed u nd er g ro u n d m i ne i ns pec t o r
, , ,
k ato M i n n The m e m bership of th e O rde r
pit b o ss pro fess i n al r i d er and d r i ver in rac es em
.
,
,
o ,

pl o yee in g u n po wd er fac t o ry w h o l esa l er o r m an u ,

i n c lu des m any pro m inen t m en am ong th e m ,

fac tu rer o f liqu o rs s a l o o n k eeper sal o o n bart ender , , ,

fo rm e r C o m ptroller of t h e C u rrency Jam es
aero na ut s a il o r o n t h e l ak es and sea s pl o ug h po l i s h er
, , , H E c kles Willi a m J B ryan ex G ove rn or
. .
-

, _
,

b rass fi n i s h er pro fes s i o nal b as e b al l pl ayer pro t es

,
-

,
H oard of Wisconsi n an d C ongress m an La ,
s i o u a l f o o t b al l pl a yer pro fes s i o nal fi rem an s ub Fol lette
-

, ,

m ar i ne o perat o r o r so l d i er in reg ul a r ar m y in ti m e
.

o f w ar O ne w h o aft er j o i n i n g t h e O rd er engages
. , .
Wh i le m a k ing a poi nt of bei ng parti c ular
in an y pro hi b it ed o c c u pati o n th ereb y h i m s el f v o i d s ,
to restri c t i ts operation s t o the heal th iest
hi s c o n t rac t w i th t h e O rder and renders hi s c ert ifi S tates i n the U nion an d to re c eive o nly ,

c at e n ul l an d v o i d b ut m ay o b v i a t e thi s d i ffi c ult y
. you ng an d heal thy m en so as to k eep th e
and ret a i n hi s m em b ers hi p b y fili n g w ith t h e Head “
c ost of i nsu ran ce as l ow as t h e l owest th e ,

C l er k a wai v er o f all r i g ht t o b e nefit s in c as e d ea th

res ul t s b y reaso n o f s u c h pro h i b i ted o c c u pati o n M oder n Wood m en of A m eri c a m a k es a
ex c ept w h ere e ngaged in t h e sa l e o f i n to x i c an t strong feat ure of th e social and frate rnal
l iqu o rs .
side of se c re t so c iet v life Th is i s i nd ica t e d .
 M YS T I C W O R KE R S O F T HE Y O R L D
V
1 59

by th e foll o wing extract fro m an add ress to wh ich m e m bers of th e l atter an d wo m en

befo re the organiz ati o n in 1 894 by i ts th en rel ati ves are eligi ble I t h as bee n estab .

Head Bank e r (Treasu re r ) D C Tink . .

'
lish ed only a fe w years bu t gi ves pro m ise ,

T he Woo dm en in o ne fo r m o r an o th er ex i s t ed of ably su ppl e m en ting the C am ps of Wood

c entu r i es b efo re t h e Go l d en F l eec e o r t h e Ro m an m en as h ave so m any si m i lar auxil iary o r
E agl e w as d ream ed o f th at t h e O rd ers o f t h e S t ar ganiz at io ns attache d to oth e r benefi c iary
and Gar t er t h e R ed C ro ss a nd t h e L eg i o n o f
O rde rs
_ , , Th i s branch of th e O rde r pays
.

H o no r are th i ng s o f y est erday as c o m pared w it b

death be n e fits also The m e m bersh ip i s
-

th em F ar b ac k in t h e dim an d m i s t y ages b efo re

of t wo varie ties ben efici ary an d frate rn al
. ,

t h e c reatu res w ere b o r n b efo re t h e fi rs t st o nes , ,

“
.

were l ai d in t h e et erna l c it y in reg i o ns u nlik e ,

there bei ng about of the for m e r an d
th o s e w e s ee ro u nd ab o ut u s w h ere sn o w c ro wned ,
-
of t h e l atter .

peak s s t an d g u ard l ik e senti nel s w h ere b ab b l i n g M y s t i c W o rk e r s o f t h e o ma

T
, .

b ro o k s a n d m u r m u r i n g r ill s d i s c o u rs ed s o f t m u s i c
Fou nded b y G W C le nd enen of Ful ton. .
,
t o t h e n o dd i n g pi n es t h e fi rs t C am p o f W o o d m en
,
Ill an d in c orporated u nde r t he laws of
w as o rg an i z ed W i th t h e axe t h ey c l eared t h e
' .
,
.

fo res t w ith t h e wedge th ey o pened up t h e sec ret Illi n ois i n 1 8 92 to pay dea th and d isability
,
,

res o u rc es o f natu re and with t h e b eetl e th ey b at

,
bene fits b y m ean s of m u tual assess m e nts .

t ered do w n t h e o ppo s iti o n o f u nwo rth y t r i b es th a t B oth m en an d wo m e n between si x t ee n an d

so u g ht t o b ar th ei r pro g ress S o m y fr i end s w e .
, , , fift y fi v e y ears o f age m ay j oi n and be ia
-

as M o d er n \Vo o d m en o f A m er i c a h ave t h e sam e ,

su red for $5 0 0 , or
axe b eetl e an d wed ge a nd w e a re d es t ro y i n
g t he
, , ,
Th ose un able to pass th e requi red physi c al
ab i d i ng pl ac es o f po ver t y as th ey did t h e w il d
,
.

b eas t s s o th at t h e b l o o m i ng ro s es o f h appi ness t h e

, ,
exa m i natio n m ay i f ele c ted be c o m e so c i al
, ,

wav i ng g ra i n o f pl ent y t h e l o w i ng h erds f s y m

,
o m e m be rs A m e m ber w h o beco m es pe r m a
.

path y t h e r u m b l i ng m ac h i nery o f i nd u s t ry an d
, , n en t l y an d totall y di sabled b y si c k ness ac c i ,

t h e s t a t el y c iti es o f t h e h o m e o f t h e b en efi c i ar i es d e nt o r old age is e n t itled to one t wen tieth -

are thu s m ai n t ai ned a nd pro t ec t ed .

of h i s certi fi c ate o r pol i c y se m i an nu all y

,
-

Th e referen ce to th e e m ble m s of the u ntil i t i s can c elled Th i s d isabi l it y c l ause

.

S ociety m ak es e vident th e e ffort of th e i s n ot e ffe c ti ve u n til th e O rd e r c an pay a

organi zers to be as o rigi nal as possibl e i n m axi m u m pol i c y i n full
” No assess m en ts .

for m ul ati ng ri tual and cere m on ies Yet . are levie d afte r m e m be rs a rri ve at th e age
so m u c h h ad bee n done i n th e way of c reat of seven ty years and one twe n tieth of the ,
-

in g secr et soci eties p ri or to 1 880 —83 th at a m ou n t of th ei r pol icies w ill be pai d th e m

som e well travele d grou n d h ad to be c c v
-

e very si x m onth s u nti l c an c elled o r i f d eath ,

e red . Th us n otwith stan d ing t h e rel a

, takes place before such ti m e t h e re m ai n i n g ,

t iv ely no v el e m ble m s t h e bee tle an d , portion will be paid th e be nefici ary Fol .

w ed ge w e fin d the ch ief offi cial to be a

,
l owe rs o f t h e cu sto m ar y list of h azard ou s
Head C on sul wh i c h w i th th e e m pl oy m e n t
, , occupati on s are n ot el igibl e to m e m bership .

of c ertai n for m s deri v ed fro m anc ien t Ro m e ,

The fou nder o f the Mysti c Workers was a
suggests a partial th ough pe rh aps unc o n , m e m be r of th e Mason ic Fraternity of th e ,

sci ous d uplication of so m e of the rites of th e Knights of Pythias M ode rn Wood m en of ,

E nglish secret bene ficiary soc iety k n own as A m eri c a K nigh ts of th e M ac c abees an d
, ,

th e A n c ie nt O rd er of t h e G olde n Fleece . Wood m e n of th e Worl d fro m wh i c h i t m ay ,

The aboli ti on of S t ate j u risdi ction i s a step be i nfe rre d that th e M y sti c Workers i s th e
i n ad v ance am ong A m e rican se c re t bene legi t i m ate o ffspri ng of so m e of the m ost
fi c iary societies pa rt i c ularly wh en the re
, represen tati ve of th e old e r and m od e rn fra ~

stri c tio n of te rri tory i s consi de re d i n wh ich t ernit ies Its e m ble m in c l udes t w
. o c ol u m n s

the Wood m e n ope rate . o r pil lars sur m o unted by two gl obes an d ,

Royal Neigh bors of A m e ri c a i s th e ti tl e of be twee n th e m an ope n B ible the s c ales of ,

th e auxil iaryb ranc h of the M od ern Wood m en , j ustice a plane an d sq uare

,
The ri tual .
1 60 N A T I O NA L F R A T E RN A L C O NG R E S S

e m ph asizes C harity as describe d i n I C or ,

i nc l ud ed any m erel y s pec ul ati ve assess m en t or
.
no t

no n frat er n al c o oper ati v e c o n c erns T h ei r m eth

in t h ians xii i There are abou t Mys -
.

o ds are in a v ery g reat d eg ree t h e s am e an d th ei r

t ic Work ers e n rolled
, ,

i n t eres t s are b ased o n pri nc i pl es whi c h are i den

.

N a t i o n a l F ra t e r n a l C o n g r e s s (C on ti c al It i s c o nfi d entl y b eli eved th at t h e fo rm ati o n

.
.

tributed b y N S B oy n t on Past Presi den t ). .

o f a na ti o na l b o d y w ill
,
pro ve o f g reat ad v ant ag e t o
.

At the Fourtee n t h An nu al S ession of the ev er y o rgan i z ati o n r epresen t ed T h e c o o perati ve .

S u pre m e Lod ge of the Ancien t O rder of pl an o f i ns u ranc e as c arr i ed o n b y o ur s o c i eti es

h as n o t w h o ll y l ai d as i de t h e c h arac t er o f an ex
Uni ted Wor k m e n he l d at Mi n n eapol is i n ,

per i m o n t and t h e f u nd am ent al pr i nc i pl es u po n

J u ne 1 88 6 a resol ution w as ad opted w hich
.
,
wh i c h th ei r fut ure depends h ave never b een f ul l y
,

le d t o the o rgani z atio n of t h e Nati onal pro v en o r even i n ves ti g at ed It wo ul d b e as a u rea .

Fratern al C ongress T he foll owi n g i s a

‘
so nab l e t o ex pec t a s u c c ess ful i m po rti ng m erc h an t
.

copy t o c arry o n b u s i nes s in i gn o ran c e o f fo rei g n and

d o m es ti c m ark et s t h e rat e o f ex c h ang e et c as t o
R es o l ved T h a t t h e i nc o m i ng S u prem e M as ter
, ,

ex pec t o ur g reat frat er n iti es t o ac hi ev e t h e hi g h es t

,

W o rk m an b e a uth o r i zed t o appo i n t u po n t h e b as i s

,

and espec i al l y a c o nti n u ed s u c c es s k no w i ng no th

,

h erei naf t er s t at ed a c o m m itt ee w h o s h al l al so ac t , ,

ing o f t h e r ul es w hi c h g o vern ad m i s s i o ns l apses

, ,

as d el ega t es o n t h e par t o f t h e S upr em e L o dge t o

, ,

d eath rat es an d o th er qu es ti o ns rel ati ng t o s u c h

,

b r i ng ab o ut a m eeti ng and perm a nen t o rg an i z ati o n

,

o rga n i z ati o n s T h es e i deas are o f c o u rse no t

o f r epres en t a ti v es o f fra t ernal b ene fi c i ary s o c i eti es
.
, ,

new t o y o u w h o h av e h ad m u c h ex per i enc e in t h e

t h at s u c h c o m m itt ee i nv it e o th er benefi c i ary s o c i e
ti es t o u n it e in s u c h an asso c i ati o n ; th at repre wo rk o f frat ern iti es and it is o f c o u rs e ev i dent t o ,

y o u th a t t h e i n ves ti gati o n f th es e pr i nc i pl es c an o
s c ut ati o n in s u c h as so c i a ti o n fo r t h e fi rs t m eeti ng
b es t b e c o nd u c t ed th ro u g h c o operati o n and th at
t o b e o ne d el egat e fo r t h e fi rs t b enefi c i ary
,

t h ei r effi c i en c y and val u e are i nc reas ed in pro po r

m em b ers o r par t th ereo f o r any o rgan i z ati o n t ak
,
ti o n as t h e s t ud i s m ad e c o m m o n t o all Th ere
,
y
ing part an d o ne d el eg at e fo r eac h add iti o n al
.

are m an y o th er res ult s w h i c h an as so c i a ti o n o f

,

m em b ers o r frac ti o n al par t th ereo f in ex c ess

and th a t s u c h c o m m itt ee h a ve po wer t o
th es e s o c i et i es m ay ac c o m pl i s h and w hi c h m ay b e
of

a “
arran ge f u r th er d et ail s t o sec u re t h e perfec t o rg a n
pro d u c ti v e o f g o o d n o t t h e l eas t o f w hic h is th at
.
,

frat ern it y o f frat ern it ie w ill b e fo r m ed and

iz at io n and perpetu a ti o n o f s u c h an ass o c i ati o n o f
t h e frat ern al c h arac t er o f o ur o rg an i z ati o n b e
repres en t ati ves
m o re fi rm l v fi x ed T h e fo ll o w i n g s u b j ec t s are s ug
.

S upre m e M aster Work m an B adgero w ap gest ed as am o ng th o s e whi c h wo u l d b e o f t h e ut

poi n te d as such c o m m i ttee : A L Le vi m o s t i n teres t a l t h o u g h t h e fi el d o f d i sc u s s i o n m a
. .
,
v

r o fit ab l y b e ex t en d ed rs t h e l aws rel ati ng

,

Mi nn e a pol i s M i nn ; H o n 0 F Berry p F i t .
,

t o c o perati v e as s o c i ati o ns an d t h e n ec ess it y o f

. .
,
. .
,
o
C arth age Il l an d Warren T o t ten barris f u rth er l e i s l ati o n in aid o f frat ernal s o c i eti es and
,
.
, ,
g
te r Wood stock O n t w ith Leroy An d ru s t h e s ec u r i ng o f u ni f rm l aws sec o nd t h e d isC us
, , o ,

of B u ff alo as c hai r m an A cal l was ao s i o n o f m ean s b y w hi c h m o re per fec t m ed i al ex

. c

a m inat io ns c an b e s ec u red et c ; and th i rd t h e

c o rd in gl y i ssu ed for a preli m i n ary m eet , .

eneral pri nc i pl es n ec ess ar y t o t h e s u c c es s ful c arrv

ing of representati ves of v ari ou s fra t e rnal g
ing o n o f frat ern a l c o perat i ve s oc i eti es R epre o
benefi ci ar y societies to be hel d at Wash
.

s en t at i es o f n o n fra t e r na l as s es s m en t as s o c i ati o n
,
v -

ingt o n D C ,
Nove m ber 1 6 1 886 Af t er are no t eli i b l e t o m em b ers h i
. .
,
.

g p .

recitin g th e fo regoi n g resolu t i o n t h e call

s et for t h t he obj ec ts of t he c on v en tio n s ub The m eeti n g was h el d pu rsuan t to call ,

s t an t iall y as foll ows :

an d Lero y A n d ru s of Bu ffal o was ele c t ed
T h e w i del y ex t ended i n fl u enc e and vas t pec h u
t e m po rary c h ai r m an and R C H ill of ,
. .

iary i nt eres t s c o nnec ted w ith and repres ent ed b y B u ff alo se c retary Th e so c ieties repre .

t h e g rea t b en efi c i ar y s o c i eti es o f t h e prese n t ti m e se n ted were as fol lo ws

render th em a m o s t i m po rtan t and i nt eres ti ng An ci en t O rder of U n i t ed Work m en Lero y ,

featu re o f s oc i a l devel o pm en t in t hi s c o u nt ry An dru s Warren Totte n A L Levi an d .

,
. .
,
,
T h ere a re a l arg e n u m b er (no t l ess th an fi ft y) o f
O F Be rry Carth age Ill
t h ese so c i eti es eac h h a v i ng a c o ns i dera b l e m e m b er
.
.
,
.
,

Kni gh ts of H on o r W H Barnes S an
,

s h i p c arryi ng o n a pu rel y frat ernal b enefi c i ary

, ,
,
. .
,

b u s i ness in t h e Uni t ed S t a tes and am ong th ese are Francisco C a ] , ,

.
1 62 NA T I O N A L F R A T E R NA L C O NGR E S S

Vi ce Presi den t Warren To tten W oodstock over on e m i lli on t wo h un dred th ou san d

-

, , , .

O n t ; S econ d Vi ce Pre si dent R N S ea v e r

. D u rin g th e sessi on the Con gre ss as a bo dy
-

, . .
, , ,

M D of Penn syl v ania ; Record i n g S ecre v i si te d the Wh i te H ou se and m et Presiden t

. .
,

tary S am uel Nelson of Ne w York ; C or H arri son

, A m on g th e m ore i m portan t .

respo n din g S e c re t ary 0 M S he dd of Ne w pape rs read was on e b y J E S h aph erd

, . . . .
,

Yo rk ; and Treasu rer Ge orge H aw k es of C an a fraternal soci ety safel y t ra nsact an

,

Pe nn syl v an i a . en d o w m en t bu si ness and pay a stated s um

At th e second an n ual sessi on h el d in at th e en d of a state d n u m ber o f years o r , ,

M urray Hi l l H o tel Ne w York C ity N o soon e r i n th e e ven t of death

, an d o n e by ,

v em b er 2 0 an d 2 1 1 888 with i n crease d at, N S B oyn ton on S h oul d assess m en t

. . .

tendance an d greater i n te rest se v en O rders n oti ces be di spen sed wi th

we re ad m it ted as n ew m e m bers Pape rs o n
O th ers were
,

S h oul d m e di cal ex a m in ers be elected by th e .

“
v ari ou s subj ects were re ad an d di scu ssed lod ge appoi n ted by t h e ch ief m edi cal e x
”
, ,

?
“
m
an d th e c o n st i t u tion an d l aws were a en d e d am i n er or ch osen by th e sup re m e body ,

so as t o do away with t h e office of S e c on d D r J Foster B u sh ; an d the Uses of a . .

Vice Pre si den t an d to m erge the o ffices of ritual an d secre t c e re m o n ie s i n benefi t o r

-

C orrespon din g and Recordi ng S ecre tarie s ders by C W H azzard Frank N Gage .
, . . . .

O fii c ers electe d a t t h i s sessi on we re Presi read a paper on th e Ad v isability of

den t Joh n H ask ell o f B o ston Vi ce Presi abol i sh i n g t h e pe r c api t a tax an d le vying
,
-

den t Warre n T ot t e n C orrespo n di n g an d al l re v en ues for the ge neral fun d upon th e

,

Reco rdi n g S e c retar y 0 M S he dd ; an d sa m e basis as assess m en ts are le v ied t o pay

, . .

George H awkes Tre asurer , de a t h benefi ts

Th e th i rd an nu al session was held i n B os the topic
an d B F Nel son o n e o n
.

I s i t ad v i sabl e fo r frate rnal ,

“ . .

ton Nov e m ber 1 2 an d 1 3 1 88 9 T wen t y be nefi t societies to proh i b i t th e ad m issi on

, , .

s ix soci e ti es were represe n ted an d fou r of m en en gaged personally i n th e sale o f in ,

oth ers were ad m i tted Th e follo wi ng o ffi to xic at ing li qu ors . A speci al co mm i tte e
c ers were elec t ed President D H S h iel d s was appoin ted to c on fer wi t h t h e Post m aster
, . .

Vice Presi den t A R S avage Le wi s t on General wi t h refe rence to th e ci rcul ati o n

-

,
. .
, , ,

M e ; S ecretary 0 M S he dd ; Tre as urer of fratern al society j ou rn al s th ro ugh th e

,
. .
,

George H awke s . Un ite d S tates m ai ls b y payi ng t he rates ,

Th e fou rth an n ual se ssi o n was h el d i n fi xed fo r seco n d class m atter O fficers -
.

Pi t tsb u rg Pa No v e m ber 1 1 an d 1 2 1 8 90 elected were as follo ws : Presid en t Ada m

,
.
, , , ,

wi th a still l arger attend ance societies rep Warn o c k Vi c e Pre siden t M G J efi ris ,
-

,
. .
,

rese n te d h avin g a total m e m bersh ip of over J an es v i lle Wi s ; S ecretary an d Treasure r , .

,

o n e m illion T h e C o m m i ttee o n Legi sl a O M S he d d

. . . .

ti on was di rec te d to draft a u nifor m l aw Th e si xth an n ual sessi on w as h eld at

wi t h the obj ect of h avin g separate an d di s !Wash in g t on D C No v e m ber 1 5 1 6 1 7
,

. .
, , , , ,

t in c t law s for th e regulati on of frat eral 1 8 92 D el egates we re presen t fro m thi rty .

be ne fi ci ary societies passed by th e S tate th ree so c ietie s w ith a to tal m e m bershi p of

legi sl atu re s The foll ow in g offi ce rs we re
. A m on g papers read we re
“
c ho sen ; Preside nt A R S av age ; Vice Th e typi cal frate r
, . by Lo ui s Mal on ey
.

” “ ,

“
Pre si den t Ad a m W arn ock of B os t on A m I m y broth e r s k eepe r ? by W S
’
. .
, ,

M as s ; an d S ec retary a n d Tre asu rer O

M S hed d
. .
B ai ley ; In creasin g m e m bersh i p by Joh n
J A c k e r ; Press an d so c i e ties by J D
, .

.
“ ,
,

. .

The fi f t h a nn u al sessio n was held i n S m ith T he state an d i ts relati on s to fra ‘

Wash i ngton D C
12 1 89 1
N ove m be r 1 0 1 1 and te rn al ben efi ci ary socie ti es by H o ward H
,
. .
,

whe n thirty two socie t ies were M orse ; S ecu rin g legislation by D E ”
, ,

“ .

”
-
. .
, ,

represen ted wi th a total m e m bersh i p of S te ven s an d Fratern al d u ties by A L

, , . .
 NA T I O NA L FR A T E R NA L C O N GR E S S 1 63

B ar b ou r A R S a v age fro m t h e C o m thei r o rgan i zati on by forty orders repre

. . .
,

m it t ee on Laws prese n te d a report on t h e sen t ed a m ou nted to

, an d th at ,

re visi on of un ifor m law s i n the fo r m of a bi ll d u rin g 1 894 m ore th an had

e nti t led An A c t regul at in g frate rnal ben been d i sbu rse d Th e ratio of e xpen se to
,

”
.

e fi c iary soci e t i es o rders or asso c i ati on s ben efi t s was

, for each , an d the ,

w h i c h w as a d opted an d ac t i o n t a k en look rati o of expe nse t o m e m b ersh i p w as

,

ing to ward t h e passage of th e b ill th rou gh per capi ta an d th e a v e rage rate of m ortal ,

th e legi sl at u res of th e di ffe ren t S t ates an d i t y was pe r C ert ifi c a t es in force

i n t he Pro vi n ces of C an ada Th e f oll o win g a m o un t e d to Th e m ed i c al
.

offi ce rs we re el ecte d :Pre si d e nt M G J efi ris ; secti on for m e d of m e di cal e xa m i n ers in ,

. .
‘
,
-

Vi ce P residen t N S B oyn ton ; S ec ret arv ch i ef of o rde rs represen ted m et an d a nu m

-

, . .
, ,

and T reasu rer O M S h e dd , be r of papers we re su b m i tted Th e foll o w

. . . .

The se ven th an n ual sessio n was hel d a t i ng offi c ers we re el ected Preside nt W R , . .

C in ci nna t i O No ve m be r 2 1 2 2 an d 2 3 S poo n e r ; Vi c e Presi den t Joh n G Joh n

,
.
, , , ,
-

, .

1 8 93 whe n t h i rt y si x organ izati on s h avin g son Pe abody K an an d S ecretary M W

,
-

, , , ,
. .

a to t al m e m bersh i p of n early one m ill i o n S ack ett .

th ree h un d re d an d fift v th o usand we re rep Th e ten th an n u al sessi o n was h el d at ,

re sen ted A v e ry large n u m be r of v alu able Lou isv ille K y No v e m ber 1 7 1 8 an d 1 9

.
,
.
, , , ,

papers was read an d di scu ssed as i n prev i 1 89 6 Fo rty th ree orders with a total m em ,
.
-

ou s sessi ons A co m m i ttee to be kn ow n as be rsh ip o f

. 85 9 were repre sen t ed , .

the C o m m i ttee on Fratern al Press was ap Presi de n t S po on e r s an n u al ad d ress state d

p oi n t e d t o se c ure if possi ble the passage o f th at m ate rial progress h ad bee n m ade i n
, ,

an ac t by C o n gress w h ich wou l d per m i t secu rin g legi sl ati on i n th e i nterest of fra
fra t ern al p ublica t io n s t o b e m ai le d as see tern al benefi c i ary orders At t hi s sessi on .
,

on d c l ass m at t e r A pape r o n Wo m e n i n too th e n ecessi t y fo r i n creasi n g rates of

”
- -
.
,

fra t ern al so c ie ti es was presen ted by M rs assess m ents w as conside red basi ng the m o n .
,

E m m a M Gil let te of Wash i ngton D C so m e recog n i zed m ortali ty tabl e s so as t o

.
, . .
,

The foll ow in g o fii c ers were ele cted : Presi p rovide an e m e rgen cy fun d wi th whi ch t o
den t N S B oyn ton Vi ce Presi den t S A m ee t an i nc rease d death r ate wh i c h it was
, . .
-

, . .
,

Will s Pi ttsbu rg Pa S ec re tary an d Treas held wo ul d appea r as th e O rders gro w olde r

, , . .

urer O ,
M S hedd . . The c o nc en sus of opi n i on favored th e pro
.

T he eigh t h an n ual sessio n w as h el d at pose d change T he followin g o ffi c ers we re .

Bu ffalo N Y Nove m ber 2 0 2 1 an d 2 2 elected Presi d en t J G John son Peabod y

,
. .
, , , , , . .
, ,

1 80 4 Fort y o rders h a v in g a to t al m e m be r Kan

. Vi ce P resi d en t Ja m es E S h epard
,
.
-

, .
,

sh i p o f were represented T h e La wre nce M as s ; S ec re tary and T reasure r .

, ,

C o m m it t ee on Frater n al Press reporte d they M W S ackett C h aplain Rev J G Tate . .

,
. . .
,

had su c c eeded i n sec u ring l egislatio n a d m i t G ran d I slan d Neb Th e t itles of the o r , .

t i ng to the m ail s al l fratern al j ou rnals as gan iz at io n s represen ted at L o ui s v ille i n

second class m atter Th e follo wi n g o fii c ers 1 8 9 6 t ogeth e r wi t h t h e n am es of delegates
-
.
,
-

were ch osen Presid en t S A Will s V i ce the re con tras t ed wi th li ke d ata re spec t i ng ,

. .
,

Presi de nt W R S poon er N ew Yor k ; S ec t h e fi rs t C ongress th at held at Wash i ngto n

, . .
, ,

“
ret ar
y M W , S ackett Mead
. v il le Pa . i n 1 8 8 6 fi t l y represen t th e gro wth of
, ,
.
,

The n i n th sessi o n was h el d at Toronto the fra t ern i t y of fra t ern i tie s se n ti m e n t ,
’

Can No v e m ber 1 9 2 0 an d 2 1 1 89 5
.
,
th rough ou t t h e cou n t ry
, , ,
.

forty orde rs h a v i ng a t o t al m e m bersh ip

,
T itl es of O rders an d n a m es of d elegates
of were represe nted Th e C o m at t he Nati on al Fratern al C on gress of 1 8 9 6 .

m it t ee on S t a t i sti cs su b m i tted a repo rt A m eri c an Legi on of H on or Ada m War ,

sh o wi ng th at th e to t al b en efi ts pai d si nce n ock B oston Mass . , .

1 64 NA T I O N A L FR A T E R NA L C O NG R E SS

Ancien t rde r of t he Pyra m i d s E S O ,

. . Pa B F Nelson S t L o ui s M o and L
. . .
,
.
, .
, .

M c C lin t o c k T opek a K an , ,
. A Gratz L oui s v ille Ky
.
, , .

A n c ie n t O rde r of U n i te d W ork m en ,
Kni gh ts of th e L oyal Gu ard Mark W , .

Joseph E Ri ggs Law rence K an ; J G .

, , . . S te v en s an d O rso n Mill ard M D Fl i nt , . .
, ,

T ate G ran d Islan d Neb ; an d D H

, ,
. . . M ic h .

S hields M D H an ni bal Mo
,
. .
, , . O rde r of the M accabee s D D Ai tki n ,
. .
,

Arti san s O rder of M u tu al Protec tion ’

,
Flin t M ich T h o m a s Watson Mrs M M
, .
-

,
. . .

Lo u is Mal oney Ph i l ad elph i a Pa , ,

. D anforth an d R E M oss M D Po rt ,
. .
, . .
,

Ch osen Fri end s L oui s A S teber S t ,

.
,
. H u ron M ich George J S eigle B u ffalo . .
, ,

L oui s Mo ; Willi am B Wi lson Ne wark

, . .
, , N Y . Ed ward L Yo u ng Nor wal k O ;
. .
, , .

N J
. . H en r y Ja m i son M D In dianapo ,
. .
,
Mrs Li ll i an M H ollister , D etroit Mich
. .
, .
,

li s I n d
, . an d M rs Fran ces E B u rn s S t Lou is . .
, .
,

E m pi re Kn igh ts of Rel ief Fran k E ,

. Mi c h .

M unger B uffalo N Y ,
an d Ph ili p A ,
. .
,
. Legi on of th e Re d C ross H F Ackley ,
. .
,

M c C rae M D B u ffalo N Y,
. .
, ,
. . C am den N J ,
. .

E qui table Aid Un i on Albert M organ , , L oyal A dd i ti on al B e ne fit Asso c iat ion ,

C o rry Pa ,
. F ran k S Pe t te r Je rsey C i t y N J .
, . .

Fraternal Ai d Associ at i on Willia m T , . M o dern Wo od m en of A m eri ca Jasper ,

Wal ke r K an sas Ci ty Kan,

an d Le vi ,
.
, N Reece S p ri n gfiel d Ill ; W A North
.
, , . . .

H orner M D Wi c h i ta Kan,
.
, . cot t G reen v i lle Ill ; C h arle s W H awes
, , . .
,

Fratern al Legi on J W P Bates M D , . . .

,
. .
, Fu lton I ll ; A O Faul k ne r Li nco ln
,
. . .
, ,

B al ti m ore M d , . Ne b ; Benj a m in D S m i th
. .

Fraternal M y sti c C i r c le D E S te v e ns ,
. .
, an d C A M c C o l l um M D M in ne apol is
. .
,
. .
, ,

Phi lad e lphi a P a an d F S Wagen h als , .

,
. .
, Mi n n .

M D C olu m bus 0
. .
, , . M u tu al Protect i on D r W K H arrison , . . .
,

Gold e n C hain J A Bade n M D Balt i , . .

,
. .
, Ch i cago I ll ,
.

m ore M d ,
. Na t i o nal Pro vi den t Un i on E d war d S , .

H o m e C i rcle Jul iu s M S wai n B oston . .

, , Pec k N ew Yo rk ci ty ,
.

Mass . National Rese rve Association F W , . .

I m pro v ed 0 rder of H ept aso ph s F L ~

, . .
S ears an d J T C rai g M D Kan sas C ity . .
, . .
, ,

B ro wn S cran ton Pa Joh n G Mi t c hel l

, ,
. .
,

B al t i m ore Md an d J H C h ri s t i an
, .
, . .
, Nati on al U n i on W M B ayne Cle ve , . .
,

M D B alti m ore Md
. .
, , . land O ; J W Meye rs Toled o O
, an d
. . .
, ,
.
,

In depen den t O rde r of Fo reste rs O ron , M R B ro wn M D C hi cago Ill

. .
, . .
, , .
’

h ya t ek h a M D T oron t o O nt ; A E
, . .
, , . . . Ne w Englan d O rde r of Pro tecti on L uc ius ,

S t e ven son C h i cago I ll ; J D C l ar k

, ,
. . .
, P D e m in g New Ha v e n C o nn
.
, , .

D ayton O an d Th o m as Mi ll m an
,
M D.
, . . .
, O rde r Un i t ed Frien ds Joh n G H ,
. .

Toron to O n t ,
. Meyers N ew York ci ty , .

I owa Legi on of H ono r D r E R H utch , . . . Protec t e d H o m e C i rcl e W S Pal m er , . .

i n s D es M oin es Ia
, ,
. an d S H eil m an M D S h aron Pa
.
, . .
, , .

Kn i gh ts an d L adi es o f S ecu ri ty W B , . . Roy al Arcan u m J oh n E Po un d L ock ,

.
,

Ki r k pa t ric k Topeka K an
an d H A , , .
, . . por t N Y ; J A L an gfit t Pi t tsburg
,
. . . .
, ,

Warn e r M D Topeka K an ,
. .
, , . Pa Justi n F Pri c e N ew Yo rk ci t y ; W
. .
,
.

Kn igh ts an d L ad ies of t h e Gol den O . Robson B oston Mas s an d J M , , , . .

S tar Re v S am u el P La c ey Ne wark
, . .
, , M c K inst ry C levelan d 0 , ,
.

N J. . Royal League C C Li nth i c u m an d Wal , . .

K n igh ts of H on or Joh n Mulli gan Yon , , la c e K Harrison M D C h ic a o Ill

.
,
. .
,
v
, .

ke rs N Y J W Goheen Phi ladel ph ia

,
. . . .
, ,
Royal S ociet y of G ood Fel lows D S , . .
166 NA T I O NA L FR A T E R NA L C O N GR E S S

an d m ay m ake p rovision fo r th e pay m e nts changes i n th e laws et c th at m ay be l aw , .

,

of be ne fi ts i n case of si c kness a c c ident or , , fully m ade d u ring h is m e m be rsh ip He h as .

old age p rovided the period i n l ife at wh i c h

, no v este d o r prope rty righ t s wh ile l ivi ng
pay m en t of physi c al d isabil i ty benefits o n an d belongi ng to such societies u nless he
ac c ou nt of ol d age co m m ences shal l n o t be shoul d beco m e sick or d isable d an d then ,

u nder se v en ty (70 ) years su bj e c t to thei r , only afte r h i s clai m h as bee n all owed Afte r .

co m plia nce wi th i ts c on sti tu tio n and laws . the death of a m e m ber wh o h as co m pl ied
Th e fu n d f ro m wh i c h the paym e n t of su c h _
wi th t h e laws the beneficiary has a ves t ed
,

bene fits sh all be m ade and t h e fu n d fro m or prope rty righ t to the a m ou n t of a de
wh i c h the e xpe nses of su c h associatio n sh al l c eased m e m be r s c ertifi c ate as pro v ide d by
’
,

be defraye d sh all be de ri ved fro m assess the socie ty s laws These o rders are c o
’
.

m e nts or d ues c ollec ted fro m its m e m bers . opera t i v e bodies me m bers m utually agree
,

Pa y m e nts of death be nefits sh all be to th e i ng to pro te c t eac h oth e r an d thei r fa m ilies

fa m ilies h ei rs blood relati ves afii anc ed
, , , an d depen dents in case of si c k ness disab il ,

h usbands affi an c ed wi ves o r to pe rson s d e

, , i ty o r death by c o ntribu ting a certai n
,

pende n t upo n th e m e m be rs S u ch asso c ia . a m oun t of m one y f ro m t i m e to ti m e to pro

tion s sh all be gov er ned b y thi s ac t and shal l , v i de for th e pay m en t of the s u m specified i n

be exe m pt fro m the p rovi sions of i nsuran c e th e c ertifi c ate No ter m e n dow m ent ton
.
-

laws of thi s S tate an d n o l aw he reafte r , tine o r any o the r for m of spe c ulati ve cer
,
o

passed shall apply to the m u nless th ey be t ifi c at es are i ssued neith er can a certifi c ate,

expressly design ated therei n . w ithi n t h e obj ects an d pu rposes of a l egit i

Th e laws of th e National Fratern al C o n m ate benefi c iary orde r be m ade payable to a
gress declare that n o fraternal so c i e ty , m e m ber o r h is cred i tor nor c an i t be u sed ,

orde r or asso c iatio n shall be e ntitle d to

, as collateral for a loan o r h a v e a surren der
rep rese ntation i n i t u nless the latter work s v alue The hol der can transfe r i t to any
.

u nde r a ri t u al h olds regul ar l od ge or sim

,
legal beneficiary wi th ou t t h e conse nt of the
ilar m eeti ngs whe re the pu rposes are con
, person n am e d i n the certifi c ate but the ,

fi ne d to v i si t ation of the si c k relief of di s ,

poli c y of a li fe i nsu ran ce co m pany c an not
tress bu rial of th e d ead protecti on of w id
. , be so transferred The c ou rts h ol d th at a .

o ws an d orphan s ed u c atio n of the orph an

, , benefi c i ary of a m e m ber h as n o v ested
pay m en t of a benefi t for te m porary o r pe r righ ts in the c e rtifi c ate bu t that a per ,

m ane n t d isab ilit v or d eath and wh e re these , so n na m ed as the payee h as su c h ri ghts .

p rin c iples are a n obligate d d u t y on all m em The decisi on of th e supre m e cour t of

bers to be di sc h arge d w itho ut co m pen sation
,
Pe nn s y l van i a in th e D ic k i nson c ase Ella ,

or pe c u n iary re ward ; wh e re the gen e ral M D ic k i nson v s Gran d Lodge of An c ie n t

. .

m e m be rsh ip atten d to the general busi ne ss O rder of Un ited Work m e n of Pen n sv l v a

o f t h e orde r a nd wh ere a fratern al i nte rest
,
n ia ”defines the obj e c ts an d pu rposes of
,

i n th e wel fare of ea c h othe r i s a d u ty taugh t ,

fraternal bene ficiary societies an d h olds t hat ,
.

reco g n ized an d prac tised as th e m oti v e an d th ey are not i nsu ran c e corporation s bu t
”
, ,

b ond of o rganization The m utual agree

m e nt betwee n the f ra ternal society an d th e
.

“
p u rel y be ne vole nt asso c iations as follo w s
The fi rst speci fi c ati on ch arges e rror in
m e m ber i s n ot a pol i c y or c ont ra c t l ik e th at ad m i tti n g th e appl ication th us referred
e nte re d i nto be tween a life i nsu ran c e c o m to Th is is grou nd ed on the assu m pti o n
.

pany and i ts pol icy h ol der Fratern al so c i

-
.
t h at defendan t (the A O U W ) i s an ih . . . .

et ies si m ply issue a c ertifi c ate of m e m be r su rance co m pany and t he con tract sued ,

ship ih w h ich th e m e m ber agrees to c o m ply

,
o n i s a con tract of ass uran c e o n the life of
w ith all rule s an d regulat ion s i n force at the plai nti ff s h u sban d for h e r be nefit S u c h
’
.

ti m e he beco m es a m e m be r an d wi th all ,
assu m p t ion h owever is un warran t ed The
, ,
.
 N A T I O N A L P R O VID E N T U NI O N 16

defen dan t i s n ot an i nsurance c o m pany bu t I t pays death ben efi ts of fro m $5 0 0 t o ,

belongs to t h e di stinctly re c ognized class of total d isabi li ty be nefi ts of fro m

o rgani zation s k now n as be ne v olen t associ a $2 5 0 to an d sick an d acci den t bene
tions What i s k no wn as a bene v ol ent o r fi ts o f fro m $5 to $2 5 weekl y w it h a c ash
.
,

g an iz at io n h owe v er has a W holly d ifi eren t di stribu ti on at state d pe ri od s of all e arn i ngs

, ,

obj e c t and pu rpose i n v ie w Th e great un an d acc u m ula t i on s an d a savi n gs di vi den d

. .

d erl ying pu rpose of th e organi zatio n i s n ot e v e ry fi ve years of m e m bersh ip L o dges .

t o i nde m nif y o r se c u re again st l oss ; i t s de are go v erne d by S ecti on s c orrespon di ng t o ,

sign i s to ac c u m ul ate a fu nd fro m th e c o n G ran d or S tate bod ies an d th e F rat ernit v ,

t rib u t io n s of i ts m e m bers for be nefici al o r at large i s un de r th e j uri sdi cti on of t h e

protecti v e pu rposes to be u se d i n th ei r o wn B oard o f C on t rol m ade up of i ts offi c ers
, ,

ai d or relief i n the m i sfortu nes of si c k ness an d repre sen tative s of the S ec t i o n s By th e

, ,
.

i nj ury o r death The bene fits alth ou gh syste m of fi v e year credi ts i t i s prop ose d to
,
.
,
-

se c u red by con trac ts an d for that reason to can cel al l si ck be nefi ts d rawn du ri ng that
, ,

a l i m i ted exte nt assi m ilated to th e pro c eed s peri od A ny e xcess i s t o be c arrie d ove r
, .

of i nsurance are n ot so consi dered S uch agai nst a succeed in g fi v e year credi t peri od
, .
-
.

so c ie ties are rathe r of a ph i lan th ropi c or S ic k ben efi ts p rev iou sly d rawn are de , ,

bene v olen t c h arac ter ; th ei r b en efi c ial fea du c t ed fro m to t al di sabi li ty clai m s an d

'

t u res m ay be of a n arro w o r restricte d c h ar l ike wise all benefi ts d raw n for pe r m an en t or

acter ; th e m oti v es of the m e m be rs m ay be te m porary d isabil ity are de ducte d fro m th e
to so m e e xtent selfish bu t the p ri n c iple u lti m a t e d eath bene fi t un less already can
,

u pon wh ich t hey rest i s fou n ded i n the c o n celled by t he fi v e ye ar cre di ts I n t hi s -

,

.
“
si deration s m en ti oned Th ese be nefi ts by m an ne r th ose wh o never d ra w sick be nefi ts
.
,

t he rule of thei r organ izations are payi ng to will n o t s uffer f ro m th ose wh o d o

, Th e .

th ei r o w n u nfortu nate ou t of fund s wh i c h for m er A O U W plan of fi xe d assess . . . .

the m e m bers the m sel v es h ave con tribute d m ents of ch aracteri z es t he organi za
fo r th e p u rpose n ot as an i n de m n i ty o r ti o n th e h e adq uar ters of wh ich are a t
, ,

security agai nst l oss bu t as a prote c ti v e re Phil adelph ia Th e ri t ual of the S ocie ty i s
, .

lief i n c ase of sick ness o r inj u ry o r to p ro based on the h istory of the Un ited S tates
, ,

v i de the m ean s of a de c en t bu rial i n the an d i ts lead in g e m ble m i s th e d o m e of t h e

e v en t of death S uch societies h a v e n o cap capi tol Li k e so m any othe r si m i lar fra
. .

i tal stock T hey yield n o p rofi t an d th e ir t ern it ies i t has a m ott o i n t hree word s
.

contracts alth ough benefi c ial an d protec ti v e

,
,

C h ari ty U n ion an d Fell o wsh ip ” The ,

“ ,

, ,
.

altogeth er e xclu de th e i dea of i nsu rance o r tot al n u m ber of m e m be rs i s abou t

” N a t i o n a l P r o v i d e n t U n i o n — A n as
,

o f i n de m n i ty or of se c u ri ng agai n st loss
, . .

H e nce i t will be see n th at th e fratern al sessm ent benefi c i ary and patriotic organi ,

bene fi c i a ry orders are p urely co operati ve an d z at io n fou n de d at Ne w York i n 1 883 I t ,

.

n on speculati ve an d do not i n any sense i s go verned by a C ongress patterne d afte r

-

fur ni sh l ife i n surance Neithe r c an th ey th e U ni te d S tates H o use of Represe ntati v es

. .

be c lassed with t he ope n busi ness assess m e nt Its m e m be rs are fou n d pri ncipal ly i n
associati on s ; there i s n othi ng i n c o m m o n Ne w En gland and the M idd le S t ates bu t ,

bet wee n the m .

t h e O rder i s push ing i ts way rapidly to th e
N at i o n al F r a t e r n i t y — O rgan i ze d at fron t an d i s al ready establ ish ing ne w C ou n
.

Philadelph ia i n 1 89 3 by m e m bers of the cil s i n C entral an d Weste rn S tates I ts .

A n cien t O rder of Un i te d Wor k m en a fra de m ocratic c h aracte r is sh ow n by t here ,

te rn al m utu al assess m e n t ben efi ci ary soci bein g 3 00 m e m bers of its C ongress Its .

et y, wh ic h both m en and w o m e n bet wee n death benefits range fro m to

ei gh teen an d fi fty years o f age m ay j oi n an d th e l i v e i nterest taken i n secu ri ng th e .
1 68 NA T I O NA L R E S E R VE A S S O C IA T I O N

m ost ad vance d syste m of assess m ents to m ee t been designated i n accordan ce wi th laws

death be ne fit pay m e nts i s i ndi c ati ve of th e of th e O rder C erti ficate s are i ssue d i n
.

ex c eptional v i tality of the organi zation I t . a m o unts of

i s very stron g i n G reate r New York wh ere ,
or
'

it m ai n tai ns pe r m anent head qu arters . T he feature i n wh i c h t h e Nation al Uni on

N at io nal R e s erve A s s o c ia t i o n . differe d fro m the fratern al societies tha t
Fou nde d i n 1 8 9 1 at Kansas C i ty M o by ,
.
, precede d i t was in th e adop t i on of a syste m
F W S ears
. . an O d d Fellow a Kn i g h t
, , of assess m en ts grade d accordi n g to age ,

of Pyth ias and a m e m ber of several fraternal

benefi c iary orde rs
,

I t recei v es ac c eptable .
ad v ancin g eac h year wi th the age of i ts
m e m be rs on t h e ,
“
step rate pri nciple by -

whi t e m en and wo m e n o n e qu al te rm s to , which each m e m be r pays fro m year to year

wh o m or their be ne fi c iarie s i t pays by m ean s , t h e actu al cost of the pro tecti on a fford ed .

of assess m e nts pe r m ane n t to tal and death , , , Thi s syste m i s base d on th e i n creasi ng cost
be nefi ts Total m e m be rsh ip a bou t
. of in su ran ce as a m e m ber ad van ces i n age .

N a t i o n a l U n i o n — O n e of th e m ore pro . Th e v i t al it y of t h e O rder d oe s n o t therefore , ,

gress iv e fraternal assess m en t benefi ciary s o depen d u pon n e w m e m bers al on e bu t i s also ,

c iet ies organi ze d i n Man sfi el d

,
O an d in ,
.
, preserve d by th e in creasin g rate of assess
c o rpo rat ed un der t h e law s of O hi o May 1 1 , , m en ts of m e m bers th u s o verco m ing th e o h
,

1 88 1 by D r A E Keyes N N L eym an
,
. . .
, . .
, j ec tio n c o m m only u rge d agai n st assess m en t
E V An ders George W C ole an d oth ers
. .
, .
,
. soci e ties wh i ch d o n ot h ave rese r v e fun d s .

D r Keyes wh o was electe d Me di cal D i

.
, The argu m en t i s th at th e i n d u c e m e n t fo r
rector ha d been S upre m e D i re ctor of th e
, ne w m e m be rs t o j oin will al ways be t h e
Kn i ghts of H on or an d S upre m e Rege nt of sa m e th e reby p rese rvi n g th e l ife of t h e
,

t h e Royal Arcan u m N N L eym an was . . . O rde r by t aki n g i n younge r m e m bers wh o

also a m an of e xperi en c e a m on g fratern al h a v e the ad v an t age of payi ng a ssess m ents
soci eties and for ye ars was ch ai rm an of th e
, at th ei r o wn ages bu t wh o are n o t c o m ,

C o m m i ttee o n Laws of the S upre m e Coun c il '

pell ed to carry th e bu rden of olde r m e m be rs ,

of t h e Royal Ar c anu m George W C ole . . as each be ars h i s eq uitable proporti on of

was a Free m ason A m on g th e fi rst Board . the actual cost .

of O ffi ce rs were D r W G Grah a m of Wi n . . . T h e Nati o n al Un i on i s p atri otic i n c har

field K an ; G eorge L F uller of Bi n gha m
, . . acter an d the A m eri c an fl ag appears i n i ts
,

t on N Y and J W Meye rs of C ol u m bus

, . .
, . .
, ritu ali stic wor k Th e go v e rn m e nt of th e
.

O . each of wh o m h ad h ad e xperience i n
, O rd er i s m odelle d after t h at of th e U n i te d
si m i lar socie t ies . S tates i ts S upre m e body bei n g called a
,

The speci al pu rposes of th e O rder as set , S en ate t o whi ch represen tati v es are electe d
,

forth at the ti m e of organ i z ati on were : Th at ,

by the di fferen t S tate Asse m bli es o r Legi s
th e Nati onal Uni on i s a dis t in et iv ely A m eri l at ures Repre sen tati ves to th e Asse m bli es
.

c an se c re t ben efi ci a ry O rde r for m e d to as

, , ,
are elected in t u rn by del egates fro m the
-

, ,

soci ate wh i t e m ale citi ze ns of good m or al d ifferen t C oun cil s in t he v ario us S t ate s .

c harac ter so un d bodily h ealth be tween

, ,
T he O rde r th u s h as a S en ate Asse m bli es , ,

t we n ty and fi fty years of age to ad van ce i ts ,

an d C ou ncil s o r Lo d ges th e latter bei n g
, ,

m e m bers m orally soci ally and i n tellectu ally ; , , subordi nate bodies T h e p ri n ci pal e m ble m .

t o provide fo r the relief of si c k an d d is i s a badge rep resen ti n g a sh ield A lapel .

t ressed m e m bers an d th ei r fam il ie s an d to , bu tto n i s also wo rn wh i ch l i k e th e sh i el d , , ,

se c u re a ben efi t fu n d fro m wh ich u po n t h e , d i spl ays th e n ati o n al colors .

dea t h o f a m e m be r a s um n o t expeed ing , Th e m e m be rsh i p h as stead ily p rogressed ,

shall be pai d t o such ben efi c i aries but no t pheno m e n ally an d i n pe rson nel ,

relate d to t h e dece ased m e m be r as m ay h ave i s u nexce pt i onable co m p ri si ng busi ness an d

,
1 70 NO R T H A ME R I C A N U NI O N

H onor o n th e question of separate j u ris S ubordi nate Lodges are u n der the i m m e
d i c tion wh i c h arose in that O rder At the . d iate control of a Gran d Lodge Past War ,
~

S upre m e Lodge of the K nights an d Lad ies den s of subord inate Lodges being m e m bers
of H ono r i n Ph iladelph ia S ep te m ber 1 4
, , , of Gran d Lodges The S upre m e Lodge
.

1 88 7 th e peti tion of twe nt y one Ne w E ng

,
-
co m pose d of offi c ers s t an d in g c o m m it ee all
, ,

lan d Lod ges wi th over 1 3 00 m e m be rs for a

, , Past S upre m e Warde ns i n corporators of th e ,

New E nglan d j u risdicti on was referre d to S up re m e Lodge n a m e d in th e origin al c ert ifi

the c o m m ittee on th e state of th e o rder . cate of inco rporati on an d such othe rs as ,

A m aj ori ty of that c o m m i ttee reported in were elected prev i ous to th e sessio n of 1 888 ,

favor of th e peti tion an d a m i nori ty ad , and represe nta t i v es of Gran d Lod ges ele c ted ,

v ersel y ;bu t th e m i nority report was adopted . annu ally to serve for t wo v ears Each .

In spi red b y th e su c cess of th e Ancien t O rde r Gran d Lodge has th ree represen tati ves an d
of Uni te d Work m e n u nde r a separate Ne w th ree al terna t es for the first m e m bers
Engl an d j u risdi c tion th ose wh o h ad agitated i n th e S tate an d o n e for each ad di tional
'

, ,

th e ques t i on were confident th at an orde r an d m aj ority fra c tion thereof The .

c onfi ned w i th i n th e l i m its of th e si x New S upre m e Lodge m ee t s an nually o n the sec ,

Englan d S tates c oul d be m ade su c c essful , o n d Tu esday i n May i n the c ity of B oston, ,

and o n e m on th later th e ne w society was and as i t i s the l egi sl ati ve bod y only ben e ,

fo rm ed It s obj e c ts are t o u n i te frate rnally

. fi c iary m e m bers are ad m i tted B oth m en and .

all wh i te person s of good m oral ch aracter wo m e n h ave a v oi c e an d vote i n subord i nate ,

an d steady h abi ts ; to pro vide for and c o m G rand an d S upre m e bodies an d are el igi ble
, ,

fo rt the si c k ; t o establ i sh re lief a nd be nefi t to any offi c e The m e m bership b v S t ate s

.

fun ds fro m which upo n sa t i sfac tory proof , No v e m ber 1 1 8 96 was as follows
, .

of th e d eath of a benefi c iary m e m be r a sum .

, W o m en .

n o t e x c eedin g shal l be paid to h is

o r h er fa m ily as d i re c ted by th e m e m ber .

T he first Lodge was i nstituted No v e m ber

1 7 1 88 7 wi t h 4 6 m e m be rs
, , O n Apri l 3 0 .
,

1 88 8 the total m e m bersh ip was

,
on
Ap ril 3 0 1 889 it a m o unte d t o
, , on
April 1 1 89 2 to
,
on Apri l 1 1 8 9 4
, , , The O rder h as bee n u n usually su c c essful .

to on April 1 1 896 to and , , I t paid i ts fi rst d eath benefi t of at

on Jan u ary 1 1 8 9 7 to ,
The O rde r , t h e e nd o f the first fi ve m onth s of its exi st
on Janu ary 1 1 89 7 carrie d , , ence whe n the m e m bersh ip was onl y
p rote c ti on an d h ad pai d ou t
,
It Wi t h i n less th an te n years i t h as m ade a
pays an d benefi t s and , re c ord of wh i c h any si m ilar O rde r m igh t be
i s co nd u c ted o n th e grade d assess m e nt pl an , prou d and t h e si x pointed star th e j e wel
,
-

wi th an i ncrease i n th e rate of assess m e nt as , of the so c iety i s h onore d al i k e by its ow n

,

sh own i n th e foll o wi n g tabl e and b y m e m bers o f o t her fraternities .

N o rt h A m e r ic a n U n i o n — A ne w fra .

ternal benefi c i ar y asso c iation organized at ,

C hi c ago .

N o r t h w e s t e r n L eg i o n o f H o n o r A
o o o o o o o o o o o o
-
.

o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o be nev olen t frate rni t y for m ed to fu rni sh

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

m e m bers wi th life i nsu ran c e at c ost to

0

,
o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o
w h i ch all a c ceptabl e wh i te persons between
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ei gh tee n an d fifty y ears of age whose o c c u ,

o o o o o o o o o o o o
pa t i ou is n ot e x t ra hazardou s are el igible ,
.
 O R DE R O F C HO S E N F R I E ND S

It does bu si ness i n Kan sas Nebraska I owa C ou n cils an d ,

m e m bers i n the Un i te d , ,

M i n neso ta North an d S o uth D ak ota and

, S tates an d C anada I t m ak es p rov isions , .

w as i nco rporate d March 1 2 1 8 84 i n th e

for pay m e n t i n ad d i ti on to si c k an d d ea t h
, , ,

S tate of Io wa I t is governe d by a Gran d

. be nefits one to age d m e m b ers an d also one , ,

C oun cil co m posed o f i ts o ffi cers an d repre t o t hose wh o beco m e totally d i sable d by rea
-

s en t at iv es fro m subord i nate C ou ncils th us

so n o f disease or acci de nt Its obj ec t s are ,
.

avo idi ng l ike the Iowa Legion of H o nor

, to u n ite fraternal ly ac ceptabl e wh i te per , , ,

m u c h of the m ach i ne ry of m an y si m ilar o r son s o f good c h ara c ter s t ead y h abits sou n d , ,

ganiz at io n s It issues benefi c i ary certi ficates

. bodily h eal th and repu table call ing wh o , ,

to m en and wo m e n m e m bers al ike fo r $5 00 bel ie ve i n a S upre m e Bei ng ; t o i m p ro v e ,

or e ac h Assess
th ei r c ondi ti on m orally soci al ly an d m ate
.
, ,

m ent s are grade d accordi ng to age on e fi ft h rial ly by ti m ely co unsel an d i nstruc tive,
-

o f ea c h assess m e nt goi ng i n to th e reserve l esson s en c o urage m e nt in busi ness an d , ,

f u n d fro m wh i c h l osses are to be m et i n c aseassi stan c e to ob t ai n e m ploy m en t w he n in

o f epi de m i c s o r othe r causes of i ncrease i n need ; to e stabli sh a relief f un d fro m whi c h
th e death rate Thi s O rder frankly ad m its . a sum n ot e xceedi ng sh all be paid ,

i t is an o ffsprin g of the A m erican Legion of fi rst w he n di sable d by ol d age (pro v ided ,

H onor I ts ri tual tea c hes be ne v olen c e

. se v e nty fi v e years are reac hed ) ; seco nd .
-

The total m e m bersh ip i s abo u t Th e

when by d isease o r ac c ide n t a m e m ber b e
e m ble m of th e O rder i s th e si x poi nted star co m es pe r m an e ntly d isabled ; an d thi rd
-

, , ,

wi th the abbre viation s of the n am e s of th e wh e n a m e m ber d ie s Th e S upre m e C o u n

“
.

S ta t es i n the angles ; th e m o tto We

c il m ake s al l laws for the go v e rn m e nt of,

“
work togethe r i n the cen tre surrou nd i ng
N . L of
v

.
, the O rde r and h as e nti re m anage m en t of
th e wh ole ove rh u ng
.
,

th e rel ief f und Be neficiary m e m bersh ip i s

,

w i th an e n c i r c l i ng ch ai n of se ven li nk s op ti on al A m ed i c al exa m i nation i s re . .

(S ee A m eri c an Legion o f H onor ) qu ire d before an appl i c an t c an beco m e a

.

O r d e r o f A l f r e d i a n s — D or m an t be neficiary m e m ber C ertifi c ates are i ssue d

A o . . .

ti ve at B oston Pro vi dence an d elsewhere , for $5 00 , or as de

i n Ne w E nglan d m ore th an t we n ty years si red subj e c t to th e app ro val of t he super ,

ago I t e m bod ie d be nefi c i ary featu res bu t

.

was fou nd ed for th e des c e ndants of t he “

v i si ng m e dical e xa m i ner
Beneficiar y m e m bers are req u i red to pay
, .

w ise a nd good K ing Alfred I t c o m m em o

i nto the relief fun d at d eath s of m e m bers
.

rate d Apri l 23 d be c au se on that day i n 8 7 1 su m s graded a c cord ing to age

, B v th e .

Al fred ascended the th rone an d al so be c ause

S h akespeare w as born o n Apri l 2 3 d
equ alizati on plan of payi ng assess m e n t s all
th e
m e m be rs
,

pay an equ al am o u nt for an ,

“ “
poet of all ti m e the e m bal m e r of th e e qual be ne fit
, Th e m e m ber wh o li v es ou t .
’

An gl o S axon ton gue h i s e xpe c tancy of life o r passes h i s se vent y

“
- ~
.
,

O r d e r o f A m e r i c a n F r at e r n a l C i r c l e
fifth birth day pays n o m ore for h i s one .
,

— A Bal ti m ore m utual assess m e n t organ iz a thousan d dollar benefit than th e m e m ber -

tio n fou nde d prior to 1 88 9 I t died i n 1 894 who is so u nfort un ate as to di e wi th i n a

”
, . .

O r d e r o f A J n i t i e — A Ph iladelph ia m u
tu al assess m en t i n su ran c e soc iety D i ed i n
short t i m e after a c qu iri ng m e m bersh i p
.

Thi s pl an i n th i s respe c t i s un i que . It “ .

.

1 894 . m a k es th e cost a fi xed sum for ea c h

O r d e r o f C h o s e n F r i e n d s — A f rater Where th i s i s not d one the cost would be ,

n al ben evolent an d p rote c ti v e so c iety o r u ncertai n an d assess m ents frequen tly c o m e

, , ,

gan iz ed un der th e laws of the S tate of In so often as to be bu rdenso m e I n the early .

diana I t was establi shed May 2 8 1 8 7 9 at part of February 1 8 7 8 Albe rt Al c on an d

.
, , , ,

I n dia nap ol i s Ind an d has n ow o v e r 6 00 T B Li nn resi de nts of Indian apol is In d

, .
, . .
, , .
,
1 72 O RD E R O F C HO S E N F R I E ND S

and m e m bers of se ve ral f raternal orders , lead ing e m ble m By May 2 8 1 8 7 9 th e .

, ,

we re d is c u ssin g th e m erits and de m e ri ts of O rde r of C h osen Friend s was de c lared an

th e so c ie ties to whi c h they bel onged A t . e stabli she d fact w ith twen t y th ree c h arte r ,
-

t hat ti m e th e re we re a n u m be r of organiza m e m bers on i ts rol l s The fi rst se t of o fii .

tion s payi ng death benefi ts bu t none payi ng , cers an d m e m bers i s as foll ows : S upre m e
d isabili t y o r old age benefi ts to m e m bers Co un c illor Re v D r T G B eh arrell In
, . . . .
,

th rough a n ational o rgan iza t ion I t was . dianapo lis In d ; S u pre m e Assista nt C ou n
, .

belie v e d that th e re was no t only roo m b ut

.
, c il lo r Albert Al con S heridan I nd ; S u
, , , .

a de m an d fo r an order wi th th at feature
,
. p re m e Vi c e Co un c illor E m i Ke nnedy ; S u
-

They sol i c ited frien ds to u ni te wi th th e m , pre m e Record er T B Li nn ; S upre m e ,

. .

an d recei ved half way p ro m ise s fro m so m e -

Treasu rer W W D ougl ass ; S up re m e Me di
,
. .

an d refusal s fro m others ;bu t a m eetin g was cal E xam i ne r C harles D Pearson M D all ,
.
, . .
,

c alle d May 2 1 8 7 8 and an other on Ju n e

, , of In dianapol is ; S upre m e Prel ate Hon Wil , .

1 s t at wh ich the re we re fou r person s pres

,
l i am C u m back G reen sbu rg I nd ; S u pre m e , , .

e nt a m on g th e m J B Ni c kerson A th i rd
,
. . , Marsh al C B radford ; S upre m e Warden
, .
,

m eeting Ju ne 8 th brou gh t i n E m i Ken

, , J B Ni c k e rson both of Ind ian apoli s ; S u
. .
,

nody D uri ng t he su m m e r an d fal l of 1 8 7 8

. p re m e G uard C H B utt ne r C le v eland O ;
,
. .
, , .

Messrs Al c on Linn Nicke rson an d Ke n

.
, , , and S upre m e S en try M C D av is I nd ian ,
. .
,

medy h el d m any m ee ti ngs an d perfec ted a apo l is I nd ; S upre m e Trustee s W H

, .
, . .

plan con sti tu tion an d l aws for th e n ew

, , Page H on J F Wallick H o n Joh n
, . . .
,
.

O rder M r Li n n a c ted as S ecretary and

. .
, Cavi n G H Webber and B F Rogers
,
. .
,
. .
,

u pon h im de vol ved the labor of fo rm ulat all of I n di anapolis O the r origi nal m em .

i ng the i deas agreed to The ad m issio n of . bers were Joseph G ree nwood M D Losey , . .
,

l adies to th e O rde r was a subj ect of frequen t Will ia m H Partl o w H am il ton M c C o y F D

.
, ,
. .

an d p rol on ged d is c u ssion but fi nall v i t was , S o m erby O S H adley an d C H Beh ar

, . .
, . .

de c i de d to ad m i t th e m o n th e sam e term s rell all of In d ian apoli s

, .

an d i n th e sa m e m an ner as m en Up to . O n Ju ne 3 0 1 8 7 9 the fi rst subordi nate , ,

that date a few orders h ad establ ish ed a Cou ncil Alph a No 1 of I nd iana was o r
, , .
, ,

wo m e n s degree o r bran c h in to wh i c h th e
’
, , gan ized at In dianapolis wi th 3 0 c h arte r
wi ves m others sisters and daugh ters of
, , , m e m bers prese n t O h i o C ou ncil No 1 of .
, .
,

m e m be rs coul d be ad m itted ; bu t the O rde r O h i o was i ns t i tuted July 1 5 1 8 7 9 at Woos

, , ,

of C hose n Friend s c lai m s the h on or of lead ter w ith 2 4 c h arte r m e m bers presen t ; an d
,

i ng i n recogniz ing th e f ull c o ope rati on of Li ncol n C ouncil No 2 of O hio at Cleve , .

, ,

wo m an i n th e fraternal i n su ran c e world . land O c tobe r 8 1 8 7 9 w ith 3 4 presen t A t

, , , .

Th e selection of th e ritu al isti c work gave th e fi rst ann ual session of t he S u pre m e
the foun ders m uch th ough t an d s t udy The
perfe c t n u m ber
.

se v en was selecte d as “ '

. C ou n c il h eld i n I ndian apol is O ctober 2 1
,

1 8 7 9 th e S upre m e Recorder re po rted th ree

, ,

t he c en tral i dea an d M r Lin n was c hose n , . Cou ncils wi th a m e m bersh i p of 1 5 0 A .

to write th e ri tual H e perfec t ed th e plan . year late r th i s h ad grow n to 60 C ou n c ils

an d c o m posed th e c harges At th at ti m e .
,
an d m e m ber s i n ele ve n S tates Th e .

Nove m be r 1 8 78 Re v D r T G B eh arrell
, , . . . .
, O rde r rapidl y i n c reased d u ri ng th e follow
a m i niste r of the Meth od ist C hu rch and ,
i ng year n u m beri ng , m e m be rs i n 1 7 6
well k n ow n i n M ason ic and O dd Fellows ’
C o un c il s lo c ated i n 2 4 S tates at the en d of ,

ci rcles be c a m e i nterested i n the m o v e m en t

, , . the fis c al year c losin g J u ne 3 0 1 88 1 This , .

and to h im w as assigned th e rev i sio n and h ad furthe r i ncreased to m e m bers

c o m pletion o f t h e ri tu al To be i n h ar m on y . and 2 2 1 C ou n c il s by S epte m be r 3 ot h w h e n ,

wi th th e c en tral i dea of t h e ri tual t h e , a season ful l of troubles follo wed A d is .

ch ai n of se v e n li n k s was sele c ted as t h e sen si on arose a m ong t he m e m be rs of t he

174 O R DE R O F FR A T E R NA L HE L PE R S

M i c h i gan failed to se c u re th e recogni tion Death ben efit ce rtificates of $5 0 0 an d ,

h e bel ie ved h i m self entitled to It was o r are i ssued e xcept to wo m e n an d to

'

.
,

ganiz ed by D r G A K irke r of D etroi t . saloon keepe rs who are restricted to

. .
, ,

and E F Lam b of M t Morris Mi ch an d At t otal d isabil ity a m e m ber i s entitl e d to

. . .
, .
,

h as gro wn and p rospered I n the years 1 8 9 1 on e hal f th e am ou n t of hi s or h er ce rtificate

.
-

a n d 1 8 9 2 th e O rder h ad so m e d iffi c u l ty wi th an d on reach ing th e age of se v en ty years ,

th e laws i n the Provi n c e of O n tario It was the wh ole a m ount S i ck be nefits are pai d . .

bel ie ved by so m e m e m be rs th ere that a sepa i n th e dis c re t i on of subordi n a t e Lod ges No .

ra t e j uri sdicti on would re m edy the m at te r Lodges are establ ish ed i n the S ou th ern S tates , ,

but before i t could be acco m plished a s c h i s m e x c epti ng the two Vi rgi ni as Maryland i n , ,

o c cu rre d an d t h e Canad ian O rde r of Ch osen Ken tu c ky and i n the D i stri c t of C olu m bia
.
, .

Friend s was organize d In 1 895 im m edi The go v ern m ent of the O rde r i s v ested i n
.
,

ately af te r th e passage of th e M orse equali za a S up re m e Lodge co m posed of representa»

tion la w s a d isappoin ted aspi ran t for offi ce t iv es of subord inate Lodges To t al m em .

headed a d iv i sio n of the Ger m an m e m bers he rsh ip a m ou nts to abou t and abo ut
i n C hicago an d form ed a ne w organ ization
, h as bee n pai d i n s ick d isabil ity , , ,

called th e Uni ted Leag ue of A m erica and death benefits The ri tual e m bodie s . .

Wh ether th e m o v e m ent was a su c c ess or feat ures foun d i n th e secret work of m an y

no t i s not k nown . si m ilar organi zation s Th e offi c e of the S n .

O r d e r o f F r a t e r n a l H e l p e r s — O ne of pre m e S e c re t ar y i s at C h icago . .

t h e n u m e ro us local m utual assessm en t in O r d e r o f M o g u l l ia n s A si de de

”
. -
.

su ran c e O rders fou n ded i n Ne w Engl an d gree of th e Ancient O rder o f Un ite d .

Lette rs of i nqu i r y retu rne d u nope ned Work m en (S ee t h e l atte r ) . . .

O r d e r o f F ra t e r n a l P r e c e p t o r s — M u O rd e r o f O d d L a d ie s A Ne w E ng
. .
-

tual assess m en t benefi c iary societ y organi ze d land m u tual bene fit assess m en t so c ie ty m ani
, , ,

at Gran d H aven M i c h p rior to 1 889 Un fest l y na m e d i n i m i tati on o f the O d d Fellows

, .
, . .

k nown th ere n o w . No replies h ave been recei ved to i nqui ries .

O r d e r o f M u t u a l A id — For m ed at O r d e r o f P r o t e s t a n t K n i g h t s — De
. .

Me m ph is Tenn , whe re i t c ollapse d a few s c ribed i n t h e c en su s of 1 8 90 as a m u tu al

, .

v ears l ate r i n 1 878 owing to th e ra v ages of

,
assessm en t ben efi ci ar y o rganization wi th th e
,

th e yellow feve r epide m i c I t was a S o uth offi c e of t he S ecretary at Buffal o N Y

.
, . .

ern offsh oot of the An c ient O rder of Uni ted N o t k no wn th e re n o w .

Work m e n an d of th e Kni gh ts of H o no r Its O rd e r o f S h e p h e r d s o f B e t h l e h e m . .

only su rvi vi ng offsprin g i s th e Kn igh ts of O rgan i zed i n A m eri c a No ve m ber 1 9

'
C C
, ,

t h e Gol de n Rul e o rga n ized at C incinn ati i n 1 8 9 6 by I ra A M Wy c off

,
at Tren ton , . .
, ,

1 8 79 .
(S ee K n igh ts of the Golde n Rule ) N J a sic k an d funeral be nefit associ ation . .

O rd e r o f t t u a l P r o t e c t i o n — O rgan to wh i c h m en an d w o m e n between eigh teen

iz ed a t S t Lou i s i n 1 8 78 an outgrowth of an d fift y fi v e years of age are eligible
.
,
I ts -

the O rder of M u tual Aid and i n c orporated m e m bersh i p i s about ,

The O rd e r i s
unde r th e laws of t h e S t ate of Mi ssou ri e vi d ently d rawn fro m th e sam e source as the .

Men and wo m e n betwee n ei gh t een an d fifty O rde r of t h e S tar of B ethleh e m an ou tl i ne ,

years of age i n good h ealth n ot en gaged i n of wh i c h i s gi ve n i n con necti on h ere wi th

, ,
.

hazardo us occu pation s are el igible to m em Co m pare th e lat t er wi th the following ex

,

b ers h ip .Me m bers enj oy the so c i al pri v i tract fro m the H istory of the O rder of th e
leges of Lod ge roo m s th e m oral an d soci al S heph erd s of B ethl ehe m
,

ad van c e m e nt and th e en c ourage m en t i n

,
In 1 8 75 a pro m i nen t o fii c er nam ed S ir F red Ho lt
b usi ness to whi c h they are entitl ed u n de r c am e t o N ew Y o rk and st art ed t w o Lo dges w hi c h
th e l aws and bon ds of m u tual assistan c e ” ,

grew n i c el y u ntil S ir Ho lt s d uti es as S c r i b e o f t h e

’
.
 O R DE R O F T HE GO L DE N C HA I N 17 5

S verei gn Lo dge c all ed h im t o E u ro pe w h en th ey

o , S m i th , all of Ph iladelph ia i n 1 87 9 as a , ,

qu arrel led a nd u nder a st range nam e ran o n fo r a

, m u tual assess m e n t death benefit so c ie ty ,
.

ti m e and d i ed o ut w ith t h e ex c ept io n o f a few s m al l

, .
-

Its field i s restricted to w i th i n one h u n d red

W es ter n L o dg es th at h ad t h eir s t art fro m th em an d
'

m iles of Ph iladelph ia T h e fo unders were

d ri f t ed i nt o an o th er s m all O rder n o t c o nn ec t ed w i th
.

th i s * T h e effo rt w as il l ad v i sed w ith no go o d re

.
-

,
al l m e m be rs of th e An c ien t O rd er of Un i ted
s alt s T h e nex t person w h o t o o k up t h e m att er w as
.
Wor k m e n wh o sough t to e stabli sh a c o m
,

a po pul ar an tiqu ar i an w h o wen t t o t h e H o l y L an d pact se c ret so c iety with th e one dollar assess -

t o s tu d y t h e O rder a m o ng t h e s h eph erd s as it o r i gi

m en t of the An cie nt O rde r of U ni ted Wor k
nal l y ex i st ed an d i s no w in t h e h o m e o f th ese
m en They c o nfi n ed m e m bersh i p to m en
an c i en t peo pl e o f t h e Ho l y Lan d He l earned al l
.

t h e o ld l egend s and m eth o d s o f t h e O rd er an d o n

bet wee n twen t y one an d fif ty years of age -

,
,

hi s retu rn presen t ed t h e O rder in t h e th o ro u g hl y of good physical h ealth bel ie vers i n th e,

o r i i n al fo r m
g t rans l at ed an d put in m o dern sh ape
,
. C h ristian fai th I t s ri t u al i s fou nd ed on
.

B y s pec i al arran g em ent t h e S u prem e L o dg e o f the hi sto ry of an cie n t S parta th u s paral lel ,

N o rth A m eri c a w as fo rm ed in 1896 and i ns t r uc t ed ,

i n g th e E ngl i sh O rd e r of A ncien t Ro m ans
in t h e b eauti ful c erem o n i es o f thi s o l d and w o n
i n i ts searc h for a n e w sou r c e fo r i ts ri tes
d ro us O rder T h e S u prem e Lo d ge o f N o rth Am er
.

ic a b y a uth o r it y o f t h e S o v erei gn L o dg e i s s u prem e

. ,
an d ce re m on ies an d the (A m e ri c an ) O rder
,

a uth o r it y in N o r th A m er i c a .
of H ept aso ph s or S e v en Wi se Men The,
.

O rd e r is m anage d con servati vely and h as

Th ere are m ar k e d si m ilaritie s betwee n th e ,

an i n vested per m anen t fu n d wi th wh ich t o

two O rde rs of Beth leh e m ites n otably th e ,
pay th e asse ss m e n ts of th ose wh o m ay re ~

p rovision that m e m bershi p d oes n ot lapse i n

tai n th ei r m e m be rsh i p t wen ty fi v e years -

ei t her for n on pay m en t of d ues excep t so -

,
,

an d a relief f u nd wi th wh i ch to pay the

far as th e righ t to sh are in benefits i s co n
assess m en ts of m e m bers wh o th rou gh si c k
c e rned and th e c usto m of addressin g m em
,
ness or fi nan c ial di sabil it y m ay be u n abl e
be rs by the t itle s S ir and Lady The ri t .

to pay the m Th i s i s done to k eep wo r t h y

ualis t ic c e re m onies of th e S h ephe rds of
.

distresse d m e m bers i n good stand ing and is

Bethleh e m are de c lared to be beautifu l an d ,

ac c o m pl ish ed w i th ou t the gene ral k n owl

el e vating The first degree i s e nti tled th at
.

edge o f th e organi zatio n The total

o f Li gh t t h e secon d the S h epherd s and th e
’ .

, ,
a m oun t of ben efi ts paid e x c eed s
th i rd the D isciple s d egree (C o m pare w i th ’
.

Th e O rde r i s gove rned b v a G reat S en ate

An c ien t O rde r of S he ph erds O rder of th e ,
wh i c h e xe rc i ses j u risd i ctio n o v e r th e s ub ordi ~

S tar of Bethl eh e m and S heph erd s of A m e r ,

nate S en a t es I ts m e m bers are d rawn
ic a ) Whe n one read s i n t h e leaflets of these
“
.

largel y fro m t h e m e r c an ti le and profession al

Be t hle he m ite O rders th at each i s with ou t
walk s of l ife al th ough nearly all trad es are
a d oubt one of th e ol de st i n the world an d ,
,

represe nted Th e seat of th e G re at S en at e

w as fo un ded as an O rde r shor t ly afte r th e
.

co ntai n s a rep resen tatio n of a sh iel d upon

bi rth of Ch ri s t by the sheph e rds wh o , ‘
wh ich i s a sword an d t he word s Wi th i t
w atc h e d over their flo c k s o n th at e ve ntful ”
,

o r upon i t .

n igh t whe n they were fi rst c h osen o f Go d

O r d e r o f t h e B l a c k K n i g h t — A G er
, '

to h ear of t h e bi rth of o ur S a v i ou r and wen t

”
at on ce to see an d worsh ip h im h e i s c o m ,
m an (D e u ts c h er O rd en S c h warze Ri tter )
se c re t bene vol en t society I t clai m s an .

pelled to won de r at the audaci t y of the

,

e xisten ce he re of abou t th i rty years Its .

ge nealogi s t wh o con stru c te d the soc iet v s ’

stre n gth i s pri n c ipally i n New Je rsey Pen n ,

fam ily t ree .

syl v ani a Ne w York an d D i stri ct of C ol u m

O r d e r o f S p a r t a — O rgan ized by J B
,
. .

bi a Lik e so m e oth e r Ge rm an O rde rs i t

M o ifi t t Robert A Wel sh Ja m es M c C o nn ell
.
,
.
, , ,
c l ai m s great a n ti qu i t y
Alexande r J M c C l eary an d Willia m H
.

O r d e r o f t h e G o l d e n C h a i n —O rgan
.
,
~
.

O rder of the S t ar o f B ethl eh em iz ed a t B alti m ore D ece m be r 2 2 1 88 1 by , , ,

1 76 O R D E R O F T HE HE P T A S O P HS , O R S E VE N W IS E ME N

m e m bers of th e K ni gh ts of Ho nor Royal ,

O rde r gi v es n o ad h e ren ce to any rel igi ou s
Ar c an u m Am erican Legion of H on or an d
, ,
creed b ut req ui re s fro m i ts c an did ates t he
,

the Mason i c Fratern ity as a m u tual assess

m en t benefi c iary so c iety to wh i c h m en b e
, profe ssio n of a bel i ef i n a S u pre m e Bei ng
I t bears al oft th e m otto In G o d We Tru st ,
“ ,
.

t ween t wen ty one an d fift y one years of age

- -
ad m i t ti n g to its m yste rie s both th e Je w
are eli gible I t i n su res th e li ves of m em
. and th e C h ri stian o n th e c o m m o n gro un d o f
bers for or beside s m u tu al depen den ce and u n i ve rsal b ro th e r
wh i c h i t pays si c k an d total d isability bene h ood u n der t h e Fatherh ood o f G od To .

fits It e m ploys the popular step rate th i s en d i t i n c ul c a t es th e p ri n c iples of

”
-

grad e d system of assess m ents and enj oys , Wi sd o m T ruth an d Be n e v olen c e

, The , .

the en vi able re c ord of h avin g pai d o ut m o re earl ie r o ffi c ial h i sto ry o f t h e O rde r as m ay ,

th an to beneficiaries si n c e organ h ave bee n anti c i pate d c arri e d th e in spi ra ,

izat io n at an a v erage an nual c ost to th ose t io n of th e so ci e ty back to th e Pe rsian

i nsu red of abou t $8 per Th e total M agi o r S e ve n Wi se Men t h e i ni ti al s of
‘

, ,

m e m bersh i p i s abo ut an d i s steadily t h e o rigin al t i tle be i n g gi v en i n th is for m ,

i n c reasing Th e ritu al see k s to e xe m pl ify

. W M th e m i ssi n g lette rs be in g
. .

the m ean i ng of th e gol de n c h ai n of friend

sh ip wh ich represente d by t welve l i n k s of
rep resen te d by se v en dots I n th e pre c i se
for m i n wh i c h th e O rder n ow e xi sts i n
.

“
”
, ,

a ch ai n surrou nd in g a m on ogra m com posed A m e ri ca stri c t su cce ssi on i n ri tu al fo r

, ,

of the letters 0 G C and the m o t to of th e .

O rde r i n G reek c on sti t ute t h e e m ble m of

,
. .

c l ai m ed
, .

“
m ul ae etc fro m t h e Persi an M agi w as n ot
,

I n th e t ran sfe r fro m Persi a to

.

the so c ie ty The O rde r i s i n c orporated

. G ree c e fro m G ree c e t o Ro m e fro m Ro m e
, ,

u nder th e law s of the S tate of Marylan d ,

t o Bri tai n an d t o th e Western w orld i t was ,

w ith i ts head qu arters at Bal ti m ore an d is a , ad m i tted t h at ce rtai n ch an ges h ad do ubt

worthy siste r o f si m ilar organizations wh i c h less been m ade i n th e c ou rse of adapta t io n
have h ad thei r origi n i n th at city . t o ra c es t i m es ci v il i z ati on s an d for m s of
, , ,

O r d er o f t h e H e p t a s o ph s o r S e v e n , go v ern m e nt b u t i t s legen ds trad i tion s , ,

W i s e M e n — T hi s i s on e of th e ol dest an d te ach i n gs we re clai m e d to be as tru e

b ene v ole nt se c re t o rgani z a t i on s i n th e to th e an c i e n t typ e as are th ose of i ts si ste r
”
,

c ou ntry an d p ossesses th e attra c ti vely m ys

, so c i etie s to th ei r v en e rabl e pre de c essors .

ti c al title of th e O rder of the H ept aS O ph s , Th e o ri gin al sto ry ran th at th e O rde r of ,

o r S e v en Wi se Me n It i s far fro m bei n g the S e ve n Wi se M e n was i n trod u c ed i nto

”
.

am on g the l arge r so c ieties wi t h si m ilar th e U n i t e d S ta t e s at Ne w O rl ean s L a , .

,

ai m s n u m beri ng only abo ut

, m em Ap ril 6 1 85 2 ; th at i n Ju n e of th a t year
,

be rs i n e igh tee n S tates Th i s i s all th e .

th e G ran d C o n c l ave of L o ui si an a was o r
m ore cu ri ou s w h e n one re c alls t h at i t i s g an iz ed an d th at i n 1 854 i t was in c o rpo
, :

n e arly h al f a centu ry ol d an d possesses an , rated It was n ot stated wh en c e th e O rde r

.

el aborate an d e xception al ly beau ti ful ri tu al , c am e ,o r w h o b ro u gh t i t t o Ne w O rlean s .

based up o n so m e of th e an c ien t m ysti c i s m Th e soci ety was h o we ve r establi sh e d at t he , ,

wh i c h i n p art h ad re m ai n e d unappro pri

, , C rescen t Ci ty an d a S up re m e C on c l av e was
,

ate d by olde r an d be tte r k n own se c re t o rgani ze d i n 1 85 7 i n wh ic h year th e l atte r ,

so c i eties T h e o rgan iz atio n was o ri gi n ally was sai d t o h ave hel d i ts fi rst c o m m u n i
”
.

c alled T h e S e v e n Wi se M en b u t th e ti tle , c ati on Th i s b ody was an d i s t h e S n

.

“
was c h an ge d to i ts p resen t for m becau se , pre m e l egi slati v e an d go v e rni n g au th ority
of

its ri tu al “
t he h i gh er e xcellen c e i m presse d u p on
by th e H elle n i c m i n d ”th e ,
of t he O rde r T he ad m issi on i n p ri nted .

p ro c ee d i ngs th at th e S u p re m e C oncl a v e
term H ept aso ph s bei ng de ri v ed fro m th e e stabl i sh e d th e rit u al regal ia an d wo rk
” , ,

G reek H ep za se v en an d S op h os w ise Th e
, , , . i ng paraph e rnal i a no w i n u se e vi den t l y ,
178 O R DE R O F T HE H E P T A S O P HS , O R S E VE N W I S E ME N

to specul ate o n th e p ossibil i t y of th e e v e n as u n iq ue a m on g c ollege fra t ern i S

m yste rie s of the S e ve n Wi se Me n of ol d ties ih t h at i t was n ot gi ve n a G reek lette r ,

h av i ng bee n c arri ed fro m Ro m e by m ean s ti tle I t was organi ze d at Wesleyan Un i .

of t h e w o rk in g m eu s gu ild s of the early ’

v e rsit y Mid dle t o wn C on n i n 1 83 7 by .
, ,

an d m i d dl e age s t o E ngl an d as a n i n n er H a m il t on B re we r u n cle of J ud ge B re we r

, ,

c i r c l e o r c ul t i n t he re c e sses as i t w ere
,
of t h e Un i ted S tates S up re m e C ou r t fif , ,

of an c ien t c raf t M ason ry wh i c h so m e h a v e teen y ears pri o r t o th e appearan c e of t h e

, ,

d e c l ared c rosse d E u rope i n th at m an ne r S ev e n Wi se Me n at Ne w O rlean s Its . .

B e t h a t as i t m ay t h e o ri gi nal S e v e n Wi se
,
ch ap te rs we re c al le d te m ple s an d n a m ed ,

Me n i n A m e ri c a bu ild e d beau tifull y an d after i ts e m ble m s Th e Wesle y an T e m pl e .

wel l fro m a r i t u al i sti c poin t of v i e w T h at was th e Wan d t h at at E m ory College

.
,

th e ir c e re m on i al s an d ri t u al d i d not i m bibe Geo rgi a wh ere i t was t a k e n i n 1 84 1 was , ,

Free m ason r y fro m M ason i c guard i an s an d S k ull an d B ones an d t h at at th e Un i

p ro te c tors o n a se c ret j o u rne y fro m Pe rsi a v ersi t y of G eo rgia w h ere i t w as establ ish e d
”
,

t o G ree c e t h rough I t al y an d n o r t h t o E ng
,
i n 1 84 4 th e S k ull I n all th ere we re ,
.
,

la nd bu t a c qu ire d i t a t Ne w O rlean s wh ere

,
te n Te m ple s ei gh t of th e m i n th e S ou th
, , ,

t he S o c i ety was for m ed m ay be a c cepte d t wo bei ng at c olleges i n Geo rgia and on e

, ,
“
as a fa c t * Th at i t di d a c q u i re M ason i c
. ea c h i n M issi ssi ppi (1 8 0 7 ) L ou isian a
tradi ti on s an d sy m b ol s i s i n part sh o wn i n Ten nessee an d Vi rgi ni a
i ts se ven p oi nte d star e ncl osi n g a se ve n
-
Te m ple s we re al so pl ace d at t wo c ollege s
bran c h ed c andlesti c k th e Al l S e ei n g Eye , i n North C arol i n a as lat e as 1 884 Th u s
-

, .
,

t he ark and t h e al t ar i ts grou p s of sev en , ou t of ei gh t S o u the rn Te m ples t wo— th os e , ,

th e ad opti on of a t h ree word m otto an d a t E m o ry C oll ege O xfo rd Ga an d th e

-

, , , .
,

o t h e r fea t u re s E ff orts t o l earn m o re of

. U n i ve rs it y of Ge orgi a A t h e n s — were es ,

th e o ri gi n of t h e O rde r th an its o fii c ial s t abl is h ed respe cti vely el e ve n an d ei gh t , ,

c oul d f u rn i sh h ave been fai rl y su c c e ssful years pri o r to th e i nt rod u c t i on o r fou nd i n g .

The early hi s t o ry of m odern se c ret soci eties of th e S e ve n Wi se M en at Ne w O rlean s in

h as to o fre q u e ntly bee n frag m entary b e 1 85 2 Th e m o t he r Te m pl e at Wesle y an . .
,

c au se o f l a c k of i nterest i n c o m pili ng o r be c a m e d o r m an t i n 1 86 1 b u t was re vi ve d , .

c are i n p rese rv i n g records

t i on of t he Greek l etter “ A n e xa m in a
,

o r c ol lege
so m e years l ate r as a l o c al sen io r so c i ety
.

W i t h oth e r su rvi v in g Te m ple s i t u n ite d i n

’
.

“
,

secre t soci ety syste m re v eal s th e Mysti c al , 1 8 8 7 w i th an d be c a m e abso rbe d by th e

w i de spread c ol lege se c re t so c iety Be ta ,
.

In a l ett er fro m Geo rge W ri g ht S u prem e f

Th e t a Pi Th e si gn i fi c an c e of t h i s refer
.
,

S ec retary N o v em b er 30 1 89 6 i t is .

, , ,

t t
s a ed T h e O r d er w as f o u n d ed a t N ew O r l ea n s
e n c e t o t h e fi rs t c ollege se c ret so c ie t y to be
,

A pr il 6 1 852 b y Al ex a nd er L eo nard S a u nd ers a e stabli sh ed i n th e S ou t h

, ,
i s d ue m e rely t o ,

res i den t o f th a t c it y and pro m i nen t F reem as o ns two of i t s Te m ple s h av in g bee n pla c e d i n
, ,

a m o n g t h e ear li er m em b ers b ei ng ex go v er no rs G e orgi a so m e ye ars pri o r to th e establi sh

-

"
-
r
ex m ayo s et c In 1 85 5 M r S a u nd ers
, .
m o v ed t o
m en t of th e S e v e n W ise Me n at Ne w
.

Pad u c ah K y w h ere h is s o n pu b li s h ed a new s pw

, ,
O rle an s an d th e stren gth of the so c i ety
.

p r e . It w as u nd ers t o o d t h a t h e d i ed in N ew Y o rk
c it y in M em b ers o f t h e O rd er t el l th at s o m e h avi n g bee n l argel v a t th e S ou t h B ai rd .
,

“
o f it s c erem o n i a l s a re b as ed o n G rec i a n h i s t o ry th e a u th o r of A m e r i c an C ollege Fraterni
Hell eni c i nfl u en c e i s natu ral tie s ”says o f t h e M y sti cal S e v en
.

T hi s i m press o f ,

w h e n a c o n nec ti o n b et ween th i s s o c i et y and t h e

T h e c u s t o m s o f t h e F rat ern it y w ere qu a i n t and
c o ll ege frat er nit y w o rl d is c o nt em pl a ted T h e .
"
i nt eres ti n g M u c h is m ad e o f t e h u m b r ( t 7
n e
ritu a l o f t h e M y s ti c a l S even i nc l u d es st r iki ng l y . 4,

a nd t h e m em b er s hi p in eac h C h a pt er was fo r m any

o ri g i na l featu res w ith t rac es o f S c t ti s h R it e F ree o

m as o n r y w hi c h ran k i t a m o ng t h e fi rs t o f s u c h B a i rd s A m er i c an C o l l eg e F rat ern iti es N ew

‘

.
,

pr d u c ti o ns b y A m er i c an c o l l ege frat ern iti es

o Y o rk 4 t h ed iti o n p 6 0 . .
, . .
 O R DE R O F T HE HE PT A S O P HS , O R S E VE N W IS E ME N

years ret ai ned th at fi gure o r a m ulti pl e o f it

at , .
ele c ti o n bl e w o v e r th ere was a react i on
’

, .

T h e b adge o f t h e F rat ern i t y i s a s ev en po i n t ed

At H a m i l t o n C ollege N Y i n 1 83 9 the
-

.
, .
,
s tar eac h po i n t c on ta i ni ng a H eb rew let t er w i th i n
,

t h e c en t re fi el d o f t h e s t ar is d i s pl a ed a c aul d ro n y
Alph a D el t a Ph i was bo rn o n e o f th e fi rst ,

and l ad l e o v er a b u n d l e o f b u rn i n g fagg o t s en c ir
.

,
of t h e great c oll ege f rate rn i ties and i n th e ,

c l ed b y a s nak e T h e c o l o r o f t h e F ra t ern it y is
.
sa m e year at Yal e C ol lege S k ul l an d
, ,

w hi t e and eac h C h apter w as ass i g ned o ne o f t h e

, B on e s th e fa m o u s l o c al sen ior soci e ty fi rst
, ,

pr i m ary c o l o rs sa w th e li gh t ; Psi Upsilon m ad e its ap

’

T h e c on c lusi on i s t herefo re su ggeste d , pearan c e i n 1 833 a t Un i o n C ollege sti

, ,

t h at grad uate or oth e r m e m be rs of t h e l ate d b y a d esi re to ri val K app a Al ph a ,

M y sti c al S e ven o r o f th e Rai nb o w S oci et y, ,

S ig m a Ph i an d D el ta Ph i wh i ch h ad bee n
.

a college so c ie t y origin atin g at O xfo rd ,

fou n d ed t h ere se v e n or ei gh t years before ,

M is s i n 1 84 8 an d stron gly rese m bl in g th e

, ,
Myst i c al S e ve n w e re i n wh ole o r i n part
afte r w h i c h th e M y sti c al S e ve n appeare d
, , ,
at Wesl eyan w ith a ritual as e xpl ai ne d
, , ,

responsi bl e for th e bi rth of th e S e ve n Wise h av i n g d i st in ct Mason i c th u m b m ark s * -

Me n e speci ally w h en sec re t an d p ubl i c

,
I t was abou t th i s pe ri od also th at t h e , ,

ch aracte ri sti c s of th e t wo societie s are A n c ien t O rd e r of Foresters w as i nt rod u c ed

fou n d to h a v e h ad s o m u ch i n c o m m on . i n to th e U n ited S t ate s fro m E n gl an d an d ,

E ve n th e G ree k le t te r n o m en clatu re of th at t h e I m p ro ve d O rd e r of Re d Me n of ,

v ari o u s sub ordi n a te b od ie s i s o r h as bee n d i stin c tl y A m e ri can ori gi n w as re vi ve d ,

“
si m i l ar i n bot h o rgan i zat i on s I t was th e
Zeta C on cla v e of t he H ept aso ph s or
.

,
an d en te re d o n a caree r of p rol on ged p ro s
perit y C oi n c i d en t wi th t he se e vi den ces
.

S e ve n W ise M en i n B alti m ore fro m wh i c h , ,

of app rop ri ati on of th e se c ret so c i e t y i de a
sp ru n g th e I m p rov e d O rde r of H ept aso ph s by t h e ge n e ral pu bl i c as w el l a s by c ollege
i n 1 8 7 8 It i s u n n e c e ssary t o e xpl ai n wh y
. stud en t s th e Free m ason s an d th e O dd
,

rese m bl an ce s of th e ri t u al of t he Mysti cal Fell o ws were en j oyi n g season s of ren e wed

S e ve n (n o w i nco rp o rate d w i t h i n th e Beta in te rest an d rapi d l y i n c reasin g m e m be r
Th eta Pi ) t o th at of t h e H ept aso ph s o r ,
sh ip It w as on t h i s w ave th at th e M yst i
.

S e v en Wi se M e n c an not be gi ve n at len gth ,

c al S e ve n fl oated ou t t o se a an d fro m i t ,

bu t they lea v e l ittl e roo m fo r d ou bt t h at u n d ou btedly arose su bstan ti ally as ou t ,

—
t h e ben ev ol e n t an d afterward ben efi ci ar y, ,
l in ed t h e S e ven Wi se Me n af t erward s re
, ,

se c ret so c ie ty th e H ept as o ph s o r S e v en
, ch ri sten ed O rder of th e H ept aso ph s o r ,

Wi se Me n of 1 85 2 i s an i n di re c t d e
, ,
S e ve n Wi se M en th e fi rst gen e ral se cret,

sc en d an t of t he Mysti c al S e v en c ollege fra so c i ety so far as l earned t o fi n d i t s o ri gi n

, ,

t ern it y fou n de d i n 1 83 7
, D u ri ng t h e . i n on e of th e A m e ric an c oll ege frate rn i tie s .

pe rio d 1 83 0—1 84 0 th e bi rt h an d g rowth of S e ve ral o f th e l arge r an d be tter k n o w n c o l

c ollege an d o th e r se c re t so cie t ie s were n o l ege se c ret societi es h ave fou n d t hei r in spi
t ic eab l e d u e i n part to th e react io n wh i c h
, rati o n in o r h ave bee n e stabl i sh e d by Free
foll o we d t h e ant i M ason i c agi t ati on Th e -
. m ason s O dd Fell ows Fore sters an d oth e r
, , ,

l atte r b rou gh t befo re th e pu bl i c as n e ve r gen e ral frate rni tie s ; b u t th e spri n gi n g of

before t h e w h ole subj e c t of secret so c ie tie s
, t h e S e ve n W i se Me n fro m t h e Mysti c al
th e i r ce re m on ial s an d obje c ts w i th t h e re , S e v e n wh ic h fa c t i s apparently k n o w n t o
, , ,

su l t th at m u ch n o t se c ret bu t w h i ch h ad , or app re ci at ed by fe w if any of i ts li vi ng , ,

n o t bee n d iscu sse d ou t o f L od ge roo m s ,

m e m bers m ark s th e i n c id en t as u n i qu e
,

fo u n d it s way i nt o d aily pap ers al m an acs , ,

an d warra nts th e spa c e gi ve n i t Th e .

p a m phl ets an d ot h e r pu bl ication s late i n

, , earli e r gro wth of th e Hept as oph s o r S e v e n ,

th e secon d an d early i n the th i rd de c ad e *

T hi s c o ul d b e m ade pl ai n t o any m y s ti c
of th i s ce n t u r y
“
Wh e n th e stor m rai se d
by th e good e n ou gh M organ u nt il afte r
.
who
R
i s al so a S c o tti sh R it e F reem ason , S '
180 OR DE R O F T HE I R O QU OI S

Wi se Men was p ri ncipally i n th e S ou the rn

,
c on sistin g of S ubo rdi nate C on cl a v e s acti n g
S tates an d at t he o utbreak of the C i v i l
,
u n de r c harte rs issue d by G ran d C o n cl a v es ,

War i t n atu rally lost m an y of i ts m e m be rs or by th e S u p re m e C on cla v e wh e n i n

an d m u c h of i ts i n fl ue n c e It h ad al ways . terri tory w he re G ran d C on c la v es h a v e n ot
bee n c on se rv at i v e and l i ttle effo rt h ad bee n
,
bee n fo r m ed G rand (S t ate ) C on cla v es
.

m ad e t o c arry i t n orth e ast o r w est It s , ,

. are c o m posed of Past A r c h on s (presi di n g
ri tu al isti c wo rk n o w con si sts of an i ntro an d for m e r p resid i n g offi ce rs ) of sub o rdi
d uc t o rv d egree wi th beaut iful s c ene s an d
, n ate C on cl ave s an d th e S u p re m e C on c la v e i s
,

i m press n e ce re m on ie s
’

d e signed to teach ,
m ade up of Past G ran d A rch on s Afte r th e .

d ue re vere n ce fo r t h e S u pre m e A rch o n of c on cl u sion o fth e C i v il War th e O rder began

th e Un i v e rse an d th e beau tie s of a bl am e to gro w agai n an d e arly i n th e se v en tie s too k

,

le ss l ife w h ic h n e v e r fail s to m a k e a l ast on so m et h in g l i ke a rap i d i n c re ase of m em

”
,

i ng i m p ressi on o n th e in i t i ate s an d th ree ,

hershi p I n 1 8 7 2 i t p ro v ide d th at C o n c laves
.

add i ti o nal d egrees e m bl e m at i c of t he v i c i s

,
m i gh t arran ge to pay be n efi ts at opti o n .

s it u d es en c o u n tere d i n p u rsu i ng th e c ou rse Pri o r to th at year th e O rde r h ad bee n

of du ty . To sati sfy th e m o de rn de m an d ben ev ol e n t rathe r t h an bene fi c i ary and i ts ,

fo r a m i l i ta ry fe atu re a u n ifo r m e d ran k h as

,
m e m be rsh i p h ad r e m ai n e d s m all I ts total .

bee n i n t rod u c ed bu t m e m be rsh i p i n i t i s

,
of abou t m e m be rs w i t h in a year o r ,

n ot c o m p u l sory Th e l i fe i nsu ran c e bran c h

. tw o i s th e l argest i n i ts h ist o ry
, The b u si .

was establ i sh ed i n 1 88 0 I t i s calle d th e . n ess d ep ression (1 8 7 3 to 1 8 7 9 ) c he c ked i ts

en do w m e n t ran k an d i s co m pose d of
,
growth after wh ic h a m o ve m e n t gai n e d
,

m e m b ers i n good stan di ng wh o desi re to he ad way i n fa v o r of a plan for th e general

j oi n an d can pass th e m edi cal e x a m i n ati on . pay m en t of d eat h ben e fits Thi s e x c i t ed .

T h e a m ou nt pai d be nefi c iaries i s $30 0 an d ,

O pposi tion an d a n u m be r of b reth re n of
,

th e total m e m be rshi p i s abou t Th e Zeta C on clave Bal ti m ore be c o m i n g d i s

,

O rd er h as al so establi sh ed w h at i s k no wn as sati sfie d wi th a de c isi o n of th e S u pre m e

t he H ept aso ph ian M u t ual Be ne fi t Fu n d to ,
C o n cl ave t h e re sul t w as a sch i s m a nu m be r
, ,

gi v e ai d to w i do ws h ei rs o r assign ees of
, ,
of m e m be rs l ea v i n g i n 1 8 78 to fou n d the
decease d m e m bers to th e a m o u n t of $5 0 0 ,
I m pro ved O rd e r of H ept aso ph s T he an .

th e m an age m en t bein g in th e h and s of a t ago n is m between th e t wo O rders was c o n

B oard of D i re ctors fo r m e d o f offi ce rs of s pic uo us for a fe w years bu t gradu ally d ie d ,

t he S u pre m e C o n c l ave Wi ves of m e m bers . ou t Th e paren t so c iety h as c on ti n ue d i t s

.

are al so el igible t o m e m bersh i p i n the Fu n d , w ay c o ns erv at iv el v b ut as e xpl ai ned has

, , ,

w h i c h i s m et by an assess m e n t of twe nty v i ndi c ate d th e pos i ti o n of so m e o f i ts for m e r

fi v e cen ts . m e m be rs by ad optin g i n 1 880 t h e syst em o f
, ,

M e m be rsh i p i n th e O rde r i s l i m i te d to pa y m en t of de ath be n efi ts b y m ean s of

wh i te m en of good m oral c h ara c ter b e . assess m en ts Wh i le i ts m e m b ersh ip i s n o t
.

l iev ers i n a S u pre m e Bei n g posse sse d of , as large as th at o f i ts o ff sp ri n g its p ath s ,

so m e k n o w n repu table m ean s of su pport , are th ose of pe a c e and i ts prospe ri ty i s

,

free fro m any m e n tal o r ph ysical i n fi r m i ty , attested by th e l oyal ty of i ts m e m bers .

a n d h a v i ng s ufii c ien t ed u c ati o n to sign O r d e r o f t h e I r o q u o i s — O rgani z ed J une .

t hei r o w n appl i c at ion s fo r m e m b e rsh i p . 26 ,

1 89 6 by so m e of th e representative
,

No perso n u n d e r ei gh tee n ye ars of age c an c i ti ze n s of B uffal o N Y a m on g th e m D r

, . .
, .

be ad m i tte d E ac h C on c lave i s all o we d t o

. Ernest We n de He al th C o m m i ssi on e r ; C
, .

de te r m i n e the m axi m u m age of appli c an ts . Lee Abell ; Walter A R i c e its S u pre me .

,

T he re i s n o au xil i ary b ran c h for wo m en . S e c retary ; D Clark Ralph an d oth e rs a

.
, ,

T h e o rgani z ati on of th e so c ie t y i s si m il ar frate rn al be nefici ary so c iety for m en only ,

to th at of oth e r wel l k no wn l i k e societie s-

, th e ri tu al i sti c w ork of w h i c h seek s to

1 82 O R DE R O F T HE S A NH E D R I M

H ope an d P rote cti on

,
Th e total m em. go ve rn m e nt of t h e O rde r i n A m eri ca con
h e rsh i p i s o v e r relat i v el y t he larger sists o f th e E m ine nt G ran d C o m m an dery ,

p rop o rti on bei ng i n Kan sas (S ee O rde r of . G ran d C ou n c ils U n i fo r m e d C o n c la ve s an d

, ,

C h osen Frien d s ) . S ub o r d i n ate Lodges S o m e of the offi ci al .

O r d e r o f t h e S a n h e d r im O rgan ize d . h isto ry of t h e o rgan i zati on p ri or t o i t s ,

at D etroi t July 2 6 1 88 7 A beneficiary

, , . i nt rod u ct ion i n to th e U n i te d S ta t es par ,

so c ie ty of m e m bers o f the press and othe rs t ic ul arly th e m ore recen t porti o n of i t i s ,

i n Mi c h igan an d el sewhe re I t i s d i vi de d . p rob ably fou nded o n fa c t M u c h of it .

,

i n to Priests E lders an d S cribes t oge t he r p arti cul arly th at wh i c h re ach e s far bac k
”
, , ,

wi th o ne wh o sits i n M oses seat Th e ’

. i n to th e di stan t past w ou ld see m t o ran k ,

Nation al S anh edri m is the governi ng body . with t rad i ti on s on ce c u rren t wh i c h brou gh t ,

The re are al so S tate S anhe dri m s and sub E nte red App ren ti ces F ell o w c raft s an d , ,

o rdi nate o r l ittle S anh ed ri m s . M aste r Mason s i n Maso n i c Lod ges organ ,

O r d e r o f t h e S t a r O f B e t h l eh e m . iz ed as at p re sen t i n an u nb rok en l i n e ,
“
Per m anen tly e stabli sh e d i n A m eri ca i n d o w n t o t o day fro m t he b u il d in g of K ing
-

1 8 6 9 wh e re i t w as i nt rod u ced i nto Ne w

’
,
S ol o m on s t e m ple .

Yo rk an d Pen n s y l va ni a a c c ord i n g t o i ts
O ffi c i al legen d by Alber t G ross of Ne w
,
, Th e story of t he Bethle he m i t es m u c h
abridged states th at i t i s belie v e d t o h ave
,
“ ,

c astle o u Tyne En gl an d A t th at peri od bee n o rigi n ate d i n the fi rst cen tu ry of th e

“
- -
.
,

i t was k n o w n as t h e K n ight s of t h e S ta r of -
C h risti an era e xa c t d ate u nk n ow n
, as ,

Bethleh e m T h e G ran d C o m m an de ry of all rec o rd s p ri or t o t he th i rtee n th c e nt u ry

”
. .

Pe nn syl v an i a w as i n s t i t u te d i n 1 8 70 an d
t he E m i nen t G ran d C o m m an d ery of North
, h ave bee n e n ti rely de st royed
th i rteen th ce ntu ry w e are t old ,
I n th e
i t was an ,
.

“
A m eri ca i n 1 8 7 1 Th e O rde r prospe red for
. orde r of m on k s c all e d th e Bethl ehe m i tes ,

seve ral years b u t fell beh i n d i n m e m bersh ip

, w h o d ressed l ik e t h e D o m i n i cans an d ,

b et wee n 1 8 7 8 an d 1 8 84 w h en an enti re
“
w ore a fi v e poi n ted st ar o n th e left b reas t
-

, ,

c h ange was m ad e i n th e offi cers an d t he s o

c iet y re i n c o rp orate d u n de r i ts prese n t titl e

,

.
i n c o m m e m orati o n o f t h e star th at
sh on e o ve r B eth leh e m ” et c I n the , .
“
Th e h ead qu arters are at D et roi t i n wh i ch , fou rtee n t h c e n t ury i t was a po we rfu l O rd e r
c ity t h ere are si xtee n Lod ge s of th e O rd e r . i n E n glan d an d d u ri ng th e n e xt two h u n
I t e xi sts i n n i n eteen S tate s of t h e U ni on d re d ye ars see m s to h ave con si ste d of t wo
an d reports a t otal m e m be rsh ip of m ore b ran c h es the M on asti c an d th e K n igh tly ”
, ,

th an seve n tee n th ou san d m en an d w o m en . ev i de nces of wh i c h i t i s de c lare d appear i n

, ,

T h e obj e c ts of th e s o c iet v are t o u n i te ao th e ri t u ali sti c wo rk i n u se to d ay I t see m s

“
-
.

c ept ab le m en an d wo m e n w h o are respec un fortu n ate t h at th e e xpressi on S tar of

”
,

t iv el y e i gh teen an d si xtee n years of age o r B e t h leh e m trad i ti o n i n for m s u s o r so m e ,

o ve r a n d be lie ve rs i n a S u pre m e Be i n g i n
,

“ , t h ing si m il ar i s n ot p re fi xed to th e b istori

,

so c i al an d frate rnal b on ds t o pe rpe t u ate

”
t h e t radi t i on s of t he O rde r ; pay d eath
,

,
“
c al re vel ati on s m ade I t i s p robabl y t ru e
th at th e ti m e wh e n t he O rde r i n Fran c e
.

si c k a c c i de nt and d isability ben efits ; to

, , an d S pai n c ease d to be pu rely M onas t i c ,

defe n d th e l ife l i m b an d repu tati on of an d be c a m e a se m i m il i ta r y o rgan i z ati on

”
-

, , ,

m e m be rs fro m u nj u s t assau lt an d t o assist will n e ve r be k no w n O t he r e xt ra c ts in.

m e m bers t o obtai n e m pl oy m en t an d t o c l ud e t h ose w h i c h i den ti fy t h e O rde r w i t h

settl e di spu te s by arbi trat i on Me m be rs . t he Wal de nses i n 1 2 6 0 an d state th at ,

i n arrears for d u es lose t h e righ t to speak m any of th e pe rsec u te d m e m be rs of th e

an d v ote at m eetin gs and forfe it pe c u n iary, O rde r of th e Te m ple afte r i ts d estru c ti o n ,

“
ben efi ts b u t are n ot d ebarred fro m th e
,

so c i al ad v an tage s o f L od ge m ee tin gs Th e . O rde rs ;

” “
by C le m e n t V i n 1 3 1 2
.
,
u n i te d w i th othe r
th at th e re are goo d reasons
,
 O R DE R O F U NI T E D C O M ME R C IA L T R A VE L E R S O F A ME R I C A 1 83

for belie vi ng t h at qu i te a n u m be r u n i te d th e w ar be twe en E nglan d and Fran c e b ut ,

S tar of Be t h le h e m Wh at t he
,

“
wi th the Beth le he m ites o r Kn igh ts o f the w as suppresse d by th e col o n ial au th o ri tie s ;
” good an d al so th at i t was b ro u gh t t o N e w
”
.

reason s are i s left to c on j ect u re w h ich i s York c i ty by J o h n Bell i n 1 84 9 o r 1 8 5 0

, ,

to be regre tte d w he n one real iz es th i s n e w wh o est ablishe d se v e ral co m m an d e ri es at

c o m pl i cati on p u t u p on th e v ari o u s th eorie s th at city i n 1 85 1 w h i c h d i d n ot lon g su r ,

w h i c h h av e be en ad v an ce d t o sh o w a co n v i v e A refe re n c e t o th e th i rd an d su c c e ss .

n ec t io n b etwee n th e Kn ights Te m pl ars of ful e ffort to b rin g th i s an c ie n t socie ty t o

t o d ay an d t he i r frate rs wh o we re pe rso n A m e ri ca h as bee n gi ven T h e ri t u al of th e
-
.

ally a c qu ai n t e d wi th Jac que s d e M olay A m e ric an bran c h i s sai d t o re tai n on ly th e ,

G odfrey de B ou i ll on an d th e rest T h e p ra c t i cal tea c h i ngs o n t ruth frate rn i ty

, .
, ,

B ethle he m ite l ege n d also relate s th at th e ch ari ty an d th e m oral l aw d rawn fro m th e ,

K n i gh t s o f Be th le h e m (Equ i te s B et h l eh e ancie n t ri tu al .

m ensis ) w e re pl a c e d u n de r t he ban o f th e T he re i s a n au x il iary soc ie ty w i t h i n t he

I n qui si ti on at S al a m an c a i n 1 3 5 9 ; th at O rde r of t h e S tar of B et hle h e m k n o w n as ,

t he O rde r was i n tro d u ced i nto Fran c e by t h e E aste r n S tar Ben e v ole n t F un d of
S ir Jean Lode t i n 1 4 7 0 w he re i t was e x te r
, , A m e ric a organi ze d i n 1 8 93 d esi gn e d to , ,

m in at ed b y t h e m assa c re of 1 5 72 an d th at i nc re ase t h e p ec u n i ary ben efits a v ailable t o

,

i t was b rou gh t t o E nglan d f ro m S p ai n ab o ut m e m be rs of th e O rde r , O nly m e m be rs .

1 4 7 3 by Geo rge H e n ry Percy N oth i n g was wh o h a v e attai ne d t he Easte rn S tar d egree

, .

h e ard of i t th ere h o we ver , u n til m ay j oi n it , (S ee S h ep h e rd s o f B ethl e h e m .

“
b y wh i c h ti m e th e M on ast i c an d K n igh tly an d S hep h e rd s of A m e ri ca )
bran ch e s h ad u n ite d an d beco m e a b enev o O r d e r o f t h e T r i a n g l e — Regi stere d i n
.

l e n t an d s c i e nti fic O rde r H e re t h e re i s th e Un i te d S tate s censu s reports for 1 8 90 as

.

a gap of 1 80 years wh en i t i s rel ated th at a m u tual assess m e n t benefi c iary society wi th

, ,

S ir H e n ry S ey m o u r succeede d S ir H er m an headqu arters i n B rookl y n Noth i n g i s .

O v iedio as G ran d C o m m ande r an d afte r learne d of i t the re to d ay ,

-
.

h im o t he rs at re ason ably sh o rt i nte rv al s O r d e r o f T r u e F r i e n d s — O rgan i zed at

. .

As w o m e n we re ad m i tte d t o so m e c o m Ne w York i n 1 8 8 6 t o i n su re i ts m e m be rs
m a n deries an d n ot t o oth e rs a sc hi s m took by m e an s of m u tu al assess m en ts
,
I t pai d .

pla c e i n 1 81 3 th e sece di n g p arty pres um deat h ben e fi ts of $2 0 0 an d weekly si c k

, , ,

abl y t ho se w h o obj e c ted t o wo m e n as ben efit s of fro m to L ette rs

m e m bers , u n itin g w i th oth e rs at Leed s to add resse d t o i t are u n answe red .

fo r m t h e Royal Fo resters Th i s w ill in O r d e r o f U n i t e d C o m m e r c ia l T ra v

.
’

t eres t th e An cie n t O rd e r of Fo re ste rs w h o e l e r s o f A m e r i c a —O rgan i z e d at C ol u m

,
.

o m i t al l refe re n ce t o th i s i n t he i r acco u n t of b u s O an d i n co rpo rated S ep te m be r 2 5 , .

,

th e o rigi n of th e i r socie ty B y 1 85 7 i t i s 1 89 0 u n de r th e la ws of th e S tate of O h i o

. ,

d ecl are d t h e O rde r was well e stabl i she d by Jo h n C Fe n i m ore Le v i C Pease S H .

, .
, . .

th rou gh ou t E ngl an d S cotl an d an d No rth S trayer W E C arpen te r J oh n D i c k ey C

, , ,
. .
, .

I relan d b u t i t decl i n e d i n m e m be rsh i p i n S A m m el F A S ells an d C h arle s B

, .
, . .
,
.

l ate r years be c au se e ach co m m an de ry was Flagg t o u n it e frate rn all y c o m m er c i al t rav

”
,

m ad e a G ran d C o m m ande ry u nto it sel f el ers of good m oral stan d in g t o assist , ,

an d be c au se o win g t o t h e se m i religi ou s m e m be rs an d th o se depe n d i n g o n th e m

,
-

ch aracter of t h e O rde r i t refu se d to b e eu a nd to pay acci de nt si ck an d d eath be ne

, , ,

r olle d u nde r t h e fri e n dly soc ieti es ac t I t fi ts I n c ase of si c k ness m e m be rs recei v e . .

i s of i nte rest t o l earn th at th e K nigh t s of $2 5 weekl y fo r n ot to e xcee d fi ft y t wo -

B e thl eh e m was fi rst i n trodu c ed in t o A m eri c a wee k s o r d u ri ng i ll n ess an d a l i k e wee k ly , ,

i n 1 6 9 1 by G ile s C o rey o f L on d o n du ri n g be ne fi t du ri n g d isabi l it y o n a c c o u n t of

 O R D E R O F U NI T E D F R I E ND S

a c c i de nt Th e s um of . i s p ai d t o ben e t ar y T he c ol ors of the organi z at ion are

.

fi c iaries o f a de c eased m e m ber Th e total . royal p urple an d gold I t h as i t s o wn t ac .

~

m e m be rshi p of the O rd e r i s abo u t ti c s for drill an d s wo rd e xerci se an d fur ,

Th ese i nde m n ity featu res h a v e been m ai n n i she s l i fe i n su ran c e t o i ts m e m be rs based

t ain ed at an a ve rage c o st t o e ach m e m b e r of on m u tu al asse ss m e nts Eac h Te m ple es
'

$7 pe r an n u m . t ab l ish es si c k and fun eral benefi t s at it s

O r d e r o f U n i t e d F r i e n d s — O rgan i ze d . opti on Th e pri n c i pal e m bl e m c on si sts of
.

an d i n co rporated i n Ne w Yo rk S t ate i n
1 881 by Joh n C No t t Albany ; Willia m .
,
th ree el ongated l in k s con ne c ted so as t o
for m a tri an gle th e word s H on est y Frate r
,
,

“ ,

H Lee of B oston M ass A A La m pre y

.
, . . . n it y an d Fid eli ty
, an d a represen tation of
of La wre n ce Mas s ; 0 M S h ed d of Pou gh , . . a k n igh t s h el m et a t the t op Th e au xil
’
.

k eepsie N Y ,
an d o th e rs
. A se c ret fra
.
,
. iary fo r wo m e n i s c al le d th e C i r c l e of t he
te rn al be nefi c i ary so c iety payi n g death and , Gol den B an d Te m ple s of wh i c h in sure th e
,

d i sabil i ty be nefi ts M e n and wo m en are . l i ves of i t s m e m be rs an d e stabli sh fu n eral

el i gi bl e as m e m bers Th e ri tu al i s base d o n . a nd si c k be ne fi t s i f they wi sh Th i s so c iety .

t he teach in gs of th e Gol de n Rule an d

t he m ott o i s Uni ty Frie n d sh ip an d S e
, w as ori gi n ally an o rgan izati o n of O d d Fel
l o ws for m e d to c onfer th e n e w d egrees “
”
, ,

c u rit y . T hi s o rgan i z at io n w as th e o ut for U ni fo r m e d Patriarc h s It was repu .

co m e of a schi s m i n th e O rde r of C h ose n diat ed by t h e S ove re ign Grand Lo d ge of ,

F rie nds and n u m bers m ore th an

, th e I ndepen den t O rder of O dd Fell ows i n
m e m bers (S ee O rde r of C h ose n Frien d s )
. . 1 8 85 bu t h as c on ti nu ed to e xi st e ve rsi nce i n
O r d e r o f U n i t e d F e ll o w s h i p C o v e re d . th e S t ate wh e re fou nde d (S ee In depen den t .

b v t he a c c o u nt of th e G ol de n Rule Al li an ce . O rde r of O d d Fell ows ) .

O r d e r o f U n i t y — A m u tu al assess m en t P e n n s y l v a n i a O rd e r o f F o re s t e rs .

ben efi c i ary so c iety organ iz ed at P h iladel ,

S ee Foreste rs of A m eri c a .

ph i a i n 1 8 89 by m e m bers of t he A n cien t ,
P r o t e c t e d F i re s i d e C irc l e — O rganize d .
‘

O r d e r of Un i ted Wo rk m en by Fre e m ason s , ,

at D etroit M i c h ,
a so c ial benefi c iary se
.
,

K nigh ts of Pyth i as an d oth e rs fo r m en , ,

c ret so c i ety for m en an d w o m e n .

and wo m en to se c u re t h e pay m e n t o f $5 00
,
P r o t e c t e d H o m e C ir c l e Wh ile i n n o .

an d d eat h be nefi t s an d week ly si ck way c on nected w i t h th e H o m e Ci r c le of

a n d a c c ide nt ben efi ts ran gin g fro m to Massac h u setts th e P rotected H o m e Ci rc le
, ,

$20 . It i s a m on g th e s m alle r o rgan i za t i on s organ i ze d at S h aron P a i n 1 88 6 an d , .

, ,

o f i ts cl ass n u m be ri ng onl y abo u t

,
c h artered u nd e r t he l aws of Penn syl v an i a ,

Total ben efits pai d si n c e 1 88 9 a m oun t to p resent s a si m il arity i n n a m e an d e m bl e m ,

abou t Th e O rde r i s n o n se c ta -
th e l atte r bei n g a m on ogra m fo r m ed of
ri an and t h rou gh i ts ri t ual tea c h e s stren g t h
,
th e le tters P H and C , ,A s th e fi rs t .

in u n i on j u sti c e t o all an d p rotecti on

, ,
n a m ed se c ret frate rn al ben efi c iar y asso c i a
t h ro ugh f ratern i ty .
ti on was fo rm ed se ve n years before t h e
P a t r i a r c h a l C i r c l e O f A me r ic a O r . l atter th e l i ke nesse s be twee n the m su gges t
,

g a n ized at M il wau k ee W is i n 1 880 by , , ,

an d h as bee n d e c l ared to a m ou n t t o m ore
Ne wel l D an i el s Ge ne ral A B M yen s an d ,
. .
,
th an a coi n c iden c e B u t i t i s c e rtai n th at
.

si x o t h e rs as a f rate rnal be nefi ciary society

,
. th e Prot ecte d H o m e C i rcle rese m bles t h e
I t h as m e m be rs an d c on fe rs th ree d e older so c ie ty i n n o oth e r w ay e x c ep t in
gree s P re parato ry Pe rfe c ti on an d the P a , ,
th at i t h as bee n su c c essful an d i n th at i t ,

t riarc h al F east and K ni gh t h o od th e fi rst l ik e i t s prototype ad m i ts both m en an d ,

t wo wri t te n by Ne well D aniel s i n 1 8 9 3 an d ,

wo m e n t o m e m be rshi p B u t i t m a k es a .

t h e l ast pre pared b y G C Rid i n gs th e S n . . ,

rad i c al d ep artu re i n th at by pl a c i n g t wen t y ,

p re m e S e c re tary Th e w ork i s l argely m il i . fi v e pe r cen t of al l m onthly assess m en ts i n

.
186 R O YA L A R C A N UM

t hi s ch aracter i n th at i t assesses m e m bers at n e c essi tie s of th ei r fa m i lies T he S u p re m e .

a fl at rate of 5 0 ce nts an d $1 pe r th ou san d C ou n c i l h as c h arge of the Wi d o ws and O r ’

’
d oll ars of i n su rance at each d eath i nstead ,
ph an s B ene fi t Fu n d as t h e life i n su ran c e
,

o f at the grad ed rate acco rd ing to age wh i ch , fu n d i s called w h i ch i s collected by an d

,

t h e olde r an d large r be ne fi c i ary fratern i ties pai d o u t o n o rde r of su bord i n ate C ou n c i l s .

h av e gene rall y adopted . Th e m e m bersh i p of the O rde r wh ile d rawn ,

R o y a l A r c a n u m — O n e of th e large st . n o m i nally fro m all ran k s of society a v er ,

frate rn al m u t u al assess m e n t be nefi c iary , ,

an d be n e v ole n t sec re t soc ie ti e s i n th e
U n ite d S tates fo u n ded by D ari u s W il son
, ,
C K D arli n g W O Rob son E M C raw
. .
, .
ages h i gh e r th an i n m an y o rgani z ati on s
an d at m ost of the l arge r cen tre s i n c lu de s
so m e of the best rep rese n tati ve s of oth er
.
,
. . fratern i tie s as wel l as of bu sin ess pro fes
, ,

fo rd J A C u m m i ngs G W Bli sh W
, . .
, . .
, . s io n al an d O ffi ci al l ife I ts ch ief e m ble m in
.

B radley J H W ri gh t an d J M S wai n
, . .
,
. .
, e l udes a royal c ro wn w i th i n a ci r c le o n the ,

o f B o st O n an d v i ci n ity i n 1 8 7 7 an d i nc o r , ,
c i r c u m fe ren c e of w h i c h are te n s m all Mal

po rat ed as th e S up re m e C o un cil of th e tese c rosse s wi th ou t n o t c h es Th e m ot to .

Royal Arcan u m u n de r th e l aws of th e S tate of th e O rd er i s M er c y Vi rtu e an d C har

”
, ,

o f M assach u se t ts S e v e ral of t h e fou nd e rs

. i ty whi c h i s m ysti cally re fe rred t o i n a
,

we re m e m be rs of th e An c ie n t O rde r of m an ne r k no wn only to m e m be rs .

U ni te d Work m e n an d of th e K n igh ts of T h e i ni ti ato ry c e re m ony wh i ch h as bee n ,

H on or an d so m e we re m e m be rs of th e c h anged once o r t wi c e i s qu i te th e re verse

,

M ason i c Fratern i ty an d of th e Ind epen of th at fo u n d i n t h e A m e ri c an Legi o n of

d en t O rde r o f O dd Fello ws Th e title of
t h e soci ety suggests a royal se c re t an d ” “ .

,
H o n or bei n g an el ab o rate cere m o ni al
,

well c al c ulate d to i m p re ss th e m eani n g

“
th e secre t i s de cl ared t o be th e m eth od by
w h i c h t o O btai n fraternal so c ie ty pro t ec
O f the m o tto of th e O rde r u p on th e m i nd s

of all n o v i tiates e ve n th o u gh th ey h a v e
,

’
t i on at l ess c ost th an O ld l i n e i nsu ran c e passe d t h rou gh th e o rde al s re qu i red by
co m pan ie s fu rn i sh i t ” Th e O rd e r o wn s a
. othe r se c ret soci et ie s B u t th e al m ost n u
.

h an d so m e b uild i n g at B oston w he re th e , e xa m ple d pro sperit v of t he Royal Ar c an u m

S upre m e o r G o v e rn ing C o u nc il m ee t ings i n i ts fifth of a c e nt u ry of e x isten c e h as
are h el d an d w he re th e gene ral bu si ness of n ot bl i nde d i ts leaders to the n ece ssi ty fo r
t he o rgani z ati o n i s t ran sacte d S u bord i nate . re m odell in g i ts syste m of assess m e n ts at ,

C o u n c ils w h i c h are fo u n d th rou gh ou t t he

,
S tate s an d Te rri to rie s i n th e m ore h e alth ful
dist ri cts of th e Uni on are gove rne d by
o ne ti m e t he best a m on g th ose e m ployed
by l i k e soc ietie s an d n o w a m ong th e m ost
,
ad v an c e d S i gn s of an i n c reasin g nu m be r
.

G ran d C ou n c ils o r by t h e S u pre m e C ou n

,
O f assess m e n ts appe are d i n 1 89 6 and th e ,

cil wh e n sit uate d wh e re n o G ran d C ou n cil s n e c e ssary step s we re take n t o so adj ust t he
e x ist an d th e S upre m e C ou n c i l c on si sts of
,
m et hod of c ollecti n g t he m as t o c on t i n ue
i ts offi ce rs an d represe nt ati v e s of Gran d the su c c ess an d prosperi ty wh i ch for so
C ou n c ils Th e O rder is co m pose d of ao
. m any years m ark ed t h e progress of th e
c ept ab l e m en bet ween t we n ty one an d fift y -
frate rn ity * .

fi v e ye ars of age an d i ssue s ben efi t c ert ifi

,
T he t wen t y fi rs t ann i versary o f t h e s o c iet v w as
-

cate s fo r an d payable at s i gn ali zed b y rad i c al ac ti o n l o o ki ng t o t h e m o re

de ath .S tarti ng w i th n i ne m e m be rs i n
1 8 7 7 i ts m e m be rsh ip i s n o w i n e xcess of
,
ef

by “
fic i ent pr o t ec ti o n o f it s m em b e rs Thi s w as d o ne
d i sc ard i ng t h e o ld po s t m o r t e m ys t em
-
” of
.

an d i t h as pai d ou t i n d eath be n ,
i n e m erg en c y
“
assess m en t s a t death s O f m em b ers a nd es t ab li s hi ng

fu n d and pro v i d i ng for t h e w ar

efi t s al one m o re th an S ub or
,
h azard b y l ayi ng t w en t y o ne asses s m ent s ac c o r d
-

d in at e C o un c i ls pro v i d e fu nd s for th e relief ing t o t h e ex i s ti ng sc al e T h e t went y o ne ass es s

.
-

'

of si c k o r d is ab lc d m em b ers an d fo r the , m ents are b ased o n ex per t es ti m a t es O f e i g ht een

 R O YA L L E A G UE 87

I n order to en able m e m be rs t o i n c re ase regul ar m u tu al assess m en t be ne fici ary so~

t h e a m ou n t of the i r i nsu rance p rac ti c ally , c iet y .

w ith i n th e rank s of th e O rd er th e L oyal , R o y al F rat ern it y , T h e. — O rgan i z ed at

Ad di ti o nal B ene fi t A sso ci ati o n w as for m e d M i n neapol i s O ctobe r 1 6 1 89 6 by N W , , , . .

i n 1 889 an d i n corp o rate d i n 1 890 u n der Bloss C F Un derh i ll H W H at c h an d , . .

,
. .

t he l aws of t h e S tat e of Ne w Je rsey othe rs to pay death an d v ari o u s o t h e r bene

.
,

O nl y m e m bers of th e Royal Ar c anu m fi ts Wo m en are n o t eli gible to m e m be rsh ip

, .
.

afte r an add i ti on al m ed i c al e x a m i n ati on Th e ch ief e m ble m i s c o m pose d of t h ree tri

,

are eli gi bl e to j oi n the Loyal Ad d i tion al angle s form in g a n i ne poi nted st a

, r wi t h -

w h i c h O ffe rs be n efi t ce rti ficates payable at o th e r detail s u n dersto od o nly by m e m be rs .

d e ath fo r or as p referred I n le ss th an a year the soc iety repo rte d a

,

an d establ i sh e s fu n d s fo r th e rel ief of sick total m e m bersh i p of

an d d istresse d m e m be rs Wi ll i a m E H al . R o y a l K n ig h t s o f K i n g D a v i d
. R e .

le u bec k of Je rsey C ity fou n ded the Loyal c o rde d i n th e c e n su s of 1 8 9 0 as a f ratern al

Ad d i ti on al w h i c h n u m be rs m ore t han
, ben efi c i ar y s o c iety b u t n o e v i den c e of i ts ,

m e m bers T he Associ ati o n i s n ot a c o m

. c o n ti n ue d e xi ste n c e h as been ob tai ned .

peti to r of th e Royal Arc an u m bu t i s i ts , R o y a l L e a g u e T h e — A gl an c e at t h e , .

sup ple m en t The S up re m e C ou n cil of th e

. c h ief e m bl e m of th i s m u tu al assess m e nt
Royal A rcan u m w h ile n ot i n an y way co n
, be ne fi c i ary frate rn i ty su ggests th at i t i s a n
n ec t ed wi th o r re sp on sibl e fo r t h e Asso off sp ri n g of t he Royal A rcan u m as i t c o n
”
,

c iat io n e xpressed i ts c o m m en d atio n at

, ti n ne s t he u se of th e w ord royal i n c on
i ts se ssio n i n M il wau k e e i n 1 890 of the n ec t io n w i th th e m otto V i r t u e Me r c y
”
, , , , ,

m oti ve s th at pro m pte d th e organ i zati o n an d C h arity In qu i ry corrob o rat es th i s th e .

,

an d e xte n de d t o i ts pro m ote rs it s praise fou n de rs of t he Royal Leagu e at C h i cago , ,

and encou rage m e nt . i n 1 883 bei n g m e m be rs o f th e Royal Ar ,

R o y a l C o n c l a v e O f K n ig h t s a n d L a can u m Th e fo r m e r i s i n co rpo rate d u n de r

.

d i e s ; S ee ske t c h of Gold en Rul e Alli

. th e l aws of t h e S tate o f Illi n ois an d it s ,

ance . ope rati on i s c on fi ne d t o O h i o In di an a Ill i , ,

R o y a l F r a t e r n a l G u a r d ia n s O rgan n ois M i c higan Wi sc on si n M i n n esota an d

.
-

, , , ,

iz ed at S an Fran c i s c o i n D e c e m be r 1 89 5 a al l th e S t ates an d Te rri torie s west of t he

, ,

M issi ssippi Ri v e r n o rth of th e th i rty si xth ,

-

ass ess m en t s t o m eet c u rren t m o rtalit y w ithi n a parallel I t was e v i d en t ly o rgan i zed t o .

year o ne t o c o v er w ar r i s k and t wo as sess m en t s t o i ntrod u c e so m e m od i fi c ation s of th e th e n

, ,

es t ab l i s h an em ergen c y f u n d T h ese assess m en t s e x c epti on ally ad van ced m e th o d of c o ope ra

.

are c o l l ec t ed in t wel ve equ a l am o u n t s thu s m aki n g a

t iv e l ife i n su ran ce e m pl oye d by th e Royal
,

reg ul ar m o n thl y c al l T h e new s ys t em w as ad o pt ed

.

a t t h e a nn u al s es s i o n o f t h e S u prem e C o u nc il h el d
A r c an u m an d bears p ra c t i c ally th e sa m e
,
,

a t C l evel a nd in 1 898 and wen t i nt o o perati o n relatio n sh i p to th e l atte r as th e I owa Legi o n

A u g u s t l s t in th a t year .
of H on o r an d th e Nor t h we ste rn Legi on of
B y t h e new pl an pro t ec ti o n at t h e age o f H o no r bear t o th e p are nt fratern i t y
,
the ,
t wen t y o ne c all s fo r an ann u a l paym en t o f o r
-

A m e ri c an Legi o n of H o n o r Th e Royal
,

t wel ve m o nthl y paym ent s am o u nti ng t o

.

at ,

th i rt y o ne years
-
at fo rt y o ne -
at League
,
offe rs t o u n ite a c c eptabl e m en b e
,

fif t y, a nd at fi ft y n i n e v ears - t wee n t we n ty o n e an d forty si x years of age

,
- -

T h ese rat es pro m i s e t o pro d u c e an em ergenc y fu nd t o pr o vide wh at it (an d th e Royal A rcan u m )

o f ab o ut t w o th i r d s o f a m ill i o n do l l ars a n nu al l y ’
c all s a wid o w s and o rph an s be ne fi t fu n d
-
’
.
,

T h e O rd er i s t o b e c o n gra tul at ed o n t h e w i se and

fro m wh i c h at th e death of m e m be rs t o pay , ,
c o n serva ti v e ac ti o n i t h as t ak en t h e s i g n ifi c an c e o f
,

o r t o t h ei r fa m il ie s o r d e pe n d
w hi c h li es in t h e fac t th at no s i m il ar o rg an i z ati o n
o f l ik e ag e h as s o l o w a d e ath r ta e o r is t r s ti g
a n ac n
e nts Th e opti o n of o.r in su r

a l ik e v o l u m e o f b u s i nes s at s o s m al l an ex pen se an ce (i n stea d of .

on ly ) con stit u te s only
1 88 R O YA L S O C IE T Y O F GO O D F E L L O \V S

o ne d iffe ren c e be twe en th e t wo frate rni tie s ,

c iet y wi th h ead q uarte rs at S edal ia in th at ,

as the yo un ge r i n t rod u ce d a $50 an d a $2 5 S tate by Joh n N D alby H G C lark Ira

, .
,
. .
,

w ee k ly be ne fi t for pe r m anen t d i sabil i ty (to T B ron son J E Ri t c hey B H In gram

. . .
,
. .
,

be ded u c ted fro m t h e deat h be nefi t ) to be , E C M ason Ph ili p E C h appel l R S C

. . .
, . . .

pai d a t th e req ues t of th e i n su re d an d th e R eaugh A ugu st T Fl ei s c h m an n E E

, .
,
. .

bene fi c i ary an d i t p roh ibited m e m bersh i p to

, D uran d S teph en Pi r k ey an d Willi a m H
, , .

foll owe rs of a l ong l i st of h az ardou s oc c upa Blac k . H G C l ark S t L ou i s was Gen

. .
,
.
,

ti on s Foll o wi ng i n th e foot steps of th e

. e ral S upe ri nten den t o f th e M i ssou ri Pa c i fi c
Royal Arcan u m th e League m a k es a featu re, Rail way Phi lip E C h appell Kan sas C ity .
, ,

of th e so c i al sid e of th e o rgan i z ati o n w i th , h ad be en S tate Tre asu re r of M i ssou ri an d ,

th e read i ng of pape rs d eba t es an d oth er ,

. Au gu st T Fleisc h m an n of S edal ia was
.

entertai n m e n ts Th e go v ern m en t of th e
. P resi den t of th e Mi ssou ri S t ate B oard o f
l atte r i s v este d i n a S u p re m e C ou n ci l with , Ph ar m acy W h i t e m en bet wee n t wenty
.

Ad vi sory C ou n c il s i n S tate s h av in g t h e o ne an d si xty years of age socially an d ,

ne c essary m e m be rsh i p Th ere were abou t . oth erwi se a c ce ptable abl e to read an d ,

m e m bers at th e e n d of th e t h i r wri te beli e v e rs i n a S upre m e Bei n g n o t

, ,

t een t h ye ar of th e soci ety s ex istence ’

, en gage d i n th e m anu factu re of or traffi c i n
d u rin g w h i c h pe riod n e arl y h ad al c oh ol i c sti m ulan ts w h o can pass th e re ,

been pa id to ben efi ci aries . q ui re d physical e xa m i nati on are eligibl e ,

R o yal S o c i e t y o f G o o d F e l l o w s — A n . t o m e m be rsh i p It w i ll accept rai lway .

i nc orporated frater nal assess m e n t be ne en gi n eers fi re m e n frei gh t c ond u ctors e x

, , ,

fi c iary so c ie t y organ i z ed on t h e l od ge
, p ress m e ssenge rs yard m asters an d postal , ,

syste m i n Rhode I sl and i n 1 88 2 by m em , ,

cle r k s w h o are e x c l u de d fro m so m e si m ila r
be rs of th e A n c ien t O rd e r of U n ite d Wor k societi es but rai lroad b ra k e m en and others
,

m en Royal A rc anu m K n i gh ts of H on or th e
, , , en gaged i n e xtra h azard ou s o c cup at ion s -

M ason i c F rate rnity an d th e In d epen den t , are e xcl u d e d B e ne fi c i ary c e rti fi ca t e s are
.

O rde r of O d d Fello ws It ad m i ts m en an d . i ssu e d fo r or bel ow t he age

wo m e n to m e m b e rsh i p an d pays d eat h and of fifty ; fo r between t h e age s o f
si c k ben efi ts I ts m e m be rsh i p i s p ri n c i pally fi fty an d fift y fi v e and 85 00 betwee n th e
'

-
.
,

i n th e Ne w En glan d and M i d dl e S tates an d , ag es of fi ft y fi v e an d si xty th us per m itti n g

-

aggrega t es ab ou t 1 5 0 00 With i n fi fte en . a pe rson bel o w fifty t o c arrv i f de

y e ars i t h a s p ai d n earl y to be n e si red ; bel o w fift y fi v e $2 0 0 0 an d bel o w -

, ,

fi c iaries T he G ood Fell ows e m bl e m c o n

.
’
si xty , O n e h alf th e face of t h e -

si sts of th e re prese n t a t i o n of a cro wn su r certifi c ate is payab le i n c ase of total d is

m oun t ed b y a s m all Lat in c ro ss th e wh ole ,
abili t y in t e n an n ual i n stall m ents Th e .

su rro u n ded b v a ri n g of t w el ve s m all t an pa y m en t of si c k b e ne fi t s i s op t i on al wi th

ge n t c i r c les l l l el e ve n of wh i c h are th e
. su bord i nate Lodges D eat h benefi t c ert ifi .

le t te rs for m i n g th e word s G ood Fel ~

c a t e s m ay be ta k e n out i n e ithe r of t w o

l o ws ” ,
i nd in t he t welf t h a fi v e p oi n t ed -
d i v i s i on s Th e fi rst pro v id es a grad ed rate
.
,

star T h e offi c e of t h e Pre m ie r as the

.
,
wh i c h i n c rease s w it h th e age and ri sk of
c h ief e xe c u ti ve office r i s called i s i n Ne w ,
th e m e m ber an d i s payable i n de fin i t e
,

Yo r k ci ty . a m ou n t s e a c h m o n t h T h e othe r d i v i si o n .

R o y a l S t a n d a r d o f A m e r ic a — A m u . p er m i ts a certi fi c ate bein g pai d up at on ce ,

tu al assess m en t benefi ci ary soc i ety w h i c h ,

o r i n an nu al i n stall m en ts du ri ng variou s ,

m a y be a dd re ssed at Je rsey C i ty N J , . . pe ri od s fro m one t o t wen t y y ears A c er

,
.

R o y a l T r ib e o f J o s e p l i — I n co rporated . t ifi c at e i n th e l atte r c lass h as a cash su r

u nd e r th e l aws of the S t ate o f Mi ssou ri i n ren de r v al ue an d i s payabl e as d i sabi li ty
.

A p ri l 1 8 9 4 as a f rate rn al bene fi c i al so
, ,
be ne fi t wh en a m e m ber reach es th e age of
1 90 TRIB E O F BE N -
H UB

m i n or ch i ld re n u n ti l th ey be c o m e of age . u ary of th e sa m e year t he fi rst m eeti ng o f

O n re ac h in g the ol d age li m i t a m e m ber th e S u p re m e T ri be w as h el d i n th e c i ty o f
rece i v e s an ann u ity as l on g as h e or sh e C rawfo rd s v il le I nd E x G ov e rno r I ra J , .
-
.

l i v e s an d i f per m ane ntly d i sable d p ri o r t o

,
Ch ase was ele c te d th e fi rs t S up re m e C hie f .

re ac h in g t h e ol d age li m it a m e m be r b e , Th e O rde r gre w ou t of a c onferen ce b e

co m es e nti tl e d t o a h alf rate an n u i ty u n til -
t wee n D W Ge rard an d F L S nyde r
. . .
,
.
,

rea c h i n g th e ol d age lim it w h en ful l an nu i ty ,

both of C ra wfo rd s v ille I n d and Gen eral , .
,

i s paid Th e re are si x c l asse s of an n u i ti e s

.

rangi n g fro m $1 0 0 t o $60 0 o n w h i ch ,

,

“
Le w Wall a c e th e au th or of th e b ook
B en H u r -
”
,

at th e l atte r s resi de n c e i n
,
’

m on thly assess m en ts are c olle c ted (u ntil th e C rawfo rd s v ille Ind i n No v e m be r 1 8 93 , .

, , .

ol d age li m i t o r pe r m anen t disabil i ty i n te r Pri or to th i s i n te r v ie w M essrs Ge rard an d .

v e nes ) of fro m fifty cen ts to 3 3 m a k i n g t h e , S n yde r h ad c areful ly c on side re d th e ad

total annu al assess m e n ts $6 $1 2 $1 8 $2 4
$3 0 an d $3 6
,
Th e e xpe rie n ce of t he F ra
.
, , , ,

bo o k “
v is ab ilit y of fo u nd in g an O rde r u pon th e

Ben Hu r pro v i d i n g th e con sen t

-

t ern it y d u ri n g i ts fi rst d ecad e sh ow ed a of Ge neral Wall a c e cou l d be obtai ne d t o

to tal an n u al re v en ue of pe r u se so m e n a m e wh ic h w ou l d b e suggesti v e
m e m bers o r en ou gh t o su ppor t se v e n ty fi v e of th a t b ook D u ri n g th e i nte rv ie w i t was
“
-

,
.
,

$4 00 an n u i tan ts D u ri n g the pe ri od n a m ed
.
, su ggeste d th at th e n a m e K n igh ts o f ,

i ts d eath rate h ad bee n only fou r t o Ben H u r -

be selected bu t G en eral Wal
, ,

at wh ich rate i t w oul d h a v e re qu i red t wen ty l a c e d i sse nted an d re m arke d th at The r e

”
,

years t o prod u ce th e se v enty fi v e ann u i t an ts -

, were o nly tribe s i n th ose d ays an d su g ,

du ri n g wh i c h ti m e th e an n u al su rpl u ses ge ste d t h e Tri be of B e n H u r as app ro -

w oul d go o n acc u m ul atin g at c o m pou n d priat e .T h i s w as ad op ted and Ge ne ral

i nterest Th e o rgan i z ati o n h as n ot grown Wallace ga v e h i s c onsen t t o t he fou n d i n g
”
.

rapidly n u m beri n g ab ou t
,
m e m be rs , of th e O rder u pon t he sto ry of Ben H u r -

by far th e l arge r proporti o n b ein g m en . an d se cu re d th e c on sen t of h i s publ i sh ers ,

I ts rit u al i s n ot based u po n any so c alle d -

w h o h ol d the c opyrigh t on t h e book .

m yste ry o r h istori cal i n ci de nts the cere , I m m e di ately afte r the p reparati on of t h e ,

m on i al be i ng con fine d to an e xplan ati on of ri tual an d b y l aw s was begu n and i n a -

th e p ri n ci ple s u po n w h i c h th e soci ety seek s sh ort ti m e th e reafte r se v eral pro m i ne n t

t o acco m pli sh i ts obj ects Its be st k n ow n . m en we re i n vi te d t o j oi n i n th e wo rk o f
e m bl e m i s a fou r le af clo v e r w i th th e let
“ fou n di ng th e O rde r Pro m i ne nt am on g
-

, .

te rs co m posi n g th e wo rd h el p d ist rib th ese we re e x Gove rn or I ra J C hase an d -

.

u t ed u po n t he l eaves The p ri m ary aim of . C ol onel W T Royse both o f In dian apol i s

. .
, ,

th e society i s n o t t o pay i n su ran c e at th e In d ; S E V o ri s post m aste r of C rawford s

. . .
,

de ath of a m e m be r b u t to tu rn o v e r an , v ille an d D r J F D a v id son of C raw . . .

n uall y d u ri n g th e li feti m e o r th e l ife ti m e , ford sv ille I n d all m en of e xpe ri en ce in

,

of rel ati ves w h at wou l d a m ou n t to th e

,
fratern al O rde rs an d m ost of th e m pro m i ,

earn i ngs of a gi v e n am ou n t of i n su ran c e i f n e n t i n th e i n suran ce w orld n otably Messrs , .

i n v ested T h u s one wh o se c u res an ann u i ty

.
, Ge rard Roy se an d Vori s
, , .

of $1 00 fo r h i s d e c l i ni n g years o r fo r h i s , Th e fi rst su bo rdi n ate C ou rt of t h e

fa m ily i n t h e e v en t of h i s u n ti m el y de ath , O rder was i nstit u ted at C rawfo r d s v ille ,

h as p racti c ally i n su re d h i m self fo r Mar c h 1 1 89 4 an d was n am ed S i m on i

”
, ,

T rib e o f B e n H u r — O n e of t h e you n g
-
. de s C ou rt No 1 Tri be of Ben H u r
, . T he ,
-

e st o f th e bette r k n o w n sec ret asse ss m en t bene fi ci ary pl an was n ot pe rfecte d u nti l

ben efi c i ary so c ietie s i s th e Tribe of Ben April 5 1 894 wh e n be ne fici al certi fi c ate
, ,

Hur . I t w as i n co rporated i n In di an a
J an u ary 9 1 89 4 an d o n th e l 6 t h o f Jan
, ,
,

book “
No 1 was i ssu ed Th e p opul ari t y of th e
.

B en H u r soon m ade th e O rde r

-
.
 U NI O N F R A T E R NA L L E A G UE 1 91

p ro m i nen t By Jan u ary 1 1 89 5 i t h ad th e v e ry li gh t m ortal i ty i n 1 8 96 as to

.
, , ,

secu re d a m e m bersh i p of 1 7 0 1 an d by attes t s i ts p resen t su c c ess Th e S up re m e , .

Jan u ary 1 1 89 6 , O n J an u ary 1

,
Tri be o wn s a h o m e i n C rawfo rd s v ille I nd , , .
,

1 8 9 7 th e m e m be rsh i p was
,
of w h ic h c os t Th e O rde r i s spread
wh i c h j oi ne d d u ri n g D e ce m ber 1 89 6 i ng rapi dly th rou gh ou t th e v ari o u s S tates
,
.
,

S i n c e i ts o rgan i z ati on th ere h a ve bee n an d th e novel ty of i ts benefi c iary plan un

th i rty on e de ath s represe nti n g a tot al of d oubtedl y has m u ch to d o wi th i ts rapi d
-

i n losse s e ve ry o ne of wh i c h h as gro wth

,
In stead of i nsu ri n g th e l ives of .

bee n pai d p ro m p tly wi th o u t an assess m en t m e m bers fo r a state d sum or s um s in all .

,

Th e d i sti n c ti v e featu re s of th e O rd e r are in stan ces i t v arie s th e full a m o u n t of in ,

(1 ) Me n an d w o m e n ad m i tted t o m e m be r su rance gran ted a c cord in g to th e age of th e ,

sh i p u pon absol u te equ al i ty (2 ) U n i for m appl i cant fo r m e m be rshi p fro m be ,

m on th ly pay m en ts of $1 for each wh ol e t wee n th e ages o f eigh tee n an d twe nty th ree -

certi fi c ate ; (3 ) I n su ran c e gr ade d a c c o rd d o wn to $5 0 0 for th ose j oi ni ng between t h e

in g t o age fro m 1 8 to 5 4 ye ars ; (4 ) No ages of fift y fo ur an d si xty fi v e to be pai d
,
- -

Ce rti fi c ate s pai d u p at “

asse ss m e nt u po n d e a t h of m e m bers ; (5 ) fro m regul ar m on thly d ue s kept stead ily at
e x pe c tan cy of 8 1 m on thly i n all i nsta nces The la t t er .

l i fe (6 ) A rese rv e fu nd c reated fro m th e feature i s ch ara c teri sti c of the An cie nt

begin n i n g ; (7 ) T wo bene fici al d ivi si on s O rder of Un i te d Wor k m e n bu t the d e , ,

n orth e rn an d so u th e rn c reasing s c ale o f su m s for wh i c h m e m be rs

.

Th e O rder h as colle c te d fro m th e b e m ay be i nsured accord ing to age at j oi ni ng , ,

gi n n i n g a stated m on thl y pay m e n t fro m c onsti tute d a new departure i n th e fiel d of

each of i ts m e m bers wh i c h h as e n abled i t fraternal be nefi c i ary in su ran c e
, O n h alf .

t o p ro m ptl y pay all l osses an d t o ac c u m u certi fica t es m onth ly pay m en ts are 5 0 c e nts
, ,

l ate in th e su rpl u s an d rese r v e fu n d s 835 and at a l ik e ra t e on one and on e h al f an d ,

-

66 4 wi th i n th e fi rst th i rty th ree m onth s of o n dou ble c erti fi c ates bu t n ot m ore th an

-

i ts e xiste n ce . i s granted o n o ne l ife n or m o re th an ,

Th e S o c i ety i s n ot a s c h is m o r a b ran c h a wh ole c e rtifi cate on th e life of a w o m an

, .

of an y oth e r fratern al O rde r b u t i t s f ou n d T r ip l e L i n k M u t u a l I n d e m n i t y A s

,

e rs b rou gh t to i t years of e xperi e n c e i n s o c ia t i o n —A n o n sec re t in c orpo rated an d .

-

f rate rn al O rde rs m ore espe c i ally i n th e li ce nse d i n su ran c e c o m pany ch arte re d un

, ,

An c ie n t O rde r of Un i te d W o rk m en fro m der th e l a ws of th e S tat e of Ill i n oi s i n 1 8 90 , ,

wh i ch th ey d i ffe red i n bei n g stro n g ad v o by m e m bers of th e I ndepe nd en t O rde r o f

c ate s of t h e n e c essi ty fo r an d w i sd o m of a O dd Fell ows wh o w ere al so m e m be rs of ,

re se r v e fu n d I ts ri tu ali stic in spi rati on i s th e G ran d Ar m y of th e Rep ubl i c to i n su re

”
. ,

d raw n w h olly fro m the book B en Hur th e l i v es of O dd Fell ow s and Dau ghter s of -
.

I ts be nefi ci al pl an i s u n i q u e an d ten d s to Rebe kah (attach e d t o t he O rd e r of O dd

,

attract at t en tion I ts e m b le m s are Th e Fell ows ) w h o are u nd e r si x ty ye ars of age “

” ”
.
.

G all e y S h i p w it h
“ T B H,
up o n th e Th e i n su rance i s m et by m u tu al assess
. .

sai l t h e C h ari ot Ra c e an d th e se ven m e n ts graded ac co rd i n g t o age Th e h o m e

, ,
.

poi n te d star I t i s operati n g i n I nd i an a offi ce i s at C h i c ago

.
,
.

U i o B fi i l A i t i — A mu
O h i o Pe nn syl v ani a New York Ne w J er
, ,
n n e n e c a s s o c
,
a o n .

sey Mi ch i gan Ill i n oi s K entu c ky I owa tual assessm en t i nsu ran ce society at Tren
, , , , ,

M issou ri Nebrask a Kan sas C ali forn i a ton N J

, , , , ,
. .

regon Wash i ngton C ol orad o an d else U i o F t l L e u e — O rgan i ze d

O ,
n
,
n r a e r n a a g
,

w h e re .
as at p re se n t at B ost on Mas s i n 1 89 5 , , ,

E v e ry appli c an t fo r be ne fi c i ary m e m be r by m e m ber s of th e Kni gh ts of H on or ,

sh i p m u st pass a m ed ic al exam i n ati on an d Royal S o c iety of G ood Fell ow s Pi lgri m , ,

1 92 U NI T E D A F R IC A N B R O T H E R HO O D

Fathe rs Ancie nt O rde r o f U nite d Work

,
anot her O rde r of th e sa m e n a m e operati n g in
m en an d of ot he r l eadin g frat ern al soci
,
‘

an othe r S tate It h as abo ut . m e m b ers .

et ies ,
p ro m i ne n t am on g the m J oh n C . U n i t e d A f r i c a n B r o t h e rh o o d O rgan .
-

B arth el m e s of B rooklin e Mas s ; Wi lli am P ,

. iz ed as i ndi c ated by n egroes at C li nt on
, , , ,

M c K eev er S ale m Mas s ; J oh n F Reyn ol ds

, , . Te x as a fratern al ben efi c i ary soci ety
.
, .

an d P Ki rk of S o m e r v ille Mas s ; Joh n S

.
,
. Letters sen t t o th e B rot he rh oo d at Cl i nto n
S m i th D or c h este r Mas s ; A M aroi s Mel
, ,
.
,
we re re t u rne d u n open ed .

rose M as s ; an d F X D esj ardin s of M en

,
. . U n it e d F ri en d s of M i c h ig a n — A . h

treal Q ueb ec as a ben efici ary so c iety t o pay

, , ,
i n corporated frate rn al ben efici ary secre t
deat h be nefits of fro m $2 5 0 to an d society c o m posed of both m en an d w o m e n
, ,

si c k an d a c c i de n t be ne fi ts graded fro m wh i c h p ays d eath d i sabili ty and old age , ,

t o $1 4 pe r week Be n efits are also pai d fo r . be nefit s by m ean s of assess m e n ts an d d oes ,

pe r m ane n t d i sability d ue to c h ron i c i lln ess , bu si ness e x c l usi v ely i n M i ch igan C an d i .

p aralysi s o r loss of eyes feet a nd h an d s

, , , . dates fo r bene fi c iary m e m be rsh ip m u st be
o ne o r b oth I t i s i n c orpo rated u n de r th e
. o v e r e igh tee n an d u nd e r fi ft y one years of -

laws of th e S tate of Massach u se tts an d ad , age Its d i sti n c ti ve e m ble m i s a c o rnuc o

.

m i ts m en an d w o m e n t o m e m be rsh i p As . pia o r h orn of plen ty ac ross a sh iel d bear

, ,

s em b l ies as s u b o rdi n ate bod ies are c al led

, , i ng t he A m e ric an c ol o rs an d th e i n i ti al s U .

are fou n d i n th e p ro v i n c es of O ntari o an d F . P Un i ty F raterni ty an d Protecti on

.
, , , .

Q uebe c i n m ost of t he Ne w En gl an d an d
, T he so c iety was fou nd ed at D etroi t i n 1 88 9 ,

M i ddl e an d so m e of t he S out he rn No rth

, , by D r G F K i r k e r of th at city E F
. . .
, . .

we ste rn an d Pa c i fi c S tates T h e Leagu e s

, .
’
La m b of M o u n t M orri s M ich and oth , .
,

h ead q u arte rs are at B osto n an d i ts pri n c i , e rs an d n u m be rs ne arl y

, m e m be rs .

pal o ffi c ers are represen tati v e bu si ness m en (S ee O rde r of C h ose n Fri end s ) .

w h o are a c q u ain te d wi th th e m an age m e nt U n it e d L e a g u e o f A m e r i c a A d is .

o f organi z ati o ns of t h i s ch arac te r T h e . afi ec t io n a m o ng G er m an m e m b ers of the

U ni o n Frate rn al Leag ue was o ri gin ally in O rde r of C h o se n Frie nds at C hi c ago i n ,

c o rpo rat ed u n de r th e fratern al bene fic iary 1 895 d ue i n part to d issatisfa c tion wit h a
,

l aws of M assac h u setts on J u ne 1 9 1 88 9 , , , proj e c ted pl an fo r e qu ali z ati on resu lted i n ,

u nd er t h e n a m e of t he In te rn ation al F ra a sch i s m an d th e for m atio n of an ind epen

t e rn al Al li an c e by J B M oses P K i rk , . .
,
.
, d en t fratern al benefi c iary secret so c iety
S R o t h b l um Will i a m P M c K eev er J F
.
, .
, . . u n de r t h e title gi ve n ab o v e I t is n ot .

Reyn old s Wil li a m H o rwood an d Ja m e s T

, , . k n ow n w he th e r i t i s stil l i n e x i sten c e (S ee .

M c N am ee an d began bu si n ess as a f rate r

, O rde r of C h osen Frie nd s ) .

n al e nd o w m e nt c orpo rati o n I t i ssu e d c er . U n i t e d O r d e r o f A m e r i c a — A ne w .

t ifi c at es fo r se v en h u n d re d d oll ars payabl e ,

be ne fi c i ary so c iety o rgan i ze d at Los A n ,

i n se v e n ye ars an d prov ide d death si ck an d

, , ,
gel es C al ,
.

di sabil i ty be ne fits T he O rde r was fai rly .

'
U n i t e d O r d e r o f F o r e s t er s — T h e o rig
su c c e ssfu l up to 1 8 93 wh e n th e M as s ac h u ,
i nal Un i te d O rd er of Fo re sters c o nsis t ed i n ,

setts Legi sl atu re p roposed t o c l ose o u t E u i ts best est at c o f m e m be rs pra c t i c al ly

, ,

d o w m e n t Frate rnal O rde rs A t rust ee w as . the A m e ri c an m e m be rsh i p of th e Ind epen

th e refore appoi nted t o wi n d u p th e bu si n ess ,
de nt O rde r o f Fo reste rs wh en at Albany , ,

and t he e n d ow m e nt c l ass i s n o w pe r m a i n 1 88 1 th at bran c h of th e I nde pen den t

,

n en t ly cl osed Pre v i ou s t o c l osi n g o u t of

. O rde r c h ange d i ts n a m e to th e U n i t e d
th e end ow m ent c l ass the i ssu e of c ert ifi , O rd er of Fo resters (S ee Indepen de n t .

c ate s was begu n o n th e p rese nt plan I n . O rde r of Fo reste rs ) Th e C an ad ian b ran c h .

1 8 9 5 i ts n a m e was for m ally ch anged t o re fu sed to adop t th e n e w n a m e and con

th e U n i o n Frate rn al Leagu e as the re was , ti n n ed as t he In depe n den t O rde r w hil e ,
1 94 U NI T E D S T A T E S BE NE VO L E NT F R A T E R NI T Y

botto m wi th th e dates 1 6 2 0—1 8 7 9

,
Th e . L odges o r Asse m bl ie s as th ey are calle d
, , ,

S up re m e C ol ony m ee ts ann u ally It i s . to thei r m o ral intelle c tu al so c i al an d , , ,

c o m p ose d of t h e i n c o rporators a represen , fi n anci al ad van tage D e ath be nefi ts are .

t at iv e f ro m ea c h s ub o rd i n ate C ol ony an d , pai d b y m ean s of fi xe d m on th ly q uarterl y , ,

an ad d i t ional rep re se n t at i ve for e ac h on e se m i an nu al an d an nu al p ay m e nts o r i f

“
-

, ,

h u nd re d m e m bers Fi ve tru stee s are ele c ted

. preferred a paid u p be ne fit b ond m ay be
,
-

a t ea c h an n u al m e etin g wh o toge t h e r wi th , ,
secu re d o n a si n gle pay m ent Th e A sso c i a .

th e S u pre m e G ove rn or S u pre m e Lieu ten ant ,

ti o n i s co m pose d of i ts l o c al Asse m bl ie s ;
G o v e rn or and S u p re m e T reasu re r c on sti
, ,
i ts G ran d A sse m bl ie s m ade u p of repre ,

t ute th e B oard of D i re c t ors wh o m ee t ,

s en t at iv es electe d b y l o c al Asse m bl ies an d
o nce i n e a c h m ont h for th e p urpose of of th e S up re m e A sse m bl y th e legi sl at i v e ,

app ro vi n g b ill s passi ng u p o n p roofs of

,
b ody of t he Asso c iati on w h i c h c o m pri se s ,

d eat h an d orde ri n g assess m ents T he O r . representat i ve s f ro m Gran d Asse m bl ie s an d

d e r i s i n a fl ou ri sh i ng con di tio n I t h as . th e ori gi n al i n c orpo rators .

pai d n early t o ben efi c iarie s of W o o d m e n o f t h e W o r l d — O rgani z e d .

deceased m e m be rs . a frate rn al be nefi ciar y soci ety Ju n e 3 , ,

U nit ed S t a t e s B e n e v o l e n t F r at e r 1 890 at th e Pax to n H otel O m ah a Neb

, , , .

n it y .
—Fo u n de d by Th o m a s H M c G ec h in .
,
W O Rod ge rs M D of O m ah a p resi ded
. .
, . .
, , ,

i ts fi rst p re si d e nt at B al ti m ore M d Feb

, , ,
an d F A F alk e nbu rg of D e n v e r C ol
. .
, .
,

ruary 2 2 1 88 1 t o pay death to t al d i s

, , ,
was secre tary Th e fol lo wi n g were al so
.

abil i ty an d ann uit v ben e fit s It ad m i ts

, . p re se n t J C ull en Ro ot Lyon s . F F , , . .

wh i te m en an d w o m e n o n e qu al ter m s i s a ,
Roose Li n c ol n Neb ; W N D orward
, , . . .
,

l i neal des c en d an t of th e R o v al A r c an u m O m ah a Neb ; Robe rt T C ou rt S pri ng

, . .
,

and A m eri can Le gion of H on or an d n u m ,

fi el d Ill ; Jo h n T Yates O m ah a Neb ;
,
. .
, , .

be rs abo u t m e m bers . B Wood Je well Man c heste r Ia

. an d , , .
,

U n i t e d S t a t e s B e n e v o l e n t F r a t e rn i t y . W M u rray Guiw it t s Li n col n Neb Th e

.
, , .

O rgan i ze d at Bal ti m o re p ri or t o 1 890 as fol lo win g n o t p resent sen t w ord t h ey

, ,

a m ut ual asse ss m en t be n e fi c i ary so c i e t y . i n ten d e d t o be c o m e m e m be rs : Bu ren R .

“
It d ie d i n 1 8 9 4
V A S .
” . .
.

—Th e Ve ra A m i c iti a S e m pi
S her m an W ate rl oo Ia ; T he od ore H
,

Th o m as D en v e r C ol ; L J M oss We st
, ,
,

.
.

. .
,
.

t ern a e st o r T rue F rie nd sh i p i s E t ern al

.
, S upe rio r W is ; S ,Leonard Wai de M u s .
,

was organi ze d at G renell Ia i n 1 8 79 as a ,

.
, , ca t i n e I a ; C K E rwi n To m ah Wi s
,
. . .
, , .

grad ed assess m en t f rate rn al ben efi t so c ie t y

, , C C Far m e r M t Ca rroll I ll an d W C
. .
, .
, .
, . .

c onfi ne d t o th e S ta t e of I owa I t p ai d . H o m erm ill er To m ah W i s T h e go ve rn

, , .

d eath bene fits of ea c h I n 1 89 1 i t . in g b ody of th i s ne w so c i e ty of M od ern

was m e rge d i n to th e S e c u ri t y Li fe A sso c ia Wood m e n of A m e ri c a as i t was the n ,

ti on of Cl int on Ia I t pai d all obl iga

, . cal led i s th e S o ve rei gn C a m p of t h e
,

t i on s u p t o t h e d ate of l oss of i den Wo rld At a m eetin g i n O m ah a Ju n e 4

.
, ,

t it v . It s s u c c e ssor was a s m all i n su ran c e 1 8 90 be ne fi t c e r t i fi c ate s we re au th ori zed at

,

“
c o m pan y wi th h ead qu ar t ers at Wash i n g
, an d t o be i ssue d
ton Ia . . onl y t o m e m be rs of the S ove reign C a m p ,

e fi e r n K n ig h t s P r o t e c t i v e A s s o c i a an d i t was fu rth e r p ro v i de d th a t whe n th e

’

t i o n — Fou n ded
. by fif t ee n m e m bers of S ove reign C a m p e x c eed s m e m bers ,

va ri ou s frate rnal soc ie t ie s at S t C harles .

,
a separa t e j u risd i c ti on m av be fo r m ed p ro ,

Minn its p resen t h ead q u arters a s a

, ,
v id ed m e m be rsh i p i n th e p ropose d j u ri s

s t rai gh t d eath benefi t organ iz ati on to u n i t e ,

d i c t i on sh all e x c eed A Pa c i fic
all a c c e ptabl e wh i t e pe rson s be t ween Ju ri sd i c t i o n was establ ish ed c on si sting of ,

eigh tee n an d fi ft y fou r years of age i n -

M on tana Wyo m in g Utah I dah o Ne v ad a
, , , , ,
 WOO DM E N O F T HE WO R
'

LD 1 95

Wash i ngto n O rego n C aliforn i a an d C olo

, , , cable t o t read i n p ath s less fre q ue nte d by
,

rad o . O rgan iz ati on was pe rfe c te d at a m ode r n se c re t soci ety ri tu ali st s th e i de a ,

m eet in g Ju n e 5 1 8 90
,
At th e fou rth
, . e v i den tl y h a v i n g bee n t o paralle l e ff orts of
m eeti n g August 1 3 1 8 9 0 th e n a m e of th e
, , , earli e r se cre t soci etie s t o u ti li z e i n cere ,

o rgan iz ati o n was c h anged t o Wo od m e n of m oni al s c usto m s an d i m ple m e nts e m pl oye d

th e World an d th at of th e go v e rn in g bod y
,
i n so m e of th e p ri m i ti v e o c c u p ati on s of
t o S o v e rei gn C a m p Wood m e n of th e ,
m an k i nd Resul ts of th i s m et h o d are seen
.

Wo rld o wi n g to t h e si m il arity be twee n t he

,
n ot on ly i n Mason i c ri tual s bu t i n th e su g ,

fo r m e r t itle an d th at of th e ori gi n al M o d ges t iv en ess o f t he title s th e An c i en t O rde r ,

ern Wood m e n of A m eri c a I n th e i n ter . of S h eph erd s t he Fi she r m e n of Gal il ee

, ,

v al s betwee n sessi on s of th e S o v erei gn t h e A n c ien t O rde r of Foreste rs an d th e ,

Ca m p th e so c i ety s a ff ai rs are m an age d by

’
An c ien t O rd e r of G ard e ne rs In the .

its o fli c ers an d th e S ove reign Ex ecu ti v e Wood m e n of th e World an add i ti on al step ,

C ou n c il Th e O rde r h as al so spread i n to i s tak e n by preser v i n g i n for m an d c ere

“
.

th e C an ad i an D o m i ni o n wh ere th e re i s a ,
m on y i m ple m e nts an d teac h i ngs d raw n
separate j u risd ic ti on Th e p ri n cip al o f . fro m w oodcraft Th ere i s n o rel ati on sh i p
.

f
fi c ers are sal ari ed an d gi v e bon d s fo r th e bet wee n t h e t w o O rders of o o d m en e x

fai th ful perfor m an c e of th ei r d u ties fro m ,

c ept t h at th e sa m e m an fou n d e d e a c h an d ,

wh i c h i t i s pl ai n th at the l ife i n su ran ce t hat th ey e m pl oy si m i lar e m ble m s as d o ,

fe atu re d o m i n ate s Th e gro wth o f th e

. so m e o th er i m po rtan t bu t i n depe n den t so
organi z ati on i s sh o wn i n th e fol l ow in g c iet ies su c h as t h e v ari ou s O rde rs of O d d
,

fi gu res Fello ws an d of Foresters .

In u a c s r n e T h e Wo od m e n of th e W o rl d i n su re s th e
Y C ti fi c at s
erI n u anc e
e W itt du i g
s r r en r n
in F c i F th e Y
ear er
18 l i v e s of m e m be rs bet wee n 1 6 an d 5 2 years
o r e. n o rc e. ear.
00
1 89 1 3 3 of age fo r $5 00
, ,$2 0 00 ,
1 892
1 893
or e a c h by m ean s of asse ss ,

1894 m en ts grade d a c c ord i n g t o age an d fu r , ,

1 895 6 8
t h erm o re agrees to pl a c e a m o n u m e nt t o
,

Wh i le t h e de v el op m e nt i n m e m bersh ip c ost $10 0 at th e grav e of e ve ry de c e ase d

an d fin an ci al stre n gth h as bee n rapi d the , m e m ber O nl y w h i te m en are el i gi bl e t o
.

de ath rate an d assess m e nts h a v e bee n l o w , m e m be rsh ip an d th ere i s n o restricti o n as

,

as th e re we re si xty ei gh t asse ss m en ts d u r
-
to rel igi o u s c reed o r pol i ti cal con v i cti on .

in g th e fi rst se ve n ty ei gh t m on th s of th e -
T h e ri tu al i s di gni fie d an d i m p ressi v e ,

O rde r s e xi sten ce — fe we r th an one pe r

’
te ach i n g n o abst ra c t d ogm a or ph il osoph y ,

m o nth Th e syste m an d th e growth sh ow n

. see kin g to e xe m pli fy t h e gran de u r of t h e
are c re di te d t o J C Root a t h i rty seco n d
. .
_
,
-
v ol u ntary associ ati on of go od m en for t he i r
d egre e S c otti sh Ri te Free m ason a m e m ber ,
ad v an tage an d i m pro v e m e nt O nl y on e .

of th e In de pen de n t O rd e r o f O dd Fell ows ,

d egree k now n as th e Pro te c ti on degree i s
, ,

of t h e Kn i ght s of Pyth i as of t h e An c i ent ,

obli gat ory A dd iti o n al d egrees M o r ni n g
.
, ,

O rde r of U n i te d Wo rk m en th e Io wa L e ,
Noo n an d Ni gh t are fu rn i sh e d t o C a m p s
, ,

gi on of H on o r an d fou n de r of th e M ode rn
, de si rin g t o el aborate f ratern al w ork .

W ood m e n of A m e ri c a T h e an cien t R o . Wo m e n m ay u n ite wit h th e recen tly or

m an m eth o ds of obl igati n g u nd erl i e t h e gan iz ed Wo m e n s C i r c le s wh i c h con t ai n
’
,

in i ti atory ce re m oni al an d as sh ow n b y its , ,

over m e m be rs They are sai d to.

pri ncip al e m ble m s — t h e beetle wed ge an d , ,

fo r m u sefu l soci al au xil i ari es W o o dm en s .
’

axe sy m bol s of th e w o o d m en s c raft (also

,
’
C i r c les al so pay de ath ben efits an d ere c t
d ispl ayed by th e M ode r n Wood m e n of m on u m e nts at th e gra v es of de ce ased
A m e rica ) — it atte m pts so far as prac t i , w o m e n m e m be rs C i rcl es m ee t i n G ro v es
.
1 96 VVO R K M E N
’
S BE NE FI T A S S O C IA T IO N

wh i ch are go v e rned by a S up re m e Forest , m en

’
s C i rcles I n C an ad a th ere are about
.

su bj ect t o th e approval of th e S o v e rei gn

C a m p of th e Wood m e n of th e Wo rld .
“
m e m be rs The Wo od m e n of th e
.

World i s the o nly O rde r of i ts k i n d th at

Wood m e n j oi ni n g bet wee n the ages of 1 6 places a m on u m en t at th e gra v e of e very
an d 3 3 years be c o m e l i fe m e m bers i n 3 0 de c eased m e m be r t h at i ssu e s a pai d u p
,

years ; bet wee n 3 3 and 4 3 years th ey b e certi ficate at t h e e n d o f a c er tai n pe ri od ,

c o m e l i fe m e m be rs i n 2 5 years ; an d th ose an d t h at m a k es i ts ce rti fic ate s inc o nt es t

j oi n i n g at o v e r 4 3 years of age beco m e li fe abl e afte r on e ye ar ” .

m e m be rs i n 2 0 years . D eath ben e fits of W o rk m en s

’
B e n efi t A sso c iat io n .

li fe m e m bers are pai d by m e an s of a spe Foun ded by J Varn u m M ott M D at .

‘

, . .
,

c ial q u arte rly assess m en t whe n necessary . B oston Mas s Ju ne 23 1 8 93 as a frater

, , , ,

T h e O rde r i s go v e rned by a S o v e reign n al be ne ficiary so c ie ty to afford add i ti on al ,

C am p h a v i n g t h ree su bordi n ate H e ad i nsu ran c e t o m e m be rs of t he An c i e nt O r

C a m p s t wo i n th e Uni te d S tates an d o ne
, der of Un i ted Wo rk m en wh o al on e are ,

i n C an ad a S u bordi n ate C a m ps h ave bee n

. el igi ble to j oi n I t i ssue s c e rti ficates of
.

e stabli sh ed i n m o re t h an c ities an d payabl e at de at h of h ol ders Its .

to wn s i n th e m ore h ealthfu l p o rti ons of m e m be rsh i p i s

t h e Uni te d S tates i n ce ntral western an d
,
W o rl d M u t u al B en efi t A s s o c ia t io n .

n o rth we ste rn S tates an d i n th e D o m i n io n A n o n se c re t stock c o m pan y d oi n g a li fe

-

of C an ada an d m ore th an
, h as i n su ran ce b u si n ess o n t h e asse ss m en t pl an .

been pai d i n death be ne fi ts d u ri n g si x years I t m ake s a speci alty o f i n su ri ng m e m be rs

o f th e frate rn i ty s e xiste n c e
’
. T h e total of th e frate rn al secret O rde r o f th e World ,

m e m be rsh i p i n th e U ni ted S tate s i s abou t wh i ch does n ot i n su re i ts ow n m e m be rs .

e xcl u si v e o f m e m bers of Woo d (S ee O rde r o f t h e Wo rl d ) .

198 FR A T E R NA L A S S O C I A T IO N O F A ME R IC A

Th e re are refere n c es also to re d m en th e bee n fai rly su c c essful i n its c h ose n field I t s '

, .

early inh abitan ts of A m erica The e m ble m ritual sho ws traces of Masoni c h an di wor k . .

of th e organi zation i s an an c h or withi n an M u c h of its su c c ess h as been d ue to th e

equ i late ral triangle t h e sides of wh i c h are acti vity of C H Un verzagt The Fra “
”
. . .
,

deno m i n ate d H ope Tru th and Ch ari ty te rn al Mon ito r , , publ i sh ed at Rocheste r .
, ,

Its m e m bersh ip n u m be rs abou t N Y says that th e stan d taken by th e . .

,

F r a t e r n a l A s s o c ia t i o n o f A m e r ic a Allian c e as an exponent of the syste m of .

,

O rgan ized at B oston (S ee O rde r of th e payi ng bene fits d u ri ng life

. h as d one m uch ,

S ol i d Ro c k ) t o ke ep the syste m ali ve and oppose o ppres

”
.

F ra t e r n al G u i 1d — A sh o rt ter m or eu si v e legisl ation

.
-
.

d o wm en t order fou nded at S an F rancisco ,

I n t e r n a t i o n al O rd e r o f T w e l v e of ,

i n 1 8 89 Untrac ed
. .K n i g h t s a n d D a u g h t e r s o f T ab o r .

I n d u s t r ia l B e n e fi t O r d e r B oston Foun de d by Rev Moses D i c k son a p ro m i

,
. .
,

(S ee O rde r of the S oli d Roc k ) ne nt clergy m an of th e Afri c an Meth odist

.

I n d u s t r ia l O r d e r o f A m e r ic a A Bos Epi s c opal C h u rch at I ndepe nde n c e Mo

ton o rgani zation (S ee O rder of the S oli d August 1 2 1 8 7 2 It i s an
.

Afro A m e ri “ , .
,

”
-
.
, .

Ro c k )
. c a n labo r and be ne v ole nt associ ation or ,

I n t e r n a t i o n a l F r a t e r n a l A l l i a n c e o f gan iz ed o n th e l odge syste m wi th an el abo ,

B al t im o r e

,
O rganized by Willi a m Bau m
garten C E P B rewer W J Wroth an d
.
.

. .
rate series of titles and cere m on ial s I t
n u m bers
,
. m e m ber s
. i n th irty ,
“ "
.

oth e rs m e m bers of a n u m be r of t he best S tates England Africa and the West I ndies
, , , , .

k nown benefi c iary O rde rs t he Maso nic F ra The socie ty e xplai n s th at there was an anti
,

t ernit y O dd Fello ws Kn igh ts of Pyth ias, sla v ery secret o rgan iz ati on of negroes at th e
, ,

and Red Men to pay si c k d isabil i ty an d S o uth i n 1 84 6 e ntitle d the O rder of T wel ve
, , , .
,

death bene fits and en abl e i ts m e m bers to and two others so m e y ears l ate r th e
, , ,

“
secu re h o m es on th e m ost favorable ter m s Kn igh ts of Li be rty and th e Kn igh t s of
I t seek s to c o m bine i n i ts bu il di n g l oan Tabor u pon wh i c h the founder of th is
.

an d in suran ce sh ares the ad v antages of a so c ie ty bu ilt the I n tern ati onal O rde r of
sou nd syste m of in su rance wi th the buil ding T wel ve of Kn igh ts and D augh ters of Ta ,

an d l oan syste m of prote c tion and ac c um u bor K n igh ts o f Tabor no w m eet i n T em .

lation . O ne ad vantage clai m ed over the ple s and D augh ters i n Tabe rna c les wh ile as ,

regul ar buil din g and l oan association i s i n Prin c es an d Pri nc e sses of the R oyal H ou se
the pay m en t of the full fac e v al ue of sh are s of Medi a th ey con vene fo r l i terary an d so
hel d at the death of t h e l en di ng m e m ber c ial en te r t ai n m en t i n Pal at ium s Mai d s , .

i nstead of o nl y th e a m o un t pai d i n o n the m an d Pages of H onor as j uve ni le m e m bers ,

at d ate of death S h ou l d th e de c eased be are called m eet i n Te nts Th e O rder pays

.
, .

a borrowe r o n h i s sh are s th e possesso r of a death an d si c k be nefits and e xcept i n th e

h ou se m ortgage d to th e All iance
,

t h e j u ven ile depart m en t end o w m e nt or sh ort

“ , ,

”
. ,

m o rtgage i s can c elled at o n c e an d th e ter m benefi t s also Th e c h ief e m ble m d i s

”
.
,

fa m ily o r h o m e l eft e n tirely free f ro m debt play ed o n its p ublication s i s an eye b e .

I ts m e m bersh i p i n c l udes abou t m en t ween two grou ps o f n u m eral s 7 7 7 and 3 3 3 , .

an d wo m e n reside nts of th irty S tates of th e

,
Ir o n H all o f B alt im o re C i t y —A n
“
,

“ .

Un ion an d th e D o m i nion of C anada P ay no unc ed to h ave been

m en ts on sh are s are m ad e o n th e assess m en t th e origin al plan ”
reorgan ized
of th e O rde r of the
on
.

“
syste m or as regul ar m on thly d ues Th e I ro n H all an I ndi ana fraternal be nefici ar y
,
.
,

Al liance i n c o m m on wi th sh o rt te r m en socie ty for m en and wo m e n

,
-
The latter ,
.

d o w m ent or l ife b en efi t orde rs h as been wen t in to th e h and s of a re c ei ver in 1 8 9 2

,
-
, .

subje c ted to criti c is m and l i t igati on bu t h as (S ee O rde r of the I ron Hall ) Th e I ron ,
.
 N A T I O NA L D O T A R E 1 99

Hall of B al t i m ore C ity was form ed at Bal ti c al e xam i nation as a prerequ isi te to ad m is
, ,

m ore by Free m an D S o m erby and others sion an d m en an d wo m e n bet ween si xtee n

.

in 1 8 9 2 and i n c o rporate d u n de r th e laws of and sixty years of age are eli gible to m em
,

th e S tate of Marylan d as an in su rance so hershi p I ts subordinate C ou n c il s are go v .

c iet y Its difi eren t branches c on trol the erne d by a S upre m e C ou ncil It l oan s to
. .

reserve fu n d of th e O rder whi c h i n m e m bers fro m $6 0 to $6 0 0 o n c e rtificates of

,

case of t rou ble n ot e ve n a re c ei ve r fro m $1 0 0 to and pays a c ash be nefi t

could tou c h ” I t h as nearl y 9 000 m em of $1 0 0 to
. at (dea t h or ) th e e nd of
be rs and gi v es e v i den c e of i ncreasi ng si xty fi v e m ont h s m e m bersh ip The build
,
-
’
.

grow t h A m ong othe r feat ures i t e m bodies i ng an d loan so c iety featu re co m bi ne d w i t h

.

a pl an of se v e n year m aturin g ce rtifi c ates si c k disabil i ty an d dea t h benefits c h arac

-

, , ,

an d d eath benefit c e rtifi c ates of fro m $2 00 to t eriz e th e S o c iety Th e re is also a n arran ge .

each wh ich i ncl ude sic k and total m en t fo r cash with d rawal s an d th e c ost of
, ,

d isabil ity pay m e nts I t al so issues strai gh t each 3 1 00 c ertifi c a t e i s $1 m o n thly All
. .

life p ol i c ie s of an d $3 0 0 0 loans are l i m i ted by t h e a m oun ts pai d i n , ,

wh i c h are to m atu re in twe nty years an d an d i n case of death prior to th e m atu ri ty ,

h as a pension savi ngs fun d c ertifi c ates u m of a c e rti fi c ate th e ben efi t pai d c on sists of
, ,

de r wh i c h h ead are i ssued i n l i k e a m oun ts the total am o u n t pai d i n w i t h 6 per ce nt in .

wi th a be nefi t p rov isio n for ol d age o n at t eres t Loan s are m ade o n fi rst m ortgages .

t ain i ng th e age of se venty th ree years Any o n real estate a t 6 pe r c e nt an d are repay
-

. .
,

a c c eptable wh ite p erson be t wee n sixtee n an d able i n m o n t h l v i nstall m en ts Th e se c ret .

si xty fi v e years of age a belie v e r i n a S u w ork of t h e organ i zati on i s n ot el aborate

-

pre m e Being an d wh o i s c o m peten t to earn Its m o t t o i s Lo ve T r uth and Ju sti c e : , ,

a l i veli hood i s eligible to beco m e a m e m ber K n ig h t s a n d L a d i e s o f P r o t e c t i o n

The O rde r h as a brief and poin ted ri tual ” A sh ort ter m or end ow m en t order for m en
. .
,

w ith
“
j ust e n ough of se c re t so c iety m ac h i n and wo m e n for m ed a t Roxbu ry Mas s an d
,

, ,

e ry to se c u re m u t ual obliga t ion s A m on g re c orded i n th e Uni ted S tates cen su s of

.

i ts founders we re Kni gh ts of P y thias 1 890 Not k now n to exist n ow ,

. .

Kn igh ts of H o nor C h ose n F riend s an d , M o d e r n O rd e r o f C r a ft s m e n — Fo un d

,
.

Free m asons Wo m en are re c ei ved on the e d at D e t roi t Mi c h i n 1 894 an d in co r

.
,
.
, ,

sam e ter m s as m en and are eligible to the po rat ed u n der the l aws of M i ch i gan as a
,

high est offi ce . fraternal beneficiary o rde r Its c e rti fi c ates .

K n i g h t s a n d L a d i es o f A m e r i c a A m a t u re i n twen ty years and a pai d up v al ue

.
,
-

m u tual be ne fit sa v i ngs and l oan frate r i s gi ve n the m i f d esi re d after fi ve years

”
, , , , .

n i t y i nsti tu te d i n 1 8 9 4 u nde r th e l aws of Th ere is also a plan b y wh i c h su rpl u s fun d s

,

the S t ate of Ne w Yor k wi t h i ts h ead q uar are l oan e d to m e m bers on real e state fi rs t
, ,

ters i n Ne w York c i ty I t i s n o n sec tarian m ortgage se c u rity to e nable th e m to pro

.
-

, ,

n on pol itical an d see k s to for m a m e di u m cu re h o m es

-

, .

betwee n th e h igh pri c e d ton tine i nsuran c e

-

N a t i o n a l D o t a r e — O rganize d at D e .

c o m pan ies an d th e very l o w p riced fraternal

” “ t ro it Mi c h i n 1 8 9 2 a sh ort te r m m u tual
-

, ,
.
,

orders a sort of co m pulso ry savi ngs ben efi t society It agree d to pay to

”
.
,

bank . I ts fou n de rs were m e m bers of th e h old e rs of c erti ficates wh o sh ould pay th e

Maso nic Frate rn i t y the A m eri can Legi on spe c ifie d assess m e nts d uring the life of c er
,

o f H onor Royal Ar c an u m
, an d the Ju ni or t ifi c at es The plan depend ed o n lapses of
O rder of Uni te d A m erican Me c h a n i c s th e m e m bersh ip to m a k e i t
,

a su c cess ,
” Th e
.

“ .

stress lai d upon “

i nfl uen c e of t h e latte r sh owi ng itself i n the so c iety soon wen t i n to th e h an ds cf rec eiv
our gl oriou s cou n try ers At one ti m e it h ad a m onth ly i nco m e .

A m e rica i n i ts ri tu al The re is n o ph ysi of .

200 N A T I O NA L F R A T E R NA L UN IO N

N at io n a l t er n a l U n i o n — O n e of
F ra . Legi ons are go v erned by Grand o r S tate
t he v o unger i n the sisterh oo d of se c ret bene Legi on s and th e latte r by th e National
,

fi c iary socie t ies h a v i ng been organi zed at

,
Legi on wh ich transac ts th e busi ness of the
,

Ci ncinnati b y Free m asons m e m be rs of the , order The Legion seek s to com bi ne so m e

.

Knigh ts of Pyt h ias and of th e I ndepe n den t of th e d esi rable i nsu ran c e featu res fou n d i n
O rder of O dd Fell ows in 1 889 to i n su re , si m ilar so c ieties con spicu ously a m ong the m
,

the li ves of i ts m e m bers i n su m s rangi ng a se m i endo w m en t plan by wh i c h part of

-

fro m 85 00 to o r f urni sh ten fiftee n , , the face of death bene fit c er tificates i s pai d
an d twe n t y y ear en dow m ents The Uni on
-
. d u rin g t h e l ife t i m e of h olders ; a c ash su r
was i n c orporated u nder th e laws of O h i o by ren de r v al u e after fi ve y ears an d si c k an d
its fou n de rs S L Mi ne r Joh n B Peaslee
,
. .
, .
,
d i sa bil i t y be nefits ; i n ad d ition to wh i c h th e
A Al an so n Ph elps W C Lo c k wood Lee
.
, . .
,
c erti ficate h ol de r m ay borrow fro m the bene

H Brook s L E Casey an d F M D illie

.
, . .
,
. . . fit fu nd up to a c e rtain a m ou n t gi vi ng th e ,

Th e en d ow m en t c erti ficates are fra m e d to c erti ficate as secu ri ty The offi ce of the .

pro vi de sick an d ac c iden t poli c ies an d after , Na t ion al Legion i s at Wav erly N Y Its ,
. .

two years m e m bersh ip a c ash surren de r i s

’
total m e m be rsh ip i s abou t
allo w ed o n e nd o w m en t certi ficates Th i s . O r d e r o f A i g i s — Fo un de d at B alti m ore
.

“
so c iety e nj oys the u ni que distin c t i on of
bei ng th e first of i ts k i n d ” to loan i ts
i n 1 892 b y O dd Fellows K night s of Pythi as
,

and m e m bers of vari ou s frate rnal orde rs

, ,

su rplus fu nds to m e m bers on th e bu ild ing to i nsure by m ean s of assess m ents t h e l i ves
and l oan associ atio n pl an I t th erefore . of acceptable whi te m en and wo m e n b e
offers regular l ife i n su ran c e o n th e assess twee n si xteen an d fift y fi v e y ears of age for -

m e nt basi s o r on th e en dow m e nt pl an with

, ,
85 0 0 or $3 0 0 0 an d pay ,

si ck an d di sabili ty i n su ran c e and its reserve ,

th e m weekl y benefi t s d u ri ng si c k ness The .

fund as l oan s for b ui ldin g No c h arges are . sec rets of t he O rder are red uced to th ose
m ade for i n i tiation m ed i c al e xa m in ati on , , ser v i ng to i dent ify m e m bers At th e fi rst .

or for l odge d ues th e regular m on thly ,

bie nnial session of t he S upre m e Lodge of
pa y m en t i n c l u di ng the e nti re c ost of m em th e O rde r i t was d e c i ded to issue ce rti ficate s
b ersh ip Both m en an d wo m en are m em
. o n th e te n year en dow m en t plan th us plac
-

bers The si x poi n ted star con tain i n g a m o

.
-
ing th e organi zati on am o ng those wh i c h pay
n ogra m form e d of N F an d U e n c i rc led by . . .
, a speci fied sum to m e m bers at th e e nd of a
a ch ai n an d th e in i tial s of t h e m otto A d , gi ven period or to thei r be nefici aries i n the
v an c e m ent Prote c tion an d Fratern ity
, , ,
e ve n t of thei r no t su rvi v ing t h e c e rtifi c a t e .

constitu te i ts publi c e m ble m s The ri tu al . The e m ble m of th e O rde r i s a shield bearing

i s suggeste d by the m o t to an d i n c l udes , the S tars an d S tripes su rro unded b y a scroll
th ree d egrees o ne for each word The c on tai ni ng th e m otto Fra t ern i t y Pro te o
'

”
.
, , ,

m e m bershi p n u m bers abou t tion Equ ali t y and S ecu ri t y

, To tal m em .

N a t i o n a l P r o t e c t i v e L e gi o n — A fra hersh ip abou t

t erna l benefi c iary so c iet y o rgani zed an d c h ar O r d e r o f E q u i t y — Fou n de d at Indian
t ered u nder th e l aws of th e S tate of Ne w apolls I n d i n 1 88 9 by so m e of t he l eadi ng
, .
, ,

York i n 1 8 91 by m e m bers of th e Masoni c

, offic e rs of the K nigh ts of Pyth ias in t hat
F ra t e rn ity to u n ite all a c c eptabl e m en and
, S tate an d by F ree m ason s and O d d Fellows ,

wo m e n i n o ne associati on th e aim of w h i c h , to pay m e m bers fro m 86 to 82 5 weekl y i n

shal l be be nev ol en c e so c ial c ul t u re t h e c are , , case of a c c iden t or si c k ness and funeral ,

of the sick and n eed y and to p rovi de and ,

benefi ts of fro m $4 0 to $1 0 0 at the death of
m ai n t a in a fu nd for t h e benefi t of i ts m em a m e m be r t o c o m fort si ck and di stresse d
,

be rs wh ile l i ving an d for t h e prote c t io n of

,
m e m bers of th e O rd e r and to assi s t t he m ,

th ei r fa m il ies i n th e e ven t of d eath It s local . i n obtai n ing e m pl oy m en t and i n bu si ness .

20 2 O R DE R .
o r T HE FR A T E R NA L C I R C LE

and m u tu al helpfulness and a fea t ure of i ts words At the begi n n i ng m en only were
.
.

m eth od i s t h e pay m e nt of to m em ad m itted and late r wo m en were ad m itted ,

bers on a stated basi s of assess m ents in si x as so c i al m e m be rs withou t the righ t t o v o t e , ,

and one half years th u s characteriz ing i t i n i ts c ou nci ls but at th e ti m e of the ap

-

, ,

as one of the so c alled short ter m orde rs po in t m e nt of the recei ver t hey h ad all the
- -
.

Its e m ble m i s m ade up of the c lasped h and s p ri vileges of the asso c ia t ion Pe rsons were .

ac ross a shield above wh i c h are th e le t ters ad m itte d be t ween th e age s of eigh teen and
”
,

U H F
. . an d below the word Un ion
.
,
si xty fi v e y ears The total m e m bersh ip du r
, ,
-
.

the whole su rro un de d by a w reath of oa k ing the life of t h e O rd e r was about

lea v es .
The high est m e m bership at any one ti m e was
O rd e r o f t h e F r a t e r n a l C i r c l e —S ee probabl y abou t 7 0 0 00 The m e m bersh ip at r
. .
,

O rder of the S olid Ro c k the ti m e of th e appoi nt m ent of th e re c ei ver

.
,

O r d e r o f t h e G o l d e n R o d — O rgan i zed Au gust 1 89 2 was The so c iety , ,

a t D etroi t i n 1 8 94 by George R av il er (of failed be c au se the s y ste m or theory of its

K nigh ts of th e Maccabees In ternational organization was n ot p rac ticable ,
The .

Fratern al All i ance an d O rde r of the O rien t ) m one y s pai d into th e O rde r by the m em
,

and E m il C Hanse n (of Royal Adel phia be rs earned n o i n c re m en t so far as the book s
.
,

Nation al D otare O rder of Vesta and of th e asso c ia t i on di s c l osed

,
The O rder .

Wood m en of the Worl d ) to en c ou rage e c on was sai d to m ak e m o ne y on lapses of m em

o m y and thrift a m on g i t s m e m bers both hershi p an d c l ai m ed tha t t here was an in ,

m en and wo m e n The featu re of its s y ste m c rease o f fo u r m e m bers for ea c h certificate

.

i s th e issu ing c erti fic ates of $5 0 each to i ts m atu ring ; o r all th at a m e m ber h ad to do

m e m bers in a series of 2 5 0 o n wh i c h a fee was to get i n fou r othe r m e m bers and
, ,

and se m i m on thly assessm en t of 2 5 c ents are that wou ld en able th e asso c i atio n to pay h im
”
-

c h arged No .m e m ber c arries fe wer th an ou t Practi c all y t he associatio n lost i n the .

two c erti ficates wh i c h m ature i n th ei r n u aggregate m ore th an

,
on ac cou nt
m erical order as soon as fun ds f ro m assess of lapsi n g m e m be rs The Iron H all of .

m ents ac c u m ulate to the par v alue of the Bal t i m ore c i ty was organ iz e d i n 1 8 92 by
l owest n u m bered I n c ase of d eath of a m e m bers of t h e origi nal Iron H all wi th
.
,

m e m ber i n good stand i ng the benefi c iary Fre e m an D S o m e rb y a t i ts head . .

m ay c onti n u e to pay the assess m e nts an d O r d e r o f t h e O r i e n t — A Mi c h igan m u

d ues an d re c ei ve the bene fi ts at m at urit v t ual be nefi t fraternal o rder wh ich foun d , , ,

o r draw out the s um to t al paid in assess i t self i n the h ands of a re c ei ve r i n 1 8 9 5 and

m e nts wi th in terest at 7 per c ent has sin c e d isappeared A n order by t he
. .

O r d e r o f t h e H e l p i n g H a n d — O rgan sa m e n am e was i n e xisten c e on t he North e rn

.

ized at Lynn Mas s prior t o 1 8 90 a sh ort

, Pen in sul a of M ich igan an d i n Wisconsi n i n
, ,

t er m assess m en t i n su ran c e so c ie t y
, I t i s 1 8 9 5 bu t e ff orts t o obtai n details of t heir .
,

registered i n c ensu s reports for 1 8 90 whi c h o rigi n c h ara c te r and progress h a v e been , ,

i t d id not l ong su r v i ve frui tless . .

O r d e r o f t h e Ir o n H a l l — O rgan ized as O r d e r o f t h e R o y a l A rg o s y
. A h en .
-

a frate rnal beneficiary secret so c iety by E m i do w m en t o r sh o rt ter m frate rn al socie t y -

Kennedy F ree m an D S o m erby and others o rgan ized at S an F ran ci s c o i n 1 888 Un

,
.
, .

at In di a napoli s Ind i n Dece m ber 1 88 1 t rac e d

,
.
, , .

and in c orporated u nde r th e l aws of th at O r d e r o f t h e R o y a l A rk — S ee O rde r

S tate . Its obj ec t was frate rnal sic k d is of th e S ol i d Rock , , .

abi li t y an d end ow m ent i nsu rance upon the

, O r d e r o f t h e S o l i d R o c k — Fo und ed in
assess m ent pl a n I t was also a se c ret so c i 1 88 9 at B oston Mas s a sh o rt ter m or
.
, ,
-

e ty h av ing an i ni tiation cere m ony and pass e nd ow m ent frate rnal organ i zation I t is
, .
 P R O G R E S S I VE E ND O W M E N T GU I LD O F A ME R IC A 203

re c orded i n th e census of 1 89 0 as am o ng th e th ree classe s of m e m bersh i p S u bord in ate .

m any si m ilar so c ieties of th at pe riod w hi c h C h apte rs are go v e rne d by a S u p re m e Ch ap

e ndea v ored to pay back the fac e o f endo w ter bet wee n se ssio n s of wh i c h t h e busi ness
,

m e nt c e rtificates of fro m 81 00 t o $2 00 83 0 0 , of t h e ord e r i s m an aged b y a S u pre m e

$40 0 85 00 an d i n so m e i nstan c es
, , , , E xec uti ve C o m m i tte e of se v e n m e m be rs .

to su r v i vi ng m e m be rs wi thi n a fe w years . I n C lass A to w h i c h t h ose betwee n eigh tee n

,

These societies al so paid weekly sick be ne fits ,

an d fifty years of age are ad m i tted c ert ifi ,

so long as t h ey l ast ed rangi ng fro m to ,

c ate s o f fro m $5 0 0 to a re issued ,

8 5 an d fro m 85 to $20
, A great m any un . payabl e i n ten ye ars o r i m m ed i ately i n ,

thi nk in g o r u ni nform ed people becam e in c ase of deat h wh i c h al so p rov i de si c k be n e

,

t eres t ed i n these sh ort ter m e n dow m en t -

fi ts of 8 5 w eekly o n e v e ry to be
so c ieties and so m e lost m o nev Most of . d ed uct ed fro m th e a m ou n t s carried T hi s .

th ese so c i eties died after m ee ti ng o ne set of

m aturi n g certi ficates and co m parati vely few
i s m et b y m onth ly pay m en ts at th e rate of
fo r e v ery C lass B i n te r “
”
, ,

re m ai n to day -
. m ed iate c on sists of th ose be t wee n fi ft
, y
O r d e r o f t h e W o r l d o f B o s t o n —S ee , . o ne an d fi ft y eigh t years of age w h o re c ei v e
-

O rde r of t h e S ol i d Rock . l ik e be nefi t s ex cep t i n c as eof de at h d u ri n g

,

O r d e r o f T o n t i — A Pe n n syl vani a sh o rt
. th e ten y ear peri od w he n be ne fi cia ries re
-

ter m o r e n d o w m en t m ut ual assess m e n t c eiv e o ne te nt h of t he face of c e rti fi c a t e s

-

frate rn i ty It assi gned i n 1 89 5 a nd i t s

.
,
fo r e ac h y ea r of m e m be rsh i p an d f ra c ti on
assets w ere d i vi de d by th e co u rt a m on g t he re of . Cl ass B i n c lu des th ose be t wee n
m ore t h an c e rti fi c ate h olde rs . fift y ni ne a nd si xty fi v e years of age wh o
- -

O rd e r o f V e s t a O ne of t he n u m ero u s
. c ann ot p ass a sa t i sfa c t or y physi c al exam in

m ut u al asse ss m e n t sh o rt te r m or ton ti ne ,
-

,
ati on o r are un wil li ng to su b m i t t o o ne .

frate rn al organ iz a t i on s wh i c h starte d u p a They e nj o y si m i lar be nefits b ut in case of ,

fe w ye ars ago Its m e m b e rship was ch iefly

. deat h th ei r ben efi c iarie s rece i ve o nly t h e
i n Pen n syl v ani a w h e re i t m ad e an assign
,
a m ou n t pai d i n for asse ss m e nts T he fu n d s .

m e nt i n 1 89 5 an d was subse q uen tly wo un d

,
of th e Gu il d are i n v este d i n m ortgages o n
up . i m p rov e d real e state Fi v e pe r ce n t of all . .

P e o p l e s F a v o r it e O r d e r
’
S ee O rd er . assess m en t s i s set asi de fo r th e Reser ve
of th e S ol i d Ro c k . Be n e fi t F u n d n o part of w h ic h i s to be
,

P e o pl e s F iv e Y e a r B e n e fi t O r d e r
’ -
. e xpe n de d u n t il i t a m ou n ts t o and
S ee O rde r of t he S oli d Rock . th e n only to l i m i t assess m e nt s t o o n e for
P e o p l e s M u t u a l L ife I n s u r a n c e O r
’
each m on th A featu re i s m ade of t he
.

d e n — A sh ort te r m o r e n d o w m en t assess
-
pro v i sion th at afte r m e m be rsh i p for si x
m e n t f ratern i t y l o c ate d in c e nsu s report s
, c on se c u ti ve years i n goo d stan di n g all m em
for 1 8 9 0 at Nash v i ll e Ten n w h ere i t was , .
, be rs u n will i n g o r u nable t o co n t i nu e pay
fo un ded in 1 882 Unk n o w n t h ere n o w
. . ing asse ss m ents m ay h ave thei r c e rti fi c ates
P r o gr e s s i v e E n d ow m ent G u il d o f m ade n o n fo rfe itabl e t o th e a m o u n t pai d
-

A m e ric a A co nse r v ati v e an d well estab

.
-
i n wh ich s um i s payable at de ath o r on
,

l is h ed c o ope rati v e bene fici ary society o r , ,

rea c h i n g the age of se v e nty years Person s .

gan iz ed by Fre e m ason s K nigh ts of Py t h ias , ,

follo wi ng h azardou s o c cu pati on s o r wh o
an d m e m bers of th e Royal A r c an u m an d ,
li v e i n l o cali tie s su bj e ct t o epi de m ics are
c h arte re d by th e Legi sl atu re of Vi rgi n ia ,
eli gible t o m e m be rshi p bu t i n c ase of d eath ,

e m bodyi n g e n d o w m e nt o r sh ort t er m in du ri n g th e ten ye ar pe ri o d are tre ated as

“
- -

su ran ce si c k ben e fits an d cash wi t h d rawal s

, , . m e m be rs i n C lass B i n t e r m ed i ate Th i s, .

W h i te m en an d w o m e n bet wee n ei gh tee n applie s al so t o th ose wh o c o m m i t su icide

an d si xty fi v e years of age are e li gible t o it s
-
d u ri ng the fi rst te n years of m e m be rsh i p .
204 R O YA L A D E L P HI A

“
Wh ile di s c lai m i ng bein g a se cre t socie ty t h e features of t he ord in ary l ife i n su ran ce
”
,

“
i n th e o rdi nary m eani ng of th e words co m pan y Its ten de n c y t o t he bu si ne ss ,
.

th e Gu il d h as i t s obligati on s i t s pri vate rath er th an th e social o r f ra te rn al si de of

,

wo rk an d m e an s of i de nti fyi n g m e m bers secre t so c i ety l i fe i s sh ow n i n th e state m e n t

wh i ch c on st itute abou t all th at is se c ret t h at i t h as a pl ain bu si ness l i ke rit ual
,
“
”
-

i n m any l a t te r day se c ret so cietie s Th e an d m an u al

-
. .

e x i L e — O rgan i zed an d
G uil d h as gro w n less rapi dl y th an so e m S e n n a l a g u e .

si m il ar o rgani z ati on s b u t far m ore ste ad ch arte red u nde r th e laws of t he S tat e
il v and ran k s se con d t o none of th e e nd ow
.
of Pen nsyl v an i a July 1 8 1 888 by D a v i d , , ,

m e nt or s o c alle d sh ort ti m e o rde rs -

It s C Reyn olds and oth ers on e o r m ore of
-
. . ,

m e m be rsh ip n u m bers ab out an d in wh o m were m e m bers ea c h of th e A n c ie nt

elud es t h e n am e s of m any wh ose reputati o n O rde r of Un ited Wo rk m e n Royal Arca ,

c rosse s S t a t e l in es c on spi c u ou sl y C h arle s n um A m e ri c an Legi o n of H on or O rder of

, , , ,

T O F errall fo r m erly gove rn o r of Vi rgi ni a S p ar t a of th e M asoni c Fra t e rn i ty an d th e

.
’
,
.
, ,

R o y a l A d e l p h ia Fo u nde d at D e troi t I nd epe nde nt O rde r of O dd Fellows T he

.
.

i n 1 883 a frate rn al ben e fici ary socie ty of defi ni te obj ect of t he asso c i atio n w as o ffi
,

t he sh ort ter m or e nd o w m e nt v ariety o r c ially st ate d to be t o en able al l persi sten t

-

,
“
a niz ed t o pay d e at h be nefi ts of m e m bers t o h ave an opp ortu n i ty t o sa v e
g ,

an d an d si c k benefi ts of 81 5 sm all a m ou n ts peri odi c ally wh i c h m ergin g , ,

wee k ly I t die d ten years l ater S o m e o f i n a c o m m o n fu n d wou l d prod u c e l arge in

. .
,

i t s m e m bers we re i den ti fie d w ith th e Na c rease fro m safe i n vest m en ts th e benefit t o ,

t io n al D otare an d th e O rd er of t h e Gol d e n be sh a re d by t h e persi ste nt m e m bers i n p ro

Rod .
porti o n t o th e c e rti fi c ate s h el d by the m .

R o y al B e n efi t S o c i e t y A m u t u al as Th e featu re s of payin g an a m pl e si c k be ne
.

s ess m en t l ife and e n do w m e n t be nefi c i ary fi t an d a m ode rate death bene fit w ere al so
,

o rgan i z ation i n c orp orated u nde r th e l aws i n c orpora t ed Th e di sti n c ti v e fe atu re was
, .

of the S tate of Ne w Yo r k with i t s h o m e t he t erm i n ati o n of m e m be rsh i p at th e en d

'

offi c e i n Ne w York c ity I t w as organi ze d of si x y ears fro m j oi n i n g ea c h si x years i f

.
,

i n 1 8 9 3 an d a m on g its fo u nde rs were F ree a pe rson c on ti n uo u sly rej oi ned be i ng th u s

, ,

m aso ns O dd Fell o ws K n ight s o f Pyth ias

,
a pe riod o f re api n g th e bene fi t s of fai th ful
, ,

and m e m be rs of a nu m be r of th e Ro y al A r m e m be rshi p The ce rti fi c ates we re of fi ve .

c an u m and oth e r be nefi c i ary sec ret soci eties den o m i nati on s $2 00 84 0 0 86 0 0 8800 an d .
, , , , ,

Its m e m be rsh ip a m o un t s to m ore th an E xtra asse ss m e nts i f req u i re d , ,

3 0 00 It i ssues ce rti fi cates to m en an d we re opti on al th a t i s m e m be rs m igh t p ay

.
,

wo m e n i n su m s of fro m 82 5 0 to pay t h e m o r allo w th ei r c e r t i fi cates to pay th e m ;

a b le at d e a t h o r a t th e e nd of ten fi f t een bu t th e l atte r c o u rse d re w u p on th e a m o u n ts
, ,

an d t we nt y years by m ean s of m on th ly as to be c o m e d ue at t h e e xpi rati o n of th e

,

s ess m en t s o r p re m i u m s of fro m $1 to 8 1 5 sexe n ni al o r si x years pe ri od B en efi c i

’
-
. .
,

si c k ne ss o r a c c i den t “
Th ere are al so wee k ly ben efi ts in c ase s of arie s of m e m bers w h o d i ed d u rin g th e l i fe
”
Pai d u p be ne fi t s of th ei r c e rti fi cates recei ved on e ten th of
.
-

are i ssu ed a t an y ti m e afte r t h ree ye ars an d t h e c ertifi c ates i f t wo years h ad el apsed .

,

cash su rre n de rs are allo wed af t e r fi v e years and p ropo r t i on a t e a m oun ts at late r d ate s .

T he re are al so j oi nt c e rti fi c a t e s fo r h u sban d o r th e h e irs c ou ld c on ti n u e th e c erti fi c a t es ,

and wife payable t o th e su rvi vor or i f o n an d re cei ve t h e full a m ou n ts d u e a t m at u r

, , ,

t h e e nd o w m en t plan as arranged i n t h e i ty S i c k be nefi ts are pai d for fou r week s

,
.
.

appl i c a t i on Th i s so c ie ty c o m bi nes c h arac d u ri n g o n e c on ti n u ou s ill ness an d a p ro

.
,

“
t eris t ic s of th e l o ng an d short te r m m u tual v isi on i s also m ad e for total di sabili ty be ne ,

assess m e nt f rate rn al ord e rs w i th so m e of fits Th e l aws p rovid e t hat a stated c ash

, , .
20 6 A HA V A S IS R A E L

HE B R E W A S SE S S M E N T B E N E F I C I A R Y S O C I E TI E S

A h av a s I s ra e l
h ari table and b e
.
—A c at m any of the large r ci ties east of the Mi s
n ev o l en t H ebrew benefi c iary so c ie ty payi ng s issippi Ri ver It in sures the l ives of m em
.

death an d sick benefits by m ean s of m u bers fo r an d th e li v es of wi v es of

tual assessm e nts It was fou nded at Ne w
. m e m be rs 1 1) one h alf th at a m ou n t
-
S ubor .

Yor k ci ty i n 1 8 90 by B N em b erger Al te r .
, d i mate Lodge s pay sick be nefits as arranged .

Go tt l ese L E lerm an and others v ariously

,
.
, D eath benefi ts are pai d by th e S upre m e
m e m bers of th e Mason i c Fraterni ty th e , Lodge The orde r i s si m ilar to oth er He
.

I nd epend ent O rde r of O dd Fell ows th e , bre w assess m e n t be ne fi c iary secre t societies .

S on s of Benj a m in and I n depen den t O rder

, Its ri tual i s base d upo n t he covenant o f God
B rith Abraham
’
Wi v es of m e m be rs are
. with Noah Abraha m an d Moses and i ts
, , ,

co v e red by i ts syste m of in surance and ,

p ri ncipal e m ble m con sists of t h e All seeing -

o ver h as bee n pai d for relief Eye abo v e th ree pill ars wh ich fra m e th e
an d death benefits since 1 8 90 T h e ch ief . tablets of stone contain i ng th e Ro m an n u
e m ble m i s the an c ie nt o ne a pai r of ,
m eral s suggesti ng the Te n C o m m an d m e n ts ,

clasped hand s Total m e m bersh ip abou t

. an d i nculcates th e practice o f ch ari ty n ot ,

3 000 . only wi th in bu t beyon d the l i m it s of t h e

,

A m a r O r d e n — A ch aritable
e r ic a n S t m e m bersh i p o f the O rde r Its m e mbersh ip .

and bene volen t socie ty of Rou m an i an H e e x c eed s

brews organi zed at Ne w York c i ty i n 1 884 ,
I n d e p e n d e n t O r d e r o f A m e r ic a n I s
to pay death an d sick be nefi ts by m eans of r a e l i t e s — Fou nde d
. at Ne w Yo rk ci ty i n
m u t ual assess m ents Wo m en wh ose h us
. 1 89 4 b y Willia m H eller Magnu s Le vy Rob , ,

band s are m e m bers are m e m bers wh ile the, ert B lu m Aaro n Le v y C arl L L ew en st ein
, , .
,

h usband s are al i ve an d i n good stand in g . an d Leopol d K ram e r so m e or al l of wh o m ,

Death ce rti fi c ate s o f 85 00 are paid and , h ad been m e m be rs of th e I nde pende nt O r

abo ut h a v e been so expen de d sin c e der Free S on s of I srael an d of th e S on s of
,

th e so c iety w as organiz e d The total m em . Benj am i n ; a ch aritable an d bene v olen t He

he rsh i p i s abou t n early one h alf bei ng -
bre w so c ie ty paying S l 0 00 to the hei rs of a
, ,

wo m en Th e m otto i s C h ari ty H ar m ony deceased m e m ber i f a m an and $500 to

”
.
, , , ,

an d B rothe rly Love an d th e e m ble m i s a, benefi c iaries of a d ecease d wo m an m e m ber ,

fi v e poi n te d star c on tain i ng th ree Hebre w

-

by m ean s of m u tual assess m en ts S ub o rdi .

ch arac ters w ith the Ro m an n u m eral X III n ate l odge s al so pay sick benefits I t e x .

belo w and th e letter G above . ist s in t h e U n i ted S tates o nly and reports ,

I m p r o v e d O r d e r o f B u a i B r it h — A ’ ’
. about m en an d wo m en m em
m utual assess m ent benefi c i ary socie ty wh i c h bers to wh o m or th e i r hei rs about
,

only H ebre ws (m en) m ay j oi n It w as . h as been pai d i n reli ef or as benefi ts The .

foun de d at B al ti m ore i n 1 8 8 7 by two Lodges secre t c ere m onies of th e o rde r are based on
of th e I ndepen den t O rder of B n ai B ri th ’ ’
, t h e story of t h e E xod u s of the Je ws fro m

plained “
nu m beri ng abou t 23 0 m e m bers wh o as e x
we re d i ssatisfie d w i th th e l aws
, , Egypt The seal of i ts Grand Lodge dis
.

plays the w ord s Li berty Equali ty F ra

”
, , , ,

of t h e latter orde r I t exi sts on ly i n the

. terni ty over a spread eagl e w i th shield
, , ,

Un ited S tates where i ts Lodges are fou n d

, h old i ng A m e rican flags i n i ts talon s .
 IND E P E ND E N T O R DE R , E N A I
‘

B R
‘
IT H

I n d e p e n d en t O rd er, B ’
u ai B ’
r it h G ran d Lodges In th e i nte r v al an exec u .

Brothe rh ood of the C ove nan t ) —Fo unded ti ve co m m i ttee of one represe ntati ve fro m
( .

i n 1 84 3 i n Ne w York ci t y as a fraternal , each G ran d Lodge an d a p resi de n t elec ted

charitable an d bene volen t Jew ish organiza
, as d elegate at large we re to e xercise s u - -

ti o n It n u m be rs n earl y 500 Lodges i n

. pre m e control subj e c t t o th e fu nd am en tal ,

A m eri ca Eu rope Asi a an d Africa wi th a

, ,
m e m bersh i p of about T h e e m igra
tion of Je ws to A m eri c a fro m t h e o ld cou n
try began abou t 1 83 0 an d ten years l ate r
, , law as e m bod ied in t h e c onsti tu ti on and as
i nte rpreted b v a C ourt of Appeals consist
ing of a m e m be r fro m eac h D i stri c t G ran d
, Lodge The O rder has d ire c tly o r i nd i
.

th ere we re se veral congregati on s he re m ost ,

rec t ly e stabl ish e d m an y be nevolen t in s t it u

of th e m c onform i ng to an c ient practices an d tio ns— at Ne w Yo r k a free c ir c ulating l i .

clingi ng to trad itional for m s A n u m be r . b rary with m ore tha n 3 0 00 0 vol u m es ; at

of Ger m an Je ws possessi ng a l iberal e duca Yonke rs a h o m e for th e aged an d i nfi r m
,

tio n pe rce i v e d th at Je ws wh o h ad co m e fro m afford i ng sh el te r fo r 1 0 0 m en and w o m e n ;

fo reign v ill ages a nd co u ntry towns an d h ad ,
at Cleveland a n o rph an asyl u m supporti ng ,

begu n h e re i n an h u m ble way woul d n ot ,

an d e du c ati n g m ore th an c h ild re n ;

be able to work th ei r way up e x c ep t t h roug h and at Ne w O rl eans A t lanta Ga an d at ,

.
,

ed ucatio n ; an d H en ry Jones a n ati ve of , S an F ran c isco si m il ar refuges supported by ,

Ha m bu rg con c eive d th e i dea of for m i n g a

, th e m e m bers o f th e Frate rnity At Ph ila .

so c iety the ch ief pu rpose o f which sh oul d

, d elph i a th ere i s a tech n ical s c hool an d at ,

be to foste r education an d to e n c ou rage th e S an Fran cis c o a free rel igiou s s c h ool A .

h ighe r pu rsui ts of l ife H e fo und a fe w . wel l equ ipped t rade school a t C hi c ago su p
-

m en i n accor d w i th h im twel ve in al l wh o , ,
ported an d m ain tai ne d by the e nti re Je wis h
lai d th e fo un dation of the n ew so c iet y deep c o m m un ity o wes i ts e xistence to th e O rde r
, .

an d strong T h ei r greate st suc c ess was i n re

. D istri c t G ran d Lodge s m ee t at Ne w Yo r k ,

c o n c ilin g th e o rth od ox conservati ve and , ,

Ph iladelph ia C in c i nnati C hi c ago Ne w , , ,

refo rm Je ws A m on g th e fou n ders of th e

. O rlean s and S an Fran c isco , I n 1 882 peti .

O rder were D r Leo Merzba c he r the fi rst .

, ti on s were re c e i ved fro m Je ws resid i ng i n
refor m preach e r o f Te m ple E m anu el ; Re v . Berli n for a ch arte r to e s t abli sh Lodges i n
D r Lilienth al subseque ntly of C i n c i nnati ;
.
,

B aruch Ro t hschil d ; D r E m anu el Moses

Ge r m any wh ich was granted and th e fi rst
Lodge at Be rl i n was c alle d th e
,

Rei c h
,
“
”
.

F riedlein l ately de c eased ; an d Juliu s Bien

, ,
stage S o m e of the fore m os t Ge r m an Is
.

wh o h as been presi den t of the O rde r si nce raelit es j o ine d the Frate rni ty an d the re are ,

1 8 69 i n which year th e S o c iety was reo r

, n ow twenty —nine Lodges th e re wo rki ng un ,

gan iz ed A m ong th e n am e s of th e orig in al

. de r th ei r own G rand Lodge The O rde r .

m e m be rs are also th ose of Willia m Renau ,

soon spread to the far East an d L odges of ,

Re uben R o dac h er I saac D it t enh o efer , ,

the B nai B rith are at work i n Je rusale m
’ ’
,

H en ry A n spac h er S a m uel S c h afe r H i rsch , , J afi a B ey rut h C ai ro Ale xandria an d el s e

, , , ,

H ei ne m an Valen tine Koon Isaac Rosen

, , wh e re i n th e Le v an t wh ere o wi ng to thei r , ,

bou rgh Jon as H ech t He n ry Kl ing an d

, , ,
i nfluence s c h ool s l ibrari es an d agric ultural
, , ,

Mi ch ael S c h wab I n th e begi nni ng i ts go v . pl ants h ave been establ i shed A bran c h .

ern m en t w as patriar c hal but at th e New , was establi sh ed i n Rou m an ia by th e late

.

York con ven tio n of delegates i n 1 8 6 9 the Be nj a m i n F P eixo tt o d u ri ng h i s reside n c e

.
,

sov ereignty of th e S up re m e G ran d Lodge at B ucharest as C on sul General of th e -

was transfe rred to subordi nate Lodges ,

Un i t e d S tates an d Rou m anian Lod ge s are ,

wh ich were to exer c ise th ei r fun c tion s n ow work i ng under a Gran d Lodge of th ei r
th rou gh delega tes wh o we re to asse m ble ow n In Au stri a a su ffi c ie nt n u m be r of
.

e very fi ve years an d for m Consti t u tio n Lod ge s h ave bee n i n sti t uted to for m a
2 08 I ND E P E ND E N T O R DE R O F FR E E S O NS O F IS R A E L

Grand Lodge wh ich m ee t s at Prague The ,

. sonic n o m en c lature an d ou tward for m s bu t ,

O rde r has sch ool s i n Rou m ania an d a h os h as for i ts m otto Frien dsh ip Lo v e and
”
, , , ,

pital i n the ancie nt ci ty of Jerusale m an d ,

Truth wh ich is i den ti fied wi th vari ou s
,

a n ti c ipates an early i n vasio n of the Un i t ed O rders of O d d Fellows I n it s o ffi c ial h is .

Ki ngd o m wh ere i t i s e xpe c te d “to establi sh

,
tory re ferrin g to th e p ol i tical and in t ellec
,

Lod ges of th e B roth erhood of the C ovenan t t ual e m an c ipati on of th e Jews with wh ich ,

a nd con ti nue the be nevol en t work wi th Moses Men del ssoh n wh o l ived a t Berl i n ,

w hi c h i ts n am e is asso c iated through out th e m ore than one h un dre d years ago was iden ,

world T h e d eath benefit paid by m eans of

.
t ifi ed i t recalls that d issensi on s on th e C on
,

assess m en ts to su r vi ving relati v es of m em t inent of E u rope drove large n u m be rs of

bers of th e O rder am ou n ted to p rior the i rrepressible rac e t o th e sh ores of liberty
to 1 8 93 but si n c e th at ti m e m e m bers h ave
,
l ov in g A m eri c a ” wh e re they bande d,

been in sured i n the su m s of the m sel ves toge th er for p ro te c tion an d ed u

and A re c en t fin an c ial e xhi bi t c ation
” Th e fi rst Lod ge of the Ind epen
.

states th at sin ce i ts organ iza t ion i n 1 84 3 , de nt O rder Free S on s of Israel Noah No 1 , , .

the O rder has ai ded needy m e m bers to the (na m e d af t er Ju dge Mo rde c ai M Noah o f .

e xtent of has pai d to wid o ws Ne w York e x C on sul General to Tunis )

,
-

an d orphan s e xpended i n the was establish ed at the c orn er of Ridge an d

con stru c ti on or i m pro v e m en t of c hari t able Houston S treets Ne w York Janu ary 1 0 , , ,

i n sti tution s and for othe r chari 1 81 9 by Fried m an Koh n He n ry S trauss

, , ,

ties i n all wi th i n , H S tern Carl Abales C h arles H eynem an

.
, , ,

fif t y fi v e years
-
Thi s record consti t utes a . Abrah a m Posne r S Bu t tenh e im I Regens ,
.
, .

m on u m e n t to th e ph il anth ropy an d be h e vo bergh an d Lazarus Lobel Th e sam e m en

, .

len c e of th e O rder wh ich was of Mas on i c ,

were delega t es to th e C onsti tuti o n al Grand
i nspi ration an d w h ose e m ble m i s the Meno
, Lod ge whi c h was i nsti t u ted March 1 0
, ,

rah o r seve n bran c h c andlesti c k th e em

,
-

,
1 84 9 and m et agai n on e w eek l ate r when
.
,

ble m of Ligh t I t s ri tual i s based upon . the m otto of t h e so c iety was ad opted The .

Lig h t teach i ng the u ni t in g of Israel i tes i n

, t hi rd m eeti ng o f the G rand Lodge was on
work s of bene volen c e and t h e i nterests of Marc h 2 2 1 84 9 whe n l aws for the go v e rn
, ,

h u m ani ty The S ecretary of th e Exe c uti ve

. m en t of su bordi nate Lod ges regalia e tc , , .
,

C o m m i ttee an d Treasu rer of D is t ri c t Gran d w ere ad op ted Al th ough spe c ial return s
.

L odge No 1 is S olo m on S u lz berge r of Ne w

,
.
,
c o ncern i ng t h e O rd er s t at e there i s n o w o m

“
’
York M oritz Elli nger i s ed itor of the en s bran c h t h e o ffi c ial h i story says t hat
”
.
,

Men orah Magazine the offi cial organ of T oec h t er (Daugh t er ) Lodge No 1 a la
”
, , .
,

t h e O rde r ; an d S H a m b urger S ecretary of

’
d ies l od ge was institute d July 8 1 84 9
”
.
, , , ,

D istrict Gran d Lod ge No 1 Ne w York ,

.
, , and i s still i n e xisten c e In the m essage .
'

h as bee n iden tifie d w ith th e S ociety si n c e of G rand Maste r J ul i us H arb nrger b efo re
1 85 1 O th er well k nown offi c ials are Josh ua
.
-

the G rand Lod ge of the Un i te d S ta t e s 1 8 9 7 , ,

Kan trowitz lawyer Presiden t of D istric t

, , the foll o wi ng e xplana t i on appears : Fo r
G ran d Lodge No 1 ; an d S i m on Wo lf of ,
.
, m an y years a n u m ber of Lodge s c o m posed
Wash i ngton a m e m ber of the E xe c utiv e
, of l ad ies being t h e wi ves relati ves an d , ,

C o m m i ttee . f rie n ds of the m e m bers of th e B ro t he rh ood

I n d epe n d e n t O rd e r o f F re e S o n s o f h ave been doing m ost e xcellen t work an d ,

I s ra e l —A ch ari table and ben evolen t secret

. wh ile they are n ot u n der the d i re c t j urisdic
soci ety of Hebre ws wh i c h pays to tion of o ur B roth e rh ood y et th e y c onside r ,

be neficiaries of de c eased m e m bers and c are s , the i r work so to speak li nked wi th t h at of ,

for si c k an d d istresse d m e m be rs th ei r wid , ou r O rde r A braha m Lodge No 2 was in

.
, .
,

o ws and orph a ns I t e m pl o y s so m e Ma . s t i tuted May 7 1 84 9 and late i n that year , ,

210 IN D E P E N D E NT O R D E R O F S O NS O F A B R A HA M

excl usi v e o f abou t m e m bers of wo m e n s

York ci ty in 1 8 77 by Willi am Helle r Adolph .

Lodges (S ee Independe n t O rde r S ons of

.
, S ilberstei n Abrah a m Kayser m e m bers of , ,

Benj a m i n ; A h av as I srael and t he I nd e

,
th e O rde r B ri th Abraham an d oth e rs I t ’
, .

pe n den t O rd e r o f S on s of A b rah a m ) . spread rapid ly to m any of the prin cipal

c i ties of t he U ni te d S tates and i n to t h e D o
I n d e p e n d e n t O r d e r o f S o n s o f A b ra
ham . Fou nd ed at Ne w Yo rk c it y in m i n io n of Canad a and of l ate years u nde r , ,
.

1 8 9 3 by Be r m an B o nn e r O si as D u l b e rge r
,
th e Grand Mastership of Fe rdi nand Le v y o f
,

M aye r M o s c o wi tz an d o the rs of N e w York N e w Yo rk has achieve d a m ar k ed degree of

, ,

p rospe ri ty It preser v es the usual secre t

'

m e m be rs v ari ou sly o f th e M asoni c Fra

,
.

t ern it y th e S o n s of Be nj a m i n an d th e
. . so c iety for m s cere m onies an d pri vileges , , ,

O r d e r of B ri t h Abrah a m as a c h ari t able an d h as e xpended abou t for the

’

a n d be n e v olen t H eb re w ben efi c i ary soci ety rel ief of m e m bers an d thei r fa m il ies I t .

pa y in g d eath and si c k be nefi t s b y m ean s a utho rizes t h e for m atio n of Lodge s e xcl u
of m u t u al assess m e nts Th e m e m bersh ip
.
s iv el y fo r wo m en of wh i c h th ere are about ,
,

wh i c h i s al m ost ex c l u si vely in Ne w York twenty Its e m ble m prese nts a triangle b e

.

c i t y a nd B ro o k l yn n u m be rs abou t
,
tween th e le tters F and P wi th the le tte r L ,

i n c l ud i ng al m os t a n eq ual n u m be r of m en i n i ts c e ntre There are abou t m em

.

t n d w o m en . bers exclu sive of abo u t, wom e n i n

I n d e p e n d e n t O rd e r o f S o n s o f B e nj a Lodges se t apart for th e m (S ee A h av as .

m i n — A c hari table an d bene ficiary m u t u al Israel

.
S o ns of Abrah a m also A m erican
, ,

assess m e nt Hebre w socie ty fou nd ed at N ew I sraeli tes )

, .
 A NC I E N T O R DE R or H B E R I NIA N S 2 11

R O MAN C A TH O L I C A S SE S S M E N T B E N E F I C I AR Y
F RA T E RN ITI E S

A n c ie n t O r d er of H ib e r n ia n s — A
se . leadi ng offi c i al s i n th e Uni ted S tates h a v in g
cret or se m i secre t patriotic rel igious an d
-

, , confessed t h e i r la c k of infor m ati on on that

benefi c iary (friendly ) so c iety paying relief , ,
poin t Th e foregoi ng ex trac t f ro m a le tter
.

b u ri al an d sick be nefits to wh ich only m en fro m National Presiden t O C o nno r m akes

’

, ,

wh o are of I rish bi rth or d es c e nt , prac t i su ffi cien tly plai n the reason s wh y th e O rde r
c al Ro m an C ath olics are el igi ble , I t was . was o rganize d B u t i t m ay well be d ou bted
.

fou nde d i n I rel and i n the las t centu ry fo r

, ,
wheth er it m et i n l o d ges wi th syste m ati zed ,

th e pro te c tion of i ts m e m bers i n the ir righ t pri vate m eans of re c ogn i tion a ri tu al an , ,

to worsh ip God afte r th e for m s of t h e R 0 i ni tiatory ce re m o n y le c tu res an d the l i k e

, , ,

m an C ath ol i c C h ur c h to che rish I ri sh na

, m odelled (but n ot C opied ) afte r th ose of th e
t io nal trad ition s and the n am es of ill us t ri Free m ason s and the O dd Fello ws u n til afte r ,

o u s son s of I rel and an d to c are for i ts si c k

, i t was i n t rod u c e d i nto th e U ni te d S tates .

an d distressed m e m bers and th eir fa m ilies . Th is v ie w is enfor c ed be c ause th ose portio ns

The e ve nts wh ich le d to the for m ati o n of of the se c alle d w o rk of the An c ie n t O rder
-

th e socie ty are th u s refe rred to by P J . . of H ibe rnian s wh i c h h a v e been m ad e publ ic

O C o nn o r S a v annah Ga a p ro m inen t o ffi
’
, , .
,
in wh ole or i n part gi ve e viden c e of h a v in g
,

c ial of th e o rgan ization i n the Un ite d S tate s c o m e after th e foun di ng of th e Loyal O range

i n 1 89 7 Asso c i ation i n 1 7 9 7—9 8 and th e pu bli c di s

c uss io n of secre t so c ie ty c ere m oni al s i n c i de n
In 1 69 1 Pa t r i c k S ars fi el d evac u ated L i m er i c k ,

Irel and and agreed t o d epa rt t o fo rei gn s h o res

, ,
tal to th e anti Mason ic agita t ion of 1 82 7—4 0
-

leav i ng h is peo pl e h o wever pro t ec ted b y a t reat y

, , S ecret socie t i es were not tolera t ed by the
s i gned b y Willi am o f O range K i ng o f E ng l and , .
B ritish G o v e rn m en t late i n the l as t and
T h at t rea t y g u aran t eed a m o ng o th er th i ngs per
, ,
early i n the p resen t cen tu ry wi th the e x ,
fee t freed o m o f reli g i o u s o pi n i o ns an d ac c ept ed t h e
c ept io n of th e Mason ic Frate rni ty The
,
.

c l ai m o f Irel an d t o a n a ti o n al i t y and fo rm o f go v

ern m en t d i s ti n c t and s eparat e fro m th a t o f E ng l and

O d d Fell ows D ru id s an d Foresters h ad
, ,
,

t h o u g h fo rc i ng t h e ac k no w l edg m en t o f W i ll i a m as d ifficul ty i n preserving thei r iden tities fro m

K i ng o f Irel and . T h e t reat y w as b ro k en s h o rt l y 1 7 80 to 1 8 1 0 an d th e O range Associatio n
,

aft er and t h e Iri s h peo pl e were b y l egal enac t m ent

, d id so m ai nly th ro u gh th e hel p of Free
fo rb i dden t o s tu d y a pro fess i o n l earn a t rade o r , ,
m asons f ro m wh o m i t a c qu i re d so m e of
,
even t o ac q u ire a k n o w l ed ge o f t h e a l ph a b et F or
the ou tward Masoni c for m s a nd pe c ulia ri
.

years n o ed i fi c e fo r C ath o lic wo rs hi p w as a ll o wed

t o ex i s t and a pr i c e was put u po n t h e h ead o f t h e
ties If o ne m ay pres um q t h at the A n c ien t
.

C ath o l i c pr i es t and t h e s c h o o l m as t er Reali z i ng .

O rder of H i berni ans i n so m eth ing l ik e ,

t h e fo ll y o f o pe n res i s t an c e t h e C a th o l i c Iri s h re
, its prese nt for m appeare d be twee n 1 83 6
,

o l v ed th em se l v es in t o sec ret b an d s fo r t h e
preser and 1 84 5 its cere m on i al s e m ble m s lec
, , ,

vati o n o f th ei r rel i gio n and nati o nali ty a nd in l at er ,

tu res e xa m i nati on s toas t s et c are easily .
, , ,
days o rg an iz ed t h e A nc ien t O rder o f H i b ern i ans
,

e xplaine d o n the basi s of wh a t h ad gon e b e

.

A ll e fforts by th e w rite r to l earn e v e n th e fore To i m agine th at they we re origin ated

.

approxim ate date of t he found ing of t h e i n th e eighteenth ce ntu ry and th a t o the r ,

A n c ie nt O rde r of H ibe rni ans as a se c re t so sec re t so c ie ties borrowed the m fro m th e

c iet y h a v e failed m ore th an a s c ore of th e
, H iberni ans i s ou t of t h e question T he O r .
212 A N C I E NT OR DE R O F I
H BE R NI A N S

de r was i n trod uce d i nto the Un ited S tates w ith th e O rder abroad while the large r ,

at Ne w York c i ty i n 1 83 6 on e h u nd red an d ,
n u m ber reorgan ized as the An cien t O rd e r
si x years after Free m ason ry h ad been estab of H ibern ians of A m eri c a I n 1 8 9 7 whe n .
,

l ish ed i n th i s cou n tr y se v e ntee n years after

, e fforts we re m ade look ing to re un ion th e ,

O dd F el lowsh i p w as foun ded at Bal ti m ore , B oard of Eri n i n A m erica clai m e d abou t
si x years after the Un i ted O rde r of D ruid s m e m bers m ost of th e m i n Ne w ,

h ad fo und its way h ere fro m E ngl and an d , York Ne w Jersey O h i o M i c h igan an d
, , , ,

abou t t wo years after th e I m proved O rder Ill i noi s ; th e An c ie nt O rd e r of A m eri c a ,

of Red Men as at p resen t organ i zed h ad

, ,
abo ut scattered th rough nearly all
bee n pl aced u pon its fee t at B al ti m ore ,
the S t ate s of th e U nion an d th e O rder i n ,

Wi th i ts ad v ent i ts c h arac te risti c s c h ange d th e Un ited Ki ngdo m an d Irel an d abo ut ,

so m ewh at I ts m otto now i s Fri e ndsh ip

.
, i n al l m e m bers
,
T h e two .

Un ity an d True C h ristian C hari ty to i ts

,
b ran c h es i n A m eri c a fi nally reun i te d i n 1 8 9 8 .

m e m bers an d peace an d good w il l to all

,
I n July 1 8 96 the report of th e National
, ,

m en ; an d i ts obj ects othe r th an t he payi ng

, S e c retary of th e A m eri c an bran c h showe d .

of rel ief and death benefits are th e ad v an c e ,

disbu rse m ents for si c k be nefits wi th i n a year
m en t of the Ro m an C ath ol i c religion t he , a m ou nting to for bu rial e xpe n ses ,

e n c ou rage m e n t of th e cou n try s welfare ’

, an d fo r ch aritable an d
th e p ro m oti on of th e sac red c au se o f I ri sh oth er pu rposes wi th a bal ance of ,

nationali t y an d the propagatio n of th e p ri n i n the di v ision treasu ries

”
.
,
’
c iples e m bodi ed i n the m otto Lodges are . A wo m en s au xil i ary to th e A m erican
fou nd i n th e U ni te d K ingdo m an d Irelan d O rde r was organ ize d i n 1 8 9 4 k nown as the ,

an d in th e U nited S tates wh ere (u ntil 1 884 ) , D au gh ters of E ri n and has sin c e been ,

they we re go v e rne d by a B oard of E ri n se auth ori zed by th e O rder to work i n c o nj un c

.

l ec t ed fro m represe ntati ves of h igh er bodies ti on with i t Th e D augh ters are recruite d
.

i n th e U ni te d Ki ngdo m an d Ireland by , fro m a m ong relati ves of m e m bers of th e

wh o m signs an d password s were sel e c ted an d An cien t O rde r of H ibern ian s and num ,

co m m u n i c ated to m e m be rs on both si des of bered i n 1 89 7 abou t Their p urpose

th e Atlan ti c . i s to assist the An c ien t O rder of H ibernian s
The Nation al offi cers i n th e Uni ted S tates i n pe rpe tu ati ng th e m e m ory of thei r fore
(pri or to 1 884 ) we re t h e National Del egate , fathers ih pro m oti ng l ove for t h e m other
,

S ecretar y an d Treas urer an d the Presi dent ,

ch u r c h and c ou n try i n aidi ng sick an d di s ,

of th e Board of t h e C ity and C oun ty of Ne w tressed wi dows an d orp han s an d to fi nd ,

York After th ese ranke d the S tate and

. th e m h o m es an d e m pl oy m ent .

C ou n ty D elegate s an d the n th e c h ief o fii

, Any h i storical sketc h of th e h istory of th e
ce rs of Lodges c alled Body Masters , In . An c ie nt O rde r of H ibe rnian s i n A m erica
1 8 7 3 th ere were Lodges of the O rder wi tho u t a refere n c e t o i ts te m porary degra
in th is c ou ntry wi th abou t m em datio n by u n worthy m e m bers (1 8 6 5 —7 5 )
bers E m b l em s o o f th e O rder i n c lud e th e
. w oul d be as u n fai r to the publ ic as to the
cl asped h ands the h arp and the sh a m ro c k
, , , O rder . D u ri ng th e pe ri od m en tione d th e
an d th e th ree l ink s wh i c h h ave so l ong bee n so c ie ty was u sed by m en wh o afterward ,

i de n ti fied w ith O d d Fellowsh ip bu t wh i c h , turne d out to be M olly Magui res as a c loa k ,

parallel th e tri angle and for m one of th e for th e co m m ission of cri m e (S ee Molly .

m ost an c ien t sy m bols of t h e T ri ni ty In . Magu i res ) Wh ile e v ery m e m be r o f the

.

1 884 the so c iety i n th e United S tates suf O rde r of H i be rn ians i n the Pen n syl vania
fered fro m s c h is m th e s m all er b ran ch t ak
, an th raci te c oal regions at that ti m e w as no t
i ng t h e ti tle An c ient O rde r of H ibe rni an s , a Moll y p racti c ally e ve ry Molly belonged
,

B oard of E ri n an d re m ainin g i n affiliati on

, to th e H iberni an s The good c h arac ter of .
2 14 C A T HO LIC K NI G H T S O F A ME R IC A

m e ri ted n o con de m n ati on b ut dese rved , so popular a m on g be nefici ary socie ties b y ,

th e support an d e n c o u rage m e nt O f all goo d organ iz in g a un ifor m e d ran k wi th speci al ,

ci ti zen s was no assu ran c e th at the i r p u r t a c ti cs an d d rill A m ong it s m e m be rs are

.

poses wo ul d n o t b e m i sin te rpre ted i n so m e Ed ward Fee ney of B rooklyn N Y a m em , . .

l o c al i tie s fo r i n th ose days before th e l ate

. be r of the G rand Ar m y of the Republi c a ,

ple nary co u n c il e ve ry pasto r e xe r c i sed th e secre t m ili tary o rgan i z ati on and pro m i ,

au t h o ri ty of c o nde m ni n g socie tie s th at di d uently i den tifie d wi t h ne w spaper work i n

n ot siz e up t o hi s i ndi v i dual O pi n i o n of pe r N ew Yo rk ci ty and B roo k l yn H e was at .

fec t io n . In dee d a c ase j us t the n o c cu rre d on e ti m e a m e m be r of the Ne w York S tate

i n the c ity of B ro oklyn wh ere a m e m ber ,
Board of Medi ati on an d Arbi trati on Will .

O f th e A r c an u m w h o h a v i ng ta k e n si ck iam Purcell edi to r of the Roch ester Uni o n

”
, ,

an d se n t for th e p ri e st was re qu i re d to ,
and A dve rti ser is also a m e m ber
, When .

ab and on h i s i n su ran c e an d al l c on ne c ti o n the C ath oli c Knigh ts m et i n con ven ti on at

wi th th at soci ety I t was u nd e r su c h con . O m ah a in 1 8 9 5 th ey were addressed a m o n g
, ,

d it io ns th a t the work of c reati ng an d b ui ld

i ng u p a gre at frate rn al asso c i ati on O f R O
o t h ers by Most Re v eren d A rch bishop Gross
,

wh o sai d in part as fol lo ws

, ,
Yo u are to “ ,

m an C ath oli c s was u nde rtak e n by D r Ku h n . re m e m ber i t well C ath oli c Knigh ts o f A m e r
,

an d h is associ ates T he rit ual of th e L e . i ca n o t of F ran ce or Ge r m any o rI relan d

, , , ,

gi o n refe rs to th e sac ri fi c e s for t h e rel ief o f or S pai n o r Italy ei the r yo u are n ati v es of
,

othe rs m ade by S t Vi n c en t d e Pau l S t .

, . th is great repu bl i c or you gav e u p all alle ,

D o m i ni c an d oth e rs Its b ad ge d i sp lays

, .
gian c e to th e lan d of you r bir t h and h a v e
u pon a passi o n c ross a ban d c on t ain i n g th e sworn sole m n allegi an ce to the C on sti t ution .

n a m e of th e O rde r a he art an d an an ch o r ,
. Be t rue t o yo u r c o untry Unless you wi sh .

C a t h o l ic K n ig h t s O f A m e r i c a T his . th e down fall o f you r socie ty v ote n ot for a ,

Ro m an C atholic fratern al be neficiary so can did ate because h e i s Germ an or I ri sh o r , ,

c iet y m ak es t he S peci al pl ea th at i t i s n o t a French o r be longs to any n ational i ty b ut

, ,

secre t socie ty i n any sen se i n wh ich i t d if ,

v ote for h im wh o i s as you k no w a s t au nc h , ,

fers fro m so m e o t h e r si m il ar organi z ati on s an d true u ph ol de r of th e C onstituti on of

”
.

I t was founde d i n 1 8 77 an d th e state m e n t

i s v ol un tee re d th at n o ne of th e organ i zers
,

“
th e Un i te d S ta t es O f A m erica
If you m y C ath olic brothers are w ha t
,
H e ad ded .

were m e m be rs o f any o f th e secret benefi c i ary y ou sh oul d be and I d o ub t not bu t you are
,

orders wh i c h prece de d i t A m ong i ts fou n d . l oyal an d t rue you wil l ren de r u se l ess th e
,

e rs were R L S paldi n g W B D alton J J

. .
, . .
,
. . existence of all sec ret socie ties and we h ave ,

O R o urk e D H Leon ard a n d W N eh em iah but o n e answe r to gi ve all th ose wh o speak to

’
.
,
. . .

We bb Its m e m bersh i p i s co nfi ned to the

. us about j oi n i ng any so c i ety n a m ely j oi n ,

Uni ted S tates and it has pai d o ut for sick

,
the C ath ol i c K ni gh ts of A m e ri ca t h a t n oble ,

and deat h be ne fits m o re th an ban d of C ath ol ic Kn igh ts Th ey h a v e all .

The soc iety i s l argely i den ti fie d wi th th e the ad van tages and i n s uran ce O f oth er soci e
West and S o u th th o ugh i ts Lod ges are tie s and h a v e n o secrecy for th at wh i ch is
”
, , ,

fou nd i n m any S tates O f t h e Uni on The . h on orabl e an d pu re l o ves n o t d ark ness .

total m e m be rs h i p i s abou t t wen ty fi v e th o u The ban ne r of th i s O r d er i s th e bl azi n g

“
-

sand an d th o ugh i t i s n o t the largest am on g

,
c ross I n H oe S ig n o Vin c es
, th e cross an d ,

the v ari ous Ro m an C athol ic o rgan i z ati ons of the flag the stars an d s t ripes
,
.

li k e ch aracte r it h as been pro m in e n t i n u rg

,
C a t h o l i c Ii n i g h t s o f I l l i n o i s — O rgan .

i n g the a m alga m ati on of C ath oli c frate rnal iz ed at C arlyle Ill an d i n corporate d in
, .
,

soci eties by h a v i ng th e m con solid ate wi th 1 884 to u n i te frate rnally all pra c ti c al R O
”
, ,

th e Cath ol ic Kn i gh ts of A m e ri c a It . m an C ath oli c s m en an d wo m en be t wee n

, ,

caters t o t h e m ili tary i dea which h as been ,

ei gh tee n and fi fty years O f age to gi v e th e m ,
 C A T HO LIC O R DE R O F FO R E S T E R S O F I LL IN O I S 21 5

m o ral an d m ateri al aid e nco urage th e m in , Foreste rs at C h icago was su ggeste d by a M r .

bu sin ess assi st th e m i n obtai n i n g e m ploy

,
Tayl o r a sh oe m ake r w it h w h o m J oh n F
, , .

m e nt gi v e th ei r c h i ld re n a C h ri sti an ed u c a
,
S c anl an M ic h ae l B B ai ley J oh n K C lo w
, .
, .

t i on an d gi v e th e m c he ap li fe i n su ran c e
,
ry ,Patri ck K ean e J oh n J C oll i n s an d ,
.
,

wi th ou t th e d an ge r of goin g i nt o associ a Fran c i s W Fi tz Geral d c o ope rate d T h e

.
-
.

ti o ns o r o rde rs forb i d de n b y o u r H ol y O rde r was o rgan iz e d at C hi cago i n 1 883 , ,

M othe r t h e C h u rch B e n e fit certi fi cate s. abou t fou r years af t e r th e se c e ssi o n of th e

o f $5 0 0 an d are issue d to I n depe n den t O rd e r of For este rs of Il l i n oi s
m en an d of fro m $1 00 t o
, to w om en , fro m th e I n depend e nt O rder of Fo reste rs ,

wh i ch are m et by a graded sys t e m of assess by a m e m be r of t h e M assa c h u se t t s C ath ol i c

m en ts Th e O rder d oe s bu si ne ss i n th e
. O rde r of Fore sters and a n u m be r of Ro m an
S tate of Illi n oi s o nl y Th e a m ou n t of be n . C ath oli c s m e m be rs of t he Ill i n oi s O rder o f
.

e fi t s p ai d i n t wel v e years was abo u t $1 5 0 ,

Fore ste rs an d be c au se of t h e wel l k n ow n
,
-

0 00 . Its p resen t m e m be rsh i p is abo u t de si re of th e Ro m an C ath oli c C h u rch t o

h av e t h ose o f the fai th w h o wi sh t o j oi n ,

C at h o o c i a t io n
l ic M u t u a l B en efi t A ss . i n sti tu ti on s of th i s c h ara c te r sele c t t h o se ,

— O rgan i zed at Ni agara Fall s i n J uly , w h i c h re c ogni ze and co ope rate wi th t h e

,

1 8 7 6 and i nco rpo rate d u nd e r t he l aws of

, C h u rc h Th e C ath ol i c O rd e r al so d re w
.

th e S tate o f Ne w Yo rk J u ne 9 1 8 7 9 A , , . som e of i ts m e m be rs fro m t h e I n depe nd en t

frate rn al ben efi c i ary so c i ety to w h ich only ,
O rde r .T he fo r m e r h as n o c o nn e c tion o r
m en p ra c ti c al C ath oli c s be twee n th e age s
, ,
affili ati on w it h any o th e r O rde r of Fo re stry ,

o f eigh teen and fifty years are e ligi bl e , th ou gh i t e m pl oys si m il ar i n sign ia an d em

fo r m e m be rsh i p I t i ssu e s c e rti ficates
.
,
b l em s h as a ri t u al m ode lle d up o n t he Robi n
,

payabl e at th e de ath of m e m bers i n th e ,

H ood legen d an d a sys t em o f go ve rn m en t
,

a m ou nt s of $500 and
are pai d by m e an s of assess m e nts grad ed
,
whic h l ik e t h ose o f othe r an d ol de r Fo restie O r
de rs I n o n e o f it s l eafi et s it s t a t es : Un ity
.
“
ac c ord i ng t o t h e age of t h e m e m be r w he n th rough C a t h oli c o rgan i z a t i o n s i s on e of
j oi ni n g Th i s i s on e of a n um b er of Ro m an th e great i n stru m e n ts i n pe rpe t u a t i ng and
”
.

C ath ol i c associ ati on s of si m ilar ch ara c ter ,

spread i n g th e t ru t h s of the C h u r c h Fro m .

whi c h h a v e bee n p ro v id e d by t h at rel i gi ou s t h i s i t i s pl ai n th at o nly m e m be rs of th e

de n o m i nati on t o afi o rd a n o pport un i t y for
m e m be rs of t h at fai th to partici pate i n
m u t u al bene fit asso c i ati o n p ri vilege s w it h
o u t j oi ni ng l i ke soci et ies w h i ch h av e bee n
c on de m n ed by th at ch u rch T he o rde r
C ath ol i c C h u r c h are el i gi ble t o m e m be r
sh ip . Th e C ath ol i c O rd e r c on fi ne s i ts
ac ti v i ty pri n c ip ally to th e n orth wester n
S tate s of th e Un io n an d t o th e C an ad i an
. D o m in i on I t pays e n d o w m e nt si ck an d
.
,

w as th e ou t c o m e of a su ggesti on by t h e l ate fun e ral ben e fits by m e an s of asse ss m en ts ,

Rt Re v S V Ryan B i sh op of B uifal o
. . . .
, . and w it h i n t h e past fo u rtee n years h as e x
S ubord i n ate bo die s o r l odges are go v e rned pe n ded i n t h at di re c t i on Its .

by G ran d C ou n c ils wh i c h h ave c h arge of ,

gro wt h h as been rapi d c o m parin g fav o r ,

th e a ffai rs of the o rder in t he S tates wh i ch , ,

ably w i th m any assess m en t m u t u al be n efi t
in t u rn are controlle d by th e S up re m e
,
secret so c iet i es of e q u al age It n u m be rs .
-

C o u n cil w hi c h m eets bien n i ally

,
Th e o r . m ore t h an m e m be rs O n D ece m ber .

gan izat io n h as di sb u rse d $6 i n si c k 3 1 1 8 9 6 its 62 7 C ou rts we re d i stri bu te d

, ,

an d deat h bene fi ts si n c e it was fou n de d ,

t h rough o u t Illi n o is I o wa Wi sc on si n M i n , , ,

and n u m be rs abo u t m e m be rs It s . n eso t a M i ch i gan In d i an a O h i o Ve r m on t

, , , , ,

h e adq u ar t e rs are at B rookly n N Y , . . Ne w H a m psh i re an d t he p ro v i n ces of ,

C a t h o l i c O r d er o f F o r e s t e rs o f I l l in o i s . O nt ari o an d Quebe c O n e of i ts fe atu re s .

T h e for m at i on of t h e C ath oli c O rd e r of i s th e S id e Ran k All m e m be rs d o n o t .

216 C A T HO LI C W O ME NS ‘
BE NE V O LE N T LE G IO N

bel on g to i t Its m i ssi on i s t o fu rn i sh . an d si c k be ne fits an d h as about ,

’
a m u se m en t after th e h e av y w ork of c o n m e m be rs Th e secretary s ad d ress i s Ph il
.

v en t io n s Th e wo rk of t he S i de Rank re
. adelp hi a P e n n , .

q u i res a co m p lete set of p araph e rnali a an d K n ig h t s o f C o l u m b u s — O rgani ze d i n .

i n c l u des el aborate c e re m onie s Th i s fea . N ew H a v en C on n M arc h 2 9 1 88 2 an d

, .
, , ,

tu re of th e O rder was o rigin ate d by Th o m as i n c orp o rated u n de r th e l aws of th a t S tate ,

C alle n . by M i ch ael J M c Giv ny Matt he w C .

, .

C at h o l i c W o m e n s B e n e v o l e n t L o O C o nnell C orneli u s T D ri s c oll J a m e s

’ ’
, .
,

g i o n .
— A be ne fi ci ary asso c i ati on inc o rpo T M ullen Joh n T Ke rri gan D aniel C ol
.
, .
,

rated u nde r the l aws of th e S tate of N ew well Will i a m M Geary an d oth e rs I ts

, .
, .

York Au gu st 2 3 1 895 re stri c ted t o ao

, , , obj ec ts are to p ro m ote so c i al an d in t ell ec
c ept ab l e Ro m an C at h ol i c wo m e n i n so u n d tu al i nte rc o u rse a m on g i ts m e m be rs an d t o
h e alth bet ween se v e nteen an d fift y fi v e
,
-
ren de r pe c u n i ary ai d to the m an d thei r
y ears of a e at ti m e of j oi n in g Its de sign bene fi c i ari es Me n o nl y of th e Ro m an
g . .
,

i s to h ave a sub ordi n ate C ou n ci l i n e v e ry C athol i c fai th bet wee n e igh tee n an d forty
,

Ro m an C ath ol i c c o n gregati o n i n t h e Uni te d fi v e years of age are el i gi ble to m e m be rsh ip

, .

S tate s t o be a cent re for so c i al i n telle c tu al

, , , D eat h bene fi ts of fro m to are
an d m o ral i m pro ve m e nt of i ts m e m be rs . a feat u re of t h e o rgan i z ati on S i c k be n e .

Lo c al C ou n c il s se cu re re v enu e by m ean s of fits a re opti onal wi th l oc al C ou n c ils Th e .

q u arte rly du e s an d fro m p rop osi ti on fees . O rde r m ad e rapi d p rogress i n C on ne c ti c u t

Pro vi si on i s also m ad e fo r a represe n tat i v e an d Rh ode I sl an d b u t di d n ot e nl arge i ts ,

go ve rn m e nt by S tate C o u n ci l s and i n th e fi el d of labor u n til 1 8 9 2 wh e n th e fi rst ,

S u pre m e C o u n c i l Me m bers are i nsu re d . C ou n ci l i n M assach u setts was i n sti t ute d at

for $2 50 $5 0 0 and
,
w h ic h
,
C h arlesto wn Its p rogress i n M ass ac h u
.

a m o u n ts are secu red by asse ss m en ts grade d se tts fro m 1 89 2 t o 1 89 7 was re mark able ,

a c c o rd i ng t o age at j oin i ng T he Legion . t he re bei ng m ore th an one h u nd re d flo ur

i s ye t i n i ts i nfan cy bu t i t h as se cu re d th e ,
ish ing C ou n cil s i n th at S tate w ith abou t ,

appro bati o n of e c c le si asti c al au t hori tie s ,

m e m bers o ut of abou t m em
an d h as establi sh e d m o re th an o ne h u n bers th ro u gh ou t the cou ntry Th e O rde r .

d red su bordi n ate branch es w i th m em h as bee n e x ten ded w est t o C h i cago e ast t o ,

be rs. B an go r M e an d sou th t o B al ti m o re an d
, .
,

Th e n a m es o f l eading m e m be rs of th e '
Wash in gton Th ere i s a soci al si de b e
.

S upre m e C ou n c i l i n 1 8 9 7 are as foll ows : yon d th at of i nsu ran c e by wh i c h m en wh o ,

S u p re m e Presi dent M rs M ary A Mu rray , . .

,
d o n ot c are to be i n su red or w h o are ph ys ,

B roo k lyn N Y S u p re m e S e c re tary Mi ss

, . .
,
ic ally u nable to pass th e requ i red ex am i n a
An ni e O C o nn er ; S u pre m e Treasu re r M iss
’
,
ti on m ay b eco m e m e m bers By m ean s of .

Mary J H u gh es b oth of Ne w Yo rk ; S u
.
, _
th i s a m an w h o i s oth e rwise el igi ble o r
, ,

p re m e O rator M rs K ati e C ole m an J ersey ,

.
,
m ore th an 4 5 years of age m ay beco m e a ,

C it y N J an d S u pre m e G u ard M rs m e m be r and enj oy th e soci al pri v i leges of

‘

.
, . , , .

M ary A M Trai n e r B alti m o re Md

. .
, , . th e orde r Th e h e ad q u arters o f th e so c i
.

I ri s h C a t h o l i c B e n e v o l e n t U n i o n . ety are at Ne w H a v e n wh ere the S up re m e ,

Fou n ded by D en n i s D wye r of D ayton O , .

,
K ni gh t an d B oard of D i re ctors m ee t eve ry
i n 1 8 69 an assess m en t fraternal ben e fi c iary
, S atu r d ay fo r th e tra n sactio n of b u si ness .

so c i ety co m pose d of Iri sh Ro m an C ath ol i c s

, ,
T he S up re m e K n igh t i s ele c te d by n ati on al
of th e se m i se c re t c h ara c te r c onfessed by
-
delegate s c hosen by S tate co n v enti on s .

l i k e asso c i ation s to wh i ch only m e m be rs o f , Th e latte r al so ele c t S tate depu ti es w h o ,

t h e Ro m an C ath ol i c fai th are el igible It . app oi n t d i st ri c t depu t i es and h old offi ce ,

h as d i sbu rsed abou t i n death for on e ye ar Th e e m bl e m of th ese Kn i gh ts

.
21 8 A C T O R S
’
O R DE R O F F R I E ND S H I P

C H AR IT A B L E A N D B ENEV O LENT, N O N -

A S S E S S ME N T

OR FRI EN D LY
”SO C I E TI E S

A ben
“
’
A O rd er o f F r ie n d s h ip Nor v al i n Re v Joh n H o m e s tragedy of
’
c t o rs . _
.

th e cro w n wor n by h im as
efi c iary an d c h ari table associ ati on co m po sed

of ac t ors of n ot less t han th re e years experi ’ “ D ougl as

Macbeth an d t h e sh ackles use d by
en c e organi ze d i n Ph iladelph ia Jan uary
, , J W Wallack J r as
. .
,

,
”
Fagi n togethe r .
, ,

1 2 1 84 9 whe re the fi rst Lodge

, , S ha k es , with ot her i n tere stin g m e m en tos A h an d .

peare No ,
still contin ues I n 1 888 the
. . so m e boo k c ase fi lled with rare v olu m e s p re ,

m ore progressi v e an d en erge ti c m e m bers of se nted by Jo seph Jefferson a m e m ber of ,

t he O rder the n resid i ng i n Ne w Yor k , the O rder and i ts fi rst T reas urer ado rn s th e ,

re al i zin g th at the ch an ge d cond ition of af Lodge ro o m T he A ctors O rder of Frien d

.
’

fai rs in th e th eatri cal w orl d m ade th e m e shi p is th e ol dest as i t i s t h e m ost infi uen
,

t ro po l is the n atu ral h eadqu arters of the tial of all th e v ari ou s th eatri cal organi z a
d ra m a m et an d o rgani zed E d wi n For
, ti on s C hari table as wel l as benefi ci al i t
.
,

rest L odge No 2 the fi rst o ffi c ers of wh ich

,
.
, m oves q u i etly o n i n i t s con ser v ati v e way ,

were Presiden t Loui s Ald rich Vi ce Pres

, ,
-
gai n i ng stren gth as t h e years rol l by di s _ ,

id en t Fran k G C otter ; S ec ret ary A rc h i

,
.
,
.
peu sin g wi th a l iberal bu t j ud ici ou s h and ,

bal d C owpe r an d Treasu re r Fran k W , , . to m an y wi th o ut as well as those with i n

S ange r Un der th i s leadershi p th e l ist of
. i ts pale A frien d a protec tor a fai thful
.
, ,

m e m be rs rapidly i ncreased u n til th e rol l , m on itor i t cordi ally i n vi tes all to e n te r i ts

,

carried t he na m es of n early e v ery i m portan t fol d wh ose years of se r vic e enti tle the m to
ac t or in A m erica fro m E dwi n Boo th do wn , i ts m an i fol d a dvan tages .

to th e h u m blest asp i ran t o n th e fi rst run g A n c ie n t an d Il l u s t r i o u s O rd e r ,

o f th e l adde r of fa m e I n m aterial pros .

K n ig h t s o f M a l t a — Fo r m e d an d in c or .

perit y E d wi n Forrest Lo dge h as exceede d porat ed e arly i n 1 8 84 th e o utco m e of a ,

th e e xpectati on s of i ts m os t san gui n e pro sch i s m l ate i n 1 8 83 fro m the Gran d Pri o ry
, ,

o f A m eri ca An ci en t and Ill ustrio us O rde r

j ec t ors D u ring th e n i ne years of i ts ex ist
.
, ,

ence n o t only h as i t m et e very obl igat ion

,
K ni gh ts of M al ta wh ich in t urn re sul t ed , , ,

pro m p tly b u t h as accu m ul ated asse ts v al ued

,
fro m a rebel lio n i n 1 882 —83 fro m t h e Ch ap
, ,

at m ore th an ei gh teen tho usan d doll ars . te r Ge neral of A m e rica Kni gh t s of S t Joh n , .

In 1 895 i t acqu i red the prope rty at 1 6 6 an d Mal ta The latter was th e S upre m e b ody
.

We st 4 7t h S tree t Ne w Yo rk ci ty wh i ch , ,
i n A m e ri c a un de r a warran t fro m t he I m
,

it h as al tere d an d adapte d t o i ts pu rpo ses ,

peri al Paren t G ran d B lack E nca m p m ent
,

fi t ti n g u p h an d so m e recepti on an d lodge of th e Un i v erse at Glasgo w S cotlan d but, , ,

roo m s o n th e wall s of wh ich h ang m any

,
wi th dre w fro m th e l at ter in 1 88 1 because i t ,

po rtrai ts old pl ay bil ls an d oth er re m i n ders

, ,
was n ot per m itted to c onfi ne i ts sec re t work
of th e stage cel ebri tie s of th e pas t an d pres to the an c ie n t Mal ta orders an d because i t ,

en t Here are to be seen th e progra m m e

. i nsi ste d on d i s c ardin g th e O range and
of Ed wi n Forrest s fi rst appe aran ce on the n o m i n al ly M ason ic degrees wh ich the I m
’

stage No v e m ber 2 7 1 82 0 when i n hi s fi f

“ peri al Paren t co nferred (S ee Non Mason ic -
.
, , , ,

t eent h year a youn g gen tle m an of thi s

, O rde rs of Mal ta K ni gh ts of S t Joh n and .

ci ty (Ph iladelphi a ) h e playe d Youn g , M al ta (m ode rn ) ; an d t he Knig h t s of S t .

 A N C I E NT A N D I LL U S T R I O US O R D E R , K NI G H T S O F MA LT A

Joh n of J erus alem R h o d es M al ta e tc ) The of the G ran d C o m m an de ry an d so far as is

, , ,
.
, ,

G ran d Pri o ry of A m eri c a wi t h Geo rge G l earned st raigh tway pro c e eded t o S c otl and
,
.
,

C h ee s m an at i ts h ead was for m ed a t Phila an d sec u re d the recogn i ti on o f th e I m pe ri al

,

d elphi a fro m si x sch is m ati c bod ies of th e Paren t for th e Gran d C o m m a n d e ry

,
Th us .

C hap te r Gene ral o f A m e ri c a Feb ru ary 2 6 t h e Glasgow body was re c ogn i z i ng t wo ih

, ,

1 8 83 bu t it did n o t last l ong

, The Im d epen den t S upre m e o rgani z at i ons i n A m e r
. .

peri al Paren t w as respo n si b l e fo r th e organ i ic a the o n e last refe rre d to an d the Gran d
z at io n of th e G ran d Pri ory an d in 1 8 84 Pri ory of w h i c h C h ees m an was th e h ead
, .

t ran sferre d t h e au t h ori t y del egated t o C hees With t h e c harterin g of t h e G ran d C o m

m an to a C on ti nental G ran d Pri or y O n m and erv t h e G ran d Pri ory began to d ecline .
, .

the Ph iladel ph i a
,

“
Fe bruary 7 1 884 a n o ti ce was pu bl ish ed i n and h as p ra c t i c all y ceased to exi st al th ough
Protest an t S tan dard ” i t s c h arte r fro m th e I m peri al P arent so far
,

o f the existe nce of a G ran d E n c a m p m e n t as k n ow n h as n e ve r been re c all e d an d m av , ,

An cie n t and Ill u stri ou s O rd e r of Kn i gh t s of beco m e u sefu l to degree pedd l ers to spri n g
Mal ta whi c h as an n oun c e d con sisted of an o th e r O rde r of M al ta u pon t h e c o m
—
, ,
”
C o nstan tin e C o m m ande ry No 1 w hi ch m un i ty I n fact th ere we re ru m ors fro m
,
.
,
.
,

m et i n a ce rt ai n h al l on su c h and such C ol um bus O i n th e su m m e r of 1 89 7 th at ,

.
, ,

e ven in gs . O n e wee k late r i t was si m ilarly a n ew O r d e r of Mal ta was about t o be

an noun ce d th at th e G ran d C o m m an d ery i n laun ched u po n t h e sea of fratern itie s b u t ,

q uesti on h ad celebrated th e i n vest m en t of i ts whe the r ba sed u po n t h e ol d G ran d Pri o r y

i nco rporate body by i n sti tu tin g a ne w C o m charter o r n o t i s n o t k n o wn T h e repro , , .

m an de ry agai n C on st an ti ne No 1 m ee t
,
sen t at iv es of th e ex istin g An cie n t an d Ill us
, .
,

i ng at th e sa m e h all an d on t h e sa m e n igh ts t rio us O rder Kn i gh ts o f Mal ta st ate th a t .

, ,

Th e sam e paper also con tai n ed a c o m m u C h arles M c C l in t o c k an d Geo rge H Pe ar c e .

n ic at io n that th e warran t of C on stan ti ne of Ph il ad elph i a O ran ge m e n a n d F ree ,

C o mm ande ry N o 3 4 An c ie n t an d Illu stri m ason s an d the lat ter an O d d Fell o w as

, .
, ,

o us O rder Kn igh ts o f M alta h ad bee n well are t h e fou n ders of th e o rg ani z ati on
, , , .

cancelle d b v the G ran d Pri o ry of A m e rica The n a m e of t h e fo r m e r i s l i n k ed wi th t h e

in Jan uary 1 8 84 abo ut one m o n t h before
, , sch i s m fro m th e G ran d Prio ry i n 1 883 , .

an d that i ts fou r prin c i pal offi ce rs wh o Th e O rde r i s decl ared to be d esi gn e d to

,

were pro m i n en t i n organ i z i n g th e new u ni te m en u n de r the m os t bi nd in g fo r m s

G ran d C o m m an de ry had bee n e xpel led ,
to c o m fort on e an ot her i n th e p racti c e of .
“ ,

H ence th e i n fe re nce i s th at th e new G ra n d C h ri sti an reli gi on t o o ffe r m utu al assistan c e ,

C o m m an d ery A nc ien t an d T ll us t rio us O rder

, i n th e ti m e of n eed ,to p ro m ote Prote st an t ,

K n igh ts of M al ta was a self created bod y un i ty an d t o defen d t h e Prot estan t faith

,
-

, ,

an ou tco m e fro m th e Gran d Pri ory of agai nst all foe s w h atsoe v e r It i s also sai d .

A m eri ca I n 1 888 th e G ran d C o m m an de ry to be th e stau n ch defen der of ci vi l an d re

.
,

w h i ch h ad sl o wl y added t o i t s m e m ber sh ip l igio us l i b e rty W hi le o pposi n g al l fo r m s, .

o ffe red t o u ni t e wi th th e I m peri al Pare nt of e rror an d supe rst it i on i t n e ve r t heless , ,

of Glasgow S c otlan d ; an d th e l atter fai th teaches an d exer c i ses t h e fullest toleran c e

, ,

ful t o i ts S o v e rei gn G ran d In spector Gen an d ch ari ty to ward all m en bei ng i n c apabl e , ,

e ral fo r A m e ri ca George G C hees m an at fro m the n atu re of i ts con s t itu tio n an d o f

, .
,

t h e h ead of the G ran d Pri o ry of A m eri ca t h e religi on i n wh ose i n te rest i t h as bee n ,

au th ori zed th e latte r t o n egoti ate wi t h t h e perpetu ate d of oppressi n g any m a n o r body ,

th e n indepen den t an d if o ne pleases i r of m en o n acco un t of reli gi ous o r pol i tical

, , ,

regular O rder of Mal ta l ooki n g to u ni on belief

,
I t de m an d s as t h e sole . .

C h ees m an del egate d h i s auth ori ty to Robert qu ali fi cati on for m e m be rsh i p pu ri ty of ,

S t ew art wh o i n 1 8 89 m et represen tati v es m oral s zeal for the Protest an t cause fai th
, , , , ,
22 0 A NC I E NT A N D I L L US T R I O US O R DE R , K NI GHT S O F MAL TA

i n the H oly S cri ptu res as th e i nfalli ble rule to con n e ct i t w i t h th e an ci en t O rder o f
of fai th and l ife bel ief i n th e H oly Trin ity Mal ta beyond a porti on of i ts ti tle
,
.

’
as e xp resse d i n the Apos tl es C reed an d Foll o wi ng i n th e footsteps of m odern
” ,

I ts p rospe ctu s c alls

“
reli an ce u pon C h ri st as th e only Med i ator frate rn al benefi ci ary societie s t he O rde r
therefore upon all h as a syste m of death an d sick be ne fits
, ,
.
,

Pro testan ts by wh a te v er n a m e k n o wn wh o wh i ch i n al m ost all instan ces are m oderate

, , , , ,

l ove o ur L ord Je su s C h ri st in sin c erity an d i n am oun t an d are sai d to be pai d fro m

i n truth to enlist un de r i ts ban ners an d to d ues i n stead of assess m ents I n 1 89 5 ao
,
.
,

ta k e t h ei r part i n th e reli giou s regene ra ti on cordin g to p ubl ished acco un ts i t recog ,

of the world Wi t h Pro te stan t is m arou sed n iz ed an d i nco rporate d an o rgan i zati o n
.

an d faith k i n d led ou r reli gi o n w oul d sweep w ith i n i tself en title d t h e C ol lege of A n

,

the nation s t o th e u t te r des t ructi o n of c ient s a series of

, degrees of m e ri t ” ,
,
“ .

e v ery for m of erro r an d supe rsti ti on May (S ee K ni gh ts of S t Joh n and M al ta ) . . .

the Lord h asten th e d ay an d gran t th e George G Ch ees m an at th e he ad of th e

”
.
,

speedy co m i n g of H i s Kingdo m The Gran d Pri o ry t h e paren t of th e ex istin g

.
,

p rin ted l eafle ts of the O rde r al so c on t ain An cien t and I ll u stri o us O rde r h ad been a ,

t h e d ou btfu l state m en t tha t the Ancien t m e m be r of the C ollege of An ci en ts designe d

and I ll ustri ou s O rde r Kn igh ts of M al t a an d create d by Robe rt E A Lan d of t h e
, , . .

confers th e ol d degrees exac tly as th ey h a v e Kni gh ts of S t Joh n an d Mal ta an d at h i s .

,

been gi ven for age s t hrou gh ou t E urope an d o wn reques t was au th oriz ed by the I m pe rial
th e O ri e n t i m poses t h e sam e sole m n and Paren t t o e stabli sh an O rde r of Me ri t of
,

bi n di ng obli gation s and i s c o m p osed sol ely t h e An ci en t an d Most Illu s t riou s O rder of
of Protestants ” ,

As t h e An cie n t an d I ll u s th e G reat C ross (in ste ad of Gran d C ross as

.
,

t rio us O rde r confers t wel v e degrees so m e i n t h e Kni gh ts of S t Jo hn an d Malta ) of , .

of the m of O range o rigi n an d so m e n o t M al ta an d S t Joh n of Je rusale m an d i n .

,

kn ow n to the Ancient Kni gh ts of M alta D ece m be r 1 88 6 a S upre m e C ou n cil of th e , , ,

an d as the l atter d id n o t con fer degrees at Great C ross was i n stit u ted I n th e sa m e
'
.

all an d was n o t a secre t O rder a m i stake ye ar th e I m peri al Paren t e m powere d Chees

,

h as e v i de ntly been m ade (S ee (An ci e n t ) m an t o m e rge the C on tinen tal G ran d Pri ory
.

K n ights of S t Joh n of Jeru sale m Rhodes i n t h e S u pre m e C oun cil of th e Great C ross
.
, ,
.

Mal ta etc an d Non Masoni c O rd ers of I n 1 885 an O rder of th e Grea t C ross was
, .
,
-

M al ta in A m erica ) The re i s e v i de n c e taken to S c otl an d by Robert S t ewart adopte d

.
,

th at t h e An c ie n t an d Ill u strio us O rd er etc by the G ran d Black E n ca m p m en t an d by ,

.
,

h as n o afii liat io n w h at ev er w i t h the re v i v ed i t gi ven to th e Gran d E n ca m p m en t of I re

‘

a ncien t O rde r of Mal ta i n En gl and th e l an d in 1 886 C hees m an decl ares S te wart ,

.

S i xth o r En gli sh La n guage th e h eadq uar d i d n o t get th e O rder fro m h im an d th at

,

te rs of wh ich i s at Cle rken wel l an d of w hich S tewart m ust h ave i n v en ted th e one h e
th e Pri n c e o f Wales i s the h e a d ; w i th the took abroad S te wart was n e v e r a m e m be r .

B ran den b u rg O rd er an d n atu rally no t w i th of th e origi n al C ollege The i de a or pl an

,
.

the I tali an (Ro m an C a t h o l i c ) O rde r I ts sole of a C ollege of Ancien ts e v i den tl y spread

.

rel ati on sh ip m ust be c onfin ed to the S c ot c h fro m i ts creator Lan d i n 1 880 th roug h , , , ,

I ri sh an d A m eri can bodi es ch arte red by the the C hapte r G eneral K night s of S t J oh n
, ,
.

I m peri al Paren t at G lasgow a body of i n an d Mal t a to Ch ees m an wh o as h e d e

, , , ,

depen de n t ori gi n w it h O range and M ason i c cl ares after sece din g borro wed m erely i ts
, , ,

ear m ar k s wh i c h m ade i ts appe ara n ce i n ti tle an d t h e n a m es of two of i ts degrees

, ,

S c o tl and i n 1 8 4 4 Th ere i s u nd o ubtedly the E agle an d G reat C ross upon whi ch

.
,

m u c h i n t h e An cie n t an d Il l ustri ou s O rde r to b uil d u p a se ries of degrees of m eri t of

t o c o m m en d i t bu t th ere are no li nk s hi s o wn
, S te w ar t M c C lin t o c k an d others .
, ,
2 22 A NC I E NT O R D E R O F FO R E S T E R S

ste m of the In depen dent O rder of O dd Fel
lo ws M an chester Un i ty Th e fi rs t e v iden c e
,
of th e ex istence of a C ou rt of Foresters
fro m wh i ch a di rect li n e o f succe ssi on i s
obtai ne d i s d ated 1 81 3 an d takes th e for m
of a di spen s ation fro m No 1 C ou rt of Royal
re sol u ti o n was passed again st le v elle rs and
oth e r sedi ti ou s
. Th ese Fo resters
are decl are d by late offi cial pu blicati on s o f
t h e (E n gli sh ) An cien t O rder of Fores t ers
n ot to h a v e been th ei r ki th an d k i n at al l
no t
,

sworn bro t h ers

. of th ei r secre t “ “ ,

Fo resters hel d at O ld C rown I nn K irkgat e

,
swaine m ote b u t m e rel y i n h abitan ts o r
, , ,

Leeds for the open i n g o f No 1 C ourt at t h e

,
ten an ts of th e royal forest of K n aresborou gh
.
,

S h o ulder of Mu tton I nn Kn ares b o rough wh o th u s testifie d to th ei r l oyal ty at th e

,
.

The di spen sati on says cen tre of au th o ri ty of t h e m anor an d forest .

I t i s ope n to conj ectu re th at a si m ilar gath

T h e S u prem e C hi ef Ranger an d o ffi c ers o f N o 1

“
.

u r u r t R l F r s t rs h l eri ng of wh at m ay be ter m ed operati ve for

S p e m e C o o f o y a o e e e d at t h e

h o u se o f M r H u g h B l ac k inn h o l der at Leed s e sters wh o were

.
- royal ” ,

because l oyal , ,
, ,

h av i ng t h e wel fare o f t h e i ns tituti o n at h eart as m ay h a v e bee n h eld a t Kn aresborough C as ,

ten d i ng t o i m pro ve t h e m o ral s o f m en and m ak e t le i n 1 7 4 5 al so an d tha t t h e fo un ders o f ,

,
th o se g o o d wh o are i n c l i ned t o b e so d o gran t th e m odern Royal Foresters early i n t hi s , ,
,
and g i ve o ur f ul l c o nsen t t o B ro t h er J o h n S m ith so n
c en t u ry i n th ei r se arch for an an cien t l ine ~

o f K n aresb o r o u g h t o a s sem b l e and h o l d reg ul ar

,

C o u r t o f R o yal F o res ters a t t h e h o u se o f M r R i c h age m ay h a v e go tte n h ol d of the story .

, ,

ard L i s t er in n h o l der o f K nares b o ro u gh b y t h e an d so dated th e m sel v es ba c k m o re th an

,
-

fi rm s t y l e a nd ti tl e o f N o 2 R o yal F o res t ers a nd th ree quarte rs o f a c en tu ry

, , .
-

,
-
.

th ere t o perfo rm al l t h e r ites and c erem o ni es o f Th i s th eo ry or conj e c ture takes on prob

A nc i ent F o res t ers as prac ti s ed o f o l d at o ur S ec ret
abili ty bec au se of th e i n terest regard i n g
S wa i ne M o t e .

th e S p read of Free m aso n ry fro m 1 72 5

The d i spensati o n pro v ided also that th e to 1 7 5 0 an d th e c oi n c iden t for m atio n o f , , ,
'

sole pow er to gran t di spen sati on s was re c on v i v i al sec ret so c iet ies of O dd Fello ws .

ser v e d b y S u pre m e C ourt No 1 an d th at I t i s possi bl e th at m eetin gs of Royal For .

,

th e C hi ef Ran ge r of C ou rt No 2 sh oul d e s te rs o f th at pe riod we re of a si m il ar ou t .

co m m u n i cate at least on ce a year wi th S u gro wt h ; at le ast so th e F o resters of 1 83 8 ,

pre m e C ou rt No 1 The date o f th e di s th ou gh t argued an d pri nte d as a foot n ot e

. .
, ,
-

pensat io n
Ada m ) as 1 8 1 3
,
“
tran sl ated (coun ti ng fro m i n th e p refac e to t hei r gene ral laws
i s th e onl y abso l u te d ate E vid e n tly a fe w y e ars of c o m parati ve p ros
,
.

we can fin d i n con n ecti on wi th th e earl y perit y h ad sti m ul ate d a sear c h fo r th e real

hi sto ry o f t h e O rde r ” Fo r a l on g ti m e o ri gi n of t he se c re t so c ie ty of Foresters
.
, ,

h o we v er i t w as clai m ed an d bel ie v ed th e for i n th e p refa c e t o t h e gen eral l aw s

,

Royal O rd e r o f Fo resters w as fou nde d at i n 1 82 9 i t was e xpl icitly state d th at th e

Knaresboroug h Castle O ctobe r 2 9 1 7 4 5 No 1 C ou rt at Leed s was th e olde st o n
, , , .

the year by the way i n wh i ch we h a v e th e reco rd — only th at and noth in g m ore

, , .

“
fi rst record of a Lodge of O dd Fello ws I n Th e l ater or Kn aresbo rou gh th e ory th at .
, ,

fact the preface to the gene ral laws of th e th e bi rth of th e O rde r was i n 1 74 5 wh i ch
, ,

Royal Foresters for m any years co ntai ne d h as l ong bee n d i scarded was pi ctu resqu e ,

a foot n ote to th at e ffect B u t n o records an d h ad a l oc al fl a v o r w h i c h was su re t o

-
.

were eve r i n exi sten ce as far as k no wn t o att ract I t decl ared th at c o ngeni al spi rits
, ,
.

sh ow th at the pi on ee r Royal O rde r of Fo r for m e d se c ret c on v i v ial c lu bs o r cou rts ,

esters e v er m et at Kn aresborough Castle un d er t he n am e of Foreste rs and th at th ei r .

,

There was h owe v e r a m ee ti ng of Royal c e re m on ies we re d rawn fro m th e legen d s

”
, ,

Fo resters at Kn aresborough i n 1 7 9 2 to and storie s c oncern i ng Robi n H ood Li ttl e

”
, , ,

sh o w th ei r l oyalty at wh ich a stron g Joh n an d th ei r m e rri e m en with whi ch

, , ,

F o res t ers Di rec to ry Gl asg ow

’

, , 1 887 . Lo ndon S po rti ng M agaz i ne .

 A N C I E NT O R DE R O F FO R E S T E R S 2 23

th e E n gl i sh peopl e we re so fa m ili ar t he o rgan iz atio n s be c am e C ou rts ; t h e c h i e f

.

Ei the r th e foun de rs of t he O rde r of For offi ci als C h ief Ran ge rs S u b C h i ef Ran , ,

-

e ste rs bu ilded be tte r th an th ey k ne w whe n ge rs Wo od ward s an d B e ad les I n add i

, , , .

t h ey v ei led th ei r so c all ed m ys te ri es wi th ti o n to th e de v el op m en t of th e fore stry o f

-

tape st ry de c orated w ith th e e xploi ts o f on e an o utl awe d peasan try i nto a fore stry of
so p opul ar a m on g En gl i sh legen d ary h e l aw abi d i n g pea c efu l yeo m an ry th e re were -

, ,

roes o r el se th ey stu m ble d up on a m ost a great m an y so c i eti e s of Fo reste rs i n E n g

,

attracti v e back grou n d of t rad iti on agai n st l an d p ri or to 1 7 90 w i th v aryi ng ti tles an d

wh i ch to arrange th ei r ce re m on i es I n obje c ts bu t so far as h i s t o ry o r ch ron i c le
.
, ,

any e v en t th ey p rod u ced a sec ret soci ety sh o ws e n ti rely u n con n ected w i th an d d i f
, , ,

e q u ip pe d wi th lege n d an d ri tu al wh i c h we re feren t fro m m ode rn Foreste rs A t th e .

u n iq ue i n th at t h ey ap pe ale d d i re c tly to th e p resen t ti m e t he An cien t O rde r of For ,

i m agin ati on an d sy m path ie s of t h e m asse s este rs w it h m e m be rs ran k s se c on d , ,

wi th th e l ays of the m i n strel s o f th e m id dl e on ly as t o n u m be r of m e m be rs and age ,

age s wh i c h m ade popu lar th e l awless d ar a m on g th e B riti sh a ffil i ate d fri e nd ly s o

i ng of B ri ti sh ye o m an ry Ballad s i n p raise c iet ies to t h e M an c hes t e r Un i ty t he p
.
, ,

o f k n igh t erran try c h ar m ed th e n obi li ty c ipal b ran c h o f En gl i sh O dd Fello ws

,
A .

b u t t he plai n pe ople were fasci na t ed b y th e poi n t of c on trast bet wee n t hese frien dl v
storie s of Robi n H ood L i t tle J oh n F ri ar ri v al s i n th e U n i te d Ki ngdo m l i es i n t h e
, ,

T u c k an d th e i r fol lo we rs wh o roa m ed fa c t t hat wh i le sch i s m h as ren t O dd Fel

,

t h rou gh S h e rwood fo re st le vyi ng on n o lo wsh ip i n to t we n ty se ve n di sti n c t bu t

,
-

agai n st “
ble s an d clergy w agi n g c on stan t warfare si m ilar soc ieties th e A n c i e n t O rde r of
,

t h e u su rpe rs of En gl i sh soil
” Foreste rs i n cl ude s all of B ri t i sh F o res t rv
,
,

an d e xa c ti ng tol l f ro m c astl e an d abbey o n e x c ept a s m all sch i s m ati c b ran c h k n o w n

th e con fine s of t h e fo re st S m all wo nd e r as the I ri sh Nati on al O rd e r t h e E n gli sh
.
,

th at th e earl ie r m e m bers of t h e m od ern b ran ch of th e In d epen de n t O rde r an d a ,

O rde r of Fo re sters sou gh t to t ra c e th e fe w C ou rts of Royal Foreste rs wh i c h re ,

l in k s wh i c h m i gh t con n e ct th e m w i th th e m ai n fai thful to an d c on st itu te all t h at c on

Fore sters wh o rep rese n ted th e re sis t ance of t in ues of th e an ci en t o rgani z a t i on of th at
th e yeo m an ry of ce ntu rie s ago at bei ng
de spoi l e d of thei r la n d s L ate r w he n th e
. I n A m e ri ca th e si t uati on i s di fferen t for
,

po we r of th e k i n gs p re v ai le d o v e r t h e asi de fro m a branch o f t h e (En gli sh ) An cie n t

fo rest th e fore sters gu ard ed the m an d th e O rde r of Foresters the re are Th e Fo resters
,

tre e s an d wild beasts wi th i n the i r b ai li of A m e ri c a th e I ndepen den t O rd e r o f Fo res ,

w i c k s an d o rgan i zati on be c a m e n e c essary te rs th e In depen d en t O rde r of Foresters of

, ,

to p rese r v e t h e v e rt an d ven i so n again st Illi n oi s the C anad i an O rde r of Fores t e rs , ,

at ta c k s f ro m b and s of ou t l aws A m od e th e C ath oli c O rde r of Foresters of Illi n oi s

.
,

“
of gov e rn m e n t the n be c am e n ecessary an d t h e Un ited O rder of Foreste rs th e M assa
”
a code of th e fo re st was th e ou tc o m e c h uset t s C ath oli c O rde r of Fore sters an d
.
,

T h ree co u rt s we re fo rm ed th e Wood the Irish Nati on al O rde r of Foresters B u t

,
.

M ote a warran t o r atta c h m e nt c ou r t ; th e t h e Foresters of A m e ri ca h as nearly as m any

,

S wai n e M ote a cou rt of prel i m i nary exam i m e m bers i n th e Un i t e d S tate s as al l th e

,

n ati o n an d th e J u sti ce S eat or cou rt of others

, ,
The re was al so an i n depen den t .

t ri al an d c on v i c t i on As m igh t n atu ral ly Pe n nsyl van i a O rder of Foresters bu t l i ttle

.
,

f oll o w th ese ban ded foreste rs h ad si gn s h as be en h eard of i t i n recen t years Th ere

,
.

an d t ok en s of recogn i ti on With a c od e are o r we re not l o n g ago a fe w pe rh aps

.
, , ,

of l aws t h ei r v e ry e n v i ro n m e n t c re ate d fi ve o r si x n egro cou rts of an i n depen d ent ,

t h e n ee d fo r m ean s of recogn i ti on H en ce (cl an destin e ) O rder of Fo restry i n Ne w

.
2 24 A NC IE NT O R D E R O F FO R E S T E R S

Yor k city Th ey probably got th ei r

. 50 o u t of 4 0 8 C ou rts of Royal Foresters h ad
fore stry i n the sa m e m anne r as the n egro seced ed an d j oi ne d t he An cien ts Th e .

Kn i gh ts of Py th ias got t h e n am e an d Royal i ni t iatory ce re m ony was u se d w i t h

e m ble m s of the lat te r society Ve ry l i ttle . al terati on s but ne w regal ia was ad opted
, .

i s kn o wn of the m or th ei r wh e reabou ts . In i m i tati o n of l ik e outgiv i n gs b y th e O dd

All th e O rders of Forestry e xcep t th e ,
Fell ows an d th e D rui ds th e p ubli cati on of ,

(Engli sh ) An cie n t O rder wh e n stri ctly , a d i rectory of the O rder w as be gun after ,

cl assi fi ed are cl and e sti ne an d i n a sen se

, , , , wh ich in 1 83 6 a new ri tual was prepared
, , ,

n o t e n ti tl e d to th e use of t itles i nsi gni a , , alth ough i t d i ffe rs fro m th at no w in use ,

and ri tu al w hi ch in fri nge on th ose of th e conce rn in g wh ich m e m be rs decl are th a t n o

A n c i en t O rde r Th i s ch aracteri z ati on in t race of M ason i c i n fl u en ce w h ich so per
”
,
.

vol v es a fi ne p oi n t i n eth i cs on e u pon m eated th e O dd Fell o ws ri tu al can be ’

, ,

wh i ch con sci ent i ou s m en m ay diff e r B ut . fo un d i n i t A t th at peri od th e Fores t ie ri t

.

the le as t th at m ay be sai d i s th at wh ate ve r , ual in cl ude d on ly on e degree o r ce re m ony of

the m eri ts o r d e m erits of th e di sputes o r dif i n iti ati o n In 1 83 5 prior to the co m pl ete
.
,

feren c es wh i ch h a v e re sulted i n schis m a m ong re vi si on o f th e old ri tual (an d after refusin g

’
Foreste rs th e v ari ou s bran ch es wo ul d h a v e
,
to recogni ze o r o rgan i ze a wo m en s O rde r
been absol u tely ri ght if th ey h ad begu n of Fo restry ) th e An c ien t O rder ad opte d
,

thei r caree rs wi th e ssenti ally di ffere nt n a m es ,

bodily th e ri tual of the An cien t O rde r of
wit h ne wly create d ti tles an d so m eth i n g ,
S heph e rd s as i ts secon d d egree Wh ethe r .

di ffe ren t o r o rigi n al i n th e way of ri tu al

an d c ere m oni e s The (Engli sh ) An cien t
.
T h e Anc i en t O rd er F o res t ers i s al so u niqu e
of

in th a t it i s t h e o n l y s i m il ar s o c i et y o r o rd er t o c re
O rde r th e Fo resters of A m eri ca an d t h e
at e w h a t m ay b e c all ed an add iti o n al d egree o r
, ,

Indepe n de n t O rde r e asily lead i n m e m be r

g rade b y i n c o rpo rati ng w i thi n i t s el f an o th er and
ship an d pro m i se p rolon ged careers of use perh aps o l d er sec ret s oc i et y In m a ki ng thi s c o m .

fulness Whi le there i s n o m ore conn ection

.
par i so n referenc e is h ad o f c o u rse t o so c al l ed af
-

” o r s ec re t b en efi c i ar so c i eti es
, , ,

betwee n the m th an between the Free m ason s fi l iat ed fr i end l y

, y ,

al o ne T h e o r i g i n o f t h e S h eph erds is dec l ared b y

an d O dd Fellows th ey are tra v el in g paral lel
,
.

it s sel f a ppo i n t ed c h ro n i c l ers t o d a te b ac k t o

-
“ so m e
courses i n the work of u p l i fti n g h u m ani ty
” T h e S h e h erds m et in “
,
u n k no wn per i o d in t h e earl y part o f t h e presen t
an d it i s t o be regre tted th at th e prospect c en tu r y S an c tu ar i es
.
p ,

for thei r bein g reuni te d i s n ot bri gh t . were o ri g i nal l y c all ed R o yal S h eph erds and earl y ,

Wi th th ree great bo di es of Fo res t ers wi th ,

b ec am e al li ed th ro u g h t rad iti o n o r o th er wi s e w i th
th re e se ts of salaried offi ci als an d t herefo re t h e F o res t ers T h e go v er n i ng b o d y o f S h eph erd s
.

, , ,
w as c all ed t h e S u prem e S an c tu ar y F o r th es e an d
th ree ti m es as m any opportun i ti es fo r pre .

o th er r easo n s t h e t w o O rders w ere b el i ev ed t o h a v e

fer m e n t and di stin c tion for ser v i c es ren dere d ,
l o ng h ad a c o m m o n o ri g i n S anc tu ar i es o f S h ep
.

i t s ee m s i n v ie w of th e ten de ncy of h u m an
, h erds are d ec l ared t o h av e b een in t h e h ab i t
nature th at th e d ream of only o ne u ni versal
, o f m eeti ng w ith C o u r t s o f F o res t ers b y d i s ens a
p
O rder of Forestry i s n o t l ike l y to b e real ti o n o f t h e S u prem e S anc tu ary and th ere is in ,

ex i s tenc e a d i s pens ati o n fro m t h e S u pr em e S a n c

ized i n t h e n ear futu re .

t uary o f R o ya l S h eph erd s L eed s t o m e m b ers o f

Begi n n i n g i n 1 83 4 wi th ab o u t , ,

C o u r t o f Tr uth N o 2 1 R o ya l F o res ters a nd

th ei r s u c c esso rs t o “
, ,
, .
, ,

m e m bers as a s c hi s m fro m th e Royal O rd er

, as sem b l e and h o l d a s ec o n d
”et c
,

o f Foresters th e enthu si as m of th e A nci en t

, d egree o f Ro yal F o res t ers u nder t h e titl e .
, ,

O rde r m ay be j u dged by t h e ad di ti on of o f R o y a l S h e h erd s an d th ere t o m ak e an d fo r m

p ,

ne w m e m bers w i thi n a ye ar Ne arly S h eph erd s a nd t o perfo rm all r ites and c ere
.

m o n i es as prac ti s ed b y t h e Anc i en t S h eph erd s

”
3 0 0 C o u r ts of Royal Foresters ga v e al l e
.

It is s i gn ed a m o ng o th ers b y t h e Wo r th y Ro yal
,

gianc e t o th e n ew body wi th i n th ree m on th s

,
.

Pas to r F i rs t and S ec o nd A ttendan ts a nd Wo rth y

, ,

Th e o ne A m erican C ou rt j oi ne d th e An cient S u prem e P ast o r In 1 83 5 a m eeti ng o f d el egat es

.

O rder i n 1 83 4—3 5 at wh ich ti m e all but abou t

, o f S a nc tu ar i es o f S h eph er ds was h el d at L eeds ,
226 A NC IE NT O R D E R O F FO R E S T E R S

all O rd ers n a m e d as well as th e n o n se c re t -

. th e ages of t wen ty an d se v e n ty ) o n t h e
ge n e rally lo c al be n efi c i ary so c ie t i es c o n
, , asse ss m en t of only fou rpe n ce pe r week per
ti nned t o h old m ee ti n gs i ni ti a t e m e m be rs , ,
c api ta .

an d reli e ve di stresse d b reth re n by s y ste m I n 1 8 5 7 a prize an d h ono rary m e m bershi p

ati c c on t ribu t i on s for fi f t een o r si xtee n , were a warded M r Geo rge Faulk ne r of Man .

years afte r th e bi r t h of th e A n c ien t O rd e r c h este r fo r a n e w cere m o ny of i n i t i ation ,

of Fore s t ers i n 1 83 4 al l e x c ep t t h e p u rel y , and in 1 8 62 £ 5 00 were se nt to relie ve dis

lo c al so c ie t i es c on ti n ue d u nde r t h e ban of tress in t h e cotton d istricts of the Un ite d
th e c o rre spon d in g so c i e t i e s and th e sed i S tates th e resul t of the C i vil War
, and t o ,

ti ou s m ee tin gs ac t s an d were u n able t o p ro , relie v e th e d i stresse d m e m bers of th e O r

t ec t the m sel ve s by l aw agai nst frau d o r
, ,
de r .
"
I n 1 86 5 th e passing of a sa t isfactory
th eft Not u n t i l 1 85 0 d id t hey fi n all y gai n
. m edical exam i n ati on was m ad e c o m pulsory
l egal re c ogn i tio n t h rou gh th e frie ndly on th ose applying fo r m e m bersh ip and as ,

societie s ac t w h i ch req u i re d t h e regi stry

,
a n e v iden c e of th e grow th of th e so c ie t y at ,

of th ei r r u les Th e A n c i en t O rde r of
. th e H igh C ourt Meeti n g at W ol ve rha m pto n
Fo res t e rs h as bee n des c ri be d as th e fi rst in 1 8 6 8 at whi c h the Earl of L it c h field pre
,

affi li ate d fri en dly so c i e ty applyin g for sided d elegates were presen t fro m I rel an d
,

regi st ry u nd e r th at ac t an d by th a t d ate , ,
an d fro m Au strali a At th at m eeti ng al so .
, ,

O c t obe r 1 85 0 th i s O rde r n u m be re d n early

, ,
w as fi rst u rge d th e pay m en t of a g rad uate d
m e m be rs al t h ou gh i t su ffe red i n
, scale of assessm en ts a c c o rd in g t o age but ,

1 84 8 fro m t he re su lts of a bi t te r st ru ggl e this w as n o t pe rfe c ted u n til 1 882 al th oug h ,

be t wee n its o fii c ial s o ve r t h e i n v est m e n t of n o m i nally pu t in to operation in 1 87 2 so far

fu n d s Thi s h ad n o soo ne r en de d i n th e
. as new m e m bers w e re c on c erned Th e pub .

i n t e rest of th e so c ie ty at l arge th an an l ic spi ri t o f t h e socie ty i s attested by its pres

u n fai t h f ul t reasu rer di sappeare d fro m G l as en t at io n of a l ife boat to the Nati ona l Life -

go w (1 84 9 ) wi t h a c onsi derabl e sum bel on g B oat In stit ution i n 1 8 6 4 and an othe r i n 1 8 6 9 , .

i n g t o th e organ i z ati o n wh i c h al m ost , Th e O rde r was form ally i ntrodu ced i n t o

k il le d Fo rest ry as wel l a s O d d Fell o wshi p th e U ni ted S tates i n 1 83 2 by the estab ,

at th at c i ty an d i t w as fully si x tee n years

, lish m en t of Cou rt Good S peed No 2 0 1 , .
,

before th ey re co ve re d fro m t h e bl o w Ye t .
, at Ph i ladelph ia by the Royal Fores t ers ,
.

by 1 85 5 o nl y si x years l ater th e re were i n

, , , I n 1 83 6 C ourt Good S peed se c ed ed to th e
all,
m e m be rs of t h e A nc ien t O rder of An c ient O rder bu t d ied so me ti m e after , ,

Fo re s t e rs a gai n of
,
wi th i n te n years . lea v i ng n o record s Cou rt G e neral Wash .

I n t h e effo r t to e xte nd th e w ork of rel ief a in g t o n No , was opene d at B rookl yn

.

l evy of one sh i lli n g pe r m e m be r was m ad e i n i n 1 84 1 but w as sh ort li ved Early i n 1 84 2

,
-
.

“
’
1 8 5 0 fo r th e e re cti on o f a Fo reste rs H o m e , C ou rt P o t ifar N 0 an d Court Trans
,
.

an d i n th at year an d th ose i m m edi a t ely atlan tic were ope ned so m ewh ere i n the
”
:
,

follo wi n g m o rtal i ty an d si ck table s we re

, Un ited S tates b ut n o records re m ain to ,

c o m pi led Th ese we re i m pe rfe c t bu t we re

.

gre atly i m prove d i n 1 8 5 5 b y th e i n co rpora

,

“
tell wh e re A dispen sati o n was gran ted to
C ity of Ne w York ”
.

wi th n o n a m e of .

ti on of fe at u re s de v el oped i n l i k e stati sti c s C ou rt early i n 1 84 3 bu t apparen tl y n oth

, ,

p repare d by the M an c h es t er Un i ty Not . i ng f urthe r was done i n t h e m atte r C ou rt . .

wi thstan di n g i m perfe c ti on s in th e earl i e r Bay S tate N 0 was opene d a t B osto n

,
.

Fo restie tables of m e m be rsh i p si c k ness , , i n D ece m be r 1 84 7 bu t h as n o t bee n heard

, ,

death s et c th e c o m pilati on s d e m on strated

,
.
, of since B ut o n May 2 8 1 864 Cou rt
.
, ,
.

th e th e n u n su spe c te d a b i li t y of th e O rde r B roo k lyn No , was i nstitu ted at .

t o pay fou rtee n sh i ll in gs pe r week fo r th e B roo k lyn N Y an d on May 5 1 8 6 5 C ou rt

,
. .
, , ,

full te r m o f si ckn ess of m e m be rs (be tween Robi n Hood was i nsti tu ted i n New York
 A NC I E NT O R DE R O F FO R E S T E R S -
2 7

ci ty both of wh ich con ti nue to thi s d ay

,
m i se diffe ren ces wi th i ts A m e ri can bre th re n
an d are therefore the ol dest l i v in g C ou rts of th e An ci en t O rder a S u bsi d iary H i gh ,

of Fo restry i n th e Uni ted S tates Between . C ou rt of th e An ci e n t O rde r of Fo reste rs fo r

1 8 64 an d the year 1 8 7 4 wh e n th e fi rs t di s ,
the Uni ted S tates was fi n ally gran te d by
se nsio n i n th e rank s of A m eri c an Forestry t he H igh C ou r t of En glan d at Wo rces te r , ,

too k pl ace th e O rder i n th e Uni ted S tates

,
E ngland o n p roposi ti on of C ou r t Wi n e s
, ,

gre w u n ti l i t n u m bered 4 3 C ou rts w i th No . N ew Yo r k n o w C o u rt Repu bli c

, .

m e m bers all h ol di ng allegian c e to th e

,
Jero m e B uck of N ew York and M r , .

H igh C ou rt of t h e A n c ient O rde r of Fores Ph illips of S c ran ton P a we re de legates

, .
,

ters of Engl an d As poin ted ou t i n a H i s

. to th e m e e t i n g of t he E ngl i sh Hi gh C ou rt
tory o f th e I ndepen de n t O rder of Fo reste rs at Wo rcester Th e n ew S u bsi d i ary H igh
.

(T oron to : H u nte r Rose 8: C c , an .

, C ou rt was e stabli sh e d at Ne w Yo rk late i n
agitation arose as early as 1 8 7 1 to se c u re a 1 874 an d the fi rst E xecu ti ve C ou n ci l w as
,

S ubsi diary H igh C o urt fo r the Un ited S tates , l ocate d at B roo kl y n N Y Je ro m e B uck
,
. .

th e de m and bein g base d o n a desi re fo r lo c al w as S u bsid iar y H igh C h ief Ran ger C h ro n .

self go vern m en t It i s de c lared th at several

-
. ic l ers of th e (En glish ) An cie n t O rd e r pl ace
peti ti on s to that e n d w e re se nt to the Eng i ts A m e ri c an m e m be rsh i p at th a t d ate at
l i sh H igh C ourt wh ere t h ev were th rown , ov e r an d th e n u m be r of C ou rts a t 4 3 .

ou t A f te r th a t th e m ove m en t be c a m e i n
. E v id ent l v th e le aders of th e In d epen den t
part one fo r separatio n fro m th e m oth er o r O rd er h ad gon e far en ou gh to taste t h e
gan iz at io n and the establi sh m en t of an in
, swee ts of bei n g i n con t rol of wh at pro m i se d
d epe n de nt H igh C ou rt for th e United S tates . to be a su ccessful bene fi c iar y secret society ,

A s state d by th e leade r of the m ove m en t for because t he gran ti n g o f th e ori gin al d e m an d

i ndepen den c e A B C ald well (wh o j o i ne d
the O rder in
, . .

h e (h i m se lf ) be c a m e “ by t h e sece ders for a S ubsi diar y High

C o u rt t o th e A m e ri can bran c h of th e A n
at once res t less an d dissatisfie d w i th the cien t O rder only a fe w m on th s afte r th e
,

arbitrary laws an d general m is m anage s c hi s m fail ed t o e xerci se an y appreci abl e

,

m e nt an d soo n c o m m enced agi tating i n fl ue nce to reu n i te th e A m erican bod ies

”
.

in depe nden t Forestry . Fo r t h e ne x t fi ftee n years th e An cien t O r

A con v en tion of Foreste rs was h el d at der i n th e Uni ted S tate s co n t i n ued i t s alle
Liberty Hall Ne wark N J June 1 6 an d
, ,
. .
, gian ee t o th e H i gh C o u rt of En gl an d ,

7 1 8 74 i n respon se t o a cal l signe d by

, , when i t t oo at th e m eetin g of th e S ub
, ,

5 0 0 A n cien t Fore ste rs re siden ts m o stly of , s id iary H i gh C ou r t a t Mi n n eapoli s A u gust ,

N ew York an d N ew Je rse y C ou rt I n de . 1 5 1 8 8 9 seceded fro m th e En gl i s h o rgan i

, ,

pen den c e No 1 of Ne wark h ad al ready

, .
, ,
z at io n an d becam e th e A nci en t O rde r of
seceded an d organ i ze d i t self i n to a Co ur t of Foresters of A m eri ca and in 1 89 5 the ,

I n depen den t Fo resters and p ri or to the , Foresters of A m e rica u n d e r wh i ch t i tl e i t

,

con v en ti on h ad i n s ti tu ted tw o i n dependen t en j oys th e d is t i n c ti on of havin g th e largest

C ou rts of Fo resters u n de r t he n a m es C o urt m e m be rshi p o f an y of th e vari o u s o rders o f
Ge neral Kearn ey No 2 Kearney N J , .
, ,
. .
,
Forestry i n to wh i ch i t an d t h e In depe nd ent
an d C our t Un i ted S tates No 3 Ne w Yor k , .
, O rder h a ve bee n d i v i ded Fro m 1 8 7 5 to .

city These th ree C ou rts i n con ven ti on

. 1 8 8 9 wh ile still a b ran ch of th e En gli sh
,

decl are d thei r i n depe ndence of the H igh so c ie ty th e An ci en t O rde r i n th e Uni te d

,

C ou rt o f th e An ci en t O rde r of Foreste rs of S t ates greatly ou tst ri ppe d th e m oth er fra

Engl an d an d el ecte d A B C al d wel l M ost
, . . t ernity i n rate of p rogress, i n creasin g i n
W orth y H igh C hi ef Ranger Before the . m e m bersh i p i n fo u rteen years fro m abo u t
en d of 1 8 74 an d on ly sh ortly afte r th e new
,
to By 1 8 9 5 it n u m bered
I nd epen den t O rde r h ad refu sed t o co m pro m e m bers an i n c rease of m ore th an
,
228 A N C I E NT O R DE R O F FO R E S T E R S

fi fty fol d wi thi n t wen ty o ne years wh ile A m e rican si de of

- -
th e negro questi o n
,
“ .

the Engli sh O r d er d uring th e sa m e peri o d They did so an d t h e En gli sh H igh C ou rt ,

t reble d i ts m e m bersh ip Th e latter h ow was suffi ci en tl y i m pressed to con ten t i tself

.

e v er h as ei gh t m e m be rs to o ne of th e For wi t h m e rely rea ffi rm in g it s previ ou s opin

,

este rs o f A m e ri ca . i on s relyi n g o n t h e good faith an d sense ,

“
Fo r fi v e years afte r th e e stabli sh m en t of j u sti ce of th e A m e ri can bre th re n to ope n
of th e A m eri can S u bsi di ary H igh C ou rt thei r portals to all m en at t h e earl i est possi
”
,

th e progress of th e An c i en t O rder was ble m o m en t No twi th stan din g th i s con .

sl o w m e m be rshi p i n creasi ng fro m abou t c il iat o ry acti o n th e Engli sh Hi gh C ou rt

, ,

to onl y In th e follo wi n g ten at i ts next sessi o n Glasgow 1 88 7 decl are d , , ,

years e xten si o n was rapid m e m bersh i p in th at n o law of auv S ubsi d i ar y H igh C ou rt

, ,

creasi n g to by 1 8 8 1 to i n 1 883 etc sh oul d pre v en t t he a d m i ssi on of a m an

, , .
,

to i n 1 88 5
in 1 889 Th e
.
,

“
i n 1 88 6 an d to on accou n t of hi s c ol or an d th at any exi st
colo r qu esti on ”
,

in g l a w t o th at e ffect was dee m ed i n v ali d

,

o rgani zati on th e re h av in g been

,
“
appeared e arly i n th e li fe of th e A m eri c an The repl y fro m th e Un i ted S tates was th at
two or the ch arte r righ t s of t h e S ubsi di ary Hi gh

“
m ore C ou rts of colore d Foresters i n th e C ourt i n th e U ni ted S tates per m i tte d the
whi c h we re quie tl y go tten ri d ad opti o n by it of the r ul e referre d to an d .
,

of by th e S ubsid iary H i gh C o urt refu si n g th at n o la w e xi s t e d pe rm i ttin g the H i gh

“
t o ac c ep t th ei r per capi ta tax on th e C ou rt t o cu r tai l or regul ate en act m e n ts of
,

gro un d th at to at tract m e m bers and pre th e S ubsi d i ary H igh C ou rt I t i s furthe r .

se rve u ni ty i t was n ecessary for th e O rder c l ai m ed by per m anen t S ecre tary M c Mu rt ry

to p l ac e it self regardin g th e n egro on t h e an d oth ers con versan t wi t h th e si tu ati on ,

sa m e grou n d wi th o ther le adin g secret b e th at th e A m e ri can S ubsi di ary H i gh C o urt

n ev o l en t soci eties T hese C ou rts of n egro sanc ti o n e d at Worcester E n gl an d i n 1 874
.
, , ,

Foreste rs after ward a ffili ate d w ith th e Eng was th e ou t co m e m e re l y of a general law
l ish O rd e r At th e secon d S u bsid i ary H i gh for the go v e rn m e n t o f such a C ou rt ; th at
.

C ou rt at S cran t on Pa 1 8 7 5 ru le s fo r n o ch arte r was e v e r i ssu e d t o i t an d t h at

, ,
.
, , ,

ad m issi on to the O rde r we re ad opted l i m i t th e S ubsi di ary H igh C ou rt of A m eri ca was

”
ing appli can ts to wh i te m ales etc Th is v i rtually an i ndepen de nt sel f c reated body
, .
,

,
-

brou gh t i t i n to confli ct wi t h th e Hi gh san c ti one d by th e H igh C ou r t of Englan d ,

C ou rt of Engl and by wh i ch n o d isti n cti o n o win g all egian ce t o th e l atte r i n a frate r nal
,

i s m ade as to race T h e su bj ec t was de sense only E vi den tly B riti sh Foreste rs

‘
. .

bated in th ree En gli sh Hi gh C ourt m eet th ou gh t d i ffe ren tly and i t i s possible t hey ,

i n gs an d st ron g e xpression s were m ade were no t i n fl u e nced by th e m ost co n se rva

,

again st th e A m e ri c a n r ule wh ile i n t wo ti v e a m on g the m for th e Readin g (Eng

, ,

“
S ubsi di ary H i gh C ou rts proposi ti on s to lan d ) H i gh C o urt i n 1 888 res c i nde d t h e '

”
, ,

stri k e out th e w ord wh i te w ere v o t ed resol uti o n ad opted at Wo rcester i n 1 8 74

d own by l arge m aj ori ti es At th e ele v en th fourteen years before v i z
. Th at a S ub ,
“ ,

S ubsid iary Hi gh C ou rt at Det roi t 1 8 85 , s id iary H igh C ou rt for th e Un i te d S tate s

, ,

per m an en t S e c re tary E M M c Murt ry to of A m e rica be gran te d thereby can celli n g

. .
, ,

w h o m t h e O rde r o wes m u c h of its su c c ess t h e e xi sting gove rn m en t of the Engl ish ,

an d J J H ayes were appoi n te d a c o m O rders of Foresters i n th e Uni ted S tates

. .
, ,

m it t ee to atte n d the Hi gh C ou r t at L eic es an d suspen d in g all m e m be rs th e reof wh o

te r England i n 1 88 6 an d presen t t h e refu sed to co m ply wi th the acti on ta k en
, , , .

*
Il an db o o k o f t h e Anc i e nt O rd er o f F o res t ers
Exci te m en t n atu rally ran h igh a m o ng

o f A m er i c a : F o res ti e P u b l i s h i n g C o m pan y N ew
A m e ri can Foreste rs affected parti cularly
,
,

Yo rk 1 893
, . as th e E nglish body h ad m ade pu bl ic i ts
2 30 BE N E V O L E NT O R D E R O F BU FF A L O E S

t h e nam e J o ll y C rk s
i ven t h e new b o d y O n e of th e m ore c onspi c uou s e v ide nces of t h i s
o w as g ,

“
e ith er fro m t h e fl y i ng
c o r k s th at c a m e fro m t h e
i s or h as bee n fou n d i n the use of aprons
b o ttl es o r b ec au s e o f t h e c o n nec ti o n o f t h e i n et u ~
,
by El k s an d Lodges of S orrow an d
”
,
b ers w ith t h e th ea t r i c al pro fes s i o n
,
.

Tyle rs Th e rule wh ich pe r m i t s th e e x .

T he c red it of fou nd i ng th e O rde r i s gi ven ist enc e of only on e lodge of Elk s i n a city
to C harles Algern on S Viv ian an Engl ish (si n c e 1 88 6 ) wo r k s well i n p ractice The
.
, .

m an an a c to r and the son of a clergy m an govern i ng body is th e S upre m e Lodge to

, , ,

of t h e es t abl i she d c h u rc h After the so wh ich subord i na t e Lodges se n d representa

.

c iet y was for m ed at N ew York th e m em t iv es In1 8 9 8 th ere were abou t 3 0 0 Lodges

, .

bers desire d a distinctively A m erican na m e at as m any c i tie s th rough ou t the cou ntry , ,

one wh i c h wou ld har m o nize w i t h the desire wi th m e m bers Th e n oti on th at the .

for m a k ing th e o rganization se c ret i n char O rde r i s m ade u p al m ost e xclu si vely of m em
ac te r an d so c i al an d bene volen t i n pu rpose bers of th e th eat ri c al p rofession i s erroneous . .

S eve ral wh o h appened to be at B arnu m s Wh ile m any a c tors are E l k s the O rde r c o n
’
,

ol d M use u m i n N ewYo r k cit y were stru c k tai n s m e m be rs fro m al l t he leading walk s of

by the appearan c e of a fi ne m oose head b usi ness an d p rofessi onal l ife The i ni ti als , .

“
an d agree d to sele c t i t as the so c i e ty s of th e ti tles of so m e o f i ts o fific ers (Estee m e d ’

e m ble m an d the word El k for th e n am e Lead i n g Kn igh t E stee m e d L oyal Kn igh t

.
’

, ,

of the ne w O rde r Th i s ch oi c e of n a m e was an d Estee m ed Lec tu rin g K n igh t) are j ust

.

d ue to the i m p ressi on m ade by t he d esc rip Kabbali sti c en ough to e xc i te in t erest and ,

tion of C erm cs A lc es i n B ufi o n s Natural wh at the m e m bers o f the O rder d o at h alf ’ '

H isto r y flee t of foot an d ti m orous of past el e ven i s k now n c h l v to the m sel ve s

. , .

doi ng wrong a v oid i ng all co m bat except in El k s Me m orial D ay oc c u rs annuall v o n the

,
’

figh t ing for the fe m al e an d i n defe n c e of fi rst S un day i n D e c e m be r wh en the m e m o

th e you ng an d h el pless an d weak ” G ol d ries of depar t e d breth ren are re v i v ed an d
.
,

s m i th s desc ription of the el k i n h is A ni fi t t ingl y referred to B u t above all thi ngs

’

m ate d H i sto ry also e xercised an in flu ence el se i s c h ari ty th e di sti ngu ish i ng charac te r
on the c h oi c e of nam e S o m e conf usion is t ic of th e O rder c h arit v wh i c h is in c ifen
.
,

h as ari se n wi th i n an d ou t of th e O rde r ove r si ve un tra c ed and u n suspe c ted . , .

the us e of the n a m e Cervu s Alce s wi t h B en e v o l e n t O rd e r of B u ffa l o es .

the h ead of th e A m e ri c an el k S o m e v ears Wh eth e r o r n o t the o rigin al B enevol en t
.

ago whe n th e O rde r had begu n to gro w the O rde r of B u ffal oes a so c ial secret organiza
, , ,

m oose (Ce rvu s Al c es ) h ead was d ropped b y tion i n England h ad any m ore to d o w i th ,

o rde r of the G ran d Lodge an d t h e elk h ead th e for m i ng of t h e A m e ri c an se c re t so c iety by

(Cervus Canadensis ) was ad opted as t h e o fii th e sa m e n am e wh i c h c onsi sts of one Lodge ,

c ial e m ble m of th e O rde r The se c ret so c iety i n Ph iladel ph i a an d one i n Ne w York h as

.
,

“
affi li ation s of th e e arli e r El k s th e origi nal n ot been as c ertai ned The N ew York body
Jolly C or k s ,
"
,

in add i tion to the B enev o was organ i zed M ay 1 1 88 1 Th e O rder pays ,

.

le nt O rder o f B u ffal oes an E ngl i sh frie ndly si c k an d death bene fi t s and i n reply t o ih
, , ,

society c ann ot be ascertai ne d ; bu t the real q uiries states th at th e Ph iladelphi a and

, ,

fou n ders of th e El ks t h ose w h o so sh aped N ew Yo r k Lodges are th e only o nes i n

,

i ts d e sti nies as to m ak e i t one of the leading e xisten c e .

bro th e rh oods a m ong the fe w not foun de d B r e t h r e n H o s p i t a l e rs o f S t J o h n t h e .

on pol i t ical o r financial c on sidera t i ons m ay B a p t i s t o f J e ru s a l e m — S ee Knigh ts of

, .
~

be safel v c l assed as Free m ason s ; fo r th e cere S t Joh n of Je rusa le m Rh odes Mal ta etc .
, , ,
.

m oni al of the El k s al th ou gh i t h as bee n C h e v a l i e r s o t P y t h i a s — 0 1 gan iz ed i n

’ ‘
~
.
,

ch anged se veral ti m es still presen ts featu re s Boston i n 1 8 88 as a c h ari table an d ben e

,

fa m ilia r to work m e n fro m the quarries fi c iary society bu t wi th th e pay m en t of .

,
 C O NC A T E NA T E D O R DE R O F HO O —H O O 231

d eath an d si c k be nefits O ptional Its ti tle . The fi rst regular C on c atena t ion was h eld
i s plainly a plagiari s m fro m t h at of an ol de r i n the o l d S t C h arles H otel at Ne w O rlean s
.

an d well k n ow n fraternity I t i s reported

-
. on Feb ru ary 1 8 1 8 92 an d th irt y fi v e of th e
, ,
-

defu n c t . leadi ng l u m berm e n of the c ou n try we re i n i

C o m pa n i o n s o f t h e F o r e s t A so c i al .
-
t iat ed . I t was n ot long u ntil C on c ate na
be ne fi c i ary se c re t society con fine d to m em tion s we re bein g h eld i n se v eral S tate s Th e .

bers of t he Foresters of A m eri c a and th ei r O rde r i s ofte n spoken of as a l u m be r organ

wo m e n relati ves and frie nd s organi zed at , iz at io n o n ac c oun t of the fa c t that m ore
S an Fran c is c o i n June 1 883 (S ee Fo re sters l u m ber m e n h ave avai le d th e m sel ves of the
'

, .

o f A m erica and An c ient O rde r of Fo reste rs ) . opportun ity to be c o m e m e m be rs of t h e

C o n c a t en a t e d O r d e r o f H o o H o o -
. O rde r than an y oth e r c l ass w h o are el igible
O rgan ize d at G u rdon Ark o n Janu ary 2 1 ,
.
, ,
to m e m bersh i p The word H oo H oo an d
.
-

1 8 92 .The re we re presen t at the found ing th e word lu m be r m en h a v e by c o m m on ,

of t h e O rder B Arth u r Joh n son of the e di u sage c o m e to be al m ost syn on y m ou s ter m s

Ti m be rm an ”C h i c ago
.
, .
, ,

t o rial staff of the , ,

Un de r th e con sti tution t h ose wh o are el i
Ill ; William Eddy Barns edi tor of th e S t gibl e m ust be w h i te m ale person s o ver t h e
”
. .
,

L oui s Lu m ber an
m S t Lou is Mo ; , .
, . age of twen ty one y ears of good m oral
-

Geo rge Wash i ngton S ch wartz of th e Van , ch aract er an d en gaged i n one o r m ore
,

dal i a Road S t Lou i s M o ; A S trau ss of the

,
.
,
. .
, of th e foll owi n g avo c ati on s : l u m be rm en ,

Mal vern Lu m be r C o m pany Mal vern A rk ; , , . n e wspape r m en rail road m en an d saw , ,

G eo rge Ki m bal l S m i th S e c re tary of the , m il l m achi ne ry m en D u rin g th e fi rst year .

S outhern Lu m ber Ma nu fa c tu re rs Asso c ia of th e organ ization one l ady M rs M A

’
. . .
,

ti on S t Lou i s Mo an d Will ia m S tarr M it

, .
,
.
, S m i th of S m i t h ton Ark own ing a saw ,
.
,

ch ell B u siness Man age r of the A rk ansas m ill an d r ail road was i nitiated an d h as
”
, , ,

D e m o c rat Li t tl e Ro c k A rk O n ly t wo
, , . th e h o nor of bei n g the on ly lady m e m be r ,

o f the above na m ed were n auv sen se se c re t

-
i as th e c o nsti tu t io n w as c h anged at t h e n ex t
society m en These were m e m be rs of t h e
. an nual m ee t i ng Th ose wh o fou n de d t h e
.

F ree m ason s an d th e Elk s W ith th e exc ep . O rd e r bel ie ved th at the greatest a c h ie ve

tio n of Mr S t rauss th ey were all ca m p fol
. m en t k no wn t o h um an ity i s to l i ve a h earty ,

l owers wh o l i v ed by bu t n ot i n lu m ber ; , he al t h y an d h app y l ife Th e refore th e

,
.
,

people wh o as a du ty attende d probably

, , obj ects of t h e O rde r as sta t e d i n th e con ,

th i rty or forty m eeti ngs of the l u m be r m e n s t it u t io n are th e p ro m o ti on of th e h eal th

, ,

an n ually wh ich we re h el d i n all parts of

, h appi ness an d long l ife of i ts m e m bers
,
.

t h e Un ited S tates It was first suggeste d . H oo H oo d oes n o t belie ve i n ac c epti n g m em

-

th at the O rde r be calle d the Independe nt bers fro m al l wal k s an d professi on s of l ife .

O rder of C am p Followers wh ich of , ,

Bel ie v i ng these th in gs th e m e m bers of H oo ,

cou rse woul d i m ply n ot a c tual lu m ber

, H oo h av e atte m pte d t o gathe r toge th er pe o
m en bu t such people as rail road m en
, ,
pl e wh o h ave i n a bu si ness sen se a c o m m on
n e wspape r m en an d those o t he r people wh o , i nterest T h e consti tu ti on d oes n o t pro v id e
.

fou nd i t n ecessary to atte n d l u m ber retail for sick disabili ty or death benefits E ver
,
.

m anu factu rers associati on m ee t in gs si n c e i ts fou nd ati on h owe ve r the O rder h as

’
an d , , ,

bu t i t was at once de t er m i ned to m ake the done i n a qu ie t way so m e ch ari table work
m atte r v astly broader th an that and h a v e it am ong i ts m e m bers .

i ncl u de the l u m ber m e n the m sel v es I t i s . O ne of th e obj ects of the O rde r i s to assi st
n ot o ut o f the way to state th at n o t on e of a m e m ber i n fi ndi n g e m pl oy m en t T h e tra .

th ose presen t h ad any i dea th at the O rder dit io ns wh i c h were represen ted at th e Gu r
th en fou n ded w oul d e v e r h ave m ore th an don m eeting an d abo ut wh i c h th e p ri nci
possibly one h un dre d m e m bers . ples c l in g were of th e blac k cat of th e
,
23 2 DA UGH T E R S MI LIT A NT

Egypti an s prin ci pally be c au se th e fo un ders

, Th e work in each S tate or foreign cou ntry
belie ved and still th in k th at t here i s n o o ne i s u n de r th e superv isi on of a Vi c egeren t
i n al l C h ri stendo m wh o k n ows v e ry m u c h S nark wh o h as c h arge of C oncaten ati on s
,

about a cat I t was ch osen because m any

. h el d i n hi s terri tory Th e m e m be rsh i p of .

people believe a blac k c at to be u nl u c ky , H oo Ho o i s o v e r

-
an d i s li m i ted b y
and th i s O rde r am on g oth er th i ngs was the c onsti tution to
t o fight superstition an d c on ven tion al i sm . D a ug h t e r s M il i t a n t — A n organ izatio n .

The O rde r of H oo H oo h as no l odge roo m s -

, of wo m en m e m bers of the soci e ty of D augh

no e nfor c ed atten d an c e at l odge m ee tings , ters o f Rebe k ah a bran c h of th e Indepen ,

n o pl u m ed h el m e ts and w ith out d esi ring , , dent O rd e r o f O dd Fel lo ws U nite d S tate s ,

to c ast refle c tion on any worthy so c ie ties , of A m eri c a (S ee t h e l a t te r )

. .

has noth i ng th at o the r orde rs possess th at D a ug h t er s of H er m an n .

can i n any w ay be avoided The Hoo . au xi liary to the S on s of Her m ann .

(S ee

th e “
H oo m i gh t h a v e bee n appropriately c alled
O rde r of A c quai n tance
” as e very ,
th e latter )
D a u gh
.

t e rs social an d
o f R eb e k a h — A

m e m be r carries a h and b ook p ubl i sh ed an , be nefi c i ary se c re t so c iety to wh ich O dd Fel

n ual ly wh ich c ontai ns the bu si ness add ress
,
lo ws and wo m en rel ati v es an d frien d s are
'

of e ve ry m e m ber arranged in su c h a way , el igible It was e stabl ished i n 1 85 1 (S ee

. .

t hat th e i nfor m atio n can no t be u sed e xcept Ind ependent O rde r of O dd Fel lows Uni ted ,

by t he i ni ti ated The ri tual of the so c iety

. S tates of A m e ri c a ) .

i n a l i terary w ay co m pares m ost fav orably D a u g h t e r s o f S t G e o r ge — A c h aritabl e .

wi th th at of a uv of the se c ret so c ieties I t . an d bene v olen t secret sisterh oo d c o m posed

i s co m posed of so m e por t ion s that are very of wo m en relat i ve s of m e m bers of th e O r
seri ou s while o t hers h a v e for thei r obj ect
, der S on s of S t George (S ee th e l atter )
,
. . .

the a m u se m en t of th ose present . D ra m a t ic O rd er o f K n ig h t s of

T h e exe c u ti ve affai rs are ad m ini stered by a K h o ra s san .

—
Pro m pted perh aps by a de , ,

S u pre m e Nine and t he j ud i c i al affairs an d

, si re for P v t h ian season s of relaxa t ion an d
the care o f i t s e m ble m are represe n ted by t h e a m u se m en t of a s pectac ular as well as m ys
H ouse of An c ie n ts Th e la t t e r i s a reposi tory
. ti c al c h aracte r lead i ng spi ri ts a m o n g t h e
,

of the past exe c u tive rule rs of th e O rder ,

Kn igh ts of Pythi as p rodu c ed full grown , ,

m e m bersh ip i n wh i c h bod y lasts for life A . i n 1 894 the D ram atic O rde r of the Kni gh ts
.

striking an d e nte rtainin g featu re of t h e H oo of Kh orassan to wh i c h only K nigh ts of,

Hoo Ann ual i s the e m bal m i ng of t he S nark ,

Py thias are el igi ble I t is presided over by .

h i s passi ng i n to th e H ou se of A n c ien ts . a M ost Worthy and Ill ustriou s I m perial

T he p rese n t m e m be rs of t h e H ou se of A n Pri nce an d i s n oteworth y i n add i tion to cre ,

c ie n t s are B Arth u r Joh nson Will ia m Ed dy

.
, ati ng new Kn igh ts of Kh orassan fo r il l um i ,

Barns and Ja m es E D efeb augh E very

,
. . mated pageants an d fantasti c ally costu m e d
th i ng in 11 0 0 110 0 goes b y nines Th e in it i
-

. pro c essi on s betwee n sessi on s of t h e S u p re m e

a t i on fee is th e an n ual d ues are 99 Lodge of th e Kn i gh ts of Py thi as These .

c en ts ; th e an n ual busi ness m eeti ng of t h e Pe rsian qu al i ty fol k are pl ai nly suggested -

O rde r i s h eld on th e n i nth d ay of th e n in t h by th e Arabi c n obil ity to j oi n wh i c h o n e ,

m on th An nu al m eeti ngs si n c e the organiza

. m u st be ei the r a Mason ic K ni gh t Te m plar
tion h ave been held at S t Loui s C h i c ago .
, ,
o r a th i rty secon d degree Maso n of th e A n
-

Kansas C ity M inn eapolis Nashv ille and

, , , c ien t an d A c cepted S cottish Ri te The A n .

Detroi t The S upre m e Ni ne c on si st of a

. cien t Arabi c O rde r Nobles of th e Mysti c ,

S n ar k a S eni or H oo H oo Ju nior H oo H oo
,
-

,
-

, S h ri n e d ates bac k a qu arte r of a centu ry

,

a B o j um a S c riv en o t er a Jabbe rwoc k a

, , ,
i n th e Un i ted S tates an d was fol lowed a ,

C us t o c at ian an A rc ano per an d a G urdon

, , . fe w years ago by the I m perial O rder of
234 GE R MA N OR DE R O F H A R UG A R I

C O M PA R A T IVE ST A T I S T IC S O F M E MB E R S H IP O F V A R I O US O RD E R S O F FO R E S T E R S .

l F t ers
I d d t di th li
e
or
T
M em b ers
ota
hi p s n epen
O d
en C ana
O d
an C a
O d
o c

A m i
. r er . r er . r er.
er c a .

1 C o ur

1 895 , U S . l
a o ne
d
.

1 896 , C an a a

h ttl
T ese o a s (pr o r t o sec ess i i f 1 889 ) f t t h
on o re er o e A nc i nt O d f F t i t h U it d S t t
e r er o o res ers n e n e a es
i d ithi xt v i f m th I d p d t O d
.

D e w n ne few ears . I S ec es s o ns ro e n e en en r er
i f I d t O d f Illi i R ce t i gi n f I n t h U it d S t t l
.

S ec ess o n ro m t h e ndepen en r er o no s . e n or . e n e a es a o ne .

A no t less i m portan t branch i s th e C o m dependen t e xisten c e th e Foreste rs of A m er

pan i ons of th e Fo rest m e m bership i n whi c h , ic a paid abou t i n e ndow m e nts i n
i s c onfi ned to Foresters an d wo m en relati v es ad di ti on to si c k an d fune ral benefits The .

and frie nd s The lat t er m eet i n C ircles the

.
, n ew ritual n atu rally b rings i n Robin H ood ,

fi rst of which was organize d at S an F ran b u t e vents i n biblical h i story rel ati ve to the
cisco i n Jun e 1 883 The C o m pani on s b e
,
. Garden of Ede n are touched u pon as well ,

cam e th e fou rth degree of the O rder at the the lesso n taugh t bein g to h elp th ose less
D e troi t S ubsidiary H i gh C ou rt i n 1 8 85 and , fortu nate than th e m e m bers of the so c iety .

e xe rci ses an i m portan t i nfl uen c e i n favor of Fro m the date of the i ndepende nce of th e
th e growth stabili ty an d popul arity of th e
, , Fo resters of A m eri c a i ts exten si on h as been
O rde r .Th i s as well as th e pre c edi ng de
, stead y an d fru i tf ul .

grees m a k es prov ision fo r si c k an d d is

,
G e r m a n O rd e r o f H a r u g a r i — O rgan .

t resse d m e m bers an d the b urial of the dead . ized i n Ne w York c ity i n 1 84 7 at a ti m e ,

B v 1 8 9 5 ten years afte r i t h ad be e n o f fi

,
w he n the Ger m ans i n the U nited S tates ,

0 1 ally re c ogni zed t he Co m pan ion s of th e, a m ong othe r foreigners we re an tagoni ze d ,

Fo rest n u m bere d sh o wi ng a rapid by the d o m i nan c e of n ati ve A m eri c an sen

i ty of growth an d a d egree of prosperity en t im en t Th e fou nders were D r Ph ilipp
. .

ti tl i ng it to a sh are i n th e d i sti nc tion wh ich Merkle F Ge r m an n Th Rod m an n J D e

,
.
,
.
,
.

h as be en awarded th e D augh te rs of Rebe k ah ge r V Denze r J Ger m an n W S c h warz

,
.
,
.
,
.
,

attac h ed to the I ndependen t O rde r of O d d Peter S c h natz A Glah n and S Merz ,

.
,
. .

Fell o ws An outgro wth of th e E nglish

. The so c ie ty was m ade up exclu si v ely of Ge r
Ju ven i le Fo resters is fou nd i n the Ju nior m an s an d for m ed n ot only an asyl u m o r
,

Fore ste rs of A m e r i c a m e m be rsh ip in w hich ,

refuge bu t c on te m plated a ffording relief to
i s c on fine d to yo uth s of fro m twel ve to eigh i ts m e m bers i n si c k ness an d d istress an d car
tee n years of age I ts total m e m bersh ip i s . ing fo r thei r w idows an d orph an s Various .

abou t 2 2 0 0 I n the first si x y ears of i ts in

. Germ an so c ieties e xi sted he re at th a t t i m e .
,
 GR A ND U NI T E D O R D E R O F O D D F E LL O W S 235

bu t n o t being k n i t toge the r ac c o m plish ed

, , O ne of th e ou tgro wth s of th e organ izati on
l i t tl e i n t h e face of t h e h os t ility w ith wh ic h i s th e H arugari S in gi n g S ociety to wh i c h ,

Ger m an i m m igrants we re th e n regarde d . m e m be rs belon g .

Th e O rder was for m ed i n add i tion to th e , G ra n d U n it e d O r d e r o f G a l il e a n F i s h

pu rpose s spe c ified for th e preservation of ,
e r m e n — Fou n ded by A n th ony S
. P erpener .

th e Ger m an language l ite ratu re cus t o m s , , ,

at Wash ington D C i n 1 85 6 one of th e
,
. .
, ,

and t ra d i tion s i n A m eri c a Th i s i t h as . oldest bene v olen t an d bene fi c iary secret se

succeeded i n d oin g d uring i ts fi fty years of c iet ies i n the cou n try m e m bersh i p i n wh i ch,

e xi sten c e wh i c h we re d uly cel ebrated at

,
is con fin ed t o n egroes I t pays fro m $3 to .

Newark N J Jul y 1 2 1 89 7 wh e n i t was

,
. .
, , , $5 a week i n sick benefits d eath benefi ts of ,

an nou n c ed that Ph ilipp Me rkle F red rec h fro m $3 0 0 to $4 0 0 and c l ai m s to be o ne

”
, ,

Ge rm an n an d Peter S ch natz a m ong th e

, ,
of the weal th iest i nsti tu t ion s of i ts k in d
foun ders alone su rvi ved T h e na m e H arn
,
. i n th e Un i ted S tates as t h e aggregate valu e,

gari was i den ti fied w i th th e anci en t Ger m an of the h al ls land pe rson al p roperty bon d s
, , , ,

tribe th e Ch erus c i wh i c h was conque red

, , etc o wne d by i t i s abo ut
.
, I t w ill
by t he Ro m ans u nde r Tibe riu s bu t a c h ie ved , i nterest S c ot tish Ri te Free m asons t o learn
i ts i ndepen den c e l ed b v Ar m i n i u s when i t , ,
th at i t c l ai m s Mason ic origi n and that i t ,

defeated th e R o m an s n nder Y arns The . dis pl av s the sa c re d e m ble m the fi sh as well

n a m e was tak e n fro m th e ol d G erm an . as the pass i on cross rose an d I N R I of , ,

H aruc signi fie d a forest an d th e ol d Teu ,

t h e eigh teen th degree of the An c ien t A o
tons wh o m et i n the forests we re c alle d c ept ed S cottish Ri te (S ee th e ac c ou n t of
.

Harugaris Th e fi rst Harugari Lodge was

. the An c ie nt A c cep ted S cot t i sh Rite a m ong
call e d after th e great Che rus c i l eade r A r , the negroes i n the U ni ted S tates ) The .

m i nia No 1 , The m otto adopted fol lo w

. .
, O rder of Galilean Fisher m e n cl ai m e d
in g th e e xa m ple of olde r and si m ilar o r
gan iz at io ns was Frie ndsh ip Love an d
,
“ , ,
m e m bers i n 1 8 9 7 i n L odges scattered fro m
Ne w Englan d to the G ulf B oth m en an d .

H u m an i t y A n e xceptio nally al truistic

.
"
wo m e n are el igible to m e m bersh ip .

decl ara ti on of pri n c i pl es w as ad op ted fea , G ra n d U n i t e d O r d e r o f N a z a r it e s .

tu res of wh i c h w ere th e bro the rh ood of O ne of th e older societies for th e pa y m en t

m an and the desi rabili ty of work ing for of sick and f uneral benefi ts i t h a v i n g bee n ,

th e good of so c ie ty i n ge ne ral i nstead of for organized at Balti m ore i n 1 8 6 3 pri m ari ly ,

self The O rde r gre w slo wly bu t soon m ade

.
, for c h ari table an d fratern al pu rpose s Let .

i ts appearance i n Pen ns y l v ania th ence i n , ters ad d resse d to i t are re tu rned u n ope ned ,

Ill inois and su c c essi vely i n Massac h u setts

, , , . b ut th e so c iety e v idently h ad an e xi ste n c e
Ne w Jerse y M aryl and and O h i o I t n ow
, ,
. of nearly th irty years as its ti tl e appears ,

h as about 3 00 Lodges i n twe nty se v e n S tates -

i n th e records of th e ce nsu s fo r 1 8 90 .

of t h e Un ion an d a total m e m bersh i p o f , G ra n d U n i t e d O r d e r o f O d d F e l

abou t m en an d wo m e n Wo m e n . l o w s — I t is sin gul ar
. yet n o m ore th an ,

m e m bers wh ich n u m be r abou t

, m eet a c oi n c ide n c e th at in 1 8 4 3 th e year fol
, ,

i n separate Lodges w h i c h are gove rne d an d , lowi ng th e declarati on o f i ndepend en c e

con d u c ted as are th ose for m en S ub o rdi . by the In depen den t O rde r of O dd Fel
n ate Lodges are u nde r the d ire c ti o n of Grand lows Un i t ed S ta t es o f A m eri c a fro m the
, ,

Lodges wh ich i n tu rn are controlled by

, , , Engl ish I n depen den t O rder Man c h este r ,

th e Gran d Lodge of t h e Un i ted S tates . Un i ty a Lod ge of colored O dd Fellows

,

D u rin g a h al f ce ntu ry the Ge r m an O rder was establi sh e d i n th e city of New York

o f H arugari has paid ou t m ore than $5 ,
by th e m othe r o rgan i zati o n th e Un i te d ,

for th e reli ef of si c k an d d istressed O rde r of E ngl an d al th ough p rior to 1 8 4 3

,

w o rt h v m e m bers th ei r wi dows an d o rph an s , . t h e re h ad been several Lodges o f wh i te

2 36 GR A ND U NI T E D O R DE R O F O D D FE LL O W S

O dd Fello ws at an d n ear Pottsville Pa ,

.
,
wi t h m en of c olor Whether they discon .

h ol di ng allegiance to t h e Grand U ni t e d t i nne d t he ir Lodge s or allied the m sel v es

O rder i n E ngland In 1 84 2 Patri c k H
. . wi th th e A m eri c an I ndependen t O rder i s
Reaso n Ja m es Fields an d oth ers (negroes )
,
. n ot k n own Peter O gden th e fo under of
.
,

of Ne w York c i t y m e m bers of a social an d

,
th e Grand Uni t ed O rde r i n th is co un try ,

l i t erary so c i e ty k nown as the Ph il o m at h ean was of h u m ble bi rth bu t e vide ntly of great ,

I nstit ute p eti t io ne d th e A m e ri c an In de

,
e nergy He e nj oyed a superi or ed uca t ion
.
,

pe nde nt O rder— probably j u st p rior to t h e w h i c h e nabled h im to lay broad and dee p

se c ession of t h e latte r fro m t h e Mancheste r t h e fou nda t i ons of t h e A m e ri c an bran c h of
U n ity — fo r a dispen sati on to for m the In the parent ste m of B ritish O d d Fello wsh ip .

s t it u t e i n to a n O dd Fel lows Lodge Th e ’

. Nei ther t he latte r n o r t h e form er body
pe t itio n w as n o t granted be c ause the signers pres c ribes c ond ition s of rac e or color as
were of Afri c an desce nt B u t the l atter . requ isi tes fo r m e m bersh ip and th e fa c t th at ,

wi t h o t he rs n otably m e m bers of the Ph ila

,
t h e A m eri c an bran c h is co m pose d of m en of
del ph ia Library Co m pany an d Debatin g S o Afri can d es c e nt i s due solely t o i ts h av i ng
c iet y h ad see n an d appre c iated the need for
,
bee n e stabl ish ed b v m en of color w ith wh o m
so c ieties aff ord ing m u tual aid an d prote c tion th ose of t hei r o w n ra c e h ave n at ural ly asso
i n c ase of sick ness and di stress and were de O gde n s publ i sh ed le tters sho w h im
’
, c iat ed .

t erm ined not to be pu t off as th ey belie ved , , to h ave bee n a cle ver m an E vide n tl y th e .

be c au se of a p rej u di c e agai nst asso c ia t i ng English body a c ted wisel y i n m a k ing h im

wi t h people of col or Th e n i t w as that . t he i r rep resentati v e i n the U nited S ta t es .

Pe ter O gde n a negro m e m be r of Vi c t oria

, H e was t h e Th o m as Wil dey of hi s bran c h of
O d d Fell ows Lodge No 4 4 8 at Liverpool A m eri c an O dd Fellowsh ip Wi th i n fou r
’
. .
, , ,

G ran d Un ite d O rder a seafaring m an ad , , years (in 1 84 7 ) there we re twen ty two A m eri - ~

vi sed th at a d ispe nsa t ion be ask ed fo r a can Lodges u nder O gde n s ad m i nistratio n ’
,

Lodge of O dd Fellows at N ew Yor k th rough , and i n 1 85 1 eigh t y ears after P h ilo m at h ean
,

Vi c to ri a Lodge fro m t h e Un ited O rder of

, Lo d ge was organ ized represen tati v es fro m ,

E ngland I t will b e borne i n m i nd that

. Lod ges i n Ne w Yo r k Penn syl v ani a C on , ,

that I n d epe nde n t O rde r of O dd Fell o ws , nec t ic ut M ass ac h u setts Ne w Je rsey D ela
, , ,

Uni ted S t ates of A m erica then hel d alle , ware an d Mar y lan d p resented credenti al s
,

g ian c e to o r w as j ust abou t severi ng i t fro m at t h e m eeti n g of the An n u al Mov able

the I nd epen den t O rd e r Man c h este r Un i t y , , Co m m ittee w hi c h m et i n Ne w H a v en
, ,

Engl and wh i c h i n 1 8 1 3 se c eded fro m t h e

, , , Co nn .

G rand Unit c d O rder w hi c h w as th en (1 84 2

-
,
-
Pe ter O gden died i n New York city i n
4 3 ) abou t to be as k ed to establish Lod ges i n 1 8 5 2 an d h is n am e wil l u nd ou bted ly be h el d
,

t h e Un i te d S ta t es a m ong petitioners of Afri i n gra t eful re m e m bran ce by al l m e m bers of

can des c en t Pe ter O gde n s ad vi c e was
.
’
t he O rde r By 1 85 0 th ere we re thi rty tw o
.
-

taken He sailed to Live rp ool an d se c u red

.
, Lod ges of the G rand United O rde r i n A m e r
th rough Vi c toria Lodge and the govern i ng ic a and i n 1 8 6 0 six t y si x of wh ich seve n
, ,
-

body of the O rde r at Leed s a d ispe nsatio n tee n were not wor k in g a n e t gain with i n ,

to in stitu te Ph il o m at h ean Lodge No 6 4 6 , .

, seve n teen years of fo rt y n i ne Lodges Wh e n -
.

at Ne w Yo rk c i ty w h i c h was for m e d Marc h

, th e question s agita t i ng th e publ i c and the
1,
1 84 3 Th e fou r self i nsti tu ted w h i te
.
-

d i stu rbed pol i ti c al c on di tion s d u rin g those

Lod ges c h artered by th e G ran d U ni te d O r
, se ventee n years are re c alled the progress ,

d e r si tuated near Pottsvi lle P a refused to

, , .
, a c h ie ved i s see n to be c redi tabl e At th e .

re c ogni ze Pete r O gd e n as D epu ty fro m th e celebratio n of th e twenti e th ann i ve rsary of

E nglish G rand Body becau se as th e y ad , , t h e O r de r i n th e Uni ted S tates at W ashi n g
m it t ed of a prej udi ce agai nst asso c i a t i ng
, t o n in 1 8 63 it w as annou n c ed t he re we re
.
,
23 8 IM PE R IA L O R D E R O F M US C O VI T E S

I m p e r ia l O o v it e s — S ee th e establ ish m e nt of the I mproved O rd er of

rd e r o f M u sc .

I ndepe nde nt O rder of O d d Fellows Un i te d Red Me n at B al t i m ore i n 1 83 4 I n i ts tra

,
.

S tates of A m e ri c a . dit io n s teach ings pri n c iples an d aspi ra , , ,

I m p r o v e d O r d e r K n ig h t s o f P 31 1 1 , tions the I m proved O rde r of Red Me n ,

i a s — T he only break i n th e ran ks of t h e see k s to ele v ate th e c h ara c te r relie ve the

.
,

K nigh ts of Pyth ias h as been the se c e ssion of m isfortunes and ad d to the h appi n ess of i ts ,

so m e of th e Ger m an A m eri c an m e m bers b e no vi tiates Fro m t h e n atu re of i ts c erem o

-

c ause pe r m ission to c on du ct the work i n th e n ials n o m e n cl ature an d legen d s i t rank s , , ,

Ger m an language was wi t h drawn Th e ao an ack n owledged c on se rv ator of the hi s .

tion of th e S upre m e Lod ge of th e K nigh ts tor y c u stom s and v i rt ues of th e aborigi nal , ,

of Pyth ias i n 1 8 92 i n 1 894 and agai n i n A m erican s Lo c al organizations are d esig

, , .

1 8 9 5 i n declin i ng to per m i t Lodges t o re n

, nat ed T ribes ; these are subord inate to Great

der th e ri tual i n any oth e r t h an the E ngl is h (S t ate ) C ou n c ils an d the latte r to t h e Great ,

lan guage whe n th e re we re qu i te a n u m be r C ou nc il of the Uni te d S tates wh i c h is th e

, ,

of Lodges i n wh i c h i t had bee n c u sto m ary to S upre m e body The c ere m on ials of Tri bes .

use the Ge rm an lan guage d u ri ng th e c ere are di vid ed i n to the D egrees of Adoption ,

m onies resulted in th e se c ession of m em an d th e H un te r s Warrior s an d C hief s ’ ’ ’

, , ,

bers of a n u m be r of Ger m a n Lodges At D egrees A few add i tional hono rary de . .

In dianapol is i n Ju ne 1 8 95 th e se c edi ng g rees or grades are attai nable b y th ose wh o

, , ,

ele m e nt organ i zed t h e I m proved O rde r h ave fille d e xe c u tive p osi tions i n Tribes and ,

Knigh ts of Pyth ias The s c h i s m ati c bran c h G reat C ou ncil s i n ad di tion to wh ich the re
.
,

h as not grown rapid ly an d t h e o utlook i s i s the Benefi c iary D egree th e C hieftai n s

, ,
’

th at the b rea c h w ill be h e aled Leagu e described as the Un ifor m ed Ran k

.
,

I m p r o v e d O r d e r o f R e d 1\I e n — The an d th e D egree of Po c ah on t as designe d fo r

.
,

ol dest c h ari t able an d be ne volen t secret se wo m en bu t t o wh i c h m e m bers who h ave re ,

c iet y of A m e ri c an origi n founded on ab o rig c eiv ed th e Ch ief s D egree are al so eligible

’
.

in al A m e ri c an tradi tion s an d c u sto m s Its Cand id ates for the I m pro v ed O rde r of Red
.

govern m ent i s m odelled o n th e li nes of O dd Men m ust be wh ite c i t i zens of th e Un i te d

Fellowsh ip as are i ts prac ti c al ai m s and S tates twe nty o ne years of age of good
, , , ,
-

l i k e O dd Fellowsh ip i t has c ut i ts cl oth bu t m oral c h arac ter of sou n d h eal th an d h a ve

, , , ,

“
t o a m ore l i m i ted e xten t after Mason i c pat a belief i n th e e xi sten ce of a Great S pi ri t
,

terns I ts cl ai m to be the ol dest se c ret i n wh o m all power e xi sts

. K o rth A m e ri .

society of p urely A m erican ori gi n i n exist can I n dian s are n ot eligible to m e m bership
e nc e ” ,
rests o n its bein g a vi rtual con ti nu No q uesti on of pol i t ics o r religion i s allo we d
atio n of th e S on s of Li berty for m ed prior to to e nter th e Wigwa m s an d as a m an e nters
”
,

th e War of t h e Re v ol ution and the secret th e W ig wam so h e d eparts a free m an — .

,

so c ieties to wh i c h the l atter gave bi rth Th e Th e n o m e n c l atu re of the O rde r i s rich.

G reek lette r c ollege se c re t so c i ety Ph i Beta w ith I nd ian e xpressio ns word s and na m es
, , , .

Kappa was fou nde d i n 1 77 6 (th ough i t h as Me m bers are sai d to attend a C o un c il in a
, ,

no t been secret si n ce an d the Col Wigwa m on a c ertai n S un of a c ertai n Moo n ,

lege G reek lette r fratern ities Kappa Alph a of the G reat S u n (year ) of D iscove ry i e
, ,
. .
,

S ig m a Ph i D el ta Ph i dis c overy of A m eri c a Th e Coun c il fi re i s .

Alph a D el ta Ph i and Psi Upsi lon k indled i nstead of th e m eeti ng being opened ,

wel l k now n so c ial and literary c ol an d th e cl ose i s des c ribed as th e quen c h in g

-

lege secret so c ieties to th i s d ay all an tedate of th e C ouncil fi re Fath o m s feet an d

,
.
, ,

i n c h es stan d for d ollars di m es and cents , ,

Letter fro m Great Pro ph et Th o m as E Pec kin and e v ery ad opted paleface re c ei ves a new
.

pa u g h N o vem b er 24 1 894
, ,
proper n am e ofte n that of an ani m al bird
.
, , ,
 IM P R O VE D O R D E R O F R E D ME N 2 39

or so m e quali ty or c h ara c t eristi c of m ind or H u dson to the Poto m ac for twen ty years
b ody Th e na m es of o fii c ials are I nd ian followin g the War of 1 8 1 2 Th e ge nealogy
.
,
.

and m e t h od s of expression an d ri tual s are of the O rder as gi ven i n the O fii c ial H i s

as m ay be supposed re ple te w i t h I nd ian to ry of th e I m pro ved O rder of Red Me n ”
, ,

words an d figu res of spee c h m an v of th e (ed ited by C h arl es II L it c h m an Past Great

,
.
,

latte r being pi cturesqu e of t e n p oeti c al O c o h o nee T h e Fratern ity P ublish i ng C o m

, .
,

Th e roll c al l of the O rde r sh ows m ore th an pan y Bosto n ) tra c es the l in e of des c ent ,

m e m be rs excl usive of probably fro m th e patri oti c so c ieti e s of c ol on ial d ays

,
.

wo m e n m e m bers of C ou nci ls of t h e Th ese were t h e S ons of Liberty 1 7 6 5 th e , ,

D egree of Po c ahon tas a g rand total of 1 6 6, S ai nt Ta m i na S ocie ty at An nap oli s 1 7 7 1

, , ,

00 0 . The an n ual recei pts are i n e x c ess of an d the S o c ie ty of Re d Men organi zed a t
and th e e xpe nd i tu re s one h al f Fort M ifiiin on the Delaware i n 1 8 1 3
-

c er ~

of tha t s um wh il e i nvest m en ts of th e 0 1 t ainl y p ri o r to 1 8 1 6 — wh i c h i nc o rporated

,
'

gan izat io n aggregate n o less th an th e u sages n a m es an d ce re m oni es of th e , ,

I n su m m arizi ng the c h aracte ri sti c s of S ai n t Ta m i n a or Tam m an y soci e t ies Th e ,

.
‘

th is ol de st A m e rican ch ari table b enev o fi rst so c ie t y of Red Me n had an e xiste n c e of

,

le nt an d orig i nally poli t i c al se c re t so c ie ty twent y years wh e n i t su c c u m bed to th e d o m

, ,

i t i s proper to explai n tha t fro m 1 7 7 2 to inanc e of con v i v i al i ty w h i c h by t h e w ay , , ,

1 83 0 u nde r i ts se veral for m s i t w as fi rst w as a pri m ary c au se of th e fi rst great s c h is m

, ,

politi c al and afte rward so c ial o r so c ial an d i n E n glisli 0 dd Fellowsh i p i n 1 8 1 3 D u r . .

c h ari t able i n i t s obj ects No t u n t il 1 833 — 3 4 i ng and su bseq uen t to t h e War of th e Re vo

.

w ere all the poli ti c al features eli m i nated l a tion S ai nt Ta m ina appeared to h a v e bee n
.
,

I n the eigh tee nth c e n tu ry th e qu al i fi c a t ion s popular wi th c i tizen s an d sol di ers alike .

fo r m e m be rsh ip we re th at th e c andid ate S ai nt Tam i n a D ay May 1 2 t h was oh ,

sh oul d be fi rst a c i t izen and ne xt of c o r

”
, , ,

rect pol iti c al p ri n c iples The v al ue of t h is

. Tam m any (o r Tam i na T am in anen T em eny , , ,

explanatio n l ies i n t he fact n o t h e retofore Tam anend T” ,

am ane o r T am a ned s ai d t o m ean
, ,

t h e A fi ab l e ) was a d i s ti n g ui s h ed In d i an c h i ef
'

poi nte d o ut th at fro m col oni al d ays do w n to ,

s a i d t o b e b o th m er c i f ul an d b rav e a c ulti v a t o r o f
,
,
t h e pre se nt ti m e we h a v e n o t bee n wi th out
t h e art s o f peac e as w ell as th o s e o f w ar O ne ac .

o ne o r m o re great se c re t pol i ti c al so c ie ties c o u n t s tat es th a t h e w as a D el aware a t t h e h ead o f

, ,
,

ex c ep t perh aps for a de c ade o r m o re at th e t h e Len n i Lenape c o nfederac y and th at h is w ig

, , ,

close of th e first h alf of th e p resen t c en tu ry w am o nc e s t o o d w h ere Pr i nc et o n C o ll ege i s l o c at ed

.
.

I t is al s o d ec l ared h e li v ed in Pen n sy l va n i a near t h e

Not si n c e its re organizatio n i n 1 3 4 h as t he
3 ,

S c hu y lkill an d w as b u ri ed ab o ut fo u r m il es fro m
I m p roved O rder of Re d M en tole ra t ed po ,

D o y l es t o wn B u c k s C o u nt y W hi l e no t aut h en t i ,
.

lit ic al or religious di s c u ssion s i n i ts C ou n c at ed h e is d ec l a red t o h av e b een at t h e Grea t

,

c ils. Bu t w i th th e ad ve n t of the Uni ted C o u nc il u nder t h e el m t ree at S h a kam ax o n af ter

.
,

O rde r of A m erican Me c h ani cs i n 1 84 5 an d Pen n s fi rs t arr i v al in A m er i c a H is na m e appears

’
. .

othe r A m e ri c an secre t so c ie tie s wh ich have o n t h e t reat y fo r t h e p u rc h ase o f l a nds b y Pen n

in 1 6 82 b ut no t o n t h e s u b s equ en t t reat v bv
t ake n a m ore or less a ti ve i nte rest i n pol itical
c
,

wh i c h a l arge po r ti o n o f Pen n syl van i a w as ac

q uestion s we fi nd a d i re c t c on ti n u ati on by qu i red ” T h e i nferenc e th erefo re h as b een d ra w n
,
.
, ,

m ean s of se c re t so c ieties of so m eth i ng aki n th a t Tam m a ny d i ed b etween th o se

years T he .

to th e acti v i ty wh i c h m arke d the earlier Red pu rel y l egendary ac c o u n t s o f Tam m any w hi c h , ,

Me n s or Tam in a S ocieties fro m 1 77 2 to per h aps m a y b e pres u m ed t o h av e a pl ac e in t h e

’
,

1 830 The Red Men as no w organize d c erem o ni al s o f t h e I m pro ved O rder o f R ed M en

.
, ,
,

— em b o d y t h e o l d es t s t o r y i n h i s t o ry t h e s t r u gg l e
was fou n ded at Bal ti m ore 1 83 3 3 4
,

b et ween go o d an d ev il b et ween Tam m a n y t h e

, ,
,

th e n atural ou tgrowth of th e secre t soci

great a nd go o d c h i ef o f t h e t r i b es b et ween t h e A ll e
et ies of Red Me n whi c h flou ri shed at or g h enies and t h e Ro c ki es pr i o r t o t h e d i sc o ver i es o f
near th e cen tre s of populati on fro m t h e D e S o t o o r L a S all e and t h e E v i l S pi r it F o r ,
.
2 40 I M P R O VE D O R DE R O F R E D ME N

served by the ar my fro m the ti m e of th e bec am e o l d and feeb l e h i s t ri b e ab and o ned h im in a

,

Rev ol u ti on u n til th e practice w as forbid den b u t at N ew B r ita i n Penn an d th ere h e t r i ed t o

, .
,

kill h i m sel f b y s t ab b i ng b ut fai li ng in th at h e

j us t prior to th e War of 1 8 1 2
“
,

fl u ng b u rn i ng l eaves o ver h i m sel f and so per

.

E xtract fro m Myth s an d Legen d s of

o u r o wn Land
” by C harl es M S k i nn er ;
is h ed . H e w as b u r i ed w h ere h e d ied I t w as a .

pr i n c es s o f t hi s t r i b e th at ga ve t h e n am e o f L o v er s
'

.
,

pu bli sh ed by J B Li ppin cot t C c Ph i la . . .

, Leap t o a c l i ff o n M o u nt Ta m m an y b y l eapi ng ,

delphi a 1 8 9 6 ,
.
fro m i t t o h er d eath b ec a u s e h er l o v e fo r a yo u ng
,

E u ro pean w as n o t rec i pr o c at ed .

T h e ab o r i g i nes w h at ever m ay b e s ai d agai ns t ,

th em enj o ed n atu ral b ea ut y and th ei r h ab it ati o ns

,
y ,
Th e S ons of Liberty wh i ch becam e a ,

were o ft en m ade in thi s deli g ht f ul reg i o n th ei r , se c ret re v ol ut i onar y societ y fi rst appeare d ,

c o u nc il s b ei n g a tt en ded b C hi ef Tam anen d o r

“
i n Maryl an d i n 1 7 6 4—6 5 as organ ize d oppo
y

”
,
,
Tam m any a D el aware wh o se w i s do m and vi rtu es
“
sitio u to taxati on wi th ou t representa t i o n
“
, ,

”
,
were s u c h as t o rai se h im in t h e pl ac e o f pat ro n
s a i n t o f A m er i c a T h e n o t o r i o u s Tam m an y S o c i et y
.
th e stam p act th e quarte ri ng ac t
, ,

of N ew Y o rk is na m ed fo r h im W h en th i s c hi ef an d oth e r O pp ressi ve l egisl ati on I t was .

.

C olone l Isaac B arre a m on g th e fe w m em ,

y ea rs t h e t w o waged a b itt er warfare t h e l att er , be rs of Parl iam en t wh o opposed th e p assage

send i n g pl a g u es o f po i s o n s u m ac h and s ti ng i n g
of the s t a m p act i n 1 7 6 5 an d calle d the
, ,
nettl es rattl esn ak es an d m am m o th s al l o f w hi c h
opposi n g parties i n th e col onies th e S on s
, ,

T am m a ny o v erc am e T h e E v i l S pi r it th en d am m ed .

of Li b ert y ” As declared i n th e O ffi ci al
up w h a t are n o w c all ed t h e D et r o it a nd N i ag ara
.

R i vers th reat en i ng t h e o verfl o w o f t he t rans A ll e

,
- H i story th a t n a m e was i m m edi ately af t er
,

g h eny reg i o n whi c h t h e grea t c hi ef o verc am e b y

, ward adopted by t h e societ y The early .

d i gg i ng t h e d ra i ns w hi c h are n o w t h e M i am i ,
h i story of th e col on y of Marylan d i s au
W ab as h A ll eg h eny and O h i o R i vers Aft er T am
“
t h o rit y for t h e s tate m en t th at th e S on s of
, , .

m an y h ad o verc o m e t h e t r i b es o f t h e N o r th and
E as t wh i c h h ad b een s en t t o o v erc o m e h im b y h is
Li be rty c lai m e d a ge n u i ne I n di an c h ief
,

t ai n as i ts t u t elar sai n t an d pa t ron ” The

en em y af t er h e h ad as t o n i s h ed th em b y t reati n g
,
.

th em l eni en tl y i ns t ead o f to rtu ri ng th em h e en ,

for m ati on of a S ai n t T am i na S ocie t y a t
gag ed in a perso nal enc o u n t er w ith t h e E v i l S pi r it A nn apol is i n 1 7 7 1 is th e refore a natural
, , ,

a nd nea r l y s l ew h im fo rc i n g h im t o ret reat t o t h e ,

sequen c e am ou ntin g practicall y to a c han ge
, ,
rem o t e reg i o ns o f Lab rad o r and H u d s o n s B a ’
y
onl y of n a m e of on e of th e so c ie t ies of the
.

agr i c ultu r e w as pro m i n en t ant

“
T hi s was fo ll o w ed b v a s eas o n o f peac e in w hi c h
Ta m m any and ,
,

S on s of Li bert y Th e secrecy attached to

.

L i b ert y were sai d t o b e t h e wat c h wo rds o f h is both organi zati on s was the na t u ral ou t co m e
peo pl e T h e prec ept s w hi c h Tam m an d el i vered t o
. y of th ei r pe rsi sten t and con si sten t oppositi on
h is fo ll o wers pr i r t o v i s iti ng M ex i c o t o m eet t h e
,
o
to th e E n gl i sh G ove rn m en t i n v iew of t he

g o v ern m e n t (ac c o rd i ng t o
“
Inc a o f Per u and ad v i se h im as t o h is fo rm o f
t h e r es ea rc h es o f t h e
conseq ue n ces of rebell i on The career of .

t h e S on s of L iberty in Massa c h u se tts 1 7 6 5

l at e D r S am u el L M it c h ell
. are c l e v er l y c o m
.
,

T h ey c o ns i s t o f b ri ef addres s es t o C h il 1 7 7 4 i s fa m iliar to e v e r y A m erican in cl u d

po s ed . , ,

d ren o f t h e T h i r t een Tr i b es in w h i c h h e c o u ns el s
“
t h e m as t o th ei r ac ti n c iti ng t h e c h arac t eris o ,
, i n g t h e board i n g of E ngli sh v essels i n
B os t on h arbor by fo rty o r fif t y Moh awk “
ti c s o f t h e E agl e Ti ger D eer W o l f B u ffal o D g , , , , ,
o ,
I n di ans wh o e m ptied 34 2 che sts of tea
,
B eav er S qu i rrel F o x T o rt o i se E el B ear and B ee
, , , , , ,
i nto t h e b ay as a protes t agai n s t th e tax on
fo r ill u s t ra ti o n O n h is retu rn fro m M e x i c o T a m
.
,

m an v fo u n d h is o ld enem y h ad i ns t ill ed no ti o ns o f
i d l enes s and d i s s i pati o n i nt o t h e m i nd s o f h is peo pl e ,
T he fac t th at the m ode rn I m pro ved
w hi c h h e fi n al l y o v erc am e He l i ved t o an u nu s u al .
O rder of Red Me n of 1 83 4 con tin u es the
age in peac e and h appi ness a nd w as w o nd erf ull y
, , I ndi an c ere m on ials n o m e n c lature an d cu s
, ,
bel o ved Great h o no r w as paid h im aft er dea t h
. ,
to m s adop t ed by the S o n s of L iberty an d
derful m o nu m en t “
and t h e l eg end s ays h e l i es b u r i ed u n d er th a t w o n
,
~

sec o nd o n l y in s i ze a n d l ab o r
.
by the m in part at least tran s m i tted t o
, ,

t o t h e P yram i d s t h e grea t Ind i an fo r t near M u s k

,
suc c eed i ng organ iz ati on s m ay o r m ay n o t ,

i ng u m . be ren dere d of speci al sign ifi cance whe n o ne

242 IM P R O VE D O R DE R O F R E D ME N

clai m in g a previ ou s e xi sten c e of so m e “

tran s m i tted to the S on s o f S ain t T am i na
”
ye ars whi c h as a patri o ti c an d afterward s
, , were m a de the basi s of th e ritual use d O ne .

pol i ti c al an d bene volen t soci ety w as patron of the m os t pro m i nen t offi cial s of th e n ew
,
"

iz ed b y m a ny o f th e fi rst c itizen s o f Penn organi z at ion was a Free m ason Th e p u r .

s y l vani a A S ain t Ta m m any S oci e ty o r

. pose s of th is soci e ty as i nd ic ate d by the
, ,

C ol u m bi an O rder l i k e that at Ne w Yor k , prea m ble of t h e cons t i tu ti on of th e Re d,

w as foun de d at B alti m o re i n 1 80 5 an d b e Men s S oci ety of Pen n syl v ani a were n o t

“
’
,

“
c a m e a purely secret pol i t i c al organ ization
”
w i t h a c h arac t eri stic word t o gai n ad
on ly so c i al bu t to rel ieve each oth er in
”
sickness and di stress and to adh ere to
, ,

“
’
o n to i ts ga t he rin gs bu t i t was n o t e ach oth er i n defen ce of o u r coun try s
l ong l i ved Th e Annapoli s society preserve d
-
.
,

cau se ” The p ro m in e nce n o w gi v en to re .

a con ti n uo us e xi st en c e u n ti l 1 8 1 0 An o t h e r l ief fro m d istress am o n g m e m bers of th e

.

ou tgro wth o f th e early secre t socie t ies wi th I m pro v e d O rde r of Re d Me n su ggests th e

‘

Ind i an c ere m on i al s was th e K ickapoo A m i only con j e c tu re fou n d as to wh y the n a m e

c able A ssoci ati on whi c h e xi sted at W ash i n g R ed M en was substi t uted for Ta m m any .

ton in 1 80 4 No S ain t Ta m m a n y so c ie ties

. Ta m m an y societies h ad first an d l ast bee n
are recorde d n orth o r e ast of Ne w York poli ti c al r ath er th an o th erwi se Un der th e .

c i ty wh i ch is n a t ural wh e n i t i s re c alle d
,
ne w di spen sat i on of m u t u al rel ief a differen t
,

th at t h e h u n t i n g groun d s of th e Lenn i n am e was need e d yet one i n h a rm on y w i t h ,

Lenape e xten de d o ve r wh at are n o w Ne w the ch arac te r and tradi ti on s of th e organi

Je rsey Penn syl van i a D elaware an d part
, ,
z at io n s of wh i c h thi s was m e rely an adapta
,

of M arylan d * Th e S ai n t Ta m i n a (and . ti on For th at m at t e r S ai n t Ta m m any .

,

Ta m m any ) socie tie s of 1 77 1 —1 8 1 0 o r socie ties stil l c on ti n ued to e xi st n otably at

,

late r we re at fi rst pol i ti c al organ i z a

, , , Ph iladelph ia u n t i l 1 82 2 and m an y were ,

ti on s M ost or al l of th e m afterward
. kn o wn to h ave hel d m e m bersh i p i n the m
be c o m e soci al an d ben e v olen t i n th ei r an d the new S oci ety of Red M en In con .

pu rposes w i th the accen t i n so m e i n stan ces

, sequ en ce o i th e War of 1 8 1 2 reo rgan izati o n ,

m o re on th e so c i al th an the bene v ole n t beca m e n ecessary wh ich w as acco m pli she d ,

featu res In the thi rd stage of thei r d e v el

. i n 1 8 1 6 after wh i c h t h e w ork o f e xtensi o n ,

o pm en t t hey agai n beca m e di sti nc ti v el y was p ushed Records are m eagre pri o r to .

pol i ti c al an d fro m 1 7 90 to 1 81 0 m an y am
,
1 82 1 ye t m en ti on i s m ade of a T ri be at ,

bi ti on s pol i t ical leaders we re en rolled am on g Ch arleston 1 8 1 8—2 1 wh i ch i s stri k ing as , , ,

t he m A m i l itary co m p any w as stati o ned

. n o sl a v eh ol de r c ou l d be co m e a m e m ber .

a t Fo rt M ifil in abo u t fou r m iles belo w Ph il

‘
, At abo u t t h e s am e perio d th e societ y fo un d

“
adel ph i a o n th e D el aware Ri ver i n 1 8 1 2
,

co m pose d of son s of leadi n g m en of

l o d g m e n t i n Ne w J e rsey an d a li ttle l ater
,

probably i n Ne w Y or k Tri bes we re estab

, , ,

”
.
,

Philadel ph i a am on g wh o m in 1 8 1 3
, l is h ed at L an caste r P a i n 1 8 1 9 ; a t Wi l
, , , .
,

origi n ate d a S ocie ty of Red Men Th e m ingt o n D el i n 1 8 2 3 ; a t Al b a ny i n 1 82 6

.
,
.
, ,

elai m i s m ade th at m e m bers of S ai n t Ta m i na an d at B al ti m ore abou t t h at ti m e o r soo n

so c ie t ies we re a m o n g the fo u nde rs an d th at afte r I n the peri od 1 82 6 —2 8 a T ri be was
. .

t h e I n dian u sage s c e re m oni als c u sto m s , fo r m ed a t Read ing Pa wh i c h achie v e d

, , , .
,

an d n o m en clature wh i ch the S o ns of Li be rty disti n cti on by m ai n tai n ing an i n depe nde n t

existen c e as a soci e ty of Re d Men u nti l
T h e repo rt s o f t h e Gra nd Lo dg e o f F reem aso ns 1 85 4 befo re con sen ti n g to be absorbe d b
y ,
o f N o rth C aro li n a rec o rd t h e i ns tituti o n o f S t T a m
th e I m prove d O rd er of Red Men wh i c h was
.

m an y L o d g e o f F ree and Ac c ept ed M aso n s D ec em

foun de d at Bal ti m ore i n 1 83 4 afte r t h e
,

f u nd ers b ei ng d es i ro u s o f es c a pi ng t h e “
b e 25
r 1 7 9 5 a t W il m i ng t o n in th at S t at e t h e
, ,
,

o t o o fre c oll a pse o f th e S ocie ty of Red Men The .

qu e nt c all i ng fro m l ab o r t o refres h m en t ” l atte r wou ld appear t o h ave been q ui t e

.
 IM PR O VE D O R DE R O F R E D ME N 24 3

prospero us in 1 82 1 h ol di n g regu l ar m o nth Fell s Poi n t B alti m ore u nd er th e n am e

,
’
, , ,

ly m ee ti ngs i n Phi ladelph i a an d el sew h ere S oci ety of Red M en Tri be of M aryl an d
, , ,

assi sti n g d i st ressed broth e rs an d thei r No 1 w h i le th e oth er d ecl ares th e pre .

,

fa m i li es an d bu ryin g th e i r de ad I t i s l i m i n ary m ee ti ng to h a v e been h el d i n

.

n o t unl i k ely th at at th at pe ri o d i t was m o re D ece m be r 1 83 3 an d t h e m eet in g of pe r m a , ,

su ccessfu l th an th e In d epe n den t O rde r of n en t o rgan i za t i on e arly i n 1 83 4 cer tai n ly ,

O dd Fell o ws wh ich was e stabl i she d at d u rin g th e win ter season

,
Accord in g t o .

B al ti m ore i n 1 8 1 9 th ree years afte r th e re t h e l atter v e rsi on at El i sh a S n ik e s T em

, ,
’

o rg an i zation o f t he S o c i et y of Red Men at peran c e H o use Th a m es S tree t L ogan , .

Phi ladel ph i a I t i s n ot e ven u nl i kel y t h at Tribe No 1 O rde r of Re d M en afte r

.
, .
, ,

so late as 1 82 5 wh en t h e I ndepen de n t O rder w ard s re c h ristene d Logan Tri be No 1

, , .
,

of O dd Fellow s n u m bered all tol d only I m pro v ed O rde r of Red Men was organ ize d
, , ,

abo u t 5 00 m e m bers th at th e Re d Men were as a protest agai n st th e d o m i nan ce of so cial

far stro n ge r n u m e ri cally
,

. procl i v i tie s an asso ciati on for m u tual ,

“
W ith th e fi n al d i ssolu ti o n of S aint T am fratern i ty an d ben e vole n ce
m any societi es in Ph iladel phia abo u t 1 82 2 th e m otto
, ,
It ad opted
Freedo m Fri en d sh i p an d ,
“ ,
.

m an y m e m be rs j oi ned th e Red M en O thers C h ari ty . George A Peter w as th e fi rst . .

h ad been m e m bers of both o rgani z at ion s S ach e m of L ogan T ri be an d i s regarded as

.
,

Fro m 1 823 to 1 82 7 S ain t T a m m an y s D ay the fo u n der of th e I m pro ve d O rde r of Red

,
’
,

M ay 1 2 t h was duly cel ebrated an d i n t he Men

, ,
Th e fi rst act of Loga n T ri be w as t o .

an no un ce m en ts of th e cere m oni e s w i t h proh i bi t m eeti ngs i n bui l di ngs wh e re li qu o r

wh i c h th e Re d Me n were to wel co m e La was sol d and the ne x t t o ge t rid of m em ,

fayette to Ph il adelphi a th e so m e wh at b ers w h o oppo sed su ch a c ti on Wi th su c h .

Wash ington as ou r l ate G ran d S ache m “

su rpri sin g m e n tion i s m ade of G e o rge success di d th e I m pro v e d O r d e r m ee t th at
” a sec on d Tribe was i n sti tuted at B al ti m ore
.

No e xplan ati on i s o btai ne d of t he m ar k e d i n 1 83 4 an d delegate s fro m t h e two T ri bes ,

d ecli n e of th e so ciety fro m 1 82 7 to 1 83 0 establ i sh e d a G ran d C o u n cil o f Maryl an d

, ,

th ough on e m ay su ppose the an ti Mason i c May 2 0 1 83 5 of whi c h Wil l ia m T Jon es

-

, , .

'

ex c it em en t h ad so m eth i n g to do w i th i t was the fi rs t Great S ache m . The G ran d .

O n e ch ro ni c l e r attri bu tes t h e nu m e rou s C ou ncil i n sti t ute d a thi rd Tribe i n 1 8 3 8 ,

bers h a v in g beco m e t oo cl ann i sh “

re sign ati on s an d l ac k of i n te rest t o m em an d w i th a gro wi n g zeal ou s m e m be rsh i p
espe th e n ew o rgan i z a t io n see m e d on th e h i gh
,
,

c iall y at Ph il adel ph i a I t i s ad m i tted road to prospe rity ; n o tw i th st and in g only

.
, ,

h o we v er th at for so m e t i m e m ee t i ngs h ad t wo Tri bes Nu m be rs 1 an d 3 re m ai ned i n

, , ,

been h el d at or o v e r t ave rns an d th at e xi ste n ce as l ate as 1 8 4 0 Th e O rder c o n .

ad j ourn m en ts for con vi v ial p u rposes h ad t i nn ed to grow i n B alt im ore an d in 1 84 4 ,

cau se d great d issatisfaction an d m any wi th an d 1 84 5 Tri bes were establi sh e d i n Wash

dra wal s fro m m e m bersh i p By 1 83 0 or ingt o n wh i ch also organi ze d a Great C ou n
.
, ,

soo n after e xcep t a t P hil adelph i a and a cil A G r eat C o u n c il of th e Un i te d S tates

, .

fe w o the r p oi n t s th e socie t y was prac tically was for m ed by th e Great C ou n c il s of M ary

,

dead whi c h clo ses th e secon d epoc h i n t h e l an d an d th e D i s t ri c t of C ol u m bi a i n 1 84 7

, ,

l ife of th e o rgani z atio n w h i ch w as re v i v ed an d in co rpo rated Just pri o r to th at ti m e .

at B al ti m ore i n 1 83 4 as th e I m p rove d th e re we re te n T ri bes i n e xi sten ce si x i n ,

O r der of Re d Me n . Mary l an d tw o i n th e D i strict of C ol u m bi a , ,

T h ere are t w o cl ai m s as to the d ate of an d t wo i n V irgin i a un d er th e j u ri sdi cti on ,

t h e organ i z ati on of t he I m pro v e d O rde r of of th e Gre at C oun cil of t h e Federal di stri ct .

Re d M en O n e gi v es it M arc h 1 2 1 83 4 at Th e di sput ant s of th e fo regoi n g accoun t

.
, ,

t h e h ouse of D Mc D o n ald B on d S treet

. cl ai m th at L ogan Tri be No 1 was n ot
, , ,
.
,
2 44 IM PR O VE D O R D E R O F R E D ME N

fo r m e d un ti l May 1 2 1 83 6 bei ng o rgan i zed

, ,
ren de re d it s ch arter and form e d an I nd e
by wi th drawi ng m e m bers of T ri be of M ary pen den t O rde r o f Red Men M ost of the .

lan d No 1 organi ze d March 1 2 1 83 4

,
.
, ,
. fe w Ger m an T ribes o r S ta m m s of 1 85 0 were
D ocu m en tary e vi dence i s wan ti n g and th e ,
asked to j oi n in the secession bu t fe w if ,

recollecti on s of age d m e m bers are al l th at

re m ain on eith e r side T he fi rst th ree o r .
any di d so Thi s schi s m ati c o rder h ad b e
.

fore it th e prece den t of t h e An cien t ” “

fou r years i n the l ife of th e Great C oun ci l Masoni c Gran d L o dge of Engl an d one ,

o f th e U ni te d S tates were filled wi th h ard h un d red yea rs before an d th e cu tti n g l oose ,

w or k . Ne w T ri bes were i n sti tute d i n of th e M an ch e ster Un i t y (En gl ish ) O dd

Pen n syl v ani a and i n D el aware i n 1 8 4 7 an d
in N ew Yo rk i n 1 8 48 wh e re an cie nt o r
,
“ ,
Fel l ows fro m the Gra n d Unite d (paren t )
O rde r i n 1 8 1 3 ; b u t i n t h i s i n stance no
h old o v e r O rd ers of Re d Me n were d i s
-
l i k e m easu re of s uccess h as been attain e d .

co v ered Th e latter readily recogni ze d th e

. T he fac t th a t th e In depe nden t O rder of Re d
au thori ty o f th e Gre at C oun cil of th e M en uses the Ger m an l an g uage n a t u rally
U ni te d S tate s an d applie d for an d re ce i ved circ u m scri bes it s fi eld yet i t pl ante d i ts ,

ch arters as T ri bes of th e I m pro ve d O rde r . S ta m m s i n Ne w York N ew Je rsey Pe n n , ,

I n 1 8 50 a Tri be was for m ed at Ne wark , syl v ani a Marylan d O h i o West Vi rgini a

, , , ,

N J an d soo n afte r at C a m den in the

. .
,
-
Illi noi s Mi sso uri Lou i si an a Californ i a
, , , ,

sa m e S tate Th e pe ri od 1 83 5 to 1 8 60 w as
. Massach usetts Rh ode Islan d an d i n a few
, ,

on e of u pbui l ding fol lo wi ng th e an ti Ma

,
-

oth er S tates I t s m axi m u m m e m bership

.

son i c agitati on ; it was n o t on ly a q uarter du ri n g fo rty fi v e ye ars h as bee n

-

of a ce n t u ry of p rospe rity i n th e l ife o f al l D u ri n g the past fi ftee n years i t is decl are d

th e n e xi sti n g secret fra terni ties bu t gave , by o ffi cials of th e I m pro ved O rde r th at
birth to a n u m be r of si m ilar societies wh ich m any m e m bers o f S ta m m s o r Tri bes of th e
are sti l l ac ti v e and growin g Th e I m pro ve d . Independen t O rder h ave retu rne d an d at
O rder of Re d Men as n o w for m ed w as , , t ac h ed th e m sel ve s to the trun k of the
born pro m ptly after th e recessi on of t h e paren t t ree Fro m 1 85 1 to 1 86 0 th e prin
.

anti M asoni c wa v e an d by th e ti m e it was

-

, c ipal work asi de fro m e xten si on was d ire c ted

th i rteen years ol d i n t h e year t he G reat

, to obtain ing a n e w an d sati sfactory ri tual .

C ou nci l of the Un i te d S tates was for m ed , S o m u ch d ifii c u l ty atte n de d thi s th at th e

‘

th e cu sto m ary reac hi ng ou t afte r m ore or Great C o u n cil of t h e Un i t e d S ta t es offere d

”
-

h i ghe r degrees was e xpe ri en ced i n an a p re m i u m t o th e brothe r wh o w o uld pro

agi tati on wh ich afterward resul ted i n th e d uce one th at wo ul d pro v e sati sfactory I t .

est abl i sh m en t of Ben efi cial D egree Councils i s n ote worth y that a proposi tion to estab
an d a C h ief t ai n s League an d i n t he desi re
’
, l ish a P o c ah o nt as Degree w as m ade i n 1 8 5 2 ,

to h a v e b usi ness of C ou n cils don e i n t h e by B roth er Geo rge P erc y of Vi rgin i a an d ,

C h i ef s or h i ghest degree I t w as als o in

’
. again i n 1 8 5 3 The I ndepen de n t O rder of
.

1 84 7 t h at a de m an d was m ad e for a re v i si on O d d Fell o ws prod u c ed t h ei r Rebekah D e

of th e ri tual an d fo r a un ifor m regali a both , gree for w i ves m o t hers an d dau gh ters of, ,

of wh ich were sec ure d by 1 8 5 0 I n th e . O dd Fell ows i n 1 85 1 an d Pe r c y s D egree of ,

’

ye ar last m enti on e d the per m ane nce of th e Pocah on tas was p robably su gges t e d by it .

gro w t h of the O rde r was atteste d by the Th e e xten si o n of the O rde r called for con
schi s m of Me ta m ora T ri be of B alti m ore , s iderab l e acti v i ty wh e n the natu ral e ffe c t s
,

w or k in g in th e Ger m an l anguage Meta . of th e busi ness dep re ssi o n of 1 85 7—5 8 are

m ora T ri be h ad refuse d to pay a ben e fi t consid e re d T ribes were for m ed i n O h i o
.

e v en afte r th e Great C o un cil of M arylan d in 1 852 ; North C arol i na Ken t ucky an d , ,

an d th e G reat C o un cil of th e U ni te d S ta t es M assach usetts i n 1 85 3 ; I n d ian a Illin oi s , ,

had deci de d i t was legal I t therefore sur . Io wa an d C alifo rn ia i n 1 85 4 ; Loui siana

,
24 6 I M PR O VE D O R DE R O F R E D ME N

stan dard or banne r of t h e O rder was adopte d con seq uen t depressio n i n in dustrial an d
i n 1 87 5 I n 1 8 7 6 a syste m of li fe i nsu ran c e
. co m m erc ial l ine s h ad a percepti ble effect o n
to the a m ou n t of was su ggested an d th e m e m be rsh i p i n 1 8 94 the ne t loss bei n g ,

was pu t i n to operati on i n 1 8 7 7 O ne w oul d . abo ut yet so great was th e head w ay

n a t u rally sup pose afte r n otin g the do i n g , of the organi z ation th at th e c heck was o nly
a way w i th apron s th at t h e O rd er wo uld , te m porary .

h ave see n th e an o m al ou sness o f ad opting a

c ere m ony to be u sed i n l ayi n g corne r “ Th e d egree of D augh te rs of Pocah on tas
w as ad opte d i n 1 885 an d establi sh e d in
”
stones of wi gw am s ye t such a cere m ony 1 88 7 afte r repeated e fforts to secu re such
, ,

ado pted by the G reat C ou n ci l of the a degree sin ce 1 85 2 Th e n a m e of the .

Uni te d S tate s i n 1 8 7 6 Th e year 1 8 7 7 was . degree was t ake n as m ay be supposed fro m , ,

m arke d by establish i n g a T ri be o n th e H a t he h i sto ri cal ch arac t e r Pocah on tas A ny .

waiian Isl and s bu t n otwi th stan di ng Ki n g ,

»
, wo m an o v er eigh tee n years of age an d of
K al ak a ua an d o t he r d i sti ngu ished re si den ts goo d m oral ch ara c te r i s no w el igi ble to
of th e the n I slan d kingdo m w ere m em m e m be rsh ip Th e degree h as pro v e d pop
.

bers th i s o utpost of I m p ro v e d Red Men

, u lar as sh o wn b y i ts
,
wo m e n m e m be rs .

d id n o t lon g su r v i v e Prio r to 1 8 70 th e .
, A C h ieftai n s League was establ i sh ed i n ’

O rder whi le gro wi ng an d p rospe rou s nu m

, , 1 88 6 —8 7 to gratify th e desi re for a u nifor m e d
bere d o nly about m e m be rs an d con , d egree In 1 889 a separa t e go v ern m en t
.

t ras t ed wi th so m e o t he r secret socie ti es at was gra nted t h e C h ieftai n s Leagu e wi t h ’

,

th at t im e i t was c o m para t i v ely obsc ure . t h e q u al i fi catio n t h at only Re d Me n s h oul d

Th e e ffec ts of th e c he c k to i ts growth ,
be el igible to m e m be rshi p bu t th is d i d ,

w hi c h re v e ale d i tsel f abou t 1 8 75—7 6 an d n o t p rove as s uc c essful as expected .

con ti n ued se v eral years are sh o wn by th e , I t was i n 1 889 th at th e G reat C ou ncil of

follo wi ng o fii c ial e xh ibi ts the Un i te d S ta tes fi n al ly con sen te d to h a v e
1 87 5 187 9 1 880 t the busi n ess of th e Tribes cond u cted i n the
T t l N Ju i sd i t i n
o a o r 35 c o s 32 33
t l N T ib
. .
’
T o a o . r 58 es . 5 05 491 C h ief t ai n s D egree A gene ral re v ie w of .

T ot lN
a m mb o e ers
t m t l i t p id b t h a th e grow th of th e O rder i s sh o wn i n th e
.

”
‘

ml m u t l t p i d w i l
T o a a . re c a re rt n
T
2M"
o a o n re n
o a c
o w d
s an ph l
or a ns
' m
8M follo wi ng co m parison s
T t l
o a m u t p id du ti
a o l n a c ea on
or p h ans l 4 03 1 52
"
2 53
184 7 1 860 1 87 9 1895
T tl
o a i pt
rec e s
T l N Ju i d i ti
o ta 5 o ns 11 32 32
m k t th t d t
o r s c
H i gh w t t l N T ib
.

a er ar o a a e T o a o r 12 es 94 505
t L w p i t ft th d li w hi h b g n in 1875—7 6
.
.

'
o o n a er e ec ne c e a . T t l N m mb
o a o e ers
t l li f p i d b th
.

T o a re e a re re n
t l li f p id w i d w s l 1 53 9
.

Thu s wi th i n fou r years th e n u m be r o f T o a re e a o

7 89 0 g 76 1 8 892
ph
.

an d or l
ans
T ribe s fel l o ff al m ost 2 0 pe r cen t an d th e T t l m u t p i d du l 17
o a a o n a e t a
'

4 40 1 52 1 80 16 3
ti ph
.
, _

on or l ans
total m e m be rsh i p n early one th i rd The - T t l m u t i pts
o a a o n rec e T
P t O d g i z d 1834
.

a m o u n t pai d breth ren fo r relief d i m ini sh ed

res en r er o r an e . t F or b urial o f th e d d
ea .

2 2 per c en t an d th at for aid of wid ows and.

, F ro m the foregoing i t i s gath e red th at in
orph an s 5 5 per cen t wh i le th e s um pai d .
, forty eigh t years th e nu m ber of Tri b es h as
-

an n ual ly for ed ucati ng orph an s d ecrease d i n c rease d 1 4 0 ti m es th e total m e m bershi p ,

4 5 pe r cen t Th e to t al a m o un t ex pe nded . 1 1 4 ti m es a nd t he to tal ann ual recei pts of

,

an n ually fo r rel ief was m ore th an 2 8 per th e O rde r 2 0 1 ti m es whi le th e total a m ou n t ,

ce nt s m alle r in 1 880 th an i n 1 8 75 wh ile

.
,
of relief pai d an nu ally was n e arly n ine ty fl v e -

th e gran d total of re c eipts sh run k 22 per ti m es l arge r i n 1 8 9 5 than in 1 84 7 T h e fore .

'

ce n t d urin g t h e sam e pe ri o d I n 1 880

. .
, goi ng o utl i ne m arks the organi z ati on as h a v
h o we ve r wi th th e re v i val i n gen eral tra de
, , i n g i n so m e respe c t s parti c ul arl y attracti v e
th e O rder awakened an d a n ew career of ch arac t eristi cs a m o n g th e m any i m portan t
gro wth an d prospe ri ty foll o wed th e end of ,
and su c cess ful ch ari table an d ben e v olent
wh i ch i s n o t yet The pan i c of 1 89 3 and . sec re t so c ie t ies i n the Uni te d S tates I ts .
 IND E P E ND E N T O R DE R O F O D D F E LL O WS 24 7

d is t i nc t i v ely A m eri can ori gin i t s ten de n cy ,

m oni al was re vised an d m u tual relie f and
,

t o s t i m ul ate i n terest i n t he e arly h i story of ch ari ty beca m e th e p racti c al o bj ects By .

the cou nt ry and the en tertai n i n g de tai ls th at t i m e th e organi zati on h ad spread t o

w hi c h h ave bee n p rese r v ed respe c ti n g i ts m os t of th e l arge r ci t ie s of Engl and its ,

e v olu t ion fro m the patrio tic an d poli ti cal sph ere of i n fl uen ce h ad bee n e xten ded an d
soci eties of Re v ol uti o nary days i n to a m o d i ts ch aracter i m pro ved O ne of the obj e cts
ern soci al ch ari table an d bene vole n t sec re t
, ,
of the soci ety was to uph ol d th e d i gn it y
fratern ity sho uld fo rm a s ubstan ti al basis
, of the so v e reign of t h e real m B u t i t is .

for pe r m an en t gro w t h an d prospe ri t y . also recorded th at each m e m ber pai d one

I n d e p en d e n t O r d e r M y s t i c B r o t h e r s , . pen ny a week fo r th e poor a nd b u rial fu n d
—Fo und e d at Boston i n 1 8 82 to pay weekl v —u nd o ubtedl y th e begi nn in g of the pres
s ic k ben efi ts of $3 I t was i n e x iste n c e in
.
en t sys t e m of regu lar con trib u ti on s fo r
1 89 0 bu t i s n o w u ntrace d
, .
th e rel ief of t h e poo r an d di stressed th e i r ,

I n d e p e n d e n t O rd e r o f O d d F e l l o w s .
wi d o w s an d orph an s D e t ails of th e ori gi n
.

Th e fi rs t re c orde d Lod ge of O dd Fel lows of th e socie ty of O dd Fel low s w i ll prob

(Engl an d ) was Loyal A ris t arc us No 9 , .
, ably e v e r re m ai n obsc u re B ut th e i nc i .

at t he O ak ley Ar m s S o uth war k , , den ts at ten d i n g the e x te n si o n of F reem a

Gl obe Ta v e rn H atto n Garden o r th e
, , sou ry i n En gl an d A m e ri ca and o n th e, ,

B oar s H e ad i n S m it h fi el d
“
’
as th e Nobl e co nti n en t bet ween its re v i v al i n 1 7 1 7 an d
”
,
,

Master m ay d i rect T h e L on don Gen tle

.
th e year 1 74 0 t ogether w i th t h e si m i l arity
,
’
m an s Magaz i ne refers t o t h e O dd Fell o ws of e m ble m s an d to an e xten t t h e m echan
, , ,

Lodge as a pl ace w here v e ry co m fortable i c al arrange m e n t o f ce re m on i al s an d t he ,

an d re c reati v e e v en i n gs m i gh t be spen t .
fac t th at O dd Fello w shi p co uld n o t h ave
D an i el D efoe also m e n ti on s t h e soci ety of appeare d prio r to 1 7 3 9 le ad to the pres um p ,

O dd Fello ws O n e w ri te r state s t h at t h e
.
ti o n t h at F ree m asonry w as th e i n spi rat i on
soci ety i n its earlier days e v i den tly h ad fo r of th e o rgan izat io n of the oth er I n deed .
,

i ts obj ects beefstea k tri pe al e an d the li ke

, , , th e re i s a well kn o wn tradi ti on th at a n um
-

but i n so m e of i ts Lodges con tri bu ti o n s

.
b er of Lond on Free m ason s 1 8 3 0 —4 0 h ad a , ,

we re m ade to a f un d fro m wh i ch relief was diff e ren c e wi th th ei r Lodge wi th d re w an d , ,

a fforde d need y an d un fo rtun ate breth ren .

starte d an o t h e r so c iety— a l odge o r clu b
Th e m e m bershi p w as o ri gi nally largely c o m of O dd Fell o ws E ve n as early as 1 7 3 9
.

posed o f d ay l abore rs an d m ech anics Th ey .

Free m ason ry h ad begun t o at tract w i de at -

we re n ot ove rbu rdene d wi t h fu nd s b ut as , , tenti on th rou gh ou t the Un i ted Ki n gdo m

e xplained m u tual relief fro m si ck ness an d
, an d o n th e con ti nen t of E urope No t .

di st ress was afford e d th rou gh v ol u ntary o nly h ad i t c rosse d to A m eri ca b ut th e ,

c on tri b uti on s by m e m bers an d v i sito rs at

L o dge m ee tings S o m eti m es
. a wh ole “ work o f e m broi de ri ng th e o rigi n al fabri c of
Free m ason ry i n Fran c e h ad e x c i ted w id e
l od ge w ould v i si t an o t h er l od ge ea c h at ten ti o n on bot h si des of th e ch an nel
m e m be r m ak in g a con tri bu ti o n
” an d if ,
,

, Al l ege d e xposés we re published as well as

.

need ed woul d con ti n ue to v i si t wee k after

, pa m ph le t attac k s an d defen c e s i n t h e ,

week u ntil th e need s of th e parti c ular Lodge m i dst of wh ich O d d Fello ws Lodges ap
-
’

were m et Th is was th e begi nn ing of th e

.

e xi stin g sy ste m of paying weekly d ue s “ peared .S h or t ly afte r 1 84 5 th ey bega n t o

spri n g u p wi th m o re or les s freque n c y
an d benefi ts ” Before th e en d of th e last
,

.
practically indepe ndent one of th e o th e r ;
ce ntu ry th e practice of h oldi n g m ee ti ngs at bu t gradu all y a bon d of u ni ty gre w up
publ i c h ou ses so co m m o n a m on g all so c i e
,
H i s t o ry o f t h e O rd er o f O dd F el l o ws M anc h es
tie s i n th ose days w as ch ecked th e ce re , ,
t er Un it y 1 866 L o nd o n Ja m es S pry Pro v i n c i al
,

, , , ,

d i a B r it ann i c a C o rres po n d i n g S ec ret ary P l y m o uth D i s t r i c t

'

E nc yc o pe l . , .
24 8 IND E P E ND E N T O R DE R O F O D D F E LL O WS

betwee n the m an d they adopte d a si m il ar

,
H on o rabl e L oyal O rder both of wh ich at , ,

ri tu al ulti m a t ely bec o m i ng con federated as

,
t h e cl ose of the cen tury we re m erged in to ,

t he An cien t an d H o n or able Loyal O rder th e Un ion or U n ited O rder D u ri n g th e .

of O dd Fell o ws Th e c u sto m followe d . Lord George Go rdon ri ots i n 1 7 80 a n u m be r

b v n early all so cie ties at th at peri od of ,
of O dd Fell o ws were arreste d for deno unc
m e e t i n g at t ave rn s an d i nd ulgi n g i n con i ng t h e go v ern m en t wh i ch m ay h a v e re ,

v iv ial it y soon bec a m e o ne of i ts ch ara c t er

,
sul t ed i n the ch ange of t h e n a m e of the

is t ic s I n 1 7 88 th e B ri ti sh poe t Mo n t go m
.
oc iet y Th e possi ble de bt of O d d Fell owsh i p
.

e ry wrote an od e to O dd Fell o wsh i p wh ich

wo ul d i n di c ate th at t h e O rde r h ad beco m e
,
t o Free m ason ry i n th at t h e fo r m e r con ferred
a degree i n 1 7 9 7 k n own as th e
,
,

Royal ,
“
k no wn It fin ally ex t en ded to Li verpool
.
,
A rch o f Ti t u s o r degre e of Fi delit y m ay , ,

wh ere t h e Lodges un i ted i n a gen eral syste m , be of l i ttle o r no signi fi can c e By th at ti m e .

fi rst u n der the n a m e of th e Patrio t ic O r s c h i s m h ad begun t o asse r t i tse lf e v e n as it ,

d e r a nd later t h e Un ion o r U n i ted O rd er

, ,
h ad l on g before a m on g F ree m ason s
, O ne
, .

of O dd Fello ws wi th Lon d on as the seat of ,

of th e fi rst secessi on s t o appear w as th e
gove rn m en t . An ci en t I n depen den t O rde r i n 1 805 I t , .

Th e ti tles th e An cie n t an d H on orable

,
di d n ot li ve l ong bu t was revi v ed i n 1 8 6 1 , ,

Loyal O rde r an d th e Patri oti c O rd er l ate

, , fift y si x years late r u n der th e sa m e n am e
-

, ,

i n th e e ightee n t h cen tu ry were du e to th e ,

bu t wi t h the addi ti onal d es c ripti on Ken t ,

peri o d b ein g o n e ten di n g t o sti m ul ate poli t Uni ty Fi ve years earlie r i n 1 80 0 th e

.
, ,

i c al partisan sh ip S uspi ci o u s of sedi ti on re

. Free an d In depen den t O rde r of O dd Fell ows
su l t ed i n l aws p rohi bi t in g m eeti ngs of secret appeare d as a separate o rgan izati on bu t d i d ,

soci eti e s oth er th an o f th e Free m ason s to , no t pro v e l o ng li ved Many Lodges secede d
-
.

wh i c h royal t y i tself w as attached H is t o ry . fro m the Un i on or Uni ted O rde r prior to

re cord s th at ot h e r o rgan i zati on s n otably , and afte r 1 80 0 o win g to th e proscriptio n of,

t h e O ra nge m e n (1 7 9 5 occasi onal ly all se c ret soci e tie s except the Free m ason s , ,

m et i n Mason i c Lodge roo m s i m m ed i atel y an d al so becau se t h e O rde r was so wedde d

af t e r t h e la t t e r h ad cl osed i n o rd e r t o , to con vi v i al i t y I n 1 80 9 a n effor t was m ade
.

a voi d offi ci al su rveillan c e ; bu t wh eth er O d d b y so m e Lodges to refor m thi s tendency b ut ,

Fello ws parti ci pa t ed i n th i s e xtensi on of wi th o ut suc c ess and i n 1 81 2 the re was ,

what m ay be regarde d as ex tre m e fratern al anoth e r s c h is m secedi n g m e m bers tak i n g ,

cou rtesy i s n o t k n o wn I n any e ve n t i t

, .
, th e ti tle Nott ingh a m An cie n t I m peri al
,

i s c e rtai n th at O range m e n so m eti m e s m et i n I nd epe nd en t O rde r of O dd Fell ows Th i s .

t hat m anne r wh en t hey w oul d n o t h a ve

, i s sti l l i n e xi s t en ce I n 1 8 1 3 th e re was a .

been per m it t ed to m eet by the au th ori t ie s distin c t re v ol t again st th e p red o m i nance of

t he re bein g i nstan ces of a Mason i c w arran t th e c on v i v i al over th e ch ari table obj ects of
con v en ie ntly lef t wi t h th e m fro m wh i ch , th e so c i ety an d t h e resul t was a l arge s ec es
fac t an d th e add i ti onal one that m any
, si on fro m th e Un i ted O rde r und er t h e ti t le , ,

O rangem en w ere m e m be rs of M as o nie L o d ges ,

th e I ndependen t O rder of O dd Fell o ws ,

are expl ai ne d supe rfi c i al rese m bl an c es of Man ch este r Un ity wh i ch body gre w rapidl y , ,

so m e O ran ge an d Masonic cere m on ies I t i s . p rospered grea t ly an d to day i n c l u des by ,

-

n ot beyon d p robabi l i ty that Lodges of O dd far t h e l arger proporti on of Engli s h O d d

Fello ws were occasional ly treate d si m il arly , Fell o ws Wh ile n ot th e m oth e r O rd er i t
.
,

p arti c ularly as O d d Fello w s at ti m e s were i s th e pri n c ipal represe n tati v e of t h e so c iety

al so obli ged t o co n ceal th ei r affi lia t i on wi th in E nglan d i n poi n t o f n u m bers we alth , ,

that soci e ty Th at th e o rgan i z a t io n sh owed

. an d i n fl uen ce Th e first Lo d ge of th e Ia
.

a desi re t o b e w el l regarded i s in d icated by dependen t O rder M an c h ester Un i ty was at , ,

th e ti t les Patrio t i c O rde r and Anci en t an d Ash ton u ndc r Lee ds Vi ctori a No 1 an d
- -

, ,
.
,
 ‘

2 50 INDE P E ND E N T O R DE R o r o nn F E LL O W S

se ve n ty four years after its fou ndati on thi s

-
a m on g th e m the Fo resters D r ui ds * S hep , ,

O rde r reported of si ck fun e ral , ,

h erd s and F ree Gardeners If th e m e m ber .

an d o th er benefi t fun ds Th e En gl i sh O r . sh ip of th e A m e ri can ch ildre n of Engli s h

d e rs of O dd Fello ws m en ti one d w i th o t he r , O rde rs of O d d Fell o ws be a dded to t hat
a m on g th e m ore i m portan t bran c hes in to of th e English societ ie s the gran d total ,

wh ic h th ey h a v e been di v i ded are as fol , i s fo un d t o b e approxi m a t ely as fol lo ws

l ows M mb hi p e ers ,

1 895 .

V ari o u s B r iti s h O d d F ell o w s o rg an i z a

ti o ns
Gra nd Un ite d O rder (Parent S o c i ety) l nd epen d ent O rd ero f O dd F el l o ws
A n c i en t Ind epend en t O rd er K en t Un it y
,

i nc lu d i ng D a ug ht ers o f Reb ek ah
‘

,
,

N o tti ng h am I m per i al I nd epend en t O rd er Gran d Un it ed O dd F ell o ws in A m er i c a

(18 1 2) (neg ro ) i n c lu d i ng Ho u seh o l d s o f
Independen t O rder , M anc h es t er Un it y R uth ab o ut ,
,

(1 8 1 3 ) Grand To t al M em b ers hi p B riti s h and

N o rfo lk and N o rwi c h Unit y (1 84 9) A m eri c an O rders o f O d d F el l o ws
,

N ati o nal In depen den t O rd er (1 84 6 )

A nc i en t N o b l e O rder B o l t o n Un it y
,

Im pro ved In d epen d en t O r C on t e m pl ati o n of th is e xt raord inary

B r iti s h Uni t ed O rder
m e m be rshi p of th e twe n ty se ven di v isi on s -

Al b i o n O rd er
D erb y M i d l a nd Un it ed O rder (1 85 6)

“
L eed s Un it ed E c o no m i c al E nro ll ed *
n c ien t O rd er R — T he E l ish
A f o m a ns A
. .
,
o ng n
Anc i en t Tru e K i ng st o n Un i t y A ux
,
,

il iary S t a f o rd s hi re W es t B ro m w i c h
,
,
c en i t O rder o f Ro m ans whil e no t a l arge so c i et y , ,

o l v erh am pt o n
’
and Han d s wor th
, ,
d eserv es rec o g n iti o n b ec au s e i t i s t h e pro b ab l e ins pi ,

and o th er O rd ers o f O dd F ell o ws hi

p J .
rati o n o f s evera l wel l k no wn Am er i c an benefi c i ary -

s o c i eti es Un l ik e F reem aso nry and O dd Fell o ws hi p

.
,

Grand To ta l w hi c h drew freel y o n sac red hi s t o ry dilI ering fro m

t h e D r u i d i c O rd er w h i c h util i z ed t h e c erem o n i es,

In 1 893 th e Gran d S ecretary of the a nd l egen d s att ac hi n g t o an c i en t D r ui d i c pr i es t

E ngl ish Gran d Lodge of the Uni ted O rder h o o d and fro m t h e F o rest ers w h o rev i ved R ob i n
, ,

of O dd Fel lo ws w ro te t hat after the s c hi s m Ho o d F r i ar T u c k L i ttl e Jo h n and o th ers wh o

, , ,

ac c o m pan i ed t h e g en tl e o utl aw and qu it e d i s ti nc t

o f the I n dependen t O rder of O d d Fel lo ws ,
fro m t h e A nc i en t O rder o f F ree Gardeners o r t h e
M anc he ste r U n ity i n 1 8 1 3 th e n e x t m ost
, ,
S h eph erd s w hi c h m ay b e s a i d t o h av e g o ne b ac k t o
,

i m portan t E ngl i sh secessi on was th at of the t h e so il t o pl an t t h e c erem o n i es w ith w h i c h t h ey

N ati o n al I nd epen den t O rd er i n 1 84 0 (whi ch pro po se t o t eac h m o ral i ty b en ev o l enc e and t r u th , ,

w as fro m t h e M an ch este r Un i ty ) an d after —t h e A n c i ent O rd er o f R o m an s sei z ed o n s o m e o f

,

th at (fro m th e G ran d Uni te d O rde r ) th e Not t h e m o re b r illi an t i nc i d en t s in pro fa ne hi s t o ry fo r

it s m th i c al pro t o t ypes a m o n g th em zE neas
y th e
t ingh am O rder i n 1 8 1 2 al ready m enti oned
n o b l es t Ro m an o f th em a ll ”w h o m t h e Anc i en t
, ,
.
,
’ ,

O dd Fello ws societies in Engl an d the ou t , Ro m an o f th ese d ays i s t a u ght t o em ul at e T h e .

grow t h o f th e Uni te d O rde r p resen t sligh t , o r i g i na t o rs o f t h e An c i en t O rd er o f Ro m a ns h ave

“
di ffe ren ce s as to ri tual an d m anage m en t and
— “
th e All S eei ng Eye th e th ree l in k s ,
“ ,

,
b een d esc ri b ed as c o m parati vel y hu m b l e th o u g h
wel l read an d earnest m en— pro m i nen t a m ong
an d th e story of D avi d an d Jon a t han are th em J o h n C h ees m an a s c h o o l m as t er an d T h o m as , ,

B u rras af terward s t h e c el eb ra ted arti s t T h e fi rs t

fa m ili ar to t h e m e m bers of all of the m
.
,

o r Gra n d S enat e (c o rres po n d i ng t o Gran d L o dg e)

.

Th ei r obj ects an d m eth od s of contri bu tin g w as o pen ed at L eed s E ng l an d A u g u s t 2 6 1 83 3 , , , .

rel i e f are also m u c h th e sa m e I t i s of .

T h e pres i d i n g o ffi c er w as o r i g i n all y s t y l ed Most
i n te rest t o n ote that th e separation o f En g E x c ell ent D i c t at o r afterwards c h anged t o M o s t
”
,

lish O d d Fello wsh i p i n to so m an y i nd e x

E ce e l l n t Co n s ul T h e go v ern m en t o f t h e O rd er
.

pende n t secret so c ie ties with si m il ar t i tl es t ak es t h e f o r m o f an Ann u al M o vab l e C o ngress

o r C o m m ittee c o ns i s ti ng o f o ne m em b er fro m
,
an d ce re m on ies wen t e ve n fu rth er i n m any ,
eac h S en at e pa tt ern ed a ft er t h e O dd F ell o ws and -

i nstan ces gi v i ng bi rth t o l i k e organi z a F o rest ers Grand pro v i nc i al and s u b o rd i nat e S en
, , ,

tio ns bu t wi th en ti rely differe n t na m es

, , at es .T h ere i s a s i c k and f u neral b enefit b ut t h e ,
 I ND E P E ND E N T O R DE R O F O D D F E LL O W S

i nt o whi ch th e an c ien t Uni t e d O rde r of the sa t isfa c ti o n of c o un ti ng th e

,

O dd Fell o ws i s S plit e x c i t es regret O n e m e m bers i n on e gran d organ iz a tion By . .

can n ot well h el p w i sh in g th e v ario us a si ngular coi n ciden ce i t w as in 1 81 3 .

bran c he s m i gh t be re un i t ed i f onl y for th e v e ry year i n wh i ch B ritish Free m ason ry ,

O rder d o es no t c ent rali z e it s f u n ds l eav i ng t h e l l ec ti ng and pay i ng s i c k and f u n era l

,
m eth o d s of co

S en at es t o d i s b u rs e th ei r o wn c o ll ec ti o ns o r assess b enefit s C o n ti n u ed fi r m l y O ppo s ed t o reg i s t ering ,

m en t s . C hi ef o ffi c ers o f Gran d S enat es are a M o s t u nder t h e fr i endl y so c i eti es ac t h edged it s t ru s tees ,

E x c ell en t S enat o r a M o s t E xc ell en t V i c e S ena t o r

,
of b ene fi c i ary f u n ds w ith e x t rao rd i nar y c h ec k s
-

fo u r L i c t o rs an d t w o C en tu ri o ns T h e t o tal m em agains t d i s h o nes t y a nd pro v i d ed fo r s u spe ns i o n o f

.
,

h ers hi p o f t h e S o c i et y is no t l arg e ab o ut m em b ers w h o s h o ul d o b ta i n g o o d s o r pro pert y fro m

,

b ut it s l i b era lit y t o m em b ers in d i s t res s an d it s an y b ro th er a nd n o t a c t ac c o rd i ng t o c o n t r ac t

, .

b u s i ness m an agem en t are s a i d t o b e w o rt h v o f im B y 1 85 1 an o th er d i s se ns i o n aro se a nd t we n t y o ne ,

-

it at io n b y m an y o l d e r and b ett er k n o w n s o c i eti es l o dges w ith 900 m em bers sec ed ed and fo rm ed t h e

w ith s i m i l ar ai m s T h e A nc i ent O rd er o f Ro m ans
. I n d epen den t O rder o f t h e G o l d en F l eec e w h i c h fo r ,

s eek s b y it s r i tu a l t o c o n tras t t h e wret c h ed c o n d i so m e years pr i o r t o 1880 it w as th o u g ht c o u l d b e

ti o n o f B r it ai n pr i o r t o t h e C h r i s ti a n era w ith t h e i nd u c ed t o reu n it e w ith t h e Anc i en t O rd er T h e .

c i v il i z i ng a nd peac ef ul n a tu re o f t h R o m an do g o ver n m en t o f t h e O rd er i s l ax a l th o u g h i t fo ll o ws
e
.
,

m i ni o n and h as th erefo re natu rall y rem a i ned in

,
in g e neral o utl i n e th a t o f t h e A n c i en t O rd e r o f F o r
E ngl an d N o rec o rd is k no w n o f a n a tt e m p t to es t ers T h e c hi ef o fiic e r o f t h e O rd er i s t h e Grand
‘
. .

ex t en d i t s m em b ers hi p ac ro s s t h e A tl an ti c b ut S i re w hi c h s t a tem en t i s al s o t r u e o f t h e In d epen , ,

m em bers o f t h e E ng l i s h O r d er o f R o m ans o r o th ers d en t O rd er o f O dd F el l o ws T he A nc i en t O rd er o f

,
.

w h o h av e s ee n i t s ri tu a l h av e a ppa re n t l v u til i zed ,

t h e Go l d e n F l eec e o f E ng l a nd is t h e s k el et o n o f , ,

it s ac hi ev em e nt s in b uil d i ng up s i m i l ar o rg an i za w h at s u c h a s o c i et y s h o ul d b e It w as s t a rt ed o n .

ti o n s in t h e Un it ed S t at es a m o d er n b a s i s o n e year b efo r e t h e A n c i en t O r d er
.

A n c i en t O rd er of t h e G o ld en F l eece B a dford o f F o res t ers s ec ed ed fro m t h e Ro yal O rd er o f F o r

,
r

Un ity — T h e pret en ti o u s nes s o f t h e titl e o f th i s esters yet t h e F o rest ers n u m b er m em b ers , ,

a n d t h e fo r m er T h e An c i en t O rd er
ex c lu s i v el y E ng li s h s ec r et b enefi c i ar y s o c i et y i s no t perh aps
alt o g eth er u nwarran t ed alth o u g h Jaso n w h o l ed o f Go l den F l eec e is c h i efl y o f i nt erest h ere b ec a u s e
, ,

t h e Argo na ut s t o C o l c hi s in searc h o f t h e Go l d en o f it s c o n t r i b uti o ns t o r itu al s o f s i m i l ar s oc i eti es in

F l eec e w hi c h w as g u arded b y t am e b ul l s and t h e t h e Un it ed S t at es
, .

m o ns t ro u s d rag o n is no t c l ai m e d as t h e fo u n d er
,
L oya l A n c ien t O rder of S h ep h erd s — E v en m o re .

B ut t h e na m e o f Jas o n is perpetu at ed in t h e s o c i et y d i s ti nc tl y a c h il d o f O d d F ell o ws h i p th a n w as t h e

w hi c h s t yl es t h e c hi ef o ffi c er o f a L o d ge
b le Jas o n
”and h is as s i s t an t
, ,
“
M o s t N o An c i en t O rder o f F o res t ers t h e Lo yal O rder o f
D eput y Jaso n ” S h eph erd s m u s t no t b e c o nfo u nded w ith t h e A n .
,

Tra d i ti o n h as i t th at th ere ex i s t ed in B radfo rd c i en t O rder o f S h eph erds * wh i c h no w c o n stitut es ,

'

E n g l an d as l o ng ago as 1 7 80 s o m e s ay ear li er t h e sec o n d d eg ree o f t h e F o res t ers o f A m er i c a an

, , ,

th an th at an Anc i ent Grand U n it ed O rder o f t h e o rd er w ithi n an o rder W h en d i ss en s i ons b ro k e

,
.

Go l den F l eec e wh i c h w as b ro u g ht i nt o E ng l and o ut in t h e E ng l i s h I n depend en t O rder o f O dd

,

b y s o m e Ge rm an wo r k m en at t h e ti m e o f t h e i n t ro F ell o ws M anc h es t er Un it y in 1 82 6 o ver t h e l i m i t , , ,

d u c ti o n o f w o o ll en g o o ds m a n u fac tu re i n t o t h e o f t h e po wers g ran ted t h e Grand M as t er an appli ,

Un it ed K i ng d o m T h i s ear li er O rd er o f G o l d en c ati o n fo r a fo u rth O dd F ell o ws L o dg e at As ht o n

’
.
,

F l eec e w as l arg el y c o nv i v i al in i t s o b j ec ts alth o u g h Lanc as hi re w as ref used b y t h e Gran d Lo dge w h i c h

, , ,

c h ar it ab l e pu rpo s es were n o t o ver l o o k ed It i s t o was no t t o b e wo ndered at w h en t h e Grand L o d ge

.

b e reg rett ed th at l ik e so m an y o th er o f t h e o l d wo rk w as fi g h ti ng fo r it s v ery T he

in gm en s guil d s n o rec o rd s o r earl
’
, hi s t o ry h ave petiti o n ers fo r a c h art er t o o pen a Lo dge o f O dd
y -

b een preserved o f thi s o ne T h e c ere m o n i a l o f t h e F el l o ws a m o ng th em T h o m as S c h o l fi eld W ill i am

.
, ,

An c i en t G ran d Uni t ed O rder was very fl o ri d and S h a w Geo rge D o wn s and n i ne o th ers at a m eeti ng , , , , ,

l ik e t h e F o res t ers c o nt a i ned a sec ond o rder w ithi n in F r i end s h i p In n A s ht o n t h e l and l o rd o f w hi c h

, , , ,

i t t h e Pat r i arc h s t o w h i c h no ne w as el i g i b l e ex M r T h o m as S eh o lfi eld w as an O dd F ell o w th ere

, , .
, ,

c ept m em b ers o f t h e G o l d en F l eec e D i ssens i o ns u po n det erm i ned t o fo rm a new so c i et y Th ey ae

“ . .

aro se in 1 83 3 a d J h n M il er fo u nder o f t h e c o rdingl y m et o n C h ri s t m as D ay 1 82 9 w i th t h e

n o n
, , , ,

new O rd er an d t en o th ers s ec ed ed an d at B rad

, , ,

fo rd o pened Lo dge N o 1 o f present o r An c i ent O r .

S ee An c i en t O rder o f F o rest ers

,
.

d er B radfo rd Unit y
,
T hi s O rd er did n o t g ro w
.
f A S h o r t H i s to ry o f t h e C h i ef F r i endl y S o c ieti es ,

V ery rapidl v d id n o t ado pt t es t ed an d appro v ed

, Leed s E ng l and ,
.
252 IND E P E ND E N T O R DE R O F O D D FE LL O W S

con soli d a t ed after i ts l ong sch i s m tha t ,

Engl i sh an d A m eri can O rders of O dd
th e fi rst seri ou s an d per m an en t sp l i t Fello ws f ro m th e paren t E ngli sh soci ety
took place i n the rank s of E ngli sh O dd i s sh own i n an acco m panyin g fa m i ly tree
’
Fello ws Th e li ne of descent of v ari ou s
. of O d d Fell ows societies .

i nt enti o n o f fo rm i ng an o rd i nary s i c k b enefit s o c i ety , to r i l em b l em s r itu al and dec o rati o ns

c e em o n a , , , .

a n o pen l o c a l o rg an i z a ti o n b ut c h an g ed th ei r m i n ds
,
T h e I ns i d e and O ut s i d e G u ard i ans c arr i ed s h ears in
an d ag reed t o m ak e i t a s ec ret s oc i et y T hi s pro c ess i o ns an d wo re b ro ad b r i m m ed h at s A h arp
* -
. .
,

i m pl i ed no s m all d egree o f c o u rage fo r as an O pen w as c arr i ed b y t h e M i n s t rel and l am b s ki n apro ns

were wo rn b y m em b ers ” In t h e fi rst six years t h e
, ,

b enefit so c i et y it wo ul d h av e sec u red t h e pro t ec ti o n .

of t h e l aw and t h e appro b ati o n o f t h e auth o r i ti es O rder n u m b ered m em b ers and b y 183 6 it s ,

a s a s ec ret s o c i et y it c o ul d g et n e ith er
. T h e sec o nd . t o t al m em b ers h i p w as In 1 84 0 t h e t o t al w as
m eeti ng w as h el d F eb r u ary 3 1 82 7 w h en i t w as re , in 184 7 i t was in 1 85 6 in ,

s o l v ed t o c al l t h e o rg an i z ati o n t h e S o c i et y o f A n 1 86 5 , an d in 1 880 wh il e t o day i t is ,

-

c i en t S h eph erd s C h ro n i c l ers o f thi s pro s pero u s

. es ti m at ed at appro x i m at el y in wh i c h agg re
E ng li s h fr i end l y so c i et y h av e referred t o i t as t h e g at e ab o ut w i ves and w i do ws are i nc lu ded .

Lo y al O rder o f S h eph erd s A s ht o n Un it y no t w it h , , T h e j u b il ee m eeti ng o f t h e O rd er w as c el eb rat ed at

s t a nd i ng th at w ith i n t w o m o n th s of it s b i rth i t Ashto n in 1 876 wh en a ful l y equi pped li fe b o at ,
-

c h r i s t en ed it sel f t h e S o c i et y o f A nc i ent S h eph erd s . T h e Go o d S h eph erd pa i d fo r b y v o lu nt ary s ub ,

It i s s i n g ul ar t o o th a t i t s c h ro n i c l ers d o n o t refer
, , sc ript io ns o f m em b ers w as pres en t ed t o t h e N a ti o n al,

t o t h e apparen tl y c o i nc i den t ex i s t en c e o f th i s w ith L i fe S av i ng A s s o c i ati o n T h e O rder s u ffered fro m

-
.

a m o re an c i ent O rder o f S h eph erd s Ro yal S anc t h e sec ess i o n o f m em b ers at W is b eac h b ut in
’

attac h ed ”t o t h e
, ,

t uaries o f w h i c h w ere o r i g i na ll y 1 87 6 rec ei v ed 4 00 m em b ers o f t h e W o rc es t er L o d ges

R o yal O rd er o f F o res t ers b ut w hi c h w as ab s o rb ed , o f t h e W o l ver h am pt o n U n it y o f O dd F el l o w s w h o ,

b y an d b ec a m e t h e sec o n d d egree o f t h e A nc i en t b ro u g ht w ith th em a c apit al o f Pr i o r t o

O rd er o f F o res t ers at t h e d i sr u pti o n o f t h e R o yal 1 860 t h e b u s i nes s o f t h e O rd er was c o nd u c t ed b y
O rder in 1 83 4
“ In a n y e v en t th ere is no ev i d enc e
”
.

t h at thi s L o al o r Anc i en t O rder o f S h eph erds

y
t h e th ree c hi ef o ffi c ers w h o were a l ways c h o s en
fro m t h e As hto n d i s t ri c t b ut th ey h ave s i nc e b een
,

o f 1 826 h a d an y c o nn ec ti o n w ith t h e A n c i en t O rd er c h o sen fro m t h e en ti r e m em b ers h i p I n 1 878 t h e .

o f F o res ti e as s o c i ati o n . an nu al m eeti ng w as h el d at Hawarden wh en ,

T h e nam e S o c i et y o f Anc i en t S h eph erd s w as

, , t h e R t H o n W E G l ad s t o n e w as i n iti at ed i nt o t h e
. . . .

s u gges ted at t h e F eb r u ary m eeti ng 1 82 7 b y P hil li p , , m y s t er i es o f S h eph erd ry in w h at w as perh aps t h e , , ,

B u c kl ey t h e s o n in l a w o f a real s h e h erd H is m o s t u n iqu e i n iti ati o n c erem o ny ev er h el d b y

p
- -

, .

i nt eres t in b as i ng t h r i tu al and i ns i gn i a o f t h e new

e

so c i et y o n S h eph erd ry is i ll u s t rat ed b y h i s c o l l at

a s i c k b enefit s ec ret so c i et y

t h e rec t o r y a t Haward en w as t h e
“
T h e l awn in fro n t o f
Lo dge ro o m ”
.

ing all t h e pas s ages in t h e B i b l e h av i ng referenc e and t h e fr i ng e o f t rees a nd fi eec c l o uds w h i c h ,

y

t o s h eph erd s and th ei r em pl o y m ent W ith th ese . ranged ac ro ss t h e sk y pro b ab l pro ved as pas t o ral ,
y

a nd h is g i f t o f ex press i o n hi s pas t o ra l r eferen c es as t h e m o s t en thu s i as ti c s h eph erd c o ul d w i s h

and
“ a pt s i m il itu d es b et w een J u dean s h e h erd s
p
,

l aws o f t h e O rder a re m o dell ed aft er th os e o f t h e

T he .

and t h e O rd er o f S h eph er ds h e s u g ht t o see o M anc h es t er Un it y o f E ngl i s h O dd F ell o ws Grad

”h e sec u red t h e ado ti o n o f t h e new
.
~

es t ab l i s h ed .
p n at ed sc al es o f c o n t r i b uti o n s were enf o rc ed as earl y

na m e and b as i s o f c erem o ni al T h e fi rs t Lo dg e .
.
as 1 87 5 — F ro m o ne po i n t o f v i ew thi s o rgan iz a
l I .

was c h arac t er i s ti c all na m ed L o y a l Ab el

y N o 1 ti o n is v i rtu all y ano th er o rder o f O d d F ell o ws hi p
” A t t h e b e i nn i n t h e
, .
,

aft er t h e fi rs t s h eph erd

.
g .
g , u nder a d i f eren t nam e and w i th a c erem o n i al and
c hi ef o ffi c er o f t h e L o dge w as c a ll ed t h e D eput y r i tu al e x c l u s i vel y it s o w n It h as s pread t o t h e .

M as te r ; t h e i niti ati ng c erem o ny was c all ed t h e U n i ted S t at es and t o A u s t ral i a (C o m pare with .

m aki n g t h ere w as a Pas t M as t er and a t h e O rd ers o f t h e S t ar o f B e thl eh em S h eph erd s o f

”was del i vered all o f wh i c h s av o rs o f
, ,

c h a rge ; B eth l eh em and S h eph erd s o f Am er i c a )

, .

c er t a i n M as o n i c titl es and ph ra s es B ut t h e titl es . N at io n a l United O rd er of F ree Ga rdeners — T h e

o f t h e c hi ef o ffi c i al s were c h an ed t o C h i ef S h e O rder Gardeners i s o ne o f t h e o l d er E ng l i s h b en
of
g p
h erd and D eput y C hi ef S h eph erd s o o n af ter pri o r , efi c iarv s ec ret s o c i eti es N o aut h en t ic o r s at is fac .

t o t h e fi rs t ann u al m eeti n g at A s ht o n D ec em b er , t ry ac c o u n t o f i t s ori g i n h as b een pu b li s h ed

o ,

23 1 82 7
, . F ro m th at t i m e m o re a tt en ti o n was pai d a lth o u g h i t is b el i eved t h e d i ff eren t E ng l i s h o rders
o f Gard erners lik e t h e o rd ers o f O dd F el l o ws are
, ,

A S h o r t H i s t o r y o f t h e C hi ef F ri end l y S o c i eti es t h e ret o f s u c es s i ve s ec es s i o n s fro m t h e paren t

c
,

Leed s , E ng l a n d . b o dy A m o n g t h e v ar i o u s branc h es are t h e S c o t c h

.
25 4 I ND E P E ND E N T O R D E R O F O D D F E LL O WS

Th e I n dependen t O rder of O dd Fello ws edu c ates th e orpha n Its c orn erstone i s .

i s t he O ldest and la rg es t of t h e bene fici ary fraterni ty an d t he m ott o on i ts bann er i s

se c ret so c ieties i n t h e Uni ted S tates in
,

Fr ien dsh i p L o ve an d Trut h

,
” An O dd ,
.

wh i c h m e m be rs syste m ati c all y cont ribu te Fell o w wh o i s si c k i s en ti tl e d to an d re

t o a fun d fro m w hi ch to reli e ve si ck an d c eiv es spe c ifi e d fi n an ci al reli ef i rrespecti v e ,

d i stresse d m e m bers th ei r wid ow s an d o r ,

of ac t ual n eed An applicant for m e m ber
.

ph an s I t was es t abli sh e d in t h e Uni te d

. sh i p m us t profe ss a bel i ef i n th e exi sten ce .D
p (
b-
r

S ta t es in 1 8 1 9 b y fiv e Engli sh m e n a t
, ,
of a S upre m e Bei ng an d wi th i n the Lodge ,

B al ti m ore m e m bers of t he E n gli sh U n i ted

,
h e i s i m pressed in ad d i t i on to othe r lesson s
, ,

O rd er si nce wh i c h ti m e i ts m e m be rshi p
, wi th t h e fa t h erh oo d of G od an d th e
h as in creased t o nearly Th ere broth e rh ood of m an Wh en Wash in gto n .

are m ore t ha n Lodges of th e O rder .

,
Lodge N O 1 w as organi zed at B al ti m ore
, .
,

all b ut 4 0 0 bein g i n t h e Uni ted S tates It . i n 1 8 1 9 th e re were on ly th ree degrees con

,

ai m s t o in culc ate truth vi sit s th e si c k , ,

fe rred th e Wh i te Bl ue an d S carl et
,
In
, , .

relieves the d i st ressed buries the dead and , ,

O rder o f F ree Gardeners o ne o f t h e O l dest dati ng
b ac k i n t o t h e ei g ht een th c en tu ry a nd an A nc i en t
1 8 20 two ad di t ion al or inter m ediate de
grees cal led th e C ov e n ant d egree an d th e
,
, ,
degree of R e m e m bran c e prepared b y Past
,
,

O rd er in t h e N o r th o f E ng l and In add iti o n th ere .

Gran d Joh n P E nt wi sl e of th at L odge were
.
,

are t h e B r iti s h t h e U n it ed t h e L o yal and t h e

, , ,
adopted an d confe rred i n t h e Lodges as num
N ati o nal Un it ed O rders o f F ree Garden ers t h e ,
bers t wo an d fo u r th e origi n al th ree bei n g ,

l ast nam ed of wh i c h i s b y far t h e l arg es t T h e fi v e .

ren u m be red one th ree an d fi ve T h e se ne w ,
.

fi rs t nam ed h ave pro b ab l y no l ess th an m em

o r i nte r m edi ate degrees were presen te d to
b ers w hi l e t h e N ati o nal Un it ed O rd er h as n earl y
th e atten ti on of t h e paren t body the M an
,

th ree ti m es as m any Ga rdeneis L o dges were .

’ ,

o r i g i n a ll y c al l ed af t er t h e fl o w ers s u c h as M o s s ,
ch este r Un i t y i n 1 82 6 an d b y i t inc o rpo
, ,

Ro se M y rtl e L il y o f t h e V all ey and in t h e earl y

, , ,
rate d i n th e Engli sh ri t ual Th e y re m ai ne d .

d ays o f t h e O rd er t h e c erem o n i es are d ec l ared t o there u n t i l 1 84 3 th e ye ar th e A m e ri c an,

h ave b een o f a n ex t rem e th o u g h i m press i ve ty pe .

O rder beca m e i n depen de nt after wh i ch ,
T h e i n iti at o r y c erem o n y and l ec tu res were n o t
th e English O rde r di scarde d th ose t w o
pr i n t ed and w ith t h e r ul es o f t h e O rd er were j enl
, ,

degrees Th e fi v e degrees we re conferre d

,

o us l y g u ar d ed A c o ns i derab l e item o f ex pense .

form rl v i n c u rred w as fo r rel i ef o f m em b ers w h en

e
in A m eri can Lodges fro m 1 82 0 un ti l 1 880 ,

t ram pi ng i n s earc h o f wo rk ” T h e l a tt er ab o u t wh e n t h e S o v e rei gn A m erican G ran d

.
, , ,

t h e m i d d l e o f t h e c en t u r y rec ei ved t w o s h il li ng s , Lodge red uce d o r co n den se d th e m i nto th e

ref u s a l t o c ut d o wn t h e “
per d ay and w h a t w as vo lu n t a r il y g i ven th em A .
I n itiatory (Wh ite ) an d t h e Pink Bl ue an d ,
t ram pi ng all o wanc e "

S carle t degrees T he p residi ng o ffi ce r of

.

an d t o h av e t h e i n iti at o r y c erem o n i es an d l ec tu res

.

th e Lodge i s cal led t h e No bl e Gran d an d

pr i n t ed res ult ed in a s ec ess i o n fro m t h e O rd er o f
,
,

A nc i en t F ree Garden ers L anc as hi re Un i o n in , ,

for m er presi d i ng offi ci al s are Past G ran d s ,

1 84 9 . T h e new l v fo r m ed so c i et y des c r i b ed it sel f on wh o m is c on fe rred t h e Gran d Lodge

b v t h e s a m e genera l titl e Y o rk s h i re Un i o n and , , degree Past G rand s as well as Noble
.
.

,
as t h e Gra nd N ati o nal O rder m erged w ith t h e
G ran ds represent Lodge s i n Gran d (S tate )
,
paren t b o d y in 1 8 71 th en k no wn as t h e Un it ed
,

O rd er t h e reu n i ted b o d i es b ec a m e k n o wn as t h e
Lodges an d the G ran d L odges i n tu rn sen d
,
,

N ati o na l Unit ed O rder T h e general go v ernm en t .

p resi d in g an d past presi d in g o fficers Gran d ,

o f t h e Gardeners s u
gges t s th a t o f t h e E ng l i s h F o r M asters an d P as t G ran d Maste rs w h o re ~

es t er s and O dd F ell o ws T h e titl es o f o ffi c ers o f

.
c eiv e th e Royal Pu rp l e degree i n the E u
t h e O rd er Grand M as ter and D eput y Gran d Mas
,
c am pm en t as del egate s to the S o vere ign
,
t er were d raw n d i rec tl y fro m t h e F ree m as o ns and
,
G ran d Lo dge t h e p resi di n g O ffice r of wh i ch
O d d Fell o ws T h e Gard en ers s o far as k n o wn
.
,
,

m ust have bee n a G ran d M aste r an d i s

,

h ave no t S pread t o t h e Un it ed S ta tes w hi c h is ,

rem ark ab l e in v i ew o f t h e v o g u e o f b enefi c iarv

.
call ed t h e Grand S i re T h e S o v e rei gn G ran d .

s ec ret so c i eti es h ere . Lodge of the Indepen den t O rde r of O dd

 IN D E P E ND E N T O R D E R O F O D D F E LL O W S 2 55

Fell o ws exercises j u ri sd icti o n ov e r th e l arg Lodge m i nu tes as th e fou rth d egree .

est ben e fi c i ary se c re t so c ie t y in the world . In 1 82 5 the Royal P urpl e degree was p ro
Th e p rin c i pal e m ble m s i n th e I n i ti atory m ulgat ed by the Gran d Lodge and be c a m e ,

degree are th e Al l S e ei n g Eye t h e t h ree -

,
a part of the ri tual i n 1 82 6 bo t h bei ng of ,

lin k s * s k ull an d c ross bones an d s c y th e ;

,
A m erican origi n I n t he sam e year th e .

i n the degree of Frie nd sh i p t h e b o w an d , Patri ar c h al degree was re c ei ve d f ro m th e

arro w an d th e qu i ve r an d b undle of sti cks ; E n gli sh In d epen den t O rder wh i ch c o m
”
, ,

i n th e degree of Lo v e t h e axe th e h eart , , p l et ed the su perior degrees of th e O rder .

an d h an d the globe ark an d se rpen t ; an d

, , Th ou gh last to be adopted th e Patriarc h al ,

i n th e degree of T r uth th e scales an d , d egree was placed fi rst i n the w ork of th e

swo rd th e B ibl e h ou r gl ass an d t h e coffin
, ,
-
. E n c am p m e n t Not m uch of any of these .

I n th e En ca m p m en t of Patriarch s c har ity , ,

three degrees as adop te d i n 1 821 , re

rel igi ou s tol era t i on an d h ospi tali ty are ,

m ain s to day e x c ept th e n a m es o wing to
-

, ,

e m ph asi z ed a nd its m otto i s Fai th H ope re vi si o ns alteration s an d add ition s i n 1 83 5

”
.
, , , , ,

an d C h ari ty The Je w th erefore t h e

.
, ,
1 84 5 an d 1 880
, When th ese d egrees h ad .

Mo h a m m edan an d C h ri s t i an are al ike eli bee n ad op ted i n 1 8 2 5 —2 6 they w e re confe rre d ,

gib l e to m e m be rshi p i n th e En ca m p m e n t as on ly on Past Gran d s and a t session s of G rand

well as i n th e L odge . Lodges T he wo rd En ca m p m ent was th en
.

The so c alled superio r degrees of O d d

-
u nk nown Th e fi rst E n c am p m en t appeare d
.

Fel l owsh i p are conferred in En c am p m ents

To be qu al ified to re c ei ve the m an O dd
.

“
at Balti m ore i n 1 82 7 for m e d t o confer t he
,

supe rior d egrees on broth er s wh o were

,

Fel l o w m ust be i n good s t and ing i n h is no t m e m bers of a G ran d Lodge I t was .

,

Lod ge an d appl y fo r and be el e c ted to

,
th erefore a di stinct i nn o vati on ;fo r i n E ng
,

m e m bersh i p i n an E n c a m p m e nt E n c am p . l and even to th i s day the only degree s

, ,

m e nts are presi ded ove r b y Wo r t h y Patri k now n to th e O rd er are c onferred i n Lodges .

arch s an d are u nde r th e i m m e d i ate direc

,
I t was n am ed an d ch artered E nca m p m en t
tion of G rand (S tate ) E n c a m p m ents Th e . Lodge N o 1 bu t i n 1 82 9 was rechartere d
,
.
,

latter though en ti rely separa t e fro m G ran d

, as an En ca m p m en t of Patri arch s wi th ,

(S tate ) L odges are l i k e t h e m subord i nate

, , , powe r to e stabli sh E nca m p m en ts Pat riar .

to th e S o v ereig n Grand Lodge of the U ni ted c hal O d d Fello wsh i p spread rap idl y i nto
S tates of A m e ri c a S ubo rd i nate E n c am p . Pe nn s y l v ania an d Ne w York an d in 1 83 1 ,

m en ts for m a stron g se c ti on of O dd Fel low the possessi o n of the Royal Purpl e degree was
shi p havi ng an e nrolle d m e m be rsh ip of
, m ade a ne c essa ry q ual ifi c a t i o n t o be c o m e
about on e si xth of t he e nti re O r -
Grand Re p rese ntati v e Afte r th e revi si on .

de r Th e y co n t rib ute an nually for rel ief

. of t he ri t u al i n 1 8 4 5 th e Enca m p m e nt
, ,

perh aps one tenth as m uch as the gross s um

-
bran c h be c am e m ore pop ul ar and G ran d .

so e xpende d b v th e Lodges The E n c am p . E ncam p m e n ts m u l tipli ed so fast th at j eal

m e nt d egrees Patri arc h al , Golde n Ru le , ,
onsy was sh ow n at th e i nterest t ake n i n the

fro m floatin g “
an d Roy al Purple were i n ven ted or adop te d
m aterial ”
,

an d ori gi nally
Patriar c h al degrees An e ffort was m ade
to m erge the E n c am p m ent d egrees i n th e
.

conferred i n O dd Fell ows Lodges as supple Lodge work wh i ch e xten de d o v e r a n u m ber

,

m entary degrees or c ere m on ies m uch the ,

of years bu t i t was su c c essfully resi sted in
,

sam e as v ari ou s Masoni c degrees were orig th e G ran d Lodge n o w S o v ereign G rand ,

i nall y conferred In 1 82 1 a G olden Rule

. Lodge of t h e Un i t e d S tates an d Patri
, ,

d egree was in troduced i n t o th e Lodge ri t arch al O dd Fellowsh ip re m ai n s to th is d ay

ual an d freq ue ntly referred to i n Gran d
, wh ere i t began a goal t oward whi c h m em ,

T he th ree i nt er l ac ed c ircl es were an anc i en t bers of Lodge s travel o r wh i c h th e y h ope to

em b em l o f t h e T r i n it
y . attai n A little less th an th i rty years ago
.
256 IND E P E ND E NT O R DE R O F O D D F E LL O W S ’

the de sire spread for a patriarch al u nif orm , ist ed am ong th e C a ntons an d th at m any ,

ad m i ttedly in fluenced by Mason ic Knigh t d orm an t Cantons h ad bee n rev i v ed an d n ew

Te m plar displays an d afte r an exten ded
,
ones o rganize d I n 1 89 6 n o fe we r th an .

propagan da in 1 87 4 the m o v e m e n t suc O dd Fellows we re en roll ed i n the

c eed ed ,
an d i n 1 882 t h e S o v e reign Gran d ar m y of Patriarch s Mili tant .

Lodge adopte d a degree of Uni form ed P a A m erican as well as E ngl ish O dd Fel
tri ar c h s Th e Patriar c h s M il i tan t as th e
.
,
l ows regard wi th venerati on Th o m as Wil
reorgani zed Un ifor m e d Ran k of Patriar c h s dey fou nde r or ch ief o rganize r of th e
, , ,

i s calle d fu rni sh e d th e degree wh ich super

,
Indepe n de nt O rde r of O dd Fell ows Un i ted ,

sedes the Uni for m ed C am p d egree of th e S tates of A m erica Th e early porti on of .

Unifor m e d Patriarch s Thi s i s th e e xi sti n g

. the c en tury n aturally wi tnessed the e m igra
m il i tary bran c h of th e O rder and i s re ,
tio n of E ngli sh O d d Fellows m e m be rs of the ,

c ruit ed fro m a m ong t h e Patriar c h s C an . Un ite d as well as t h e I ndepe n den t O rders ,

tons as th e separate bod ies of Patriarch s

,
to t h e ne w bu t de m ocra t ic e m pi re o f possi
M il i tant are d escribed are o rgan ize d i nto ,
b ilit ies on th is si de of th e Atl an ti c A m ong .

regi m ents brigades an d d i v isions M em

, , . the m i n 1 8 1 7 at th e age of th i rty fi v e
, ,
-

bers of Can ton s are k now n as Ch e val iers cam e Th o m as Wil de y H e was born i n Lon .
.

and th e o fi c ers of th e organizati on h ave d i s d on Jan u ary 1 5 1 7 82 w he re h e attende d a

, , ,

t in c t iv el y m il itary titles The u nifor m .

, parish sch ool u n ti l he was fou rteen years
d rill and tactics are m odelled so m ewh at as
,
ol d wh en h e learne d the trade an d becam e
,

are t hose of the Mason i c Kn ights Te m plars . sk i lle d as a black s m ith A m e m be r of O dd .

Th i s n ew m il itary branch of th e O rde r was Fello ws Lodge No 1 7 at Lond o n h e took a ,

.
, ,

fi rst p ropose d i n 1 8 70 I t took sh ape i n . great i n terest i n th e O rde r being th e l e ader ,

1 8 8 5 an d i n 1 88 7 was reorganize d to c o nfe r

,
i n e stabl i sh i ng a new Lodge i n th e su bu rbs
three degrees : (1 ) The Grand D ecoratio n of th e city O ve r th at Lodge h e preside d.

of Ch i v al ry t o be c o nferred on C he val iers

, , th ree te r m s S h o rt ly after h i s arri v al i n
.

sele c te d by th e Co m m ander ; (2 ) the D eco B al ti m o re he w ith Joh n Welch a b roth er

, , ,

rati on o f C h i val ry to be conferred on C he v

, O dd Fello w publ i sh ed a call fo r a m eeting ,

al iers selected by C an ton s an d by D epart of su ch m e m bers of th e O rder as th e n o t ice

m en t C o m m an de rs ; an d (3 ) th e D ecoratio n m igh t rea c h O n April 1 3 1 8 1 9 Tho m as .
, ,

o f C h i val ry to be co n ferre d on wo m en
, Wil dey Joh n Wel ch Joh n D uncan Joh n
, , ,

m e m bers of the d egree of Rebek ah as pro , C heatha m an d Ri c h ard Ru sh worth m et i n

,

v id ed fo r .O n S epte m ber 3 0 1 885 there was , , re spon se to th e call They or m ost of the m . _

only on e C an t o n of Patriarch s Mil i t an t with , were m e m bers of the U ni ted O rder by ,

‘
a t otal m e m bersh ip of th irty ; but two years wh ose laws any fi ve m e m bers by an c ien t
later t h e re we re reporte d 4 6 2 C an ton s an d usage c oul d o rganiz e an d con stitu te a legal
Ch e v al iers I n p rece di ng years the Lodge S o at t he c ity of Bal ti m ore April

“
. .
, ,

gro wth was less rapid bu t of late there is a , 2 6 1 8 1 9 they organize d an d con sti tuted
, ,

re vi v al of i nte rest i n th is th e u nifo r m e d

branch of E n c am p m en ts O n S epte m b e r 1
su c h a Lodge I t was ope n e d by Th o m as
il d ey h e tak i ng the obl igation
'

i n the
.

“
”
.
, ,

1 894 t h ere we re reported 1 7 1 C an ton s of presence of the other fou r after wh ich
”
, ,

Patri ar c h s Mili tan t in fo urtee n S tates an d he ad m i niste red the obligation to the m .

o ne Territory an d one ea c h i n B ri ti sh C o
, Th e t i tle I ndepen de n t O rder o f O dd Fel
,

l u m bia an d Mani toba w i th a total m e m ber

, l ows copied fro m th e E nglish O rde r of th at
,

sh ip of h aving worth of na m e was gi ve n to A m erican O dd Fellow

,

p roperty an d,
c ash o n h and I n S ep . sh ip probably because Wash i ngton Lodge
, ,

te m ber 1 89 5 th e S overeign Gran d Lodge No 1 Bal t i m ore was ch arte re d by D uke of

reported that th e u sual prosperity ”e x
.
, , , ,

York Lodge Presto n E ngland one of th e , , ,

2 58 IN D E P E N D E N T O R DE R O F O D D F E LL O W S

exclu si ve u se of th e O rde r w as i n Bal ti m ore that th e separation was du e to a d esire o n

i n 1 83 1 . D uring the years 1 8 2 0—3 0 th e o r th e part of A m e rica n O dd Fell ows to be
a n iz at io n was p rac t ical ly only a benefi c i al rel i e v ed fro m the obligation of gran t i ng
g
so c iety n u m be rin g a few Lodges a t large r
,
pec uniary assista n ce to v isi ti n g En gl ish O dd
Eas t ern c i ties S oo n afte r (at th e h eigh t
. Fellows i n add i tion to a reasse rtion of th e
,

of t h e anti M ason i c agi tation ) -

ed ucated spi ri t of se c essio n wh i c h sh owe d i tself i n
m e n fro m e very h on orabl e p rofessi on an d E ngl an d i n an d wh i c h desc ended to
b usi ness sough t ad m ission an d are sai d to ,
th e O ffspri n g of the s c h is m ati c Man c hester
h ave eli m i nated wh at re m ained of the con Uni ty righ tfully as an i nhe ritan c e Early
, .

v iv ial ch ara c te r of m eetin gs an d to h av e ,

in t he fo u rth de c ade O d d Fell owsh i p bega n
stre ngthe ned the m oral an d th e benefi ci al to m ake rapi d progress i n c reasing in m em ,

featu res A c o m parison of o fli c ial p ubli c a

. h ershi p and i nflu en ce stead il y u ntil c h ecke d
ti on s con c erni ng O dd Fell owshi p and Free by th e C ivil War S i n c e 1 8 6 5 i ts re c ord .

m aso nry o n thi s poin t is n ot wi th ou t si g h as bee n re m arkabl e I t h as thi rty on e .

-

n ific an c e S yste m ati c c on tribution s for the

. ti m es th e m e m be rsh i p to d ay i t had i n 1 84 3 ,

rel ief of t h e di stressed burial o f t h e dead , , and fi v e ti m es wh at i t h ad i n 1 8 60 Very .

a nd ed ucation of orph an s a m oun t ed to only soo n after th e c l ose of th e C i v il War in ,

i n th e year 1 83 8 fro m wh i c h i t m ay , 1 865 th e northern and sou thern d i vision s

,

be i nferred th at the to tal m e m bersh i p twenty of th e O rde r m et at Bal ti m ore wh ere th e ,

years after t h e establ i sh m en t of Washi ngto n S ociety was fou nded forty si x years before -

Lodge No 1 w as s m all Fi ve years late r

,
.
,
.
, an d reu n i ted u n der th e G rand Lodge of th e

i n 1 84 3 the total m e m bership was o nly

,
Un ite d S tates I n 1 8 7 9 t h e ti tle of th e
.

B u t i n t h e sin gle year 1 87 9 , la t ter body was al tere d to th at of the S o y e r

we re e xpend ed for reli ef an d i n eig n Gran d Lodge I ndepen den t O rde r of
,

1 893 th e total appropri ated w as O dd Fellows U n ite d S tates O f A m e ri c a

, .

nearl y do uble th e a m o un t i n 1 8 7 9 . A m e rican O dd Fello wship was take n to

O n S epte m be r 22 1 8 4 2 the Grand Lodge , , the D o m i nion of Can ada as early a s 1 84 3 ,

of th e Uni ted S tates adopted a resolu ti on to th e S and wich Islan ds i n 1 84 6 and to ,

pro h ib it ing all i n te r c ou rse between th e Inde Australia i n 1 868 A fe w Lodges were
'

pe nden t O rder o f O d d Fel lo ws an d th e In establ ished i n E ngland bu t d i d n ot li ve ,

d epen dent O rder Manchester U n ity p ro , , long There appears to have bee n n o other
.

c l ai m i ng the sole au th ori ty the G ran d Lodge reaso n wh y i t h as n ot successfully i n v ade d

of th e Un i ted S tates S in c e 1 84 3 t h e . the Uni ted K ingdo m e x c ept that th e Eng ,

A m e ri c an O rde r h as been actual ly as well l ish O rders are p refe rred there Lodge s .

as n o m in ally i nd epe n den t Th is secession . of th e A m eri c an O rd er were establishe d i n

was a bl o w to th e Engl ish S o c i e ty for i ts , Ger m any i n 1 8 7 0 i n Pe ru an d Belgiu m in ,

A m e ri c an branch pro m ised as h as proved , 1 8 7 2 C h il i i n 1 8 7 4 D e n m ark i n 1 8 7 8 Me x

. , ,

t he case to o utru n the paren t organi zatio n

. ico in 1 882 C uba i n 1 883 Japan i n 1 89 1
, , ,

i n n u m be rs weal t h and i nfl u en c e C auses

, , . Fran ce i n 1 89 2 an d i n Ne wfoun dl an d Hol
, ,

wh i c h led to c o m plete separatio n have been l and and Italy i n 1 8 9 1

,
Am eri c an O dd .

variously stated O ne versio n i s tha t t he . Fellowsh i p i n foreign land s h as on t h e ,

Manch e ste r Uni ty aband oned th e an c ie nt wh ol e progressed satisfacto rily

,
I n Aus .

wor k an d lan d m ar k s
prin c i ples and i n vade d
v iolated i ts
c h artered
,

“ t ral as ia e x c ep t Victoria th ere h as been en

,

c o urag ing p rogress bu t i n Ch il i i t h as n o t

,

righ ts ”wh i c h points to the probabil i ty of

, ,

,
m et e xpe c tation s owing to l ack of i nte rest
,
.

th e A m eri c an O rde r h av in g grievan c es C uba reported an in c reasing m e m be rshi p

wh i c h t h e Engl i sh body refu sed to o r at , u n til 1 8 9 5 wh en the i nsu rre c t ion b ro k e ou t
, .

leas t d id no t red ress An oth er v ersi on i s

,
. Lodges i n D en m ark h ave been d oi ng well ,
 IND E P E ND E N T O R DE R O F O D D FE LL O W S 2 59

b u t i n Fran ce th e spre ad of athei sti c id eas U n i t e d S tate s 2 i n Canad a 1 i n Austral ia , , ,

h as c hecked th e pre v iou s rate of gain I n an d 1 each i n Ger m any Den m ark an d S wi t .
, ,

Ge r m an y h o we v er the O rde r h as grow n z erl an d Th ere were al so n o fe we r th an

, , .

and p rospered Arran ge m e n ts were m ade 1 0 m utual ai d soci e ti es i n th e Un ited S tates

.
,

th rou gh a n u m be r of Free m ason s to o r an d one i n the D o m in ion of Can ada to wh ich ,

gan iz e a G ran d Lodge O f th e Ind ependen t O dd Fellows only we re eligible as well as ,

“
O rde r of O dd Fello ws for I taly at Naples se veral m u tu al ac c ide n t asso c i ation s w i th
th ey h avi ng con sidere d n ot onl y grea tl y si m ilar requ i re m e n ts as to m e m be rshi p
,

u seful th e propagatio n of sai d O rder i n th i s

R E VE NUE S R E C E I VE D A N D R E LIE F A FF O R D E D
n ati on bu t also of great u seful n ess to th e
.

,
1 893 1897 . .

Mason ic O rde r B ut th e Itali an

R li f P ai d R
U it d S tat R v nu u s R li f P i d n e es . e e es . e e . e v en e . e e a .

ven tu re d id n ot suc c eed I n Japan th ere S ub d L d g .

or . o es . .

E n mp ca
h a v e bee n re ve rses o wi n g to the ac ts of ,m nt e s
R b k h L dg
.

5 1 3 78 e e a o es .
u n worthy m e m bers Me xi co h as held i ts .

T t l o a s
.

“
O wn , al th ough i n te rest i s lacki n g H ol .

l and w i th only a fe w Lod ges an d l i ttl e in

, Th e syste m ati c an n u al con tri buti on s of
.

crease reports th e ou tl ook enco u ragi n g I n fun d s for t he rel ief of th e si c k an d di s

, .

Pe ru growth h as bee n sl o w an d n on pay tressed th e bu ri al of th e dead an d th e -

, ,

m en t of dues con spi cu ou s Th e H awai ian e d ucati on O f th e orp h an h as i n crease d

'

Isl an d s report l ac k O f m ateri al bu t th e th erefore fro m i n 1 83 8 to

,
,

ou tl ook sin ce a nn e xati on i s b ri gh te r Th e i n 1 89 7 o r m o re th an 6 60 ti m es d u rin g .

,

“
O rde r i n S wede n as i n G er m any h as c o n
ti n ned i n a h ighl y p rosperou s cond ition
,

”
si xty years wh il e th e m e m be rsh i p h as in
creased forty ti m es
,

,
,

.
.

an d the bre th ren are en th u si astic and un

S T A T I S T I C S O F T HE C O ND IT I O N O F T HE O R D E R
ti ri ng i n th ei r efforts I n S wi tz e rland wh ile .

F ,
.

D m i D m ti c
‘
F or n o es o re o es
th e m e m bersh ip i s s m all con si de rable p ro J nu y 1
,

,
ti 1894 189 1894 a ar , . c, . .

gress h as bee n m ad e I d p d t G d L dg n e en
’
ran o es ,

(G m y A u t al i D
.
’
er , s r a, en .

I n 1 8 95 t h e O rd e r o wned h all s d S w itz l d) an er an

S b d G d E n mp a or . ran ca
o r bu ild in gs u sed for Lodge m eetings and m t N 54 en s , O
S b d E mp N a or nc a
’
s, o
oth er pu rposes w hi c h w i th the l and cost S b d L d g N
.

a or . o es , O
, ,
i L dg
,
n o es
an d we re v al ued at S ub E nc
R b k h L dg
.

N e e a o es , o
7 24 . In ad d i ti on i t O wne d twe n ty fou r m -

en
w m n 1 o e
h o m es asylu m s an d orph an ages wi th
, , S ub di t t i nd p nd
, t or na e, n o e e en .

a c res of lan d val u e d at H o m es

S T A T I S T I C S O F T HE C O N D I T I O N O F T HE O R D E R
are si tuated i n Ne w York Pe n nsyl van ia .

D m ti o es c
O hio C on necticu t Florida Id ah o .

, , ,
J ann y 1 ar
Ill i n oi s Kan sas Massach u se tts Mi n n e I d p G d L d g (G m ny A u
, , , n e
‘
o es ,
.

er a ,

S w itz l nd ) N
.

t li D s ra a, en er a o
sota New H am psh i re Mi ssou ri Nebrask a S ub d G d E m pm nt N
, , , , or .
‘
.

nc a e s, O
.

North C aroli na Te nn essee Texas Ve r S b d L d g N S b d E m pm nt N a or . nc a e s O

, , , a or o es . O

A n O dd M m b hi p L
.

m on t C aliforn i a an d Wis c onsi n dg e ers o es

S ub E n m pm t
,
.
, , ca en s

Fel l ows H o m e h as also been e stabli sh e d R b k h M

.

L dg N e e a o es , o
mb hi p m e ers , en

at Gre iz Ge rm any th e first O f the k i n d o n w m ooo oo o en

, ,
S ub d i t n t i nd p d t or na e , o e en en ,

t h e c ontine n t of E u rope Th ere were i n .

,

1 895 4 9 papers an d period ical s publ i she d

, The total n u m be r of ini ti ation s i nto subor
i n h alf a doze n l an gu ages i n th e i n te rest of d inat e Lodges fro m 1 83 0 to 1 8 95 was
,

thi s b ran c h of O dd Fe llo wsh ip : 4 3 i n the 84 0 and no m ore stri k ing testi m ony to the ,

wo r k of t h e i nsti tu ti o n can be fu rn ish e d

*
R epcirt S o verei g n Grand Lo d ge 1 895
,
th an th at w ith i n th ose si xty fi v e years
, .
-
260 I ND E P E N D E N T O R D E R O F O D D FE LL O W S

m e m bers
re c eived m a t erial assist fa v orable notice of t h e Gran d Lodge for sev
ance i n c lud i ng
,
w i dows an d o t he r eral years an d whe n t he m i nority report
,

m e m bers O f fa m ilies of m e m bers

for si xty fi v e years a m ou n te d to
-
R e v en ues . was m ade e m bod yin g t h e c o m plete d degree
,

i t was adopted 4 7 to 3 7 i n spi te of power

, ,
“ ,

2 0 2 of wh i c h
,
w ere paid to th e ful opposi ti on by a s m al l m aj ority of a
si c k and d istressed Th u s the w ork of fi ve . c o m m ittee A w ell k now n w riter on O dd
.
-

hu m ble m ech ani c s wh o o rganized Wash i ng , Fello wsh ip regards th e degree O f Rebekah
ton Lodge No 1 at Balti m ore i n 1 8 1 9 h as
,
.

spread u n t il th e o ne Lod ge h as be c o m e m ore

, , , as an epi t o m e of O dd Fellowsh ip i n al l i ts
parts ” ,an d ad ds th at a wo m an wh o re “
th an fi ve m e m be rs h ave i n c rease d to c eiv es i t (wi ves si sters w i dows an d daugh
, , ,

n early an d th e m aterial ai d af ters of O dd Fellow s an d O dd Fell o ws o nl v

forded h as g ro wn to an nual ly were then el igible ) and appreciates i t prop
”
,

wh ile gross an n ual re v e n ues are erly c o m prehen ds th e In sti tu tion

, kn ows ,

Meetings O f O dd Fellows o rigin al ly m ade , w hat O dd Fello wsh i p is The degree was .

u p l argel y O f th ose i n th e h u m bl e r walks O f na m e d Rebekah be c ause the pra c ti c al work

life n ow i nclud e n ot only laborers an d m e
, i ngs of th e O rde r suggest so forcibl y the ten
c h an ic s bu t m er c h an ts cle rgy m en phy
, , , der an d c on si de rate a c ti o n of the B ibl ical
s ic ian s l awye rs and states m e n
, , . c harac ter of th at n a m e whe n sh e fi rst l ooke d

An old m e m be r of th e S overeign G rand u po n Eleazer at th e wel l of Nahor O f the .

Lodge writes th at the li st O f d isti nguish e d ri tual and i m pressi ven ess of th e c ere m on ial
c i ti ze n s w h o are or h ave bee n O dd Fell ows is a

ve ry l on g o ne so m e of th e best k now n being

,
of th e degree i t h as bee n de c lare d th at n o
degree of O dd Fell owsh ip
,

no t e ven the ,
“
e x —Preside nts G ran t H ayes G arfiel d and , , ,
Ro y al P urpl e e x c el s th is e x c elle nt prod uc
,

H arri son ; ex Vi c e —Preside nt S c h uyler C ol

-

tion . It re m ai n s to th is day su bstanti ally

fax ; A usti n Jones wh o was the secon d Presi , u nch anged sin ce i ts adoption Th e principal .

de n t O f the Republ ic O f Texas ; S e c retary of e m ble m s are the beeh i v e m oon an d seven , ,

S tate Joh n S h er m an ; and the l ate S enator stars an d the d ove Th e popularity of the
,
.

O l iv er P Morton of I ndiana
. Th e work of . degree a m on g the i m m ediate relati ves of O dd
th e O rd e r i s carri ed on i n fo urtee n cou n tries , Fel lows h as bee n and c on tin ue s m arke d .

in eigh t of th e leadi ng langu ages of the world , Rebek ah Lodges in th e U ni te d S ta t es re

as far east as Germ any an d west to Japan ported a total m e m be rship Janu ary 1 1 898 , , ,

an d A u stral ia . of Th e degree was o rigi nally eo n

Late i n th e fi rst half of th e c en t ury efforts ferred in O dd Fellows Lodges on wi ves an d
'

we re m ade by I D Will i am son of the G rand d au gh t ers O f su c h O dd Fello ws as h ad at

”
. .
,

L od ge to i nsti tute a lad ies degree but

“ t ained th e S c arlet o r h igh est Lodge degree
’
, , .

a c c ord i ng t o h is own state m ent i t was I n 1 8 69 s e parate Rebe k ah Lodges were ia

u n su c c essful At the G ran d Lodge of th e
. s t i tu ted The re qu i re m e n ts for eligibility to
.

U ni t ed S t ates i n 1 85 0 th e l ate S c h uyler C ol

, ,
the degree h ave bee n c h ange d several ti m es ,

fax after w ard Vi c e Preside nt of th e U nited

,
-
and i n 1 8 94 al l si n gl e wh ite w o m en ,

S t ates was appoi n ted c hai r m an o f a c o m of good m oral c hara c te r o v er ei gh teen

”
, ,

m it t ee to prepare a d egree to be c onfe rre d y ears of age were d e c l are d el igible in ad

, ,

O n th e w i ves of O dd Fell ows He re c ei ved . d itio n to w i ves w id ow s an d dau gh ters of

, .

val u able suggestion s fro m a Past G rand in O dd Fell ow s I n 1 8 9 6 th e S ove rei gn G ra nd

.

Maryland so m e of w h i c h h e adopted i n a
, Lodge ad op te d wh at i t describe d as a u ni
m odi fied for m h e h i m self w ri tin g the l ee, v ersal si gn O f re c ogn i t i on bet wee n O d d Fe l
tures an d preparing th e ri tual i n 1 85 1 i n , l ows an d D au gh ters of Rebek ah Rebekah .

w h i c h year t h e degree w as ad opted This . Lod ge s are presu m ed to supple m en t the

'

i nn ovation h ad been strongly u rged on the wo rk of O dd F ell o w s h ip i n relie v i ng th e

2 62 IN D E P E N D E N T O R DE R O F R E D ME N

m e nt , a practi c al con t rac t to pay such and Red Me n i n 1 85 0 co m posed of so m e of th e ,

su c h su m s u nder su ch and s uc h c ond i t ions . Tri bes or S ta m m s wo r k i ng i n the Ger m an

, ,

Wi t h thi s u nders t an ding as to O d d Fellow language I t s t ill ex ists an d at on e ti m e

.
,

sh i p Free m asonry is pe rh ap s theoreti c al

, , ,
. n u m be re d m e m bers but gi ves n o ,

B ut i t is h a rdly fai r to de c lare th at th e olde r sign of v igo rou s gro wth The s c h is m was .

so c ie t y i s au to c rati c an d th e younger de m o the resul t of the refusal of Meta m ora Tribe

c rati c ,
u nless qualified by the explanation of B al ti m ore i n 1 85 0 to pay a be nefit ” ,

that Free m aso nry i s governed absolu tely by
th e c on sen t of th e governed B u t i t i s ao
c urate to say t h at the on e deal s ou t chari ty
to o nly a li m ited e x te nt an d the n only as a
,
, eve n afte r th e G reat C ou n c il of Marylan d
. an d t h e Grand C ou n c il of the Un i ted
S tates h ad de c ide d i t w as l egal an d pro
pe r to do so (S ee I m p ro v ed O rder of
. .

c h ari ty wh ile the o the r assists needy m em

,
Re d Men ) .

bers be c au se i t is thei r d ue Th e bene . I ri s h N a t i o n a l O r d e r o f F o r e s t e r s

/
.

fi c iaries of F ree m ason ry re c ei ve aid as they O rgan ize d i n 1 8 7 6 at D ubl in I reland as a , ,

m ay req ui re i t n ot be c ause i t is thei r d u e

, ,
benefici ary fraternal o rde r I ri sh m en or m en .

bu t be c ause th ey are bre th re n o r relati ve s of of I rish des c e nt alone are el igible to m em

b reth re n No pre te nse i s m ad e of assi sti ng
. hersh ip It i s belie ved to be o neof t h e n u
.

those wh o d o n o t need assi stan c e I t i s also . m ero us m ode rn F o rest ic societies wh ic h fi nd

u nfai r to bo th so c ieties to c o m pare the m as thei r m odel i n the En glish An c ien t O rde n
to n u m erical s t ren gth Can didates fo r ad
. of Foresters Th e Irish N at io n al O rd e r
.
~

m i ssi on i nto the Fraterni t y of Free and A c soo n sp read th rough ou t the Uni ted King
c ept ed Masons m u st apply of thei r o wn free d o m to Canada A u stralia an d th e Uni ted
, , ,

w ill and a c c ord No one i s sol i c i te d to j oi n

.
, S tates an d h as abou t
, m e m bers at
and in thi s respect th e so c iety i s u n i que . t ac h ed to i ts C ou rts The latte r are .

I t sh ould be added th at the m e m be rsh ip of subordi n ate to the E xecu ti ve C ou n c i l at

t h e v ario u s branch es of O dd Fel lowshi p e x D ubl i n In A m e rica th e D i stri c t C ou n c i l at
.

is t s al m ost w holly i n the U ni ted S t ates the ,

New York c ity i s th e go v ern ing body The re .

D o m in io n of Canada Au strali a an d i n the

, , i s an h on orary an d a be nefi c i ary m em
U n i ted Ki ngdo m an ex t re m ely s m al l p ro hersh i p Th e l atte r pays $1 00 to the fa m ily
.

portion bein g ih Ge rm any the S c and i navi an , of a decease d m e m be r and $7 5 to a m e m be r

peni n sul a F ran c e I taly Mexi c o and in
, , , ,
at th e death of h i s wife Ea c h C ou rt or .

a fe w cou ntries i n S ou th A m eri c a Less . bra n c h pays i ts ow n benefi ts an d as th i s is ,

th an th ree per c en t of the Indepe nden t

. done by m eans o f d ues e nte rtai n m en ts e tc , , .
,

O rde r of O dd Fel lows of th e Un i ted S tates th e O rde r m ay be c lassed as one of th e m any

of A m eri c a are m e m be rs of forei g n Lodges . v arietie s of E ngl i sh frie ndly se c re t so c ieties .

The Masoni c fratern i t y wh i c h h as an o r, J u n io r F o r e s t e r s o f A m e r ic a — A n .

ga nized e xisten ce i n al m ost e ver y c i vili ze d o utgrowt h of th e E ngli sh Ju ve n ile Fo rest

l and is ope n only to th ose wh o k n o c k an d
, , ers attach e d to th e Foreste rs of A m e rica
,
.

i t gi ves freely to n eedy m e m bers wi thou t (S ee the latte r ) .

spe c ifi c agree m e nt Th e you nger so c iety

.
,
K n ig h t s o f C y p r u s — S ee Knigh ts of .

w i th m od ern i deas as to i ncreasing m em S t Joh n of Jerusal e m Rh od es Malta e t c

.
, , . .

h ersh i p an d wi th spe c ifi c agree m en ts as to

, K n ig h t s o f G o l d e n L i n k s of th e '

re c ip roci ty of m aterial relief h as grown to , W o r l d — A Nash vill e m u tual si c k and fu

.

u nexa m pled proportions an d h as an en v i , neral ben efi t o rde r fou nded i n 1 88 6 bu t ,

abl e re c ord o f su m s paid fo r c h aritable an d n ot k n o wn th ere n ow .

beneficial pu rposes . Il n ig h t s o f L i b e r t y S ee I n tern ation al .

-

I n d e p e n d e n t O rd e r o f R e d M e n . O rde r of T wel ve of Kn ights and D augh ters ,

A n o ffsh oo t fro m the I m pro v ed O rde r of of Tabor .

 K NI G H T S O F P Y T H IA S 2 63

K n ig h t s o f P yt h i a s — A m on g A m eri can h i m sel f an d th e o th ers The m ee tin g ad .

ch aritable an d be ne vole nt se c ret so c ie ties j o urn ed after th e appoi n t m en t of a co m m i t

n o t m ore than one out rank s the K nigh ts tee to sec ure add ition al m e m bers It i s re .

o f Pyth ias in n u m bers an d i nflue n c e for l ated th at th e ritu al read by Mr Rath bone .

good That the O dd Fellows s h oul d stan d

. was o rigi nally c o m posed and w ri tte n by h im
fi rst wi th a m e m bership of nearly
, wh ile l i vi ng at Eagl e H arbor K eew enaw ,

i s not strange whe n i t i s re c alled th at th e C ou nty La k e S uperior M i c h in th e wi n

, , .
,

lat t e r order i n th is c ou ntry i s ei gh ty years te r of 1 8 6 0 —6 1 .

o ld . The Kn igh ts of Pyth ias h oweve r

.
, , Fo u r days l ate r F eb ruarv 1 9t h a m eet , ,

tell s a story of u ne xam pled e n th usias m an d i ng was h el d at Te m perance H all Wash i ng .

p rosperi ty wi th ,
m e m bers after ton si nce a c qu i red by th e O rd e r at wh i c h
, ,

th irty one years of e xi sten c e Thi s so c iety

-
. i t was for m ally de c ide d to organ ize a se c ret
i s th e ou tgrow th of th e pe riod m ark in g the society wi th frien d sh i p ben e volen c e an d , ,

cl ose of th e C i v il War I t was born at th e . c h ari t y for i ts ulti m ate obj e c ts An obl iga .

c apital of th e n ation and th e h old it took ,

ti on of secre c y was i m posed t h e O rde r w as ,

o n th e i n terest of i ts m e m bers an d t h e re styl ed the Kn i gh ts of Pythi as an d th e ri tual ,

spect o f the publ ic easily m a k es good th e read at th e p re v i ou s m ee t i n g was adopted .

cl ai m of its fou nders th at i t fo rm s an im A G ran d Lod ge fo r th e D i stri c t of C ol u m

portan t l i nk i n t he ch ai n of larger secret bia w as organ i ze d se ven week s later Apri l ,

fra t e rni ties Lik e th e Indepe nde n t O rder

. 8 th an d the wo rk of o r
, gan izi ng subord i nate
o f O dd Fellows i t see k s to syste m ati c ally
,
Lodges begu n o n April 1 2 th w it h Frankl in , ,

relieve the si c k an d d istressed to bu r y th e ,

No 2 Th e l a t te r ac t was m ost fortu nate
. .
,

d ead care fo r th e wi do w an d o rph an ; and

,
as Fran kli n No 2 is sai d to h ave save d the
,
.
,

i n one sectio n the En d ow m en t Rank to O rder fro m d estru c tio n by k eepin g i ts to rc h

‘

, ,

wh i c h ad m issio n i s op t ional i t i nsu res th e ,

bu rni n g for m any m on th s whe n th e l igh ts
l i ves of th ose bel on gin g to it on the m u tu al of si ste r Lodges h ad all been ex tin gu ished .

assess m en t plan A n i dea of t h e growth of . O n February 1 1 8 6 5 Ale xand ri a Lodge w as

, ,

i nte rest i n th is and ki nd red bod ies m ay establish ed at th at ci ty i n Vi rgi ni a afte r , ,

be deri ve d by recallin g th at wh ile O d d Fel wh i c h li ttle o r n o p rogre ss was m ad e for

l o w sh ip i ncreased in m e m be rsh ip abo u t 7 00 ,
t wo years O n April 1 8 1 8 6 6 Mou n t Ve r
.
, ,

0 00 fro m 1 8 64 to 1 8 95 th e Kni ghts of ,

n o n Lodg e was organized in the D i stri c t of

Pythi as wi th 1 3 m e m be rs i n 1 8 64 n ow
, ,
C ol u m bia an d on July 3 0 t h Liberty Lodge
, ,

n u m bers abo ut at th e Navy Yard A year l ater February . .

It was o n Febru ary 1 5 1 8 64 at Wash in g , ,

2 3 1 8 6 7 E xcelsior Lodge No 1 was insti
, , ,
.
,

ton D C. that Ju stus H Rathbon e a

. .
, .
,
t ut ed at Ph iladelph ia an d i n July of that ,

Free m ason w i th D L B urne tt W H , . .

,
. . year Keyston e Lod ge at th e sa m e c i ty The ,
.

B urnett h is b roth e r an d Robert H Ch a m

, ,
. su c c ess of th is m o ve m e nt n orth of the Ma
pi on a Free m ason go v ern m en t d epart m e n t
, ,
so n and D i xon l in e w as p ron ou n ced Th e .

cle rk s ; E S Ki m ball M D and Messrs

. .
,
. .
, . growth of th e so c iety was steady an d later b e ,

Roberts an d D ri v er al l acco m plished m u si ,

ca m e rapid I n Nove m be r 1 86 7 M aryl and
.
, ,

c ian s an d m e m bers of the Ari on Gl ee was i n vade d at Bal ti m ore an d i n D e c e m be r

”
, , ,

C l ub took preli m i nary steps l ook ing to the

,
N ew Jersey at Ca m den an d Mou n t H olly ,

form ati o n of a secre t so c iety M r Rath bon e . . wh ile i n April 1 8 6 8 th ree Lod ge s were , ,

was th e m o v in g sp i rit as sh ow n by th e fac t ,

con sti t uted i n Delaware D u rin g 1 8 6 7 an d .

th at h e th en an d th ere read a propose d ri t 1 8 6 8 Lodge s were also form e d i n M as sac h u

ual of an order to be calle d the K nights of setts Ne w Ha m pshi re Con nec ti c u t and
, , ,

Pyth ias to keep the se c rets of an d pe rfor m

,
oth e r New Engl an d S t ates ; i n O h i o In ,

th e d uties e nj oi ned by whi c h h e obl i gated d ian a Illin oi s Ken tu cky Mi ssou ri Kan sas
.
, , , ,
2 64 K NI G H T S O F P Y T HI A S

and Iowa A t th at period enl arged v iews

.
,
By S epte m ber 3 0 1 8 66 w ithi n two years , ,

pre vaile d as to the fun c tion an d prospe c ts of an d a h alf th e fou r a c ti v e Lodges h ad only
,

th e society an d at a con ve n ti on at Washi ng

,
32 4 m em bers ; by D ece m ber 3 1 1 866 only , ,

ton Ju n e 9 1 8 6 8 a ne w con sti tu ti on was

, , ,
3 7 9 ; Mar c h 3 1 ; 1 8 6 7 on ly 4 70 ; and o n ,

adop t ed u nde r wh ich was organized an d

,
Ju ne 3 0 1 8 6 7 (si x Lodges ) the total was
, ,

establ i shed Augu st 1 1 1 868 the S upre m e

, ,
only 694 I n 1 88 7 twen ty years late r the
.
, ,

Lodge Kni gh ts of P y th ias of th e Worl d

,
. m e m bersh ip h ad i n creased to m ore th an
Rath bo ne Lodge w as for m ed at Ne w York an d i n 1 8 95 at thirty one years of ,
-

c i ty a nd later i n 1 8 6 8 th e O rder appeare d

,
age th e O rde r e m brac ed nearly
,
S ir
.

i n C al iforn ia W est Virgi ni a an d Nebraska

, ,
. Knigh ts h ad m ore than quad ruple d with i n
-

This order of k nigh th ood wi th the story ,

a de c ade .

of D a m o n an d Pythi as on wh i c h i ts cere J u stus H e nry Rathbone the fo under was , ,

m onia l s are fou nded ; wi t h i ts c ardi nal prin bo rn at D eerfi eld O ne ida C ou n ty N Y , , . .
,

c ipl es of F rie ndshi p Ch ari ty an d Be h e v o , , O ctober 2 9 1 83 9 Hi s fathe r was a well

,
.

l e n c e ; an d th e Pyth i an m otto Be Gener k nown l awyer at U ti ca an d h is m othe r

”
, , ,

ou s B rave an d True speed ily foun d i ts

, , , S arah E D wigh t was a l i neal des c endant
.
,

way i nto n early al l th e S tates and Terri tories of Jonath an E dward s After attendi ng .

of th e Uni on ac ross th e bo rde r i nto th e ,

Mou nt Ve rnon boarding s c h ool C ou rt ,

Can ad i an Do m i ni on beyond t h e Atl an ti c ,

lan d Acade m y an d C arl isl e S e m inary he , ,

i nto th e Un i ted Ki ngd o m so uth i n to Mexi c o , beca m e a stu de nt at Madiso n Un i v ersity . .

and west to th e H awaii an Island s To day .

-
I n 1 8 5 7 h e wen t to Eagle H arbor Mich ,
-

.
,

there are abo u t m e m be rs of th e o n Lak e S upe rior where h e taugh t s c h ool ,

O rder i n foreign Lod ges h ol din g allegian c e

to the S u p re m e Lodge of the Worl d i n th e
and ac te d as c lerk for a m i n ing c o m pany
Wh ile there he be c a m e so i n spire d w ith “ .

U ni ted S tates I ts pri nciples are d eclared by

. th e story of D am o n an d Pythi as ” that h e
J oh n V an Val k enburg Past S upre m e Ch an
c el lo r of the O rder t o be those of h u m an ,
“ , w rote a ritu al of an O rde r o f th e K ni gh t s
of Pyt h ias ” In 1 8 6 1 h e repai red to Ger
.

i ty an d religion an d i ts obj ect to pro m o te , m an t o w n P a wh ere h e be c a m e c h ief c lerk

,
.
,

th e ge ne ral good of m a nki n d an d to spread i n the Un ite d S tates H ospital In 1 86 2 h e .

-

th e ligh t of m oral ity an d k nowledge Li k e . m arried an d i n 1 863 was orde red to Wash
,

Free m ason ry Pythi an k nighth ood c onfers

, ingt o n for d uty i n t he m edi cal depart m en t .

t h ree ran k s o r degrees and there are oth e r , He accepted a ci vi l cler k shi p i n the o ffice of
si m i lari ties bet wee n th e m i n ad dition to the t h e C o m m i ssary Gene ral of S u bsi sten c e i n
fa c t that t h e c h i val ri c orde rs n atu rally fur 1 8 6 5 and in 1 86 6 resi g ned to ac c ept a c lerk
nish ed so m e of the fabri c o n whi c h Rath sh i p i n th e T reasu ry D epar tm en t which he ,

bon c an d h is successors w rough t t h e d esi gn s h el d u ntil 1 86 9 when h e resigne d and wen t ,

wh ich h ave m ade i t d isti n c ti v ely Pyth i an . to Boston to fill a positio n i n a publi sh i ng
I n May 1 86 6 afte r the O rder h ad bee n
, , h ou se H e wen t to Ne w York c it y i n th e
.

al m ost at a stand for nearly two years th e , i nterest of th e fi rm and b e c am e treasu re r ,

ri tu al and w ork we re rev ised and pl aced of th e I ndepend e n t News Co m pany afte r ,

s ubstantially on th e basis o c cupi ed to d ay -

. w ard i t s supe rin tende n t Retu rni ng to .

The fi rst or In i tiatory rank i s that of Page ; Wash i ngton h e en tered the Adj u tan t —Ge n
,

t h e se c ond the A r m ori al ran k of Esq ui re ;

, eral s
’
office Besides the ri tual of the .

an d the thi rd th e Ch i val ri c rank of Kn igh t

, . Knigh ts of Pythias M r R athbone was th e ,
.

The c ol ors of th e regali as are respecti vely

blue yel low an d red Requisites for ad
. ,
.

T he K i g ht s o f Pythi as C o m pl et e M an u al
n and
nn ss ro n i ncl ude a belief i n a S upre m e Bein g Tex t B o o k Jo h n Van V alk enb u rg C ant o n 0
.
, ,

m d so un d bodily heal th . 1 887 .

2 66 K NI GH T S O F P YT H IA S O F NO R T H A N D S O UT H A M E R IC A , E UR O PE , A S IA , A N D A F R IC A

only A ritual for an au x il iary se c re t s o

. o n se v e ral West In d ia Islands an d i n Cen
c iet y to be c o m posed of both m en and
,
tral A m eri c a and i n al l d is tribu t e s about ,

w o m en h ad been prese nted to se v e ral m eet

,
an n u ally i n reli ef to si c k an d d is
i ngs of th e S upre m e Lod ge by Jam e s A tresse d m e m bers . .

H i ll of G reen c as t le In d pri or to 1 88 8 as k
, ,
The re i s an au xil iary so c iety to wh ich
.
, ,

i ng for au th o ri ty to organize t h e Py th ian wo m en rel ati ves of m e m bers of the O rder , ,

S i sters bu t wi tho ut su c c ess

, (S ee Ra t hbo ne are ad m i tted an d i n th ese as well as the
.
, ,

S isters ; also Pythi an S i ste rh ood Fo r su p Lodges of col ored Kn i gh ts death si c k .

, , ,

pl em ent ary orde r of Kni gh ts of P v t h ias see an d di sabili t y benefi ts are paid I n 1 891
'
.

D ra m ati c O rde r of Kni gh ts of Kh orassan ) the S upre m e Lodge of negro K nigh ts m et .

K n ig h t s o f P yt h i a s o f N o r t h an d at Ne w York c i ty and paraded with 70 0

S out h A m e r ic a E u r o pe A s ia an d , S ir Kn igh ts i n li ne i n ful l u n ifor m , As , .

A fr i c a Ja m e s C Ross S u pre m e C han

. . m ay be i nfe rred there is n o affi l iation or
,
~
,

c ell o r of the Worl d of t h e organiza t ion relation sh ip be tween th e wh i te and negro

,

n a m ed a s c h ool pri ncipal at S a v annah

,
O rde rs of Pyth ian k nigh thood o th er than ,

Ga on bei ng aske d as to t h e origin of th i s

.
,
the si m ilari ty of n a m es e m ble m s t itles , , ,

“
n egro fratern i ty wri tes as foll ows : ,
u nifo rm s ri tu al s an d c ere m o ni als , , .

K n i g h t s o f S t J o h n a n d M a l t a (Mo d
At t h e s ess i o n o f t h e S u prem e L o dge of t h e .

f
o rld (w hi t e) h el d at R i c h m o nd V a M arc h 8 e rn ) — I ntrod uced i n to A m e rica th rough
,
.
, ,
.

1 86 9 an appl i c ati o n fro m a n u m b er o f c o l o red m en Robe rt E A Land

,
of H a m il ton O ntario . .
, , ,

o f P h il ad el phi a w as m ade fo r a c h a r ter fo r a L o dg e at Toronto i n 1 8 7 0 by the I m perial Paren t , , ,

o f K n i g ht s o f P y th i as T h e pet i ti o n w as ref u s ed
G rand Bl ac k E n c am p m en t of th e Un i v erse
.

,
b ec au s e o f t h e c o l o r o f t h e petiti o n ers per C o ns ti
situate d at Glasgow S cotland Th e l atte r ,

t ut io n Arti c l e v ii i S ec ti o n 5 et c T h ereu po n E .
,
.
, .
, , .

A L i g ht fo o t T
. W S t r i ng er and o th ers were n ev
,
. .
de c lares i tself a l in eal d es c end ant o f the an
, ,

ert h el ess reg ul ar l y i niti a t ed i nt o t h e m ys t er i es o f c ien t c h i val ri c O rder of K n igh ts of S t Joh n .

t h e O rd er re c e i v i ng t h e d eg rees o f P age E s qui re

, o f Je rusale m Rhodes Malt a et c bu t m u c h , , , , ,
.
,

K n i g ht et c b y th o se w h o h ad b een reg ul arl y i s l a c k in g to substanti ate th e c l ai m

.
(For .

i n i ti at ed i nto all t h e m y s ter i es o f t h e O rder in a i ts probable o rigi n see Non Masonic O rders -

reg ul ar L o dge wo rki ng u nder t h e (w h it e) S u prem e

of Malta i n A m eri c a ) T h eG ran d E ncam p
L o dg e o f K n i g ht s o f P v t h ias
.

m en t of Canada i n trod u c ed the O rde r i nto

T hi s appears to c onfess th e clan desti ne N ew York ci ty i n 1 8 7 4 whe n th e ti tle of ,

n ature of the c olored O rde r an d tech ni c ally the s up re m e body re sol v ed i tself i nto S u ,

w arrants state m en ts m ade by leadi ng offi c i al s p re m e E nc am p m en t of A m eri c a I n 1 8 7 8 .

“
of th e Knigh ts of Pyth ias (wh ite ) that thi s bod y e xp u nged th e O range an d al leged
there are n o negro Knigh ts of Pyth ias ” M asoni c degree s fro m i ts ri tu al i n o rde r .
,

Yet h e re i s th e other th e negro organi zation to co nfer only th e orders wh ich paralleled
, ,

w i th m ore th an m e m bers s c atte re d th ose iden ti fied with th e genu i ne an c ien t ,

th rough Massach u se tts Ne w York Ne w K nigh ts of Malta as e xplai ned i n the p re , , ,

Je rsey Pen n sylvania D i stric t of C olu m bia c edi ng referen c e

, , Th i s antagoni zed the , .

Vi rgi ni a West Vi rgi ni a North C aroli na pare n t body i n S cotland an d i n 1 8 8 1 the

, , , ,

S ou th C aroli na Geo rgi a Fl ori da Alabam a , S u pre m e En c a m p m ent of A m eri c a w hi c h

, , , ,

M i ssissi ppi Loui si ana Te xas Ten n essee h ad reo rga n ized i n 1 87 8 as the C h apter Gen
, , , ,

A rkan sas Ken tuc k y O h io I n di ana Illi eral of A m e ri c a w i th d rew fro m a ffil iatio n
, , , , ,

n ois Mo ntana Nebras k a Io wa M issouri with th e I m perial Pare n t

, , , Th is resu lte d , , .

K an sas In dian Territory O k lah o m a Cal i i n a rebellion by a fe w subordi nate Ch ap

, , ,

fo rn ia C olo r ado Mi c h igan and M in nesota te rs an d i n 1 883 i n the for m ati on by c

, , , , , , , ,

i n twen ty of wh ich S tate s th e re are G ran d c ell e d and secedi n g Ch apters of a Grand .

Lodges Th e c ol ored O rde r also h as Lodges Pri ory of A m eri c a A n c ien t and Ill ustrious
.
,
 K NI G H T S O F S T . JO H N A N D MA LT A 2 67

O rde r Kn igh t s of Mal ta

, Th i s organ iza . m an aged by a board of se ve n consi sti ng of ,

tio n w as recognized an d ch artered i n th e th e G ran d C o m m an de r Gran d C h an c ello r , ,

sam e year b y th e Gl asgow I m peri al Parent G ran d A l ni o n er an d Gran d Medi c al E x ,

wh en it pro m ptly re versed t he refor m s of am iner wh o are electe d ann ually an d three
, ,

th e C h apte r General of A m erica That . G ran d Trustee s elected al te rn ately to h ol d

“
act io n resu l ted i n anoth er s c h i s m k now n as
th e M c C lin t o c k rebellio n ” wh i c h took ,
offi c e t h ree years Th i s C ou nci l m eets at
Ne w York e ve r y m o n t h d u ri ng the re c ess of
.

sh ape January 1 884 as th e G ran d C o m

, , th e C h apter Ge ne ral There are E n c a m p .

m an dery An c ient an d Illu striou s O rder

, ,
m en ts i n Ne w Yo r k Ne w Je rsey D elaware , , ,

Kn igh t s of Mal ta I n 1 88 9 th e l atte r was . Maryland Mich igan Te xas Californ i a , , , ,

re c ogni zed an d charte re d by the I m perial Ill in ois S o ut h C arol i n a Ar k ansas an d

, , ,

Paren t t h e G rand Pri ory h av i ng beco m e

,
C anad a wi th a m e m be rshi p of o v e r
,

d or m an t Its S c ot c h ch arter i s s t ill bel ieve d

. At the an n ual con vo c a t i o n i n 1 8 94 steps
to be extan t al t h ough i ts m e m be rs are afiil i
,
were taken to plac e th e m ili t ary depart m e nt
ated very generally w i th bod ies ch ar t ered
, ,
on th e pl an as to grade an d ran k of t he , ,

by th e C ha pte r Gen e ral of A m e ri c a . United S tates arm y gene ral di re c tio n bei ng ,

O wi ng t o its refor m s an d its at t itu de gi ve n to Ge neral Tho m as C M c K ean . .

toward th e an c ien t O rde r o f Malta the ,

T he C ollege of Ancien ts is a m od ern in
C h apter Ge ne ral of A m e ri c a K ni gh t s of , s t it u t io n h av in g bee n for m ed i n 1 880
, It .

S t Joh n an d Mal ta m ay be sai d t o be an

.
, was i n t rod uced by Robe rt E A Land a . .
,

offspring m erel y of th e general plan of t he m e m ber of th e L o v al O range I n s t i tuti on a ,

ancie n t c h ival ri c O rde r of Mal ta al thou gh , Free m ason an d a m e m ber of t he O rder of ,

i t deri ved i ts warrant of con sti t u tio n fro m S t J oh n an d Mal ta as an O rd er of M eri t

.
,

the I m perial Paren t of S c o tland * I t h as . for th e superi or office rs of the C h apter Gen
long c ease d to be go ve rned b v the latte r , e ral Me m bershi p i s l i m i ted t o one h u nd re d
.

an d h as n o affi l i atio n wi t h anv oth e r body . and fo rty fou r Th e ai m s of the College are
-

The O rd e r wh il e bei ng in a sen se u ni ve rsal

, , so c ial benefi c iar y h istori c al an d l ite rary
, , , .

ad m i tti n g C h ristian m en of all n ati on s i n to Th e C ollege m eets i n Pre c ep t ories an d its ,

i ts ran k s i s A m eri c an i n i ts c h ara c ter so

,
ri tes and sy m bol is m are base d o n the trad i
far as l ocal go vern m en t i s con c erne d I ts . ti on s of ch i val ry I t prese nts t wenty o ne .
-

ritual tea c hes th e fa t he rh ood of G od t h e grad es i n the Pe rfe c t an d S ubli m e Ri te of

”
,

brotherh ood of m an m ercy charity h os , , , Exal ted C h i valry fo u r i n t h e En c a m p ,

pit al it y u n i t y pea c e an d c on c ord

, , I ts ,
. m en t s an d seven tee n i n th e C ol lege of A n
,
~

c o nsti tu tion provi de s for end o w m e nts c er , c ien t s T hese grades are d i vi d ed as foll o w s
.

t ifi c at es bei ng i ssued fro m $5 0 0 and , First Class : 1 K nigh ts of J u sti c e ; 2 H os , ,

Its c e re m on ie s are si m ple an d im pit al ers ; 3 Priesth ood ; and 4 Red C ross , , ,

pressiv e Th e C hapte r General is co m posed

. an d S epul c h re Th e an cie n t O rder of Mal ta .

of i ts ow n o fii c ers rep rese ntati ves of sub , c o m prised only th ree ord e rs Kn igh ts H os , ,

ord in ate bod ies styl e d E n c a m p m e n ts Past , pit al ers an d Pries t s bu t so m e one h as ad de d
, .

G ran d C o m m anders G ran d Priors D is t ric t the Red C ross and S e pul c h re as a prope r
”
, ,

D e pu ties an d Past C o m m ande rs I n eac h

,
. sy m bol of th e old C h ri stian religio n (S ee .

S tate the O rder i s u nder the supe rvi sion of K n igh ts of Ro m e an d Red C ross of C o n
a Gran d Pri o r and its te m pora l affai rs are
, s t an t ine ) S e c on d c lass Ancie nt E ngl ish
.
,

Ri te O rde r of Aq u ila : 5 S ervi ng B ro th er ;

,

F u nt o f t h e i n t ro d u c ti o n o f t h e m o d
o r an ac c o
6 No v i c e ; and 7 K nigh t of A qu ila Thi s .
, ,
ern O rd er o f S t Jo h n and M a lt a i n t o thi s c o u n t ry
,

i ntrod u c es se r v ing bre thre n and a degree o f

.

an d t h e o rgan i z ati o n o f t h e A n c i en t an d I ll u s t r i o u s

O rd er K n i g ht s o f M al t a in t h e Un it ed S t at es s ee
, ,
k nigh th ood m an ifestly bo rro we d for the c c
N o n M as o n i c O rd ers o f M alt a in A m er i c a
-
.
casi o n Thi rd class h i stori c Maltese grades
. .
268 K NI G H T S O F S T . JO HN , R HO DE S , A N D BIA L T A

8, B rothe r of the H ospi tal ; 9 Kni gh t of be c o m e ne c essar y wi th th e c on se nt of t h e ,

the D rag o n ; and 1 0 S ecret C ou n c illor , ,

. S aracen s to bu ild h ospi tals and pla c es of
,

Thi s su ggests that so m e con struc t ive as en t e r t ai n m en t In 1 0 4 8 c ertai n m e rchant s

.

wel l as i m i tati ve abili ty was e xerc ised by of A m alfi I tal y obtai ne d perm i ssio n fro m
, ,

th e bu ild ers of the C ollege Fou rth c l ass .

,
t h e Egyp t ian C aliph to e re c t wi t h i n the
a n c ien t affil iated ch i val ry : 1 1 Knigh t of , walls of Jerusale m an as y lu m or h ospi t al
S t An t h on y and 1 2 Knigh t of S t Lazaru s
.
, , , . . fo r Latin pi lgri m s wh ere they m igh t c ele ,

Fifth c l ass h istori c Ro m an an d Greci an

. brate m ass a c c ordi ng to th e Lati n rit ual ,

grades : 1 3 K nigh t of the S en ate ; and 1 4

, , ,
with ou t fear of the M oh a m m edan s or oth ers .

Kn igh t of the Cou n cil S i x th c lass R e .

,
The go v ernor by th a t pri n c e s order as ’
,

l igi o ph ilosoph i c grades : 1 5 Kn igh t of th e

-

,
sign ed the m a piece of grou n d abou t a
East ; 1 6 Pri n c ely O rder ;* 1 7 S tar an d
, ,
stone s c ast fro m the H ol y S epul c h re where
’

S c i m etar ; 18 A d ept B ro t her ; and 1 9 , ,

o u they bu ilt a c o nve nt d ed icate d to th e

Kn igh t of the We st Th e fo regoi ng sh ow s . H ol y Vi rgin There d wel t an abbot and a.

so m e origi nali ty i n c on stru c tion as well as n u m ber of Bened ic t i ne m onk s w h o re c ei ved .

taste i n selection a n u m ber of th e d egrees ,

an d en tertai ned pi lgri m s and gave al m s t o
tou c h i ng B ud dh i s m an d M oh a m m edanis m th e poor t h ose un able to pay tribute to the
,

and othe rs the religi ou s p hil osoph y of th i s Mosle m s for pe rm ission to v i si t t h e h oly
M al tese O rde r S eve n th c l ass Perfe c t and .
,
places S ubsequen tly th e m onk s buil t two
.

S ubli m e O rder : 2 0 C o m m ander of Malta , . h ouse s of en t ertai n m en t near b y one fo r

The Master grade creates the C o m m and er m en with a c h apel dedi c ated to S t Joh n
, .

ele c t a Pe rfe c t and s ubl i m e Kn igh t Ei gh th . E l eem an th e co m passion ate an d one for ,

class O ffi cial an d Ul t i m ate G rade :2 1 Kn igh t

, ,
wo m en dedi c ated to S t Mary Magdalene
, . .

o f th e G ran d C ross Thi s grade i s h o n o rarv . Th ese ne w ho uses h ad n o i n c o m e of t hei r

and offi cial an d m e m bersh ip i s li m i te d to
,
o wn bu t th e m on k s an d pilgri m s wh o m
,

one h u nd red an d forty fou r E vi den tl y -

. t h ey re c ei ve d were m ai ntai ne d by the abbot
Lan d and h i s asso c i ates were fam ilia r wi th of t h e c on ve n t of th e H oly V irgin wh o
the ri tu als of the dor m an t Masoni c rites of c o n ti nued to be th e re c ipien t of al m s an d

Me m phi s an d of Mi z rai m as well as of the ,

c harities of de vou t and weal th y C hri stian s .

Mason i c O rde r of Kn i gh ts of Ro m e and of Th i s in s t i tuti on governe d b y the Ben e di c

,

t h e Red C ross of C on stan tine . tine m on k s was th e c radle o f t he O rder of

,

K n ig h t s o f S t J oh n R h o d es an d .
, , S t Joh n
. S even teen years la t er t h e Tar
.

M a l t a o f K n i g h t s H o s p it a l e r s o f S t
,
-
. tars overran Palestine and sl augh tere d th e
J o h n o f J e r u s a l e m (An c ie nt — Fo un ded . M o sl em garrisons Th e i nh abi t ants of Jeru .

i n 1 04 8 the peri od of th e fi rst C rusade one

, sale m s c arc e m et wit h a bet t er fate Th ou .

of the m ost ill u strio us orders of reli gi ous san ds were butch ered th e H ospital o f S t , .

and m ilitary k n i gh th ood I t was n ot a . Joh n was pl unde red an d t he H oly S epul
se c ret orde r and n on e of t h e m odern o r
, c h re i tself w ould h ave been destro y e d h ad

d ers of Mal ta Masoni c or othe r h as tra c e d

, n ot avari c e preven ted The fear of l osin g .

i ts origin to i t oth e r th an th at t h e for m er th e revenue s d eri ved fro m t he pilgri m s

m ay h ave served as a m od el or con tributed al one p reserved th e to m b of ou r S aviou r .

of its t rad i t i ons I n c onsequen c e of t h e . Th en the Tu rco m an s exacted h eavier trib

resort of E uropean pilgri m s and traders to u te s th an eve r an d m any sick an d weary
Jerusale m i n t h e eigh th c e ntu ry i t had , pilgri m s perish ed at th e gates of Jerusale m
wi t h out th e c on solation of eve n seeing t he
*
N os 16 an di denti c al with N o s 5
17 are no t
H ol y S epul c h re Toward th e c lose of the
. .

1 nd 6 o f G ui d e B o o k o f 1 85 4 a lth o u h b ear i n
g the
.

g ,

s am e n me (S ee N o n M aso n i c O rders o f M alt a in

a .
-
ele ven th c en t urv Pete r th e Her m it wh o ,

A m eri c a ) . h ad m ade a j ou rney to Jerus ale m was so

27 0 K NI G H T S O F S T . JO H N , R HO D E S , A N D MA LT A

an exceed i ngly ol d age he died h o nore d and , reti re d to Margat i n Phoen ici a and th ence to ,

S t Joh n d A c re wh ere aided by the T em

’
belo ve d by all . .
, ,

Ray m on d D u Puy was elected to su ccee d pl ars an d the Teutonic K n igh ts they wi t h ,

h im . Ge rard h ad been a m an of peac e but , stoo d for a t i m e one of th e m ost c elebrate d

D u Puy h ad bee n bred in ca m ps H e there . sieges of the C rusades In 1 2 9 1 th at ci ty .

fore for m e d th e p roj e c t of c o m bin i ng th e was c ap tu red by the S arac en s an d th e Gran d ,

du ties of m on k wi th th ose o f t h e sol die r , Master an d re m ain i ng Kn ights took refuge

to wage a pe rpet ual c ru sade agai nst the ene o n t h e Isle of C y prus w here they re m ai ne d ,

m ies of C h rist Un der h i s ad m i ni strati on

. ei gh teen years and assu m e d for th e ti m e t h e
the H ospitalers were di v i ded i n to Nobil i ty , n am e of K n i gh t s of Cyprus Ai ded by se v .

Cl ergy an d S erv ing B reth ren Th e Nobles

,
. e ral Eu ropean states i n 1 3 1 0 they d es c en de d ,

o r Knigh ts of Justi c e were desti ned for the upon Rh odes and establ i sh ed th ei r convent ,

p rofession of ar m s ; th e Priests o r C haplain s wh ere they re m aine d fo r o v e r two h u ndre d

were i ntru sted with ec c lesiastic al fu nction s , years the prote c tors of th e Ch ristian c o m
and the S ervi ng B reth ren con si ste d o f t h o s e .
m erc e o f th e Med iterranean
. In 1 5 2 2 t h e .

wh o bore ar m s an d of do m e sti c ser v an ts .

O rde r was d ri ven fro m the i sl an d by t h e
S ubse que ntly u nde r th e ad m i ni stration of
, Tu rk s wh en i t repai red to the Isl an d o f
,

Hel ion de Vi llan o v a the Kni gh ts were d i , Can dia and subse quen tly soj ourned at Cu s
,

v ided i nto c l asse s cal led Languages afte r t h e , tri o Messin a an d Ro m e A t l en gth C harles
, ,
.

great tongues of E u rope th e Ital ian Ger , V E m pe ror of Ger m any v e ste d i n th e O r
.
, ,

m an Aragonese the th ree Fre nch di alects ;

, , de r the co m plete and perpetu al so vereign ty
Pro v e n cal A u v e rgne and co m m on French
, , of th e i slan ds of Mal ta and Goz o and i n ,

and th e E ngl i sh Th e c ere m on ies of re c ep

. ac c ordan c e with th i s treaty i n 1 5 3 0 th e , ,

tio n an d profession were i n ch arge of the Kn igh ts took for m al posse ssion of Malta .

spiritual h ead o f th e Latin C hu r c h we re , L I sle Ad am the n G ran d Master he ro o f

.
, ,

ne c essarily pub l ic an d for m n o part of m o d

, th e siege of Rh o des c on v e ned a Gen eral ,

ern O rd ers of Malta The legi sl ati v e p o we r

. Ch apte r an d establ i sh ed t h e c on vent
, .

of the O rde r was veste d i n t h e General Ch ap Then ceforth t h e O rder becam e k n own as
te r wh i c h con si sted of th e G ran d Maste r
, ,
”
Kn igh ts of Malta a ti tle ofte n bestowe d ,

th e C on v e ntu al B ail iffs th e B ish op of the , u pon th e m e ven i n offi c ial docu m e nts i n
, ,

C hu rch an d th e Gran d Priors a c c ordin g to

,
pl ace of th e origi n al Kni ghts H ospi tal ers ,

rank selected fro m the v ari ous Pri ories

, . o f S t Joh n of Je ru sale m
. At th e ti m e o f .

I n e v e ry p ro vi nce the re we re o ne o r m ore t h e Refor m ation Paul I II w as Pope an d , .

,

Gran d Pri ories presi de d o ve r by G ran d

, th e O rde r ac k n owledge d th e Pope as i ts .

Priors an d ben eath these were Co m m an d

, spi ri tu al h ead Th e ene m ie s of the Pope
.

e ries o v e r each of wh i c h there was a C o m

,
were th e friend s o f H e n ry VII I an d th e .
,

m an der Th e re were scattered th rou ghou t

. friend s of Paul were th e e ne m ies of the B ri t
E u rope i n th at period wh i c h D e Vert o t
, , ish ki ng S o the Kn igh t s of S t Joh n were
. .

cal led the gol den age of th e O rd er 5 96 C om , m ad e to su ff er I n 1 5 3 4 t h e Language o f

.

m an d eries co m prisi n g m an or h ou se s . E ngland of th e O rder of S t Joh n was abol .

D u ri ng th e period i n wh i c h the O rd e r was ish ed by act of Parli a m e nt its re venu es ,

o c cupi ed i n defe n c e of the H oly Lan d th e ,

were seized and the Kn igh ts th ro wn on t h e
,

C o m m anderies se r v ed as s c h ool s of prepa ch arity of thei r friend s S o m e su ffe red by .

ration for Kn igh ts wh o m igh t be sen t to the axe and others fled t o Mal ta The L an
,
.

Palesti ne to re enforce the ran k s o f th eir guage of E nglan d was re v i v ed u nde r Mary ,

bre th ren . wh o no m i n ated a Grand Pri or and estab ,

Afte r th e re c apt ure of Je ru sal e m by the lish ed i t i n the ol d h o m e at Cler k en well .

S ara c en s i n 1 1 8 7 the Knigh ts H ospitalers

, It was subseque ntl y abol ish ed by Eli zabeth
 K NI G H T S O F S T . JO H N , R HO DE S , A N D MA LT A 271

O n Septe m ber 1 9 1 7 92 the F re nch D irc e

, , der i n Lo m bard o Ve netia an d gav e per ,

tory d ec reed th at th e O rde r sh oul d ceas e t o m i ssi on to th e n obili t y an d othe rs to foun d

ex ist wi th in th e l im i ts of France wh i c h was , ,
new C o m m ande ries in h i s Ital ian d o m i nio n s .

foll owed by a ge neral pl un de r o f the C o m The Ge r m an Language be c a m e exti nct

m an deries S u c h m e m be rs as d id n ot es c ape
. after the peac e of Pressbu rg i n 1 80 5 Th e .

th e c o un t ry were th row n i n to pri son The . Bai li wi c k of Branden bu rg be ca m e an i nde

Gran d Maste r was take n se ri ousl y ill bu t , penden t insti tu tion d u ring th e Gran d Mas
before h e died h e despatch e d an am bassado r t ersh ip of Ful k d e Villaret c on qu ero r o f ,

to th e Cou rt of Ru ssia to d e m an d assi stance Rhodes i n 1 3 0 9 Th i s s c h is m c on ti nue d

, .

fro m C ath eri ne I I fo r the support of t h e . u n til 1 3 82 when i t was settled by tre aty at
,

O rd e r C atheri ne d i e d before the am bassa

. He i m ba c h i n Al sa tia one of the arti c les of ,

d o r rea c h ed S t Pe te rsbu rg an d Paul I was

.
,
. wh i c h was th at th e B ran denbu rg bran c h
on th e th rone whe n th e am bassador arri v ed sh oul d be allowed to ch oose i ts ow n Baili ff
th ere Th e m i ssio n was successful an d th e
.
, or M aste r o n appro val by t h e G ran d Prior
,

am bassado r sen t a c ou rier to Mal ta wi th of Germ any Th e B ail ifl s of B ran de nbu rg

.

particulars of th e arrange m e nt Bu t th e . con ti nued th us subj e c t to th e O rd er u nti l

cou rie r w as sei zed by Fren c h sold ie rs an d , th e R efor m ation wh en th e K nigh ts em ,

the con ten ts of t h e despatche s were m ade bra c ed th e n ew m ode of w orsh ip Late r .

k n ow n to the D i rectory o f Fran c e Lou i s d e . th e H ou se of Prussi a t ook th e B ai li wi c k n u

H o m pes c h wh o h ad be c o m e G ran d Maste r
, , d e r i ts prote c ti on D u rin g the Reform a .

ac c epted th e o ffe rs of th e Ru ssi an E m peror , tion si x of th e thi rtee n C o m m an derie s we re

an d sen t C o u n t Li tter to th e Russian C ou rt destroyed by th e Lu th eran s The re m ai n .

as a m bassador e xtraord i nary w h o p rese nte d , der we re presi ded o v e r by a p ri n c e of t h e

th e E m peror w ith t h e G ran d C ross of th e royal fam ily u ntil Napoleon con fis c a t ed
O rde r by v i r t ue of wh ich Pau l I Nove m
,
.
, th e m and abol ish ed the O rde r at th e peace
be r 2 9 1 7 7 assu m ed the ti t le of Protector
, , of Pressbu rg i n 1 80 5 I n 1 8 1 2 th e righ t of .

of the O rder O n J une 6 1 7 98 t h e Fre nch

.
, no m i nation was agai n v ested i n t he Ki ng of
flee t appeared off M al t a an d on Jun e 1 1 , , Prussia and th i s branc h o f th e O rde r i s s t ill
,

B onaparte en tered Val et ta wh en H o m pesch , presi ded o ve r b y a prin c e of th e royal h ouse .

surrende re d H e w as declare d a trai tor

.
, Th e Languages of Pro v e nce A u vergne , ,

because h e h ad re c e i ved crown s and Fran c e al t h ou gh suppressed b y th e

.

fro m the Fren c h and w as pe r m i tted to ,

Fre nch D i recto ry asserte d th ei r righ ts and,

reti re to Mon tpell ier He d ied May 1 2 .

,
p ri v ileges o n th e restora t io n o f th e B ou rbon s ,

1 80 5 The great body o f Kni gh ts p ro

. bu t we re decl are d e xti n c t by Loui s Ph ilippe .

c eed ed t o Russia an d o n O ctobe r 2 7 1 7 9 8

, , ,
Th e Langu ages of Aragon and Castile ,

at a G eneral C hapter th e E m peror Pau l wh i c h u ni t ed afte r the su ppression of th e

,

was el e c ted Gran d Master T hi s ele c t ion . E ngl ish Language by H e nry VII I wi th .
,

was m ade vali d by th e abd icatio n of H o m d re w fro m the go v e rn m e nt of th e O rde r

pesch i n July 1 7 98 Af t e r th e loss of
, . after the t reaty of A m ien s i n 1 80 2 They .

M al ta a few Ital ian K n igh ts sough t refuge i n were subseq uen tl y abol i sh e d by Joseph B on
S i c ily I n 1 82 7 th e Pope ga v e th e K ni gh ts
. aparte wh ile on the S panish th rone They .

pe rm i ssio n t o reside at Fe rrara an d i n ,

1 83 1 i n v i ted the m to Ro m e where h e ga v e
were re v i v e d on the ret urn of Fe rdi nan d
,
IV but dec lare d exti n c t in 1 83 4 I n 1 8 1 4
.
, .

th e m a pal a c e th at h ad belonge d to one of the Languages of Pro v en c e Au vergne and , ,

the a m bassado rs of the O rde r an d co m m i s ,

Fran c e ta k i n g heart at th e hu m ili ation of
,

“
s io n ed th e m to take ch arge of h is m i li tary Napoleon for m e d for the m sel ves a u ni o n
,

h ospital s I n 1 83 9 th e E m pe ro r of Au s t ria
. to wh i c h th ose of Arago n an d Castil e ga v e
restored a po rtion of th e estate s of th e O r thei r ad h esion A Gen e ral Chapte r was .
272 K N I GH T S O F S T . JO HN , R HO DE S , A N D MA L T A

h eld at which a capi tu lar co m m issi on was K nigh ts of S t Joh n The Te m p le th e

. .
,

elected to ac t as an exe c uti v e c ou n c il ove r ,

m ai n seat of the Te m plar O rde r i n E ng
whi c h Pri n c e C a m ille de Roh an Gran d ,
l and after passi ng i nto the h ands of the
,

Prior of A qui tai ne presi ded ,

. H ospit alers O f S t Joh n was let by the m fo r .
,

It was i n 1 82 6 2 7 that an effort was -

an an n ual rental of £ 1 0 to a body of l awyers ,

m ade t o rev i ve th e E nglish Language an d ,

wh o took possessi on of th e ol d hall and th e
se veral i n stru m e nts were signed i n Pari s by gloo m y cells of th e m il itary m on ks and ,
“
the capi tular co m m issi on au th orizi ng a re ,
c on ve r t ed the m i nto t he m ost a n cie n t c o m

o rgan iza t i on O f the Language of E ngland . m o n law u ni v ersi ty of E ngland I t was .

there that j u dge s of the C ou rt of C o m m on

"

O n Jan uary 2 9 1 83 1 a C hapter of the , ,

K ni gh ts the n f or m i ng the E nglish Language Pleas were m ade Knigh ts being the earliest ,

was h eld at wh i c h th e C hevalie r C h ast el an

, ,
i nstan c e o n record of the grant of the ho n
an en v oy ext rao rd inarv fro m the c on ti nen tal ors of Kn i gh t h ood for pu rely ci vil servi c es ,

Languages was presen t At that m ee ti n g

,
. an d th e p rofessors of c o m m on l aw wh o h ad ,

S ir Robert Peel was el ected Gran d Prio r of t he e x c l usi ve pri vilege of p ra c tisin g in th at
E ngland an d th e Language was regularly c ourt assu m e d th e ti tle or degree o f Fratres
,

resu s c i tated The presen t seat of th e O rde r

. S erv ien t ese so th at K ni g h ts and S e rvi ng
,

i n Engl an d i s No 8 S t Marti n s Pl ac e
Trafalgar S quare wh ere on Jun e 2 4 S t
. .
’
B re th re n si m ilar to those of t h e Knigh ts of
, , ,
. S t Joh n were c u riou sly i ntrodu c ed i nto the
.

Joh n s D ay the C hapter General of th e

’ '

,
professi on of the l aw T h e c hief sea t of .

O rd e r i s an n ually c on v oked . the H ospi talers O rder i n E n gland was S t '

The O rde r in E nglan d i s c o m posed of three Jo h n s Gate Cle rke n well fou nded b y Jor
’
, ,

c l asses : K nigh ts Ch aplai ns an d S erving

, , dan Lord o f B riset i n th e reig n of Henry
, ,

B re th re n The Kn igh ts are of th ree grades :

. I H era c l iu s th e Patriar c h of Jerusale m
.
, ,

Bailies or K nigh ts Grand C rosses ; Kni gh ts c onse c rate d the ir c h ur c h an d Wat Tyle r s
’
,

C o m m an ders an d Kn igh ts of J usti c e W o . rabble bu rnt the Pre ceptory In pro c ess of .

m en are l ik e w ise ad m itted and m ay be ad ti m e i t was restore d and it was there that ,

v an c ed to the dign ity of Gran d C ross The . Mary te m porarily revi ved the O rde r an d ,

O rde r al so ad m its asso c i ates u n der the n a m e h e r c h arter ne v e r h avi ng bee n rev oked
, ,

o f Knigh ts of Gra c e H on orar y Knigh ts an d , , for m s i n part th e basi s of the presen t O r

, ,

D on ats The l ast are th ose wh o contribu te

. de r O n the 2 4 th of January 1 8 93 the ol d
.
, ,

to the fun d of the Langu age for benevolen t Gate of S t Joh n w as for m ally m ade o ver to
.

an d c haritable pu rposes an d are e ntitle d to ,

t h e Language w i t h i m posi ng cere m on ies .

wear the de m i cross of th e O rder In an

-
. The H ospitalers and Te m plars were i n t ro
cien t t i m es th e Langu age of Englan d ih d uc ed i nto S c otl and p ri or to 1 1 5 3 Mal c ol m .

clu de d th ree Grand Pri ories— S t Joh n of . IV in c orporated th e Hospi talers possessi ons
.
’

Lo ndon o f I rel an d an d of S c otl and — wh ich

, ,
in to a baro ny and a ch arter was granted the m
,

were let ou t to re c ei vers an d secular far m ers b y Alexander M J u ne 3 1 2 3 1 confirm i ng .

, , ,

wh o pai d re nt to t h e co m m on treasury . grants by h i s pred ecessors The Pre c eptory .

Many pro v ed u nfaithfu l i n t hei r trusts and , of To rph iche n i n West Lothia n be c a m e thei r
t h e m anage m en t was pl a c ed i n the h and s of c h ief reside n c e i n S c otl an d u n til thei r fi nal

the G ran d Priors i n the se v e ral d istri c ts , suppression i n the m i ddle of the si xtee nth
wh o soon began to c onsider the m as th eir c entu ry Ja m es IV c reate d the barony
. .

o w n p rope rty an d i n i n stan c e s c onsu m ed

, and regality O f Torph i c hen in to a te m poral
the re ven ues B ut the re v en ues of t h e O r
. Lords h i p and o rdained th at by v irtu e of
d er were greatly i n c reased by t he ann ih ila t he o fli c e th e Pre c eptors of Torph i c h en
tio n of th e Kn i ghts Te m plars by th e Pope shoul d take thei r plac es as peers of Parlia
in 1 3 1 2 who ga v e their p ossessions to the
, m en t by the n a m e and title of Lord s of S t
, .
27 1
- K NI G H T S O F T HE S HE R WO O D FO R E S T

of t he O rde r i n exi ste n c e Th is too k plac e . h i story of t h e B ri ti sh I sle s gi v es n o proof

so m e whe re abou t the pe riod th e O rder was or m en ti on of an E nca m p m en t of K ni ghts
of M al t a o t h er than t h ose connecte d w ith
'

d ri ven fro m the Island of Mal ta 1 7 9 8 an d , ,

i n 1 82 5 a Gran d Master of t h e Royal O range th e Mason i c b o d ies B u t a secre t society .

m en he bei ng a m e m ber of the Kn igh ts

,
cal li n g i tself Kni gh ts of M alta Kni gh ts of ,

of S t Joh n an d Malta was ele c ted G ran d

.
,
Rh odes e t c wh olly u ncon necte d wi t h th e
,
.
,
'

M aste r of the O rde r of Kn igh ts of S t Joh n .

,
an c ien t O rde r of Mal ta exi ste d i n t h e ,

and i n trod u c ed th e req u ire m en t that to be B riti sh I sl e s f ro m the pe ri od of the R efor

a Kn i gh t of Mal ta one m ust fi rst be an m a t i on do wn to a v ery l ate date I t i s m et .

O ran ge m an . wit h as th e Royal B la c k Assoc iati on or ,

I t w oul d be u sel ess to argue wi th t h ose to m o re fre quen tly the Royal Black Associ a ,

wh o m th e foregoi ng appeals as p roof to ,

tion o f K ni gh ts of M al ta a n d h as al ways ,

sh ow t he absolu te la c k of any h i stori c fou n conferre d an O rde r of K n igh ts of Ju sti ce

dati on for th e c l ai m m ade that th e m odern (Mal ta ) and perfor m e d the ol d H ospi taler
A n c ien t an d Ill u striou s O rde r of Mal ta h as c ere m on ies I t i s m erely a t radi tion of
”
.

any c on nection wi th th e ancie nt O rde r of th e m odern Bl ac k O rde r that afte r th e

Mal ta I t would b e easier to trace Free
. co n v ersion of t h e lan d an d Pri ory of To r
m aso nry ba c k t o K ing S olo m on s te m ple than
,
’
phi c h eu i n to a te m po ral L ordsh i p th e O r ,

to con nect the I rish O ran ge Blac k Kn igh ts

-
de r was use d as a secre t in stru m en t o n b e
of Malta with the O rder wh ich S ir Jam es hal f o f th e Refor m ed C h urch and that a ,

S andil ands once presided o ver i n S cotland . large n u m be r of the pro m i nen t m en of
K n ig h t s o f t h e S h e rw o o d F o r e s t . S co tl and a m on g t h e m Joh n Kn o x be c a m e
, ,

A n appen d an t O rd er of Forestry i ns t it uted ,

enliste d u nd er i ts banne rs Af t e r the d eat h .

at S t Loui s in 1 87 9 (S ee Foreste rs of
. . of S ir Jam es S and il ands i n 1 5 9 6 an d the tri
A m erica ) . u m ph of th e Protes t an t cause th e O rder fel l ,

L o y al O r d e r O f M o o s e o f t h e W o r l d . i nto obscu rity Bei n g a se c re t organi z ati on

.
,

—C in ci nnati i s credited with h a v i ng gi v en i t would n o t h a v e co m e u n de r th e n o ti c e of

bi rth to the fraterni ty w ith thi s ti tle but ,
h istori ans unless e ngage d i n poli tical m ov e
n o one c o m m u nicated with at th at c i ty h as
bee n able to v ouch fo r its conti n ued e xist
m en ts . Bu t th a t i t k e pt up an exi sten ce i s
c l ai m ed by so m e in i n terest th o ugh at “
”
,

e nce . I t i s a m e re conj e c tu re th at at wi dely e xtended peri od s The fratern ity .

te m p te d ri val ry to th e Bene vole n t an d Pro was kn o wn in 1 64 3 two years afte r th e ,

t ec t iv e O rd er of Elk s m ay h ave bee n re m assa c re of I ri sh Pro te stan ts i n 1 6 4 1 wh en ,

spon sibl e for th e na m e of th e so c iety . i t was sai d t o ha v e been i nt rod uce d in t o

M o n k s o f A r c a d ia — Thi s so c iety i s Irela n d fo r th e pro t e ction of th ose wh o h ad
n o t k n o wn to h av e h ad an acti ve e xi sten ce . provid en ti ally escaped w h i ch t o so m e ac , , ,

Its ri tual was wri tte n by Ju stus H Rath . co unts fo r the e xi s t ence i n I rel an d of E n
bon e fou n de r o f the Kn igh ts of P y th i as
,
. c am pm en t s of th e Bl a c k O rd er after the ,

(S ee the l atter ) . total e xtin cti o n of th e E ngli sh Langu age

M y s t i c O r d e r o f S ev e n — Ti t le of the . by Henry VI II I t was en c o un t ere d agai n
.

ri tual of a secre t soci ety pre pare d by the ,

abo u t 1 79 5 associate d wit h O ran ge bodie s
,

fou n de r of th e K nigh ts o f Pyth ias (S ee . in I relan d bu t i t h ad beco m e c orru pted an d

th e l atter ) . was well n igh extin c t I t re m ain ed h ow
-
.
,

N o u M a s o n i c O r d e r s o f M a l t a in t h e
-
, e v er a part of t he O ran ge in sti tutio n u n til
,

U n it e d S t at es D u ri n g t h e Refor m ati on
. th e atte m p t ed su ppressi on of that body by
in S co tland t h e anc ie n t O rder of K n i gh ts
o f Mal ta
,

was en ti rely d i spe rsed i n th at “

an ac t of Parli a m en t wh en t he O ran ge m e n
fo un d it n ecessary to pl ace t he m selve s un
,

k in gd o m an d f ro m 1 5 6 0 do wn to 1 83 1 the
, , der t h e prote c ti o n o f th e Mason i c body
” .
 N O N -
MA S O NI C O R DE R S O F MA LT A I N
, T HE U NI T E D S T A T E S !
U

(S ee L oyal O ran ge In sti tuti on ) T h us th e .

, of th e I m perial Pare n t wh e n George W ash
th ree O rders beca m e i n t i m ately asso c i a t ed ,
in g t o n En ca m p m en t No 1 0 1 was i n sti , .
,

an d wh e n th e O ran ge and th e B la c k O rde rs t ut ed at N ew York ci ty A t th e se m i an n u al .

-

were re vi v ed i nd e p end en tly of M ason ry no t ,

con v o c ati on of th e G ran d En ca m p m en t of
a fe w of the featu res of Free m ason ry cl un g Can ad a Jan u ary 2 7 1 8 7 5 th at G ran d bod y
, , ,

to bo th . resol v ed i tsel f i n t o the S u pre m e E n ca m p

B u t th e re i s n o t race of th is M al ta O rde r m e n t of A m e ri ca Th i s was i n pu rsu an ce
.

i n S cotlan d u ntil abou t 1 8 44 wh en an as , of le t t ers foresh ad owi ng th e con fe rrin g of

soci ation s t yl ed th e Gran d Bla c k Lod ge of con ti nen tal j u ri sd ictio n h e re wh i ch au ,

S co tl an d o r t h e I m pe ri al Pare n t G rand
, t h o rit y h o we ve r d id n o t arri ve u n til Jul y
, , ,

Black E n c a m p m en t of th e Un i v e rse by ,
1 8 75 . D uri ng th e peri od 1 8 75 to 1 8 7 8
pu b l ic procl a m ati on cl ai m ed supre m e gov m any m e m be rs i n A m e ri ca began to re al i ze
ern m ent o v e r th e Reli gi o us an d Mi li tary th at th e co m posi ti on o f th e d ocu m e n ts
O rde r of th e Kn ights of M al ta Fro m al l . e m an atin g fro m t h e I m pe ri al Pare n t was
th at i s learne d of th e organi zati on of t h e n ot con si ste n t an d at th e con v ocat io n i n
G ran d En ca m p m en t of S c o t l and i t woul d , Al ban y N Y , 1 8 7 8 th e ri tual was re v i se d
. .
, ,

appear t h at a few O ran ge m e n fro m C o un ty an d re wri tte n on t h e basi s of th e fo u r di v i

Tyrone I rel an d w h o h ad take n refuge i n
, ,
sion s Kni gh ts of Ju sti ce H ospi tale rs
, .
,

Glasgo w fo r reason s wh ich are d uly re Prie sth o o d an d Re d C ross an d th e ti tle

, ,

corded e stabli sh e d a
,
G ran d Lodge of th e S u pre m e body was ch an ge d to C h ap
wh ich u n dertoo k to con fe r v ari ou s d egrees ter Gen e ral of A m eri c a A t t h e Toron t o .

an d i n fl i c t q uee r E ngli sh on i ts p atron s . con v ocati on S epte m be r 1 4 1 8 80 sec t ari an

, , ,

By refere nce to a W arran t O c tobe r 1 1 8 5 8 , , ,

is m i n con sti tu tion an d ri tual was d iscarded .

to S ir Th o m as C K no wles t o h ol d a Pro .
, Wh en i ntro d uce d i nto A m erica th e rit ual ,

v in c ial Gran d Prio ry fo r B ri ti sh North of th i s O rde r of M al ta was fille d wi th e x

A m e ri ca it i s th erei n style d Pro vi n cial
, c resc en ees an d ti t ul ar e xtrav agan ce An .

Gran d C o m m i ssi o n No 1 an d th e d ate o f , .

, O ran ge qu al i fi cati on (th e O r ange and P ur
pu bli c p rocla m ati on cl ai m in g supre m e au pl e degree s ) was requ i red of an appl i can t ,

t h o rity o v e r th e O rde r of Mal ta i s gi v en as an d i t was th e refo re co rru pt as to ti t les an d

M arch 7 1 85 3 Th e G ran d Prio ry e stab pri n ci ples N o office r i n th e an c i en t M al ta
” “
‘
. .
,

l is h ed by T h o m as C K n o wl e s d i d n ot li v e O rde r w as eve r styled Ge nerali ssi m o

” ”
.
,

l on g Th e fi rst E nca m p m e n t o rgan i ze d i n C aptai n Ge neral S en i o r o r Ju ni or

”
.
,

A m eri ca Nove m be r 3 0 1 8 70 w as S t Joh n s

, , ,
.
’
,
Warden These ti tle s bel o ng to t h e T em
.

at To ron to O n tari o N O 7 4 on the Gran d

, , . pl ar O rde r T he use of th e Red T em
.

Regi ster of S c otl an d n o w No 1 o n the , . pl ar c ro ss cross pat e i n stead of the wh i te

, ,

G ran d Register of A m erica A D i strict . c ross of Malta ; th e d ispl ay of Te m pl ar

C o m m andery was ope ne d No ve m be r 2 2 ,
col ors wh i te and bl ac k i n stead of th e
, ,

1 8 7 2 by si x Can adian Enca m p m en ts an d

, ,
Mal tese col ors red an d bl ack ; th e we ar
,

t e progress of t h e O rde r requ i rin g th e ad

h ing of th e Te m pl ar j e wel s an d th e use of ,

m i ni strati o n o f a body possess in g gr eater Te m pl ar c e re m oni es at i n s t allati ons were ,

au th o ri ty a gran d warran t was appl i e d for

,
so m e of the m in o r c orru p ti on s wh i c h t h e
an d granted w hi ch resul te d in th e ins t it u
,
Ch apte r Gene ral d ro v e o u t w h en it resto re d
ti on of th e G ran d E nca m p m e n t of C an ad a , t h e proper col ors i n garb an d c ro ss de ,

S ep te m ber 2 9 1 8 7 3 w i th Ed ward F C larke

, , . signe d j ewe l s ad ap t e d to an d i n h ar m ony
as Gran d C o m m ande r O n August 1 2 .
,
wi th i deas i n h ere n t i n th e O rde r d rafte d ,

1 8 74 , th e O rd e r was i n trod u ced in to the an ori gi nal ser v ice of i n stallati on an d re ,

Uni te d S tates th rough Robert E A Lan d

, . .
,
v erted as far as possible to ancien t for m s
of H a m il ton O n tari o an d by th e au t h o ri ty
, , an d u sages .
27 6 N O N -
MA S O NI C O R DE R S
- O F MA LT A I N , T HE U NI T E D S T A T E S

The I m pe rial Pare nt in S cotlan d '

Kn igh t of Justice Th e Red C ross which .

,

p ro m ptly obj e c ted to th i s acti on by t h e was retain e d i s declare d to be th a t suppose d

,

gove rni ng body i n A m erica an d the C hap , to h ave bee n foun ded by th e E m peror C on
ter General at i ts con v o c a t i on i n 1 8 8 1 , , s t an t in e (S ee O rde r of th e Red C ross an d
.

a c co rd i ngly de clared i ts i ndepen den c e an d , Kn igh ts of Ro m e ) A c c ord i ngly at th e .

,

base d i ts ri tual u pon th e prac t i c e s of an an n ual con vo c ati on of th e go verning bod y

t iq uit y Th ro ugh t h i s refor m ati on a s c h is m
. at A l bany i n 1 8 7 8 the foll o wi n g degrees
, ,

arose wh ich resulte d i n th e for m ati on at were expun ge d ; Th e S carlet *

!
, ,

Ph il ad el phi a of a G ran d C o m m an d ery of , Bl ue ; B luem an Maste r B u il der Wh i te , ,

An c ien t an d I ll ustri ou s Blac k Kn i gh ts of Green f Gold and Kni gh t of th e G reen *

, , .

Mal ta Th e latte r body at i ts i n c ept ion

.
was co m pose d of o r c o n t rolled by m en o f
O ran ge procli v i ties and after so m e del ay
was supporte d by the I m perial Pare nt
, ,
It sh ou ld be e x plai ne d t h at the degrees
d roppe d by t h e C h apte r General of A m erica
, , , i n 1 8 7 8 h ad n ot al ways bee n conf e rre d by
, th e I m pe ri al Parent At least t h ree of th e m .

wh ich was a v i ol ati o n of th e ch arte r gran ted were i n trod uced afte r 1 85 4 and nearly all ,

the Ch apter Ge n e ral of A m e ri ca gi v in g t h e , h ave been shi fted abou t wi t h an o c c asion al

latter j u ri sd i c ti on over A m e ri ca ch ange i n title In an I m pe ri al Paren t
”
. .

When i n trod u c ed h e re thi s O rde r of , Gu ide B oo k of 1 8 5 4 we fi n d t h e fol

M al ta presen te d twel ve degrees as follows : lo wi n g li st of col ors worn i n th e se v e ral
’

1 . K n i g ht of M alta . 7 . W hit e .
degrees
2 . S r l et
ca . 8 . Green
i g ht s o f M alt a a j et b l ac k g i nc h r i b b o n .
1 . K n ,
- -
.

3 . B l ac k . 9 Go l d
2 S ir K n i g ht C o m pan i o n n a rro w b l ac k r i b b o n
. .
.
, .

4 . M ark . 1 0 K n igh t s o f Green *

3 K n i g ht o f t h e B el l g i nc h sc arl et r i b b o n
. .
.
,
-

5 . B lu e . 1 1 P ries t l v P as s 4 Pr i es tl y Pass narro w b l ac k r i b b o n w hit e ed ge

. .
. , .
,

6 B l uem an M as t er B uild er
. 12 R ed C r o ss *
5 Pr i nc el y O rder n arro w g o l d r i b b o n
. . .
.
, .

16 S tar a nd S c i m it ar narro w dar k b l u e r i b b o n -

Fro m t hi s an d by a referen c e t o th e
.
, .

17 S u b l i m e A rc h i tec t n arro w l i g ht b l u e r i b b o n
,
-
.
, .

e xte n de d ske tch of the an c i en t O rder of 8 K n i h t o f Israel narro w whit e r i b b o n

1 g .
,
-
.

Knigh ts of S t John of Jerusal e m Rh odes 19 S wo rd and C o venant narro w dark green ri b b o n

.
, , , .
,
-
.

Mal ta etc i t wi ll be seen th at th e I m pe ri al

,
.
,

m
Paren t G ran d Black En ca p en t of th e
m
I n a cer t i ficate i ssue d to Th o m as C oveney
,

Un i v erse si tu ated at Gl asgow i ntrodu ced Kn o wles Nove m be r 7 1 85 6 an d 1 85 8 th e , , , ,

, ,

i nto C anad a an d th e Uni te d S tates n ine lis t i s as fol lows

m ore d egrees o r cere m onie s th an th e a n 1 K n i g ht o f M alt a . .

cien t O rde r of Malt a possessed Afte r care

*
2 S c arl et .
. .

3 B l ac k
ful i n v estigatio n by t h e ori gin al go v ernin g . .

14 R o y al M ark . .

b ody in A m e rica 1 8 7 8 t h e l atter belie ved 5 Ro al B l u e

1 , ,
y . .

itself still i n p ossessi o n of th ree ce re m oni es

co rrespon di n g to th e th ree an c ie n t ones D eri ved fro m t h e O range l ns t it ut io n .

an d deni ed t h at th e an cien t O rde r coul d at f

1
M
M
as o n i c m i x tu re

a so n ie d er i v ati o n T h e Te m pl r
a deg rees r
”
.

“
an y t i m e e v er h a v e confer red degree s wi th wh i h h ave b een c o nferred in E n l an Ir l
.

c g d e and S c o t , ,

n a m es l ike th ose co n fe rred in O range an d l and a nd W a l es and in c o l o n i al de en denc i es o f t h e

M as oni c bodie s Th e Prie s tl y Pass was a B r i ti s h C ro wn u nd er t h e titl e C o nvent General o f
.
p , ,

“
m o dern repre sen t ati on of t h e ol d O r d e r of t h e Un it ed R el i g i o u s and M ilit ary O rders o f t h e T em
Pries t h oo d or C h aplai n s an d th e Black pl e o f S t J o h n o f Jeru s al em Pal es t i ne R h o des a nd .
, ,

degree th e O rde r of S ervants at Ar m s o r M a lt a i nc lu d e T h e A rk B l ac k M ar k L i-

nk a nd
-
, , ,
,
C h a i n K n i g ht Tem pl ar K n i g ht o f S t J o h n o f
H ospi talers c o m m e m orati ng S t Joh n t h e J eru sal em M ed it erranean Pas s K ni ht o f M alt a , , .

.
,
g , , ,

Baptist th e an ci en t patron of the O rde r ; Jo rd an Pas s B ab yl o ni s h Pas s K n i ght o f t h e R ed

,
, ,

an d t h e O rde r of M al ta of cou rse w as th e C ro s s H i g h Pr i es t a nd Pr u ss i an B l u e

, , , , .
2 78 O R DE R or S C O T T IS H C LA N S

fun e ral ben efi t fund The foun d er di ed . or 82 5 0 respec ti v el y accord in g t o th e class ,

J u ne 1 9 1 883 and was bu ried at Norri s

, ,
of deceased s m e m bersh i p sh al l be pai d to
’
,

t o wn Pa D r Kerr i s repor t ed to h a v e
,
. .
been a F ree m ason of adv anced degree and
an O dd Fello w as well T he e m ble m s of
the benefi c iary o r ben efi ciari es (3 ) t o es t ab
lish a fun d for th e reli ef of si c k m em
. bers an d (4 ) to culti v at e fon d rec o ll ec
,

the Kni ght s of Fri en dsh i p i n cl ude the tion s of S c otlan d i ts cu s t o m s and am u se
,

t ri angle i n s c ri bed i n a ci r c l e a pot the bow , ,

m en ts .

an d arrows an d the crossed swo rd s

,
. O n e of t h e re c ogn ize d e m bl e m s of the
O r d e r o f S c o t t i s h C l a n s — Th i s i s t he
l arges t of any of the o rgan i zati on s of “
O rde r i s the S cotch th i s t le wi th th e m o tto
Ne m o Me I m p une L ac essit T he seal
,

.
,

S cotch m en an d thei r descen dan ts in A m e r of t h e Royal C lan c ontai n s as a ce n trepiece

ica I t w as founde d i n S t Loui s M o
. .
,
.
,
t h e c ross of S t An d rew and i n it s quar t e rs
.

Nov e m ber 3 0 1 8 7 8 by Ja m es M c C ash , , a th i stle wi t h t he m o t to al ready descri b ed

, ,

D o u gal C ra wford Jo h n Be atti e Joh n , ,

a shi el d con tain i ng a lion ra m pan t a h eart ,

B r u c e John D C rui ck sh an k George B ai n

,
.
, ,
repre senti n g the h eart of Ki ng Robe rt t h e
Robe rt R S c ott Wil li a m Mo rri son Peter
.
, ,
B ru ce and a represe ntati o n of th e c rown of
C Pete rkin Nei l S te wart an d ot hers
.
, ,
. the B ruc e The O rde r has n inety si x ac t i ve
.
-

Most of t he fo un de rs were m e m bers of th e Clan s eigh ty ni ne of wh i ch are i n t h eU nit ed

,
-

Masoni c f raterni t y an d h i gh i n i t s c oun c ils . S ta tes an d sev en i n C anada Th e m e m be r .

Th e o rgan i zati on of the O rder of S c otti sh sh ip Janu ary 1 1 89 7 was o ve r

, ,
It
,

C lan s w as n o t t h e result o f s c hi s m or dis con sists of a Royal Cl an wh ich i s t h e h igh ,

sati sfa c t i on w i t h any e xi s t i ng organ i z a t ion . est go ve rn i n g body ; Gran d Cl ans wh i c h ,

Pre vi ou s to i ts fou nd i ng the re h ad been a h a v e j u risd i cti o n onl y i n t he S tates or

n u m ber of o t her S c ot c h organ i zation s i n provi n ces in whi ch th ey exis t an d subor ,

th e U ni ted S ta t es an d Can ad a so m e of ,
di mate or lo c al c l an s T he Royal Cl an .

t h e m h old in g ga m es an d oth e rs fo r m ed to , m eets once i n e v e ry t wo y ears Wo m e n are .

gi v e en te rtain m ents to perpetu ate the m em n o t ad m i tted to m e m bersh i p I t h as pai d .

e ries of S c o t land ; but th e fou nde rs

-

wh ile . ou t m ore th an $600 0 00 si n c e i t s in s t it u

re c o gn iz ing th e m eri t s of th ese societies ,
t ion t o wi d ows and orph an s an d othe r be ne
fel t th at an organi z ati on posse ssin g all t h e fi c iaries of decease d m e m bers S i c k bene fi ts .

esse ntial feat u res of t h ose i n exi sten ce but ,

are controlled b v t he l o c al cl an s th e a v erage ,

h a v in g i n addi ti on a proviso by wh i ch its a m o un t pai d be i n g 85 pe r week for th i r t ee n

m e m bers w oul d recei v e a c e rtain a m oun t week s si c k ness i n any o n e year M e m bers
’
.

pe r week i n the eve n t of si c k n ess and thei r wh en si c k re c ei ve t h e se rv i c es of a ph y si

benefi ci aries a c er t ai n s um on the d eath of c ian at th e c ost of the clans I n add ition .

a m e m ber would fill a l on g fel t w an t a m on g

,
-
to th e a m ou n t pai d i n bequeath m en t by the
'

th ei r c o un t rv m en F ro m th i s the O rde r of. Royal Cl an there h a ve been fully

,

S c ottish Clan s was for m ed I ts obj e c t (1 ) . paid i n si c k be n efi t s s in ce th e O rder was

i s to u n i t e S cots m en son s of S c ots m en and ,
fou n ded The o rgani zat ion i s i n a flo uris h
.

th ei r des c en dan t s of good m o ral ch ara c ter,

i ng fi nan c i al c ond i ti on I t i s l ooked u pon .

an d possessed of repu t able m ean s of su p b y S cot c h m e n as o n e of th e m ost rel iable

po rt w h o are o ve r eighteen an d n ot e xceed
,
i nsti t uti on s of i t s k in d in t he cou n t ry T h e .

i ng fi fty yea rs of age ; (2 ) t o prov ide an d Ro y al O rde r of S co t lan d fou n d e d on i n c i ,

e stabli sh a bequ eat h m en t f u nd fro m wh ic h , ,

de n ts in t he li fe and ti m es of Rober t B ruce ,

on th e sati sfa c to ry e v id en c e of th e d ea t h to wh ich Royal Arc h Maso n s alone are

of a m e m b er i n good s tan din g wh o h as ,
eligi bl e i s n ot kn o wn to h a ve suggeste d the
,

co m pli e d wi th all i ts l awfu l requi re m en ts ,

m od e rn O rd er of S cottish C la ns The .

a s um n ot exceed in g $5 0 0 , ri tual of th e Clan s i s base d i n pa rt o n the

 P YT H I A N S I S T E R H O O D 27 9

atte m pt of th e D ane s to s urp ri se an d captu re m arty rd o m of S t Geo rge and th e cere

.
,

t he C astle S lan es an d thei r subsequent defea t m on ial of i n i ti ati on in vests t he ne wly m ad e

at Largs an d c o m m e m o ra t es th e battle of B an brothe r wi t h a languag e of wo rds si gn s an d , ,

n o c k b urn It was wri tten by Rev D M Wi l

. . . . grips wh i c h e n ables h im t o tra v el an d m ak e
s o n at t h a t ti m e a resi den t of Q u in c y Mass
, ,
. h i m self k n o wn as a S o n of S t Geo rge w h er .

O r d e r S o n s o f S t G e o r g e — A frate rn al
, . . e ve r the O rde r i s fo un d Th e e m ble m o f th e .

sec re t society co m posed of En gl ish m e n t h ei r ,

S o c ie t y i s t h e c on ve n ti onal repre se n tati o n
son s an d grand son s wh e re v e r born t hose
, ,
of S t Ge orge an d t h e d rago n
. .

bet ween eigh teen an d fi f t y years of age Th e re i s an organi z ati o n of w o m en rel a

be i ng eligi ble to ben e fici ary m e m be rsh ip ,
t iv es of S on s of S t George u n de r t h e t i tle
.

en t i tle d to si c k an d fune ral bene fits an d , D augh te rs of S t Geo rge b u t i t has n e ver
.
,

those m ore t h an fi fty years old t o h ono rary been offi c i ally recogni ze d by the S u pre m e
m e m bersh ip It was i nsti tute d a t S cran ton
.
,
Lodge of t h e S on s of S t Ge orge Th e ai m s . .

P a in 1 8 7 1 and as the write r i s i n for m e d

.
, , , , of th e D au gh t e rs are t o parallel th e wo rk
h ad i ts o rigi n i n th e ban d in g toge the r of of alleviati ng d i stress pe rfo r m e d by the i r
En gli sh m en to resi st th e ou trages perpetrated fa t h ers h usband s and son s I t i s l i k el y
, , .

by th e M olly Magu i res i n th e anth raci t e th at thei r o rgani zati on w ill so m e d ay be

c o al re gi on s of Pe n nsyl vani a fro m 1 8 6 5 t o for m ally attach e d to th e S on s of S t Ge orge . .

1 870 (S ee Mol ly M agui res ) Th e o rgani za

. . O r d e r o f t h e W o r l d — O rga n i zed a t
ti on wh i c h th u s c a m e i n to existe nce afte r Wheeli ng W Va M arch 7 1 8 9 3 an d l n
, .
, , ,

t he close of t h e C ivi l W ar t ook pe r m an en t c o rpo rat ed und e r th e l aws of th at S t a te a

sh ape i n 1 8 7 1 as the O rde r S on s of S t
, , . sec re t fra t ern i t y d esigne d t o ad vance t he
Geo rge and si nce th at d ate h as spread
, , social an d m oral c o ndi ti o n of m e m bers t o ,

th rou gh o u t th e Un i te d S tates th e D o m in i on ,
aid th e m i n se c u ri n g e m ploy m en t assis t i n ,

of Canad a an d the H awai ian I sl an d s num , c ari n g for t h e s ic k an d di sabled t o bu ry th e ,

be ri ng about
of na t i v es of “
m e m be rs descen dan ts
th e m othe r lan d ” The
,

.
d ead an d p rovid e fo r wid o ws an d o rph an s
,

of decease d m e m be rs I t h as n o b en efi ci a ry . .

O rder requ i res a beli ef i n a S upre m e Bei n g , feat u res b ut m e m bers of th e O rde r a re in
,

reveren ce for th e H oly B ible an d u rges on , su red i n the W orl d M u t ual Benefi t Asso c ia
m e m bers loyal ty to the lan d of the i r a d op t ion (S ee t he l atter ) T h e m e m bersh i p of
. .

ti on I t has a syste m of si c k ben efi t s vary

. th e O rder of t h e Wo rl d i s abo ut
i ng acco rdin g to th e l ocati o n of th e L odge
“
O r ie n t a l O rd er o f H u m il i t y —S aid to
, .

o r incli nati ons of m e m be rs fro m $1 to $5 , be i n v ogu e in nearly all l arge ci ties al ,

pe r week T h e an n u al d ue s are 86 Man y

. . th ou gh l it t le t race i s fou n d o f i t i n th e n e ws
Lod ge s al so p rov ide a physi c i an and m ed ici ne
for si c k m e m bers O n th e death of a m e m ber
pape rs I t i s also said to h a v e been c al le d
.

th e O rien tal H ay m a k ers wh en con ferre d “

”
.

a fu n eral b enefi t is pai d to h is wi fe o r h ei rs ,

upo n the Ki n g of Pers i a Th e m ost .

i n n o case less than 83 0 an d i n so m e Lodges , s t ri k in g i n for m ati on c on ce rn in g it is th a t

as h i gh as 84 00 The re i s al so a fune ral
.

be nefi t at t h e de a t h of a m e m be r s wi fe th e.
’

,
“
th e penalty fo r d i sobe dien ce at the sessi on s
”
i s to be execu te d at on c e as th e deco ,
“
a m o un t of wh i ch i s ge ne rally one half th at -
rum o f m eetings m ust be en forced .

pai d on t he d e ath of a m e m b er E ac h . P yt h ia n S i s t e r h o o d — En co u rage d by .

Lodge m ain tai ns a be ne v ol e n t fun d fo r the h e r h u sban d a m e m be r of the Kn igh ts of

,

assi stan ce of brethre n an d of any worthy Pyth i as Mrs Al v a A Yo u ng w rote t h e

, . .

En gl ish m e n i n di stress . ri tual of th e Pyth i an S i sterh oo d an d as , ,

T otal benefi ts pai d si nce 1 8 7 1 a m o un t to Mrs Yo un g sta t e s was granted per m i ssi on
.
,

abou t T h e ri t ual as m igh t be ,

by th e Grand Lo dge of th e Kni gh ts of
i n fe rred i s fou n de d on th e h istory and
,
Pvt hias at Ci n c i n n a t i 0 i n 1 888 to u se , ,
280 R A T HB O NE S IS T E R S O F T HE WO R LD

the ti tles of th e o fficers i n Pythi an bo d i es

i n h e r proj ec t ed organi zati on At th e s am e
Lod ge of the Kni ght s of Py th i as at C i n
c inn at i i n 1 888 gran te d per m ission t o
.
, ,
“ ,

sessi o n of t h e S u pre m e L odge th e Hil l th e wi v es m o th ers sisters w id o ws an d , , , ,

ri t u al (see Kni gh t s of Py th i as ) w as pre d augh t ers of K nigh t s of Pythi as to for m a

’
sen ted for t h e fou rth ti m e an d t h e S n wo m en s o rgan i za t i on o r secret si sterh ood
”, ,

pre m e represen tati ves o f I n di an a an d N ew

Ha m psh ire are sai d to h ave agreed
and reco m m end e d the ri t ual wh i c h h ad
been prepared as elsewh ere e xplai n e d b y
to “ ,

reco m m en d th e H ill rit u al an d parti ally re c Pas t Ch an c ell or J A H ill of I n dian a It

”
. . .

o gn iz e t h e (P yth ia n ) S i sterh ood was e xpressly u n de rstood th at i n gran ti ng

Bu t th e .

organi zation preferred i ts own ri tu al an d th i s per m issi o n th e S u pre m e Lodge was n o t ,

th e fi rst Asse m bly of th e Py t h i an S i sterh oo dto be respon si ble for any of t h e transacti on s
w as organi ze d at C oncord N H Feb ru ary
’
of th e wo m en s organ i zati on fin ancially o r
, . .
, ,

2 2 1 888 by Mrs Youn g and ten othe r

, ,
o the rw ise Und er thi s the fi rst Te m pl e of
. .

w o m en relati v es of Knigh ts of Pyth i as th e

,
Pyth i an S isters of th e W orld was i nsti tu te d ,

wi th th ose i n u se by the K ni gh ts of Pyth i as :

at Warsaw In d O ctober 2 3 1 8 88 by J H
t i t les o f th e v ari ous o ffi ci al s bein g i denti cal
H ill Foun der of th e O rder a li ttle m ore ,
“ ,
.
, ,

,
, . .

M rs Yo u ng was ch osen C h an cello r C o m

. th an ei gh t m on th s afte r M rs Al v a A . .

m and e r Asse m blie s were next i n sti tute d

. Youn g an d asso c i ate wo m en rel ati ves of
at Man che ster Nash ua Far m i n gton an d , Kn igh ts of Pyth i as i n sti tu ted th e fi rst As
, ,

Fran kli n Fal ls N H by wh i ch a G ran d ,

sem bl
.
y of th e Pyth i an S i sterh oo d
.
, O the r .

Asse m bly w as es t abl ish ed fo r Ne w H am p Te m ples were soon i n sti tu ted i n In d ian a ,

sh i re J un e 6 1 8 88 wi th the fo un der of
, ,
O h i o Illin oi s an d Mi sso u ri There are no w
, , , .

th e S i s t e rh ood as G ran d C h ancell or Th e Te m ples i n n early al l the S tate s an d terri .

organ i z ati o n soon fou n d i ts w ay in to C on tories an d i n C an ad a wi th a to t al m em , ,

n ec t ic ut Rh ode I sl and Massac h u setts

,
hershi p of abo u t , S isters an d ,

M ai n e Ne w Yor k Ne w Jersey an d O h i o
,
K n igh ts abou t on e t h i rd of t h e total m em
, , , ,
-

an d wi th i n t wo years G ran d Asse m bl ies b ersh ip bei n g i n Ind i an a O h i o Kans as , , ,

were i n sti t ute d i n Massac h use t ts Mai ne Io wa an d I lli n oi s G ran d Te m ple s e xist , , ,
.

O hi o Ne w Yo r k an d Ne w Je rsey repre
, ,
in fi fteen S tate s rep rese n tati ves fro m wh i ch , ,

sen t at iv es fro m w hi ch in sti t ute d t h e S u

an d Past S upre m e o fi c ers consti tu t e th e
pre m e A sse m bly i n New Yo rk c i ty April S upre m e Te m ple wh ich h as ch arge of T em , ,

28 ,
1 890 wi th M rs Yo un g as S upre m e
, ples i n S tates te rri to rie s an d Provi n ce s
.
, ,

C h an c ell or T h e S i ste rh ood h as si nce

. wh ere n o Gran d Te m pl e e xi sts and e xercise
s pread t o Wes t Vi rgin ia Io w a N ebrask a su pre m e legi sl ati v e au th ority
, Th e S u , , .

Illi n oi s an d M issou ri an d i s decla red t o be

, pre m e Te m pl e was i ns t ituted O c tobe r 1 0
, ,

i n a fl ou ri sh i ng c on di t i on Wo m en rel ati v es1 88 9 wh en th e soci ety w as l ess th an one

.
,

of Kn i gh ts of Pyth ias si x teen o r m ore years year old M rs I M Wea v e r o f I n di an a

, , . . .

of age are eligible to m e m be rsh i p Th e

, be ing t h e fi rst S up re m e Ch ief fro m wh ich .
,

o b je c t s of t h e so c iet v are t o gi v e m oral and

it w i ll be i n fe rre d th i s Pyth ian wo m e n s
’

m a t e ri al aid to m e m bers edu cate the m o rde r d i d n o t e m pl oy th e ti tles of o ffi cers

,

so c i ally an d i n tel lec t u al ly and assi st the m u se d i n l odges of Kn igh ts of Pyth ias Les s .

“
i n si c k n ess an d di stress I t s m otto i s
Frien d shi p C h ari ty Bene volen c e an d
than th re e years afte r i t was e stabli she d t h e
.

fo un de r J A H ill d ied Ap ri l 1 7 1 892 at

,

Lo v e ”I t t eac h es t ol e ra t ion i n rel igi on an d

, , , ,
. .
, , , ,

. Green c astle In d ,
.

obed ien c e to law I t s ri tu al i s de c l ared to in

. In 1 8 9 4 th e Pyth ian S i s t e rs fou nd th e m
S pirc puri ty of t h ou gh t pea c e and good wi l l sel v es in d anger of losi ng th ei r h o no rarv
, , .

R a t h b o n e S i s t e r s o f t h e ‘V o r l d m e m bers (m en ) in as m u c h as th e S upre m e
. o

Thi s siste rh oo d an n o u nces th at t h e S upre m e Lodge of K nigh ts of Py thi as h ad wi th ou t ,

2 82 R O YA L S HE PHE R DS

Wi th a state of affai rs in En glan d fro m

1 7 9 0 to 1 8 2 5 well calculate d to foste r di s
“
to 1 83 4di s c on tent h ad sh o wn i tself at the
despoti c po we r and pri v ileges grante d
tru st s uspici on an d an tagon i s m be twee n
, ,
th e p rin c ipal o fii c er of th e O rde r i n the
t h e cl asses an d th e m asses t h e reason i s
pl ai n why m odern Royal Foreste rs m ai n
,
general laws an d at th e re ten ti on of the,

sole go v e rn i ng power an d au th ori ty o v er “

t ain ed a very precario us e xi sten ce d urin g
”
the wh ole O rde r fo re ver by C o urt N o 1
'

. .

t hat peri o d I t was n o t u n til 1 82 5—3 0 th at

. Thi s ri pen e d i nt o re v ol u tion an d at a con ,

th e d o m i nance o f the co n v i vi al side i n v en t io n at Ro c h dale En gl an d A ugu s t 4 , , ,

benefi c i ary secret soci e t ies began to dis 5 ,

an d 6 1 83 4 th e fi rst sch i s m i n th e
, ,

appear alth o ugh the figh t again st it was

,
O rde r resul te d i n t h e fo r m at ion of th e A n
c onspi cu ou s fro m 1 8 00 to 1 83 0 n o t only ,
cient O rder of Fore sters Wi thi n a fe w .

a m ong Free m ason s an d O dd Fello ws bu t ,

years n early al l the C ou rts of Royal For
i n t h e Royal Fo resters Foresters C ou rt . este rs h ad j oi ned the n e w O rder (S ee .

No 1 at Leeds i s sai d t o h ave h ad on l y

.
, , An c i en t O rde r of Foresters and Foresters of ,

ei gh ty m e m bers i n 1 8 00 By 1 8 1 3 ac c ord .
, A m eri c a ) .

i ng t o o n e ch roni c le r on ly 2 0 7 pe rson s h ad , R o y a l S h e p h e r d s — Earli er ti tle of the .

j oi ne d th e Royal Fo res t e rs si n ce 1 7 90 It .
(Engl ish ) An cie nt O rde r of S h ephe rds ,

w as at th e for m e r d ate t hat a d ispen sat ion n o w a b ran c h of th e Foreste rs of A m erica .

was gran te d C ou rt No 2 at Knaresborough .

, (S ee th e l atte r ) .

si n c e wh ich t i m e th e e x tensi on and gro w th S on s an d D a u g h t e r s o f I s ra e l

o f the so c iety at large are m at ters of record . Fo un ded at N as h v ille i n 1 8 8 7 t o pay fro m , ,

By 1 81 5 fo ur co u rts h ad been opened bu t , $2 t o $5 week ly si c k benefits an d $3 0 funeral

C o urt No 1 h ad t h e p o wer an d c l ai m e d
. benefi ts N o t k n o wn to exist to day
.
-
.

the au th o ri ty and the refore p roceed ed t o

, S o n s o f A d a m — O rgani ze d at Parsons .
,

organ i ze i ts th en past an d p resen t Ch ief Kan i n th e su m m e r of 1 8 79 b y pro m inent

.
, ,

R a n gers i n to a S u pre m e C ou rt whi ch was , busi ness and professi on al m en of th at c i ty ,

to m eet qu arterly T B Li ste r was ele c ted . . . leaders a m on g wh o m we re m e m be rs of the

M os t Wo rth y S u pre m e Chi e f Ra n ger I t . Mason i c frate rn i ty A referen c e to th e .

i s n o t clea r when t h e Fo resti e c ere m on ies acco u nt of t h e earli er an d m ore pl ayful

of i ni ti atio n we re c h an ge d so as to b ar porti on o f th e caree r of th e K u Kl u x Kla n
m o n iz e w ith the tradi tio n s of an c ien t for an d to t h e sketch of th e S on s of Malta wil l
estry th ose clin gi ng t o Robi n H ood The
, . fai rly i n di cate i ts rat s o n d éfre I t h ad a ’
.

state m e n t h as been m ade th at e arl ier Fo r brief bu t e v en tfu l caree r .

“
estio ce re m oni es of i ni ti a ti on were i n ten de d
”
t o be qu i te te rrifyin g being m odelled ,
“ S o n s o f H e r m a n n (D er O rde n de r H er
m an n s S o eh ne) — Fo un de d i n Ne w York
’
.

after th ose of the Free m ason s and O dd c i ty by D r Ph ilip Mer k el Ge orge H ei ne r

”
,
.
,

Fell o ws As a ri t ual was ad opte d in

. Joh n Bl a t z A Au er R S c hiv en del W, .
, .
, .

Jan uary 1 8 1 6 i t i s probable t h at Robi n

, , Kohler an d Ph ili p H e r m an n to foste r
, ,

H ood Li t tle John Fri ar T uc k an d the rest

, , ,
Ge r m an c usto m s an d the spread of b en ev o
we re then e m phasi zed m ore th an th ey h ad len ce a m on g Ge r m an s i n th e U n i ted S tates .

been .Th e m on opo l y o f m ode rn F o res t rv Th e an c i en t Te u ton warrio r H er m an n

by th e Royal Foresters con tin ue d fro m was c h osen as a type of G er m an m anh ood ,

1 8 1 3 or 1 8 1 5 wh e n t h e S u pre m e C ou rt
, an d legen d s of th e socie ty were m ade t o
was for m ed until 1 8 3 4 D urin g thi s pe
, . c onfor m wi th th e trad ition s respecti ng Her

rio d r ap id progress w as m ade 3 5 8 cou r t s ,

m an n an d h i s ban d of foll owers An ac .

bei n g open e d 88 i n 1 83 3 al one one — C ou rt

, ,
coun t o f the soci ety pu bl ishe d * in 1 89 6 , ,

G ood S peed No QO l — at Ph iladel ph i a i n

,
.
,

1 83 2 the fi rs t i n th e U n i ted S t ate s

,
Prior .
*S t . Paul M o rn i ng C all .
 S O NS or HE R M A NN 9 83
N

c red i ts t h e o rigin al o rgan i zati on of wh at ,

A ll m en qu al ; al l are i m b u ed w i th o ne de
are e

s i re n a m el y t o reac h th a t
afterw ards beca m e t he S o n s of H er m an n ,
, .
g o a l w hi c h b ett ers b o d il y
an d S pi r itu a l ex i s t enc e It i s t h e d ut y o f ev ery m a n
to t he resen t m en t of Ge r m an A m eri can s -
.

t o pro v i d e no t o n l y fo r hi m sel f b ut al s o t o pro m o t e ,

at at t acks on the m selves an d oth ers of t h e wel fare o f h is fel l o w b ei n g b ec au s e in t h e c o n ,

fo reign descen t by th ose wh o be t wee n , s u m m at e h appi ness o f all every o ne m u s t h ave an

1 83 5 an d 1 85 5 d re w th e pol i tical i ssues o f
,
equ a l s h are In o rder th at thi s g rand and w o rt h v
.

t he day al on g race an d reli gi ou s l in es an d wo rk m ay b e d ul y fu rth ered s h al l w e g ras p o ne ,

fi n all y beca m e u ni ted i n th e Kno w Noth an o th er w ith a bro th erl y h and and c reat e thi s b and
o f fr i en d s hi A s a b o d y w e s h all s o w and as a
p
i ng Party i n 1 85 72 (S ee Kn o w Noth in g
,
.

b o d v s h al l ex pec t a fr uit ful c ro p W e s h a ll ad

,

Party a nd th e O rd er Un ite d A m erican van c e Germ an c u s to m s Germ an s pi r it a nd Germ an

“
, ,

Me ch anics ) T he acco un t referre d to c o n

.
a rt w e s h a l l s t r i v e t o c o operat e w ith o ne an o th er

“
,

t in ues : T h ese e ne m i es of al l that was l i ft up and s u ppo r t o ur b reth ren W e as a b o dy .

, ,

s h a l l s u rro u n d o ne a n d t h e o ne s h a ll enc i rc l e u s
Te u toni c h ad e xceeded the bo u nd s of all
h ono r an d respe c t i nas m u c h as th ey e ve n a ll. Th i s i t o b e o ur fu nd am ent al pl at fo r m
s e .
'

,
s h a l l l o o k u po n o u rsel ves as o ne fam i l y and k eep
wen t so far as t o h i n de r th e fu n eral cortege sac red t h e b o nd s o f a fam il y .
,

o f a Ge r m an fro m proceed i ng o n i ts sole m n

an d peaceful way and t o i n sul t those wh o The sy m boli c colo rs of th e O rde r are
”
,

accorde d th e re m ai n s t h e l as t es c ort Th i s . black red an d gol d wh i c h are t h u s e x

, , ,

“
pl ai ned i n M r Kastor s s k etch of the ’
resul te d i n pub lic m ee ti ngs of Ge r m an s ,
.

at wh i c h v igo ro us p ro t e st s we re u t tered . socie ty Togethe r th e colors are th e ,

A t o ne of the Ger m an S ecti ons of th ese sy m bol of Ger m an u nity B lac k typifi es .

gatheri ngs t h e n a m e for th e n ew society d ar k n ess th e o ut gro w th of ign oran ce

, ,

“
su ggeste d i tself whe n o ne of th e speakers
re m arked : We agai n n ee d a H e r m an n
prej udi ce an d i ndi fference
, A bo ve thi s
th e O rd e r place s th e re d wh ich si gn ifi es ,
.

u n de r w h o se m i ghty guid ance we m ay be l igh t an d e nl igh te n m ent spread by G e rm an

en abled to tra m pl e u pon o u r ene m ies ” The . c ulture an d Ge r m an spi ri t Th e gol d is .

n ew frater ni ty rec o gn izes t h at i gn oran ce

‘

e m ble m ati c of true freed o m wh i ch m an

”
,

and v ice are th e wo rst ene m i e s o f h u m an it y ,

arri ves at t h rough kn o wledge an d l abor .

an d follo ws i n th e footsteps of the F reem a I t was n o t un til O c tobe r 6 1 85 2 at C h i , .

s on s O d d F ell o ws D ru i ds Fore sters an d

, , ,
cago p rac t ical ly th e pe ri o d at whi ch the
,

oth ers i n t h ei r work of rel ievi n g th e n ee dy great K no w Nothi n g P arty took i ts ri se ,

an d sick am on g thei r m em b ers b urying t hei r , th at th e ei gh th S ecti o n o r lo dge of th e

dead an d cari ng fo r w ido ws an d orph an s
,
. O rde r was establi sh ed Th e fi rst se ssi on .

Gran d e x Presi de n t H W K astor S t

-
. . . . of th e Na t i on al Gran d L odge of S on s of
L oui s h as e xplai ned th at th e O rde r ex
,

is t s on ly o n A m e ri can soil so m e of its ,

“ H er m an n w hi c h m eets e v ery fou r years
w as h el d at Roch ester N Y in 1 8 5 7 In , . .
, .
,

m ore i m portan t fea tu res be in g s uc h as t o_

1 896 th e re was a total m e m bersh ip of
e x cl ud e i t fro m any co u nt ry b ut a repu b wi t h G ran d Lodges in C al ifo rn i a C o n nec t i ,

li c
. It confe rs n o degrees — o nly m e m be r c ut C olorad o Ill in oi s K ansas M assac h u
, , , ,

sh i p in whi ch the high an d l owl y are o n th e se t ts M ich i ga n M in n e sota Mi sso u ri N ew

, , , ,

sa m e le v el as foll owe rs of th e d eli v e re r of Yor k N ew Je rsey O h i o Penn syl van i a

”
, , , , ,

the ol d Te uton tri bes I t w as n o t u nti l

. Texas and Wash i ngton
,
T here i s al so a .

1 848 eigh t years after i t was fou n d e d after

, , l arge m e m bersh i p scatte re d th rough fif teen
fi ve se cti o ns h ad been form ed at N ew Yo rk , other S tate s .

that i t began t o spread w he n a secti on w as

, Wo m e n rel ati v es o f m e m be rs of th e O rd e r
es t abli she d at Mi l w au kee In th at year .
, h av e bee n gro upe d i n L odges of D augh ters
al so resolu tions we re adopted su bstanti ally
,

as foll ow s St . Lo ui s G l o b e D em oc rat ,
in 1 896 .
2 84 S O NS O F ID LE R E S T

of Her m ann as a soci al an d beneficiary ,

T he shooti ng t h e ch ute fea t u re of i niti a
- -

au x i l iary i n th e sa m e m anne r th a t s o m any

,
ti on was seldo m o m i t ted an d one C o un c il at ,

m e m be rs of othe r fra t ernal orders i n terest B oston co n structe d a wi n di ng a ffair of that

their m o th ers wi ves sisters an d d augh ters
, , , ,
n atu re wh i c h started th e neophytes o n th e
wi th o u t m aki n g the m m e m bers of id en t i thi rd floo r an d l an de d th e m i n t he b ase m en t .

call y th e sa m e Lodges . Life an d li m b we re frequ entl y endangered ,

S o n s o f I d l e R e s t — O rgan i ze d fo u r o r and h un d reds of m en were i n duced to j oi n

fi v e years ago by pro m i ne nt m e m bers of wh o n e ver we nt ba c k again ; w h ile th o u
the Ben e vol en t and Protec t i v e O rd er of
El k s . None bu t El k s are eligi bl e Its .
san d s o f oth ers re t u rn ed to ge t e v e n by
h el pi n g to p ut t he ne x t fell o w th rough “ .

obj ec t s are largely recreati v e an d for th e

el aborati on o f si de degree cere m oni al “ ,
I t sh o uld be adde d th at at so m e of th e
larger c i ti es C ou ncils frequen tly h ad con
but its pl ace see m s m ore th an l ikely t o be s id erab l e m oney on h an d af te r in i ti ati n g a

t aken by th e r apidly grow in g dra m atic class of can di dates an d i n such i nstance s ,

O rde r of Kn igh ts of K h o rassen (S ee t he . m ade li be ral d o n ati on s t o w or t h y ch ari ties .

lat ter ) . W h en the avai lable m ateri al at a gi ve n ci ty

S o n s o f M a l t a — O rganized i n th e S o uth
-
. o r t own was e xh au sted C ou nci ls of the S ons ,

before the C i v il War at a ti m e whe n th e , of Mal ta n atu rally beca m e dor m an t and ul ti
c oun try h ad been overru n by sco res of pa m ately d i e d ou t E xi sting on l y to in i ti ate
.
,

t rio t ic pol itical an d other se c ret soci e ties

, ,
t hey be ca m e e x tin c t when can di date s were
pri or to d uri n g and af t e r the rise an d fall
, , scarce H u n dre ds of el de rly bu si ness m en
.

of the K no w No thi n g Party as an i ron i cal , to da v are abl e to recall h o w forty od d

-

,
-

protes t against doi ng the bu siness of th e years ago th ey j oi n e d th e S on s of Mal ta

, ,

co un tr y an d attend in g to th e e v e ry day af -

and if they feel di sposed can describe t h e

, ,

fai rs o f l ife b y m ean s of se cre t societies . i n geni ou sly h u m orou s yet ofte n di s grace
The S on s of Ma l ta so on beca m e consp icu ous ful antics th ey were co m pelled to i nd ulge
a t N ew O rlean s wh en c e i t was taken to , i n T h e so c iety d id n ot sur v i v e the C i v i l
.

Bos t on b y E L D aven port an d Joh n -

”— T he t i tl e of a n o w u n kn o wn
. .

B rough a m I t afterwards spread to m an y

. S . P . K .

oth e r of th e larger ci ties of t he c o u nt r y . secre t soc iety t h e ri tual of w hi ch was w ritten .

I t was the fi rst se cret soci ety i n t h e Un i ted by the foun de r of th e Kn ights of Pyth i as .

S t ates to e xh au s t i n gen u i ty and stop at n o (S ee the l atte r ) .

e xpense in in iti at in g c and id ates i n a m an T h e O r i e n t a l s — A de tache d degree or

ner to i nsu re th ei r n e v er forge t ti ng it I n . cere m oni al fo r m erl y c onfe rred on Kni ghts
fact th at w as al l th e re was to i t an elab
, ,
of P yth ias (S ee An cien t O rder of S anhe
.

orate s c h e m e t o e xc it e t h e i nterest an d d rim s ) .

c uriosi t y of repu tabl e c i t i zen s to ge t th e m , U n i t e d A n c i e n t O r d er o f D r u id s .

t o j oi n wh ere upo n th ey wou ld fin d th e

,
In 1 7 8 1 thi rt y si x ye ars af t e r O dd Fe llow s
-

i ni t i ati on ce re m ony so m e th in g well c al c u cl u bs o r lodge s m ade th ei r appeara nce i n

lated to i m press t h e n o v i t i ate In so m e . En glan d th e m ode rn An c ien t O rde r of
i nstances af t er bei ng put th ro ugh ou t ra
,
D ruid s was foun de d at Lond o n It paral .

geons cross exa m i na t ion s as to th ei r pri vate

-

,
lel e d th e Un i ted or Lo yal O rder of O dd
busi ness or o t h e r a ff ai rs an d a tan tal i zi ng
, , ,
Fello ws as th e lat t er was v ari ou sly cal led
, ,

of t en terri fyin g ci r c u m a m bul a t ion candi ,

rath e r th an the Free m ason s i n th at i ts ,

d ate s wo u ld b e place d i n a l arge bask e t an d avo wed pu rpose was to rel ie v e si ckn ess an d
hauled u p to t h e c eili ng to rest the re wh ile di stress am ong i ts m e m bers by m ean s of
t h e re m a i n in g m e m be rs partook of an el ab state d con tri bu ti on s I t pro m p t ly too k .

orate b a nq ue t beneath . on th e characte r of a se c re t o r d er fo un de d

2 86 U NI T E D A N C I E NT O R DE R o r D R L ID S
'

t hat th e m i s t le t oe cl in gin g abou t th e oak

re presen te d m an i n h is bes t endeav ors to n ati v es th e ,
“
wh i ch is h eld i n gre at ven erati on b y t h e
ro c k of purifi c at io n x A
a t t ai n the h e igh ts of v i rtu e an d m oral it y pass age th rou gh i t i s c on sid e red t o absol v e
b y h i s ad h erence to di v i n e precepts There . fro m all si n th e person passi ng In m an y .

was of cou rse m uch of wh at h as been

, ,
parts of Fran ce G e rm an y an d Gre at B ri t
, ,

c lassi fi ed as m agi c and so rce ry i n D rui di c ai n ruin s of D ru i di c te m ples an d sa c rifici al

ri tes .
’
S na k es eggs con sti tuted a m os t altars m ay stil l be fou n d Th e D rui d s .

poten t c h ar m an d I rish an d S c otch D ru id s

,
at tai n e d th ei r gre atest infl uence i n B ri tain
i n parti cular were belie v ed to be sorce rers du ri n g the l ast c ent ury befo re Ch rist an d ,

owi n g t o w hi ch fol l o we rs of Ch ri sti an ity i t con t i n ue d for a h al f cen tu ry th ere af te r .

earl v fel t obl iged to clai m su pern at u ral D u rin g th e re ign of Nero about 60 A D , . .
,

po we rs in o rder to counteract th e in fl uen ce th e B ri ton s h ea de d b y Q u een B oadicea

, ,

of th e D ruid s Th e ci rcle was th e sy m bol

. rebell ed again st the Ro m an au thori ty .

of t h e S u pre m e Bei ng an d the serpen t of , G ene ral S u eton iu s Paul in u s defeated t h e

th e D i vi ne S o n Th ey were expert i n m e
. B ri t on s and v i si ted su m m ary p uni sh m ent
c h anic s as i s sh o w n by t h e re m ar k able u pon t h e D rui ds wh o m h e belie v e d h ad,

ar c h i tec tural re m ai n s of the i r te m ples i n i nci te d th e rev olt Th e D rui ds reti red t o
.

En gl a n d an d Wales i n Asi a an d el se wh ere ,

. th e Islan d of M on a (An glesea) o fl the coast ,

Th e cro ml ech s and d ol m en s still i n exist of Wale s S e v en teen years after A gr i col a
.
, ,

en ce retai n th e c i rcu lar for m w ith wh ich R o m an Go v e rn o r of B ri tai n beca m e ih ,

they su rroun de d the an c ien t groves wh i ch cen se d at t h e act ion o f th e D rui ds i n sl ay

for m ed t h e scene of th ei r stran ge ri tes an d ing a sol dier sent to spy ou t thei r secrets ,

cere m on ies As m ay be in ferred th e

.
, con quered th e i slan d c ut down th e sac re d ,

D ruid s were intellectu ally th e d o m in an t gro ve s an d destroye d th ei r te m ple s Th ose .

c l ass o f th ei r ti m e They were for m e d int o

. of th e D ru id s w h o escaped with dre w to t h e
un i on s i n accordan c e with the precep t s o f I slan d of Ion a T hei r people were con
.

Py t h agoras an d th e ir prie sth o od i s sai d t o

,
v erted t o C h ris ti an i ty fou r cen tu ries l ate r .

h av e ri val le d l ate r hi era rch ies i n th eir Upon the precepts an d t radi ti on s o f
po m p of ritu al and learni n g an d th ei r in an cien t D ru i d i s m i s fou n ded th e fraternal
flu en c e o v e r thei r coun trym en S o m e of . secret society k n o w n as the Un i ted A n
th ose wh o h ave m ade a study of t he subj ect c ien t O rd er of D r ui d s I ts fo r m s of i n iti a.

th i n k th e d e c l ine of an c ien t D rui di s m was ti on an d of con ferrin g de grees are decl ared
owin g t o t he l ack of ch ari ty an d l ove i n to be reci tal s an d re m in ders of th e i n teg
i ts teach in gs the featur e s whi ch were sup
,
ri ty si m pli c i ty and m o rali ty of th e a n c ie n t
, ,

pl ie d by Ch ri stian ity ; bu t th ey c lai m for D rui ds Th e i m m edi ate su ccessors of th e

.

i t t h e credi t of havin g pre ser v ed i n western Ancien t O rder o f D rui d s l ike the earlie r ,

Europe th e i dea o f th e u n i ty of G od C h ri st . O d d Fell ows an d Fores t e rs m ad e v igoro u s ,

m as Epi ph an y
, an d Hall o we e n are de
,
’
cl ai m s as to th e an tiqu i t y of thei r o rg ani z a
cl are a to h ave bee n o ri gi n ally D rui di c t io n e ve n tak i ng i t b ack in regular li ne to
,

h ol id ays . the t i m e of Noah A s t h e anci ent D rui di c

.

Al tars u se d by th e D rui ds of to day are -

priesth ood ran ges bac k th rough con ti
a represe n tation of t h e D ru i di c c ro m le c h n eu tal E urope t o Asi a M in or i t was a ,

or d ol m en and con sist ei th er of three

,
si m ple m atter to trace the D rui ds fro m
st ones one resti ng upon th e o t h er t wo or
, ,
G o m er Magog Madi a Ja van T ubal Me
, , , , ,

o ne l arge ston e wi th an ope n in g th rough i t . sh eeb an d T i ras after J apli et acro ss

, , ,

T h e C on stan ti n e dol m en i n C o rn wall , , E urope to th e U n i te d Ki n gdo m lea v ing i t

, ,

E ngl and wei gh s 750 t ons

,
T he re i s a . to th e i m agi n at ion o f th e n ov i tiate t o fi n d
si n gle roc k at B o m bay i n t h e East I n dies , , t h e con n ec t i ng l in k between the vi cti m s of
 UN IT E D A NC I E NT O R D E R O F D R UI DS

the Ro m an con q ue rors of B ritai n an d t h e S u pre m e G ro v e of th e U ni te d S tates S tate ,

A n ci en t O rde r of D ru id s of 1 7 8 1 Bu t i n . Gran d Groves an d subor di nate Gro v es

, .

l ate y ears th i s t heory h as bee n aban d on ed . Th e S u pre m e G rov e of th e U n ited S tates i s

Th e An ci en t O rder of D rui d s u l t im ately th e h e ad of th e O rder in full u n i on w i th ,

re sol ve d i tsel f in to bo th th e An cien t O rder th e O rde r i n E n gla n d Au strali a an d Ger , ,

an d th e Loyal O rde r as di d th e Un i t e d ,
m any , wi t h full power to m ak e l aws for
O rde r of O dd Fellows i n to t h e Uni ted th e govern m e n t of i tself an d S t ate G ran d
O rde r an d afte rw ard i n to th e Lo y al O rde r ,
an d subord inate Gro ves ” .

d u ri n g the t ro ubl ou s pe ri od of fro m 1 7 80 G rand G ro ves have c h arge of t h e O rde r

to 1 8 20 Fro m the fi rst D rui di c o rde r
. w i th i n th ei r respecti v e j u ri sdi cti on s subj e c t ,

arose th e U n i ted An cien t O rder and fro m , t o th e l a ws of the S upre m e Grove and are ,

th at i n 1 85 8 a facti on seceded an d c alle d

, , , co m po se d of represen tati ves elected b y t h e
itsel f t h e O rde r of D rui d s Th e cere m o nial . s ubordi na t e G ro v es of a S tate T he ti tl e No .

of th e Un i ted An ci en t O rde r i s far m ore bl e G ran d Arch referri n g to t h e presid i n g

,

elaborate th an th at of th e y ou n gest branch , offi ce r of a G ran d G rov e s ugges t s th e in ,

an d i t i s i n th e o l de r b ran c h th at th e fl uen c e of O dd Fell o wsh i p i n t h e bu ildin g

A m eri c an Un i te d A nci e n t O rd e r fi n d s it s u p of D rui d i s m th e Noble G ran d bei n g t h e
,

origin lea v i n g th e t h ree re m ai n i n g O rde rs

,
ch i ef offi ce r i n a L o dge of O dd Fello ws an d ,

of D ru ids th e An ci en t t h e Loyal an d t h e
,

O rder of D ru ids in E nglan d In th e Uni te d

, , th e fact t h at pe r m i ssi on m ay b e gran ted t o
c on fe r th e th ree d egre es an d t o m ake “
”
.
,

S tates th e U ni te d An cien t O rd e r as m ay , D r ui d s at sigh t i n o rde r t o facil i t ate th e

be infe rred i s a m oral soci al an d ben e
, , , for m a t i on of G rov es wh e re th ere are n o
fi c iary assess m en t se c re t so c iet y It exi sts i n . m e m bers of th e O rder point s to F ree m ason s
,
'

twen t y th ree S tate s of th e Un i on an d i s

-

, h avi n g l en t a h an d at l ayi n g th e fou n dat ion s

affi li ated wi t h th e O rde r i n E n glan d I re ,
of m ode rn D rui d i s m .

l an d an d S c otl an d i n th e B ri t i sh Col oni es

, , , To pro m o te th e p rosperi ty of th e O rder
in Au s t ral i a an d Ge r m an y ,
I t seek s t o . and c ul t i vate th e perfec t i on of i ts m e m be rs ,

u ni te m en i rrespec t i ve of n a t i on ton gue o r , , D rui d ic C h apte rs h ave been o rgan i zed A l l .

cree d fo r m u tu al protecti on an d i m prov e

,
m e m bers of th e O rd er i n good stan di n g wh o
m e n t ; to assi s t soci ally an d m ate ri ally by ,
h av e attai ne d t h e th i rd d egree are eli gi ble ,

cou n sel l esson s an d by en cou rage m en t i n

, an d i n order to pro v ide w o m en relati ves
busi ness to foste r a m o n g i t s m e m be rs th e
, an oppor t u ni ty t o par t i ci pate i n th e work of
spi rit of frate rni ty an d goo d fellow shi p ; bene volen ce C i rcle s h av e bee n establ ish e d
,

al so by a s y ste m of d ues an d benefi

,
I
ts t o ,
to w h i ch D rui d s i n goo d standi ng an d al l
pro v i de for t h e rel ief of th e si ck an d des t i ac c eptable w o m e n e i gh tee n y ears of age are
t ute t h e buri al of th e dead and t h e pro
, , eligi ble T h e O rde r of D ru i d s specifi call y
.

t ec t io n o f t h e wi do ws and orph an s of i ts pro v i des fo r t h e l i vi n g wh i l e si ck an d af

deceased m e m be rs Applican ts for m em . fl ic t ed b y p ayi n g be nefi t s o f n o t l ess than
,

b ersh ip m u st be m en of t h e age of eigh tee n th ree d oll ars pe r week I t p rotects a m em .

ye ars an d u pw ards of soun d bodily health , be r an d h i s fa m i ly fro m w an t whi le h e i s

an d goo d m oral c h aracter . u n able to pro vi de for h i m sel f o r th e m I t .

Th e n a m e G ro v e is u sed by th i s O rder i n cares for th e wid ow an d o rph an s o f a d e

th e sa m e sen se as l od ge i n oth ers an d ,
cease d m e m ber an d i t prov i des a fu neral
,

si gn ifies a s ub o rdin ate body ch a rte red by , benefi t Th e O rd e r ta k e s ad van ce d grou n d

.

a Gran d G ro ve correspon din g t o a G ran d i n th at i t e m bod i e s t h e eq ual i z a t i on featu re

L o d ge Its for m of gove rn m en t c lo sely re
. i n han dli n g it s si c k an d fun eral benefi ts B v .

se m bles that of v ari o u s O rd e rs of O dd Fel th i s i t spread s i ts assess m e n ts o r d ue s fro m

l ows and of Forest ers bei n g v e ste d i n th e ,
d i stricts w he re i n e xcess of requi re m en ts
2 88 U NI T E D B R O T HE R S O F F R I E ND S H I P A N D S IS T E R S O F T HE M Y S T E R I O US T E N

o ve r te rri t o ry wh ere th e pau c i ty of m em Willia m N H azle t on Wallace Jones W H .

, , . .

be rshi p l ea v es th e pay m en ts un de r an aver Lawson Be n j am i n C arter C harles C oat es , ,

-

age or n o t u p to re qui re m en ts
,
W T Lewi s an d C h arle s B Morgan c o l
. . .
, .
,

Th e U ni te d An c i en t O rder was pl an te d i n ore d m en free and sl a v e n earl y all u nder , ,

th e Un ite d S tates at Ne w York ci ty in 1 83 4 age at Loui svi lle K y as a ben e v ol en t , , , .

,

b u t t h e fi rst A m e ri can G ro v e di d n ot l i v e associ ati on to care for th e sick bu ry t he , ,

l ong I t was sh ortly af t e r th e t i m e wh en th e

. dead etc Nearly all were pu pil s i n d ay ,
.

fi rst C ou rt of Fore sters w as in sti t u ted i n o r ni gh t sch ool s and u n de r t h e ad v ice of , ,

th e Uni te d S t ates at Ph il ad elph ia wh ic h ,

th ei r tea c h er W H Gi bson they reo rgan , , . .
,

al so died yo u n g T hi s w as th e period i n . iz ed the so c i e ty i n 1 8 6 8 In 1 8 7 1 th e society .

wh i ch th ere was a n ote wo rth y re vi v al i n h av in g been gradu ally e xten ded th rou gh
i n te res t i n F ree m ason ry an d O dd Fell owsh ip o u t Ke n tu c k y a G ran d Lodge was for m e d , ,

foll ow i ng th e depressi o n i n se cret society an d i n 1 87 5 m e m bersh ip h a v i n g spread to ,

ci rcles after th e an ti M aso ni c agi tation of n ei gh bor in g S tates a Nati o n al G ran d Lod ge
-

1 8 2 7—3 2 I n 1 83 9 George Wash in gton

. was o rgan i zed W H Gi bson the first . . .
,

Lodge No 1 of D rui d s was i n sti tuted at

, .
,
S ta t e G ran d M aster ser v e d fi v e years
,
He , .

Ne w York ci ty an d fro m tha t ti m e t h e ,

was also Nati o n al G rand M aster an d fille d ,

U n i t e d A n cie n t O rde r of D rui ds i n t he th at o fltic e for fou r years di sti n g uishi ng ,

U n i ted S tates gre w spreadi n g fi rst t o t h e h is i n cu m ben cy by es t ablish ing Lodges of

,

nei gh boring S ta t e of Ne w Jersey and th en Uni te d B roth e rs of Fri en dshi p as t h e so

, ,

to Vi rgi ni a I n 1 83 4 a gove rni n g body

. c iet y was then called fro m th e l akes t o ,

was for m e d h old i n g allegi an ce to th e E ng t h e gulf .

l ish Gran d Gro ve called th e G rand Board ,

Te m ples of S i sters of th e Mysteriou s T en ,
’
of D i rectors of the U n i ted An cie n t O rde r the wo m en s au xi li ary w e re establi sh e d by ,

of D rui d s of th e Un i ted S t ates of A m e ri c a th e Nati on al G ran d Lodge at L ou i sville i n .

,

T hi s after ward s be c am e t h e S u pre m e Gro v e 1 87 8 h a v i ng bee n au th ori zed t wo years b e ,

of th e Un i ted S t ates A m on g th e A m eri fore Pri or th ereto th ere h ad been un

. .

can fo un ders in 1 83 9 th e n a m e s of Willi a m au th o ri ze d au xil iary b odi e s o f wo m en

, ,

H Yo u n gs C h arles H ay wood J C hu rch il l

.
,
c all ed S iste rs of Fri en dsh i p
, . Th e U n ited .

an d J a m es Au ger are p ro m i ne n t Th o m as B rothe rs n u m bered about . i n 1 87 8 i n ,

W il dey th e fou n de r of O dd Fello wsh i p i n

,
wh i ch year besi des prepari ng a ri tual an d ,

th e Un i ted S tates j oi n ed th e Un i ted A n ,

d egree wo rk for u se in Te m pl es of S i s t ers of
c ie n t O rde r of D ru id s in April 1 8 4 4 Th e th e Mysteri ou s Ten they organi ze d a branc h
, .
,

app ro xi m ate totals o f m e m be rsh i p of th e of th e orde r kn own as the K n igh ts of

Un i ted An cie n t O rder i n 1 8 9 6 we re as fol Fri endsh i p based o n th e story of D a v id an d ,

l ows I n th e U ni ted S tates Great Jon a t ha n I n 1 8 92 the U n i te d Brothers

,
.

B ri tai n ,
Au stral i a and i n of F ri en dshi p n u m bered
, m e m be rs
Ge r m any m a k i ng th e gran d total
, in n i ne teen S tates an d t wo terri to ries .

Th e re were m e m bers i n Ken tu cky ;

S o m e of the S tate j u ri sdi cti on s pay en a v ery l arge proporti on in Mi ssou ri Te xas ,

d o w m en t benefi ts based on m u tu al assess and Arkan sas ; m any in O hi o Lou isi ana , ,

m en ts Th e O rder h as been m an aged con I o wa Alaba m a Te nn essee Penn syl van i a

.
, , , ,

s erv at iv ely an d wh ile n o t re c ord in g t h e M issi ssippi West Vi rgini a an d Vi rgin i a

, , , ,

ra pi d growth of oth e r si m il ar soci eties i t an d a fai r represen tati on in Ne w Yo rk , ,

h as i n creased i n n u m be rs an d prospe rity M ich i gan Kan sas C olorado Washi ngt o n .
, , , ,

U n i t e d B r o t h e r s o f F r ie n d s h i p a n d Ne w Jersey D i strict of C ol u m bi a Canad a , , ,

S i s t e r s o f t h e M y s t e r i o u s (F e m — O rgan Africa an d t he West In d ies , .

ized Au gu st 1 1 86 1 by Marsh all W Taylo r

, ,The m e m be rsh ip in 1 8 9 7 was practically
.
,
2 90 P A T R I O TIC O R D E R S

T HE P A T R I O TI C A ND P O LITI C A L O R D E R S

P a t rio t i c O r d e r s T h e — Th i s i s t he , . bei n g d i sti n c tly pol i tical as well as patri ,

gen eral ter m b y wh i c h reference is m ade oti c attracted m e m bers fro m all th e patri
,

to patri o ti c and pol iti cal A m eri can secret oti c orde rs of th at ti m e — those pre vi o u sl y
orders or socie ti es Na t i v i s m o p posi t io n
.
, n a m ed as well as oth ers w hi ch appeared b e
,

to the al lege d d esigns of the Ro m an C ath t ween 1 85 0 an d 1 85 4 A m o n g the l atte r were .

oli c hierarc hy on th e publi c s c h o ol syste m th e O rde r of t h e A m eri c an S tar Guard s of ,

i n th e Un i ted S tates A m e ri ca fo r A m er Li be rty Wide A w a k es Tr ue B reth ren

”
, , , ,

ic ans ,
an d l oyal t y to c o u n t ry are o r h ave , Nati ve S on s of A m eric a th e A m e ri can ,

b een ch arac teri s ti c s of m ost of the m

,
. Kn igh ts an d on e c alle d Free an d Accep t e d
,

A fe w h owe v e r h a v e i ncorpo rated be ne

, , A m e ri c an s No ne of th ese gai ned m uc h
.

fi c iary feat ures su ch as death , acci den t , , h e ad way bu t each appeare d i n respon s e
,

si ck and fu n e r al benefi ts A m ong th e . t o the then wi despre ad poli t i cal sen ti m en t

older are the O rd e r of Uni ted A m e rican favori n g th e for m ati on of patrio ti c orde rs .

Mech ani c s Phi l adel ph i a 1 84 5 ; Patri oti c

, , of a se cre t charac ter t o prese r v e u n i m pai red
O rder S on s of A m eri ca
,
Phil adelph i a , , wh at we re or are rega rde d as A m e rican
, ,

1 8 4 6 ; A m eri can Protestan t A sso c i at ion ,

i nstitu ti on s m eth ods an d teach ings H e re
, , .
,

Pi tt sbu rg 1 8 4 9 ; B roth erhood of th e U nion

, , th en were th i r t ee n secre t o rde rs in 1 85 2—5 3
,
‘

Philadel phi a 1 85 0 an d the Jun ior O rder

, , ,
c on tribu ti ng of t heir i n flu en ce an d m em

U ni ted A m e ri c an Me chani cs Ph i ladel phi a , ,

h e rsh ip t o th e one gre at politi c al se c re t
1 85 3 . Th e ol dest i n th is c l ass — th at asso soci et y of th at period th e Kn ow N oth in g ,

elated wi th t he n ati v e A m e ri can po party O f th e fou rteen n ine are dead

.
, ,

lit ic al st ru ggl e abou t th e m i ddle of th e eigh t h av in g gone d o wn wi t h th e Kn o w

cen t u ry — th e O rder of Un ited A m e ri cans ,
No th ing par t y i tself The su rv i vors are .

was fo u n de d at Ne w Yo r k ci ty i n 1 84 4 and th e five fi rst m en t i o n ed It was n ot u n t i l .

m ain tai n ed a n o m i nal e xi stence u nti l w i th i n after t he peri od of re c on s t ru c ti on follo w ,

a fe w years I t carrie d m arks of th e infl u

. ing t he C i vil Wa r t hat th e sec re t patrio t i c
,

en c e of the Re d Me n poli ti c al se c ret so c i e orders again b egan t o secure an i ncrease of

t ies of th e earlie r par t of th is an d t he lat ter m e m be rsh ip an d a revi v al of i nterest Be .

porti on of th e l as t cen t ury I t was d ue to . tween 1 87 2, i n wh ich year t h e O rder o f

m e m be rs of th i s O r d e r th at th e stru ggli ng Nati v e A m eri c an s was f ounde d and i n 1 8 95 , ,

babe of K n o w Nothingi s m was n ou ri she d wh en the O rder of the Li t t le Red S c h ool

u nti l i t be c a m e a v igo rou s you th Whe the r . H ouse a ppeared th ere we re establi sh ed i n
, ,

t h e real n a m e of th e K n ow Nothi n g party al l

,
th irteen patri otic or d ers They are .
,

was th e S upre m e O rd er of S on s of 7 6 the ’

,
with dates : O rder of the A m eri can Un i on ,

O rder of th e S t ar S p an gled B an n er o r the ,

1 8 7 3 ; C res c en ts 1 8 7 5 ; Te m pl ars of Liberty
, ,

O rde r of Uncle S am h as n ot so far as , ,

1 8 8 1 ; Pat rioti c Leagu e of th e Re vol uti on ,

k no w n been fi n ally d e t e r m i ned bu t t hose

, 1 8 8 2 ; O rder of A m e ri can Free m en 1 884 ; ,

t itles h ave bee n id entifi ed wi th th a t organ i Na t i on al O rder of Vi dettes 1 8 86 ; A m e rican ,

z a t io n by v ario us wri te rs an d by oth e rs wh o Protect i ve Associ ati on

par ti c i pated i n th e poli t i c al c a m pai gn s of th e A m eri can Patriot Leagu e ; Loyal Wo m en
1 8 5 4 an d 1 8 5 6 The Kn o w Noth in g party
. of A m e rican Li be rty and t h e O rde r of t h e ,
 1 764

ou
-
S ec ret .

K no w N th ing P ty 1 85 14 34
-
o ar . .

w ll
'

It s ad ll
owe t a sec re
ti
a A m ri
ve p i
e can fi art es o t s t ime ]

i
T h ese S oc iet es are o r w ere ,

U m m o r Jr 0
,

of 0
t
. . . . .

U A
. . M paren age
. .

A . P A
. .

FA MILY T R E E O F LE A DIN G PA T R I O T I C A N D PO L I T I C A L S E C R E T S O C IE T I E S IN T HE
U N I T E D S T A T E S F R O M 1 7 64 T O D A T E .
2 92 A ME R IC A N B R O T HE R H O O D

Red Whi te and Bl ue in 1 888 and the L oyal

,
L W il son an d oth e rs of Bal ti m ore M d
,
.
, .
,

Men of A m eri c an Li berty i n 1 89 0 More an d of Washi ngton D C at Bal ti m ore i n

, . . .
, ,

th an on e hal f of t h e o rders i n th is list are

-
1 8 94 as a m u tual assess m en t ben efi c i ar y , , ,

exti n ct or h ave on l y a n o m i n al e xisten ce

,
patri oti c and t o an e xtent pol iti c al secret .
, , ,

T h e Kni gh ts of Re c i procity 1 8 90 ; I n dian

. so c iet y S e veral of the ori gi nal m e m bers
, .

Repu bl i c an League 1 89 3 ;A m eri c an Kni gh ts were o r had been afii liat ed wit h th e Jun i or
,

of Protecti on 1 894 ; Pat riots of A m e ri c a

,
O rder of U ni ted A m er ican Mech a n i c s an d
(si l ver propagan di sts ) 1 8 9 5 an d th e S il o ther pat rioti c orders the K ni gh ts o f
, , ,

v e r Kn igh ts of A m erica are to be cl assed as P yth ias S hi el d of H on o r Kn igh ts o f t h e , ,

pol i t ic al rath er than patri oti c orders i n Gol den C hai n and th e Nati on al Uni on , , .

wh ich gro up sh o ul d al so be place d the S on s It sou gh t to suppl e m e n t th e w ork of the

of Libe rty 1 7 6 5 ; S on s of S t Ta m ina
,
ol der patri oti c orders by i n c lu di n g t h e
.
,

1 7 7 1 ; th e pol i tical soci et y of Re d Me n

.
econ o m i c poli c y of p rote c t i on a m ong th e
fou nd ed in 1 81 3 an d th e K n o w Nothi n g pri n ciples t o wh ic h i t s m em bers ga v e ad
,

. h eren c e
party of 1 8 5 1 —5 4 Th e re i s n o relati on sh i p Th i s i s sh own i n i t s pre l i m i nary .

bet ween any of these patrio t ic an d pol i ti c al

se c ret orders and th e m ili t ar y orders wh i c h
o bl igat io n s fo r can di d ates for m e m bersh i p
w h i ch requ i res approval of th e practi cal “ ,

ha v e a ri tu al an d o t her characte ri s t ics ofen forc e m en t of t h e d oc t rin e of pro t e c tion

secret so c i eties for m e d al m ost exclusi vely to A m e ri c an in t eres t s th ro ugh tari ff legi s ,

to perpetu ate associ ati o n s an d frien dsh i ps lati on rest ri ction of forei gn i m m i grati on , ,

for m ed d uring the War of the Rebelli on an d re c iproci t y an d of t h e pu rposes of th e .

,

The se in tu rn sh oul d n ot be c onf ou n ded

, ,
O rd er t o support pu rel y A m e ri can prin c i
-
ple s wi th ou t se c tionali s m or se c tari an i s m
w ith v ari ou s non s e cret m i litary o r an c estral ,

patri otic orde rs fou nded on blood relation to pro te ct th e pu bl ic sch ool syste m de ,

sh i p to t hose wh o parti ci pate d i n A m eri canfend t h e sanc t ity o f the righ t of f ran ch i se
wars pri or to th e c i v il c on flict or rel a by al l possi ble m ean s and to rev i ve an d
, ,

t io n s hip to c i v ili an s who e m i grated h erest rength en t h e spi ri t of Am eri can patr i ot
w h il e th e Repu bl i c was yo ung an d a t v ari is m
” Ben efi c iar y m e m bershi p i s op t i o n al
, .
,

ou s peri od s pri o r th e re to Th e con tin u ous and both b l ac k an d white m ay be c o m e ei ther

.

ch ai n of patrioti c an d pol it ical se c re t soci e

so c i al o r benefici ar y m e m be rs Th e c h ief .

ties w hi ch m ark s th e h i stor y o f t h e A m eri

e m bl e m of th e o rde r 18 an eagle stand in g
c an pe ople fo r one h u n d red an d thi rty th reeo n a pede stal represen ti n g protecti on pa
-
,
,

years i s d e scri bed at len gt h un der th e titlest ri o l i s m and p rospe rit y u pon wh i c h i s , , ,

S ons of Li bert y an d O r der of U n i te d

h un g t h e A m e ri c an fl ag T h e ri t ual i s sai d
,
.

A m erican Mech anics n ot t o h ave been based upon an y th i ng

.

A m e r i c a n B r o t h e rh o o d k n ow n i n the oth er se c ret o rgan i z at io n s of

O rgan i zed .

as a n ati ve A m eri can secre t so c iet y at Ne w w h i c h t h e fo u n ders we re m e m be rs .

Yor k c i ty 1 84 4 Afterwa rd s called O rder

,
. A m e r i c a n O r d e r o f U n i t e d C at h o l i c s .

of Un ite d A m erican s N o w i nacti ve (S ee — O rgani ze d at Ne w York ci ty i n Jan u a ry

. .

1 8 96 b y m e m
, ,

O rde r Un i ted A m eri c a n s ) bers of t h e Ro m an Cath ol ic

.
,

A m e r i c a n K n ig h t m — O ne of the m any
n ati v e A m erican sec re t societies w hi c h ap
Ch u rch to re s i st th e A m eri c an Prote ctive
”
Asso c ia t i on or A P A m ove m en t I t
,

,
“
. . . .

peared bet ween 1 8 5 0 an d 1 85 6 an d fi n al ly was expe c t ed b y i ts fou n de rs th at t h e n ew

beca m e absorbed by th e Kn ow Nothin g orde r w o ul cl de m an d assu ran ces fro m l o c al ,

m o v e m en t . S t ate and n ati o n al cand id ates fo r pu bl i c

Li t t le i s k no wn of i t to da v -

e xcept t h at it e xisted offi c e th at t h ey oppose or di s appro ve of

.

A m e r ic a n K n ig h t s o f P ro t e c t i o n t h e A m e ri c an Pro te c t i ve Associ ation .or ,

Th is organ ization was fo unded b v C h arle s auv oth e r socie t y w hich seek s to discri m inate
294 A ME R I C A N P R O T E C T I VE A S S O C IA T I O N

probably m ore than i t was rela h alf centu ry ol d pa t rioti c orders agai n re
- -

t iv ely a le ss poten t pol i ti c al fa c tor than the s ul t ed i n th e sp rin gi ng u p of a grou p of

Kn ow Noth i n organization i n 1 8 5 6 wi th
g si m ilar so c ieties * wh ich afte r the fou nd ing , ,

nearly m e m bers
“
It h as been sai d
. of the A m eri c an Prote c ti ve Associati on i n ,

o f th e lat t e r th at i t

g an i
was th e greatest o r
z at io n— greatest i n the so c ial s t and in g
1 88 7 j oined with the paren t o rd ers i n rally
,

i ng to t h e support of t h e A P A ” In “ . . .

and abi li t y of i ts leade rs as wel l as i n th e,

m ost i nstan c es t h ey l ost th ei r id en t ity i n th e
nu m ber of i ts m e m bers and i ts i n fluence on latte r al th ough wi th fe w e x c epti on s c lai m
,

poli ti c s— o f all the parties o f i ts c lass wh i c h i ng n o m i nall y a con t i n u ou s exi stence A

”
.

the c ou ntry h as k no wn . the fou r or fi ve earlier patri oti c orde rs we re

The Kn ow No th i ng party be tween 1 85 2 to th e Kno w Noth i ng par t y of fifty years
an d 1 85 5 d re w with i n i tsel f practi c ally th e
a c ti ve m e m bersh i p of th e O rde r of t h e
ago so pra c ti c ally are th ose i de ntical orde rs
n
,

a d t hei r o ff spring to the A P A ” “ . . .

A m eri c an Un io n fou nded i n 1 844 t h e

, . m o v e m en t of th e past de c ade .

O rder of Uni ted A m e ri c an Me c h an i c s I n astate m en t p ubl i she d i n th e S t Loui s

”
.
,

1 8 4 5 the Un i ted S on s of A m e rica 1 8 4 6

, , ,
Globe D e m o c rat D e c e m ber 1 6 1 8 0 L , ,
-

th e A m eri c an Protestan t Asso c i ation 1 84 9 , ,

M r W J H T rayno r as Presi dent of th e
. . . .
,

t h e B ro t h e rh ood of the Un ion and a num ,

A m e ri c an Pro tecti ve Asso c iation stated i n ,

ber of s m aller si m il ar so c ie t ies wh i c h d i d substan c e as follows respe c ting its ori gi n

not su rvi ve a m al gam ati on such as the ,
an d ai m s : Th e A m e ri c an Prote c ti v e Asso c i
Gu ards of Libe rty Nati ve S ons of Am e ri c a ation was fou n d e d by a h andful of p atri
”
, ,

A m eri c an Knigh ts Tru e B re th ren t h e O r

, ,
oti c well i nfor m ed A m eri c ans
,
-
wh o p ro ,

d er of Free an d A c c epte d A m eri c an s the ,

m ul gated th e c on s t it u t ion of the so c ie t y at
Wi de Awakes * an d th e O rder of th e A m eri
,
Cli nton Ia on Marc h 1 3 1 88 7 B ri efly
,
.
, ,
.

c an S tar . Th e Un ited S on s of A m eri c a dis stated th e obj ec t of th e organ i zatio n i s to

,

appeared wi t h the A m eri c an party whe n the c o un tera c t th e alleged e fforts of rep resen ta

C iv il War bro k e ou t bu t w as rev i ved as the t iv es i n th e Uni ted S t ates of the papal go v
Patrioti c O rder S ons of A m eri c a i n 1 8 74 by
the Juni or S on s of A m eri c a an auxiliary of “
ernm en t i n Ro m e to do m i nate pol i t ic s h ere

wi th the spi ri t of ec c lesiasti c is m look ing

”
,

the U ni ted S on s so th at the K n ow Noth

,
to un i on of c h u rc h and sta t e As e v i .

ing part y was in reali ty t h e ou t c o m e of a

pol i tical fu si ng of th e pri n c iples u nderly
den c e of th e n e c essi t y for such an o rgan iza
tion th ere are spe c i fied m any approp ria “
in g the patri oti c o rders n am ed fou nded b e ,
tion s to c h u r c h i nsti t uti on s ; th e segre
twee n 1 84 3 and 1 85 3 Wi th t h e b reak i n g
.
gat io n of th e subj e c ts of th e Pope i n
ou t of th e C i vil War th e O rder of United
,

A m eri can s t h eO rders of Uni ted A m e ri c an

,
nearl y all ou r l arge ci ties (tend in g as de
c l ared to ren der , th e electio n of a no n “ ,

Me c hani c s S enior and J u nior t h e B roth e r

,

h ood o f th e Un i on th e A m e ri c a n Protestan t
,
papi st an ex c eption ) an d the fact as
s ta t e d th at fro m 6 0 to 00 pe r cen t of the
,
“ ,

.
,

Asso c iatio n and th e Ju nior S on s of A m e ri c a

agai n be c a m e th e sole c onservators of wh at “
publ ic o ffi c ehold ers an d e m pl o y és
followers of th e Pope ”
w e re
Th i s th e Presi .
,

they stoo d fo r i n publi c affai rs fro m 1 84 4 to d en t o f t h e A m e ri c an Prote c ti ve Associ ation

1 86 0 . E vid en tl y an oth e r generation w as

A m eri c ans O rder o f t h e A m er i c an U n i o n “

to illu strate th e ad age that h istory repeats T h e b es t
k no wn o f th ese are t h e O rder o f N ati ve
i tself for betwee n 1 8 70 and 1 8 9 7 asso c iati on T he ,

C resc ent s T e m pl ars o f L i b ert P at ri o ti c Leag u e y

wi th and th e e xa m ple an d o utgivi ngs of the , ,

o f t h e Rev o lut i o n O rd er o f A m er i c an F ree m en , ,

Thi s na m e w as rev i ved b y m an y o f t h e uni N ati o nal O rd er o f Vi d ett es A m eri c an Pat ri o t ,

fo rm ed o rga ni z at i o ns ia t h e Repu b l i c an po l iti c al Leagu e L o y al l ien o f A m eri c a n L i b ert y a nd O rd er

,

pro c ess i o n s in t h e c a m pai gns o f 1 86 0 a nd 1 86 4 o f t h e L ittl e R ed S c h o o l H o u se

. .
 A ME R I C A N P R O T E C T IV E A S S O C IA T I O N No
c 0
) !

a d ded coul d not be attri bu ted to acci de n t

,
C h u rch H is story as o rigi nal ly pri n t e d
.
, IS

o r e xplai ne d o n th e gro u nd of superior fi t as foll o ws

ness fo r h e states the fa c t was notori
, , ,
T he iti on o f aff airs in thi s c o u nt ry in 1 887
c o nd
o u s th at th e m ost i ll i t e rate of govern m e n t
,

and up t o th a t ti m e w as s u c h th a t t h e i n s ti tuti o n

“
.

e m ployé s were subj ects of th e pa o f o ur G o ver n m en t were c o n t ro ll ed a nd t h e pat ro n

pac y ” an d that wh ere papi sts h e ld th e age w as d o l ed o ut b y an ec c l es i a s ti c al el e m en t

”
,

rei ns of go vernm en t the greatest c orrup u nd er t h e d i rec ti o n and h eav y h and o f a fo rei g n
ec c l es i as ti c al po t en t a t e T hi s po w er b ec am e s o
tio n e xi sted .
.

i nfl u ent i al th at it s t o o d as a u n it in m an y pl ac es
T h e obj e c ts of th e Associatio n as an
aga i ns t t h e i n s tit uti o n s o f t h e c o u n t r T h ro u g h
,
y .

n o un c ed at Clin ton are sai d to h a v e been , t h e Leg i s l a tu re o f M a ryl a n d at o ne ti m e i t d es t ro yed

m odi fied o nly sl ightly si nce th e m ee t ing t h e pu b l i c s c h o o l s y s t em o f th at S t at e S eei ng .

i n 1 88 7 They are su m m arized as follows :

. th es e th i ng s I felt th at it w as nec essarv th at so m e
,

Pe rpe tu al separat io n of ch u rch and state ; th i ng s h o ul d b e do ne Gath eri ng ro u nd m e .

m en w h o h ad t h e c o u rage o f th e i r c o nv i c ti o ns w e
u nd i vi ded fe al ty to th e Repu bli c ; ac k no wl .

m et in m y o ffi c e in C l i nt o n o n M a rc h 1 5 1 88 7 a nd
edgm en t of the ri gh t of the S t ate to de ter
, ,

l a i d t h e fo u ndati o n o f t h e O rder T h a t s a m e da v .

m i ne th e scope of i ts own j urisd i c ti on ; w e f o r m ul a t ed t h e r itu a li s ti c wo r k and ado pt ed a

m ain te n ance of a free n on sectarian syste m ,
-

c o ns tituti o n T h e c hi ef i dea w e h ad in v i ew in t h e
.

o f e ducation ; p roh ibi tion of any gove rn c o ns tituti o n w as thi s th at w e h ad no ri g ht u nder

,

t h e c o n s tituti o n of th i s c o u n t ry t o o ppo s e a u v
m e nt g rant or special pri vi lege to any sec
rel i g i o u s b o d y o n ac c o u n t o f it s d o g m ati c v i ews
tarian body wh ate v er ; pu ri fi c a t i on of th e ,

fa ith et c b ut w e d id b eli ev e w e h ad a ri ght t o

.

ballot ; establi sh m ent of a franch ise w i th

,

O ppo s e i t w h en it b ec a m e a great
po liti c a l fac t o r .

an ed uc ation al qual i fi c ation ; te m porar y sus W e b el i ev ed th en a nd w e b el i eve no w th at ev ery

pen si on o f i m m igrati on i ts resu m ption to ,
m an in thi s c o u n t r y h as a r i g ht t o wo rs h i p Go d
a c c o rd i n
be based o n gu arantees of e xtended residence g t o t h e d i c t at es o f h is c o n s c i enc e b u t w e ,

d id n o t b el i eve th at t h e c n s tituti o n i nt en d ed t o o
in the c o u n try w ith an added ed u c ational
,
c o n e v t h e r i ht t o an y s et o f m en t o c o n t ro l a nd
v
g
q ual i ficati on ; e qu al taxation of al l e x c ep t m a n i pul at e t h e po l iti c al a ff a i rs o f thi c o u n t ry t o s
p ubli c p roperty ;proh ibi t ion of c on vi c t l abo r , t h e agg rand i z em ent o f a ny ec c l es i as ti c al po wer .

and th e su bj e c tion to pu bli c i n spe c tion of

all priv ate i n stituti on s wh e re persons of Mr B o wers sai d th at of the seve n m en
.

e ithe r se x are secl uded w ith or again st th ei r ,

wh o o rgani ze d th e fi rs t Co u n c i l th ree we re
con sen t Th e Preside n t of t h e Asso c iatio n
. Repu bl i c an s two D e m ocrats o ne Populis t
, , ,

decl ares th at i nstead of d esi ri ng or trying an d o ne P roh ibi t ioni st I n a rel igiou s w av
”
.

to bri ng rel igi o n i n to poli tics the obj ect ,

t h ev we re d i vided as follo ws : O ne Me t h o
of th e society i s to k eep reli gio n an d p ol iti c s d i st one Bap t ist o ne Presb y teri an o ne
. , ,

wh ic h “
apart ; no t t o recognize o r c on de m n rel igion
i s a pe rsonal m atter between t h e
,
C ongregational i st one Lu th e ran an d one of
n o reli gi on
,

”
.

“
i nd i vi dual an d h i s God b ut to d e m an d
t h at the i nd i v i du al shall k n ow whe re h is
,
Mr B owe rs was ele c t e d th e fi rs t S u pre m e
.

Preside n t a nd h el d that o ffi ce u ntil 1 8 93

, ,

al legiance to th e S tate en ds an d h is trib ute when W J H Tray nor su c c eed ed h im

. . . .

to God begins Appl i c atio n of th i s i s

.

fo u nd i n the followin g : I f papists a c c ep t “ Th e i nflu ence of th e l atte r a t th e pe riod of

th e o rganization s greatest poli ti c al ac t iv it v’

th ei r pol i ti c s wi th th ei r m oral s fro m an was su c h th at i t is of i nterest to k n ow

alien th ey m ust n ot be su rprise d i f thei r
, so m eth i n g of th e m an H e i s a C anad ian .

n on papi st fell o w c itize n s d istru st th e i r pu r by bi rth h a vin g been born at Brantford

”
- -

poses n o m atter h o w pu re th ei r m o ti ves

,
. J uly 4 1 84 5 H i s fath er was a c on tracto r
. .

The fou nde r of the A m eri c an Pro teo and m et w ith re ve rses whi c h c u rtailed the
ti ve Asso c i ati o n i s H F B owe rs attorne y . .
, ,
so n s oppo rt uni ties fo r e du c ati on
’
Bu t .

C li nton Ia a m e m be r of th e Me th odi st
,
.
,
youn g Trayno r pe rsis ted in h i s stud ies and .
2 96 A ME R IC A N PR O T E C T I VE A S S O C IA T IO N

after a lon g struggle be c a m e propri etor of

. both pol i t i c al parties to its stand ard ye t ,

o ne or m ore Am eri c an ne wspaper proper i ts su c c ess i n recru iti ng m e m bers h as been

ties Hi s residence h as long been at D e re m arkable W heth e r i t i s d ue i n part t o
’

. .

t ro it M ich, H i s se c re t so c iet v affi l iati on s

. ce rtai n trac ts or l eaflets wh i c h bear i ts
h ave bee n as fairly consi sten t as n u m e rous
He j oi ned t he In d epen den t O rd e r of Good
. i m p ri n t m ust be c onj ectu red
these gi ves the causes
O ne of
wh i c h l ed to th e “ .

Te m plars whe n a b o v and t h e Lo y al O range ”

upri si ng (th e for m ati on of the A sso c i a
Ins t i t ution at the age of seven teen where
he attained th e S c arlet degree wi th in a year
,

.
ti on ) as follows : t h e Ro m an Ca t h oli c attack
on th e publi c s c h ool s ; t he at t e m p ted for “
H is ran k i n the O range In sti t u tion i s h igh
w i th m e m bershi p i n th e A m e ri c an O range
,
eig niz in g of w hole c o m m un i ties i n l an
guage and reli gion by Ro m i sh priests ; “
Kn ights the Royal Black Kn igh ts of the
, th e re m ar k able i ncrease i n u ntaxed c h urc h
Ca m p of Israel and i n the Ill u s t rio u s O r , property ; th e Je suit control of t h e go v ‘

de r of Knigh ts of Malta A m ong th e l ater . ernm ent at Wash ington ; the de c l aration
c rop of A m eri c an patri oti c ord ers in add i

ti on t o the A P
"

b e i s or was c o n . .
, of th e Pope th at the Un i ted S tates i s h is
one brigh t h ope for th e future ; th e fre “
nec t ed wi th the O rder of th e A m e ri c an quen t dese c ration of t h e A m eri c an flag by
U nion th e C res c en ts and th e A m eri c an
, , priests ” an d the
,
brag an d bl uster of
Pa t ri ot League i n ad dition to wh i c h he i s a , Ro m ish orators an d n ewspapers th at A m eri
m e m be r of th e A m e ri c an Prote s t an t Asso c an s are cowards an d th at all th e goo d .

c iat io n wh i c h c lai m s a c on tin u ou s existen c e wh ich e ve r cam e to thi s c oun try h as c o m e

fro m Ro m anists ” The n foll ows wh at ap
,

of m ore th an fi ft y fi v e years A m on g t h e -
. .

fra t ernal b enefi c iary orders M r Traynor i s 7

, . p ear to be q uo tation s fro m Ca t h ol i c n ews
reported to be c on ne c t e d wi th the Mac c a papers and oth e r auth orities fro m the Pope
bees th e Nati onal Un ion an d th e Royal , d own appare n tly sh owi ng th at th e Ro m an
,

A rc an u m . C ath ol ic C h u rch and its represen tati ves

Tha t se n t i m en ts c o m m on to O range m e n pl ac e c i vil au th ority bel o w th at of th e
and so m e o t h er Pro t es t an ts h ave m u c h t o
do with i nflu en c ing th ose iden tifie d wi t h
C h u rch wh e re the t w o m ay be i n c on fli c t
and at t a c k t h e publi c s c h ool s as sink s of “ ,

the Asso c ia t ion is show n by th e poi nt of m oral pollu tio n

” The con c l ud i ng argu .

vie w ta k e n by S upre m e Vi c e Presid en t H -

. m ent against the Ro m an C ath oli c ci ti ze n i s
H Jac k so n at A tlan ta No ve m be r 1 8 1 8 9 5
.
, , , as fol low s
wh o was q uoted i n th e newspapers as fol In t he Ci v il W ar (i n s ti gat ed b y t h e Ro m an
l o ws : H i erarc h ) t h e o ffi c i al rec o rd s s h o w th at t h e wh o l e
y

N oth at I h ave anv w ar t o m ak e u po n t h e Ir i sh

t
n u m b er eng ag ed was N ati v es o f t h e
U n i ted S t at es 1 7 ; d esert ed 5 per c ent (45
b ut if t h e Po pe were t o i n t erfere w ith t h e wo r ki ng , .

o f A m er i c a n pl an s t h e Ir i s h w o ul d d esert j u s t as 80 per c ent o f th es e w ere R o m an C ath o l i c s )

. Ger m a ns . ,

,
d es rt ed 1 0 per c en t
e Iri s h
per c en t o f th em did d u r i ng t h e w a r L o o k a t t h e
. ,
.
. .

d es ert ed 7 2 per c en t or B riti s h

ri t s in t h e E ast ern c iti es Th at is w h y I h at e t o
o .
.
, ,

des ert ed per c en t O th er fo rei g ners

s ee C a th o li c s h o l d i ng o ffi c e in t h e Uni t ed S t at es
l .
,
.

d es ert ed 7 per c en t
S u ppo se w e were t o h ave a war and t h e P o pe were
.

t o i n t erfere why t h e C a th o li c s c o ul d r ui n nd a
, ,
I n April 1 8 9 6 th e Presiden t of th e Asso ,
wrec k us in o ne h o u r W h at t h e Po pe say s i s
c iat io n th en a t S avannah was quoted as
.

s u pr m e and t h ev w o ul d tu rn ag ai n s t us i f th ey
, ,
e ,

w ere o rd ered t o
The e xposi t ion s of th e pu rposes of th e
.
saying :
If Mc K inl ey s h o ul d b e no m i nat ed h e wo ul d b e
d efeat ed a t t h e po ll s in N o vem b er b y t h e A P A . . .

A ssociation i n th e pu bli c pri n ts have n o t

.

T h e re a re no rec o rd s o f t h e n ati o n al iti es o f t h e

appeare d to be su c h as w ou ld be l i k e l y to m en w h o enl i s ted in t h e C i v i l W a r and no ne o f th e .

attra c t h u ndred s of th ousand s of v ote rs of n ati o n al iti es o f t h e m en w h o desert ed . .

298 A ME R IC A N P R O T E S T A NT A S S O C IA T I O N

si xtee nth am en d m ent ”de c laring th at n o ,

u pre m e C o un c il at M ilwaukee May 1 2 S , ,

one not a c i tize n sh ould be gran t ed the righ t 1 895 actio n was ta k e n to o rgani ze boys an d ,

to vote and th at al l e xcept p ublic p roperty girl s b et ween the ages of fourteen an d twe nty
,

sh ould be subj ect to e qual taxation In one th rou gh ou t th e U ni ted S tates an d Can .

con c l usion a c o m m ittee was appointed to ad a as a Ju ni or A m erican Prote c ti v e Asso

attend the n ati on al c on v e ntion s of pol i ti c iat io n C ou n c ils of th e Asso c iation for .

c al partie s i n 1 8 96 to i n d uce th e m to i n c or
,
po rat e these pri n c i pl e s i n th ei r platfor m s
n egro m e m bers were o rgan i zed at the S o ut h
i n 1 8 9 5 an d 1 896 bu t at the No r t h m em
, ,

an d fro m th at m o v e m e nt w as born th e bers were recei v ed i nto m an y C oun ci l C ha m

A m e ri c an Protecti v e Asso c iati on poli tical bers i rrespe c ti v e of the c olor of the appli
m anifestation of 1 896 The resul t w as a c ant The w o m e n s au xi liary to the A m er
. .
’

d isappoi nt m e n t to the patrioti c orders fo r i c an Prote c ti ve Association i n i m itatio n of

, ,

the i nj e c tion of th e sou n d m oney i ssue i n t o the D au gh te rs of Libe rty attach ed to t h e

th e presidential c a m paign of 1 896 an d i ts O rde r of U n i ted A m e ri c an Me c h an i c s and
,

bi tter antagon is m by th e bi m etal lists and oth e r si m ilar organi zati on s is k nown as th e ,

those who fa v ore d the free and u nl i m i ted Wo m e n s H istori c al S o c i ety I ts special ’
.

coinage of sil v e r at the ratio of 1 6 to 1 wi th i nterest i n A m eri c an h i story i s natu ral ly

gold d ro v e m uch th at the
,
A P A ” al ong th e l i nes i ndi c ated by a fa m il iari ty
. . .

stoo d for ou t of sigh t and m i nd It re wi th l ead i ng patri oti c orders thei r ai m s

.
,

m ain s to be seen wheth er the ch e c k gi v e n an d careers D isse nsi on i n the Ill i nois .

i n 1 89 6 to the ad van c i ng wa v e of wh at th e branch of the A m e rican Protective Associ

patrioti c orders re presen t i s to resul t i n i ts ation in February 1 89 5 res ulted in a sec es , ,

run n in g o ut i nto th e sea of te m porary po sio n and t h e for m at ion of a si m ilar so c i e ty

lit ic al obl i v io n o r n ot Wh ate v e r the fate u nd e r th e n am e of th e Natio n al Asse m bly
.

of the A P . . the pol i ti c al weapo n of Patrioti c League whi ch w as speed ily i n c or ,

the ol de r and later patriotic o rd ers th ose po rat ed bu t i s n ot k n own t o h a v e su rv i ved

, .

se c re t n u rserie s of opi n ion whi c h ga v e i t l i fe A m e ri c a n P r o t e s t a n t A s s o c iat i o n .

and stre ngth stil l re m ain wi th a l arge r The old est A m erican exc l usivbly an ti R o
, ,
-

m e m be rsh i p an d greate r a c ti v ity th an b e

.
m an C ath ol i c se c ret so c ie ty a p roto type of
fore (S ee S on s of Liberty S on s of S t and th e origi nal A P A ,
” . or A m eri c an “ . .
,

Ta m i na S o c iety of Re d Men O rd er of Prote c ti v e Asso c i ation I t was foun ded at

, , .

Uni te d A m e ri c an Mech anics an d th e Kn o w Pittsb u rg P a wi th fi ve degrees wh i c h

, , .
, , ,

Noth ing party ) . i n c onnection wi th the personn el of i ts

Th e Association h as spread to th e D o earlie r m e m bersh ip poi nt to O range sym ,

m i n ion of C anada Me xi c o and to th e pat h ies Accoun ts of i ts o rigi n d o n ot ag ree

, , .

Un i te d Kingd o m A c ross th e borde r i t h as as to th e e xa c t year i n wh i c h i t w as estab

.

wor k ed i n h ar m ony wi th th e O range m en lish ed so m e placin g i t i n 1 844 an d others as , , ,

an d i s sai d to h a v e c ontrol led ele c tion s i n l ate as 1 85 0 I t i s p robable th at A m e ri c an .

chief c i ties of th e D o m i ni o n i n 1 8 94 an d Pro testant asso c iatio ns e xi sted as l ong ago

1 89 5 . Not m u c h i s heard of i t i n E ngl an d as t h e earlier d ate n a m ed bu t it i s al so ,

asid e fro m th e e m phasis i t m ay gi ve O range p robable th at the A m e rican Protestant As

l odge de m onstrati ons In Mexi c o as th e so c i ation was fou nde d in 1 84 9 be c au se th e
.

C on stituti onal Refo r m Club i ts e ff o rts are

,

fo rty fifth ann ual co n v en ti o n

,
“ of the -
,

m ai nly to c o m bat th e gro w in g power and Pen n sylv an i a S tate Lodge was h el d at i ts
p restige of th e C ath ol ic c l e rgy and defen d n atal c i ty i n 1 89 5 A for m e r ch ief exec u
”
.

t h e p ubl ic sch ools Th i s bran c h was o r ti v e of th e Asso c i ation states :

.

ga niz ed at the Ci ty of Me xi co S epte m ber 8 T h e A m er i c an Pro t es t an t A s so c i ati o n w as o r

, ,

1 8 05 . At th e c l ose of t h e sessi on of th e gan ized D ec em b er 1 9 1 84 9 O n J a nu ary 9 185 0 ,

.
, ,
 A NC I E N T O R D E R O F L O YA L A ME R IC A NS 2 99

“
th ey m et in Un i o n H al l F i fth and S m i th co rner of as m os t of the m e m bers of t h e sam e so c ieties
”
.

fi eld S t ree t s P itt s b u rg a nd el ec t ed G ra n d L o d ge

, ,
we re engu l fed i n the w ave of A P A . . .

o ffi c ers W ill i am S h anno n b ei ng t h e fi rs t Grand

is m A m eri c an Prote c ti v e Associ ation forty
,

M as t er A t a m eeti ng h el d D ec em b er 5 1 85 0
.
, ,
, ,

o v er tu res w ere r ec ei v ed fro m t h e Pro t es t an t B en ev

fiv e years l ate r Li k e th e oth er so c i eties
.

o l en t As s o c i ati o n o f N ew Y o rk t o s en d d el e at es m en tioned al so th e A m e rican Protestant

g , ,

t o a m eeti ng o f th a t so c i et y h el d in th at c it y ; t h e Asso c i atio n su rvi ved th e C i v il War bu t ,

res ul t w as a u ni o n o f t h e b o d i es u nder t h e nam e work s al o ng the li nes of a pu rely A m erican

o f Pro t es t an t A ss o c i ati o n t h e wo rd A m er i c an b e
O ran ge asso c i ati on
.
,
.

ing s u b s equ en tl y prefi x ed D av i d S teen W ill i am

U nli k e m ost of its c o m pani on s i n its
.
,

S h anno n S a m u el A Lo ng and Geo rg e T ayl o r were

, .
,

a m o n g t h e o rg an i z ers I do no t k no w th a t an y o f
.
an tago n i s m to Ro m an C ath oli c pro m ine nce
th em are a li ve It w as no t t h e O range I ns tituti o n
.
i n A m e ri c an p ubl i c life th e A m e rica n Prot ,

a nd th ere is n o a f fi l i ati o n b et ween th em T h ere i s .

es t an t Asso c iati o n h as suff ere d fro m sch i s m
n o th i n g o n rec o r d as t o w h a t w as t h e c au s e fo r
and secession O ne bran c h for m ed i n 1 87 8
.
, ,
f o r m i ng t h e A P A b ut I h av e a l way s u n d er
. . .
,
c l ai m in g th e n am e of the pare n t organi za
s t o o d th a t at th a t ti m e th ere w as no Pr o t es t a n t

s o c i et y t o w hi c h c i ti z ens o f fo rei g n b i r th c o ul d b e
tion m ad e u p l argely probably e xcl u
, ,

a d m itt ed th a t h ad fo r it s f u nd a m en t a l pr i nc i l es
s iv ely of c ol ored m en i s sti ll i n existen c e
p , .

t h e m ai nt en anc e o f c i v i l a nd reli g i o u s li b ert y and ,

At th e m ee t ing of th e Righ t Wo rth y G ran d
t h e m a i n t enan c e o f t h e B i b l e in o ur pu b l i c sc h o o l s ; Lodge of th e m oth e r associ ation i n 1 884 i t
h enc e t h e A P . t o w hi c h all Pro t es t ant s o f
.

was o rde re d th at two of the five d egrees

g o o d m o ral c h arac t er m ay b e ad m itt ed
sh oul d the reafter be o m i tted As thi rtee n
.

The Associati o n c o nti nu es to th i s d ay an d lodges refused to confor m to t h e orde r the ,

i s stro ngly an ti Ro m an Cath ol i c I ts to tal

-

. G rand Lod ge w ith d re w th ei r c h arters an d

m e m bersh i p i s pl a c ed at ove r of e xpelled the i r m e m bers wh ereupon th e l at ,

whi ch are cred i ted to Pe n nsyl vani a te r h el d a con v entio n an d fo r m e d a si m ilar

‘

al one S u bordi nate l odges are gove rned by

. so c iety u n de r th e ti tl e O rde r of A m eri c an
S tate Lodges an d the l atte r sen d represe m
,
~
Free m e n . The J un io r A m eri c an Prote s
t at iv es to th e Ri gh t Worth y G ran d Lodge o f
the U ni ted S tates Follo wi n g c l osely as i t .
,
“
tan t Asso c iation m odelled probably after
th e origi nal J u n io r O rd er
,

” th at of th e ,

d id the appearan c e of t h e O rde r of Un ite d

,
S ons of A m e rica was fou nd ed i n 1 8 64 and
, ,

A m e rican Mech an ics at Ph il ad el ph i a i n like th e Ju n ior O rde r Un i ted A m eri c an ,

1 84 5 an d th e Patri oti c O rd er Un ited S on s

, ,
Me c h ani cs afterward decl ared i ts in d epe n
,

o f A m e ri c a at t h e sa m e c i ty i n 1 84 7 i t also ,
d en c e of the pare nt so c ie t y e v e n goin g so ,

beca m e i den ti fied w i th the Kno w Noth i ng far as to c han ge i ts n a m e Th i s h appened .

party ca m paigns of 1 8 5 0 to 1 85 6 I t i s . in 1 8 90 at Wil k esbarre P a at a c o nv en ,

.
,

rel ated th at i t i s to th e A m erican Protes tio n of the Juni or Asso c i ation bu t not ,

tan t A ssoci ati on th at early nati v e A m erican w ithou t m u c h opposi tion The n e w na m e .

n e wspape rs we re i nd eb t ed for th e se c alled -

ch osen was Loyal Knigh ts of A m eri c a a nd ,

oath of th e Ro m a n C at h oli c p ri es t h ood of te n ,

m e m bersh i p i n the so c ie ty i s said to be c o m
q uote d by O ran ge and oth er Protestan t pose d m ai nl y of Protestan t I rish A m e ricans .

w ri ters i n di s c u ssi ng the ch u rch of Ro m e .

(S ee O rde r Uni ted A m e ri c an Me c h an i c s ) .

Wi th th e ri se of K n o w Nothi n gis m th e ,
A m e r ic a n P r o t e s t a n t A s s o c i a t i o n .

A m erican Protestan t Associ atio n a nd i ts S c h is m atic (n eg ro ) branch of the A m erican

allies or sy m path i zers the O rd er of Uni te d ,
Protestan t Asso c i ati o n for m ed i n Pennsyl ,

A m eri c an Mech anics the Patriotic O rde r , ,

v an i a i n 1 84 9 S ai d t o be stil l i n e xisten ce
. .

S on s of A m erica and th e B rothe rh ood of , (S ee A m eri c an Protes t an t A ssoci ati on )

-
.

the Un i on fou nd ed i n 1 85 0 were swept

, ,
A n c i e n t O r d e r o f L o y a l A m e ric a n s .

i n to the Kno w Noth i ng c am pai gn of na A patri otic soci al an d fratern al o rgan iz a

, ,

t iv ism an d anti R o m an C ath oli cis m m u c h

-

,
tio n of recen t origin at Gu thri e O k lah o m a , .
3 00 BE NE V O L E NT O R D E R or B E R E A NS

B o l e n t O r d e r o f B e r ea n s A n
e n ev .
- T h e Go s pel N az areth and t h e D ec l arati o n o f
of

extin ct an ti Ro m an Cath o l i c se c ret society

-

,
I ndepen denc e are b o o k s fo r s tu dy fro m th em are
d rawn t h e g rand t r uth s t au g ht t h e i n iti ate
h avi n g ben efi c i ary featu res I t was fo r m ed .

Was hi ng t o n Jeffers o n F rankli n th ree l i ves u n it ed

, ,
at Phi ladelph i a bet wee n 1 84 7 an d 1 8 50
,

, in one efi oi t t o rem o v e m an fro m t h e b o n d ag e o f

'

an d i t was the ou tgro wth of th e m ove po l iti c al s l av ery T h ey s u c c eed ed and t h e B ro th er

.
,

m e n t wh i c h gave bi rth to th e O rde r of h o o d o f t h e Un i o n seek t o c o m pl et e t h e wo rk

Un i ted A m eri can Mech ani cs ; th e Patri o t ic b y g i v i ng m an freed o m fro m i n d u s t r i a l serv i

in t h e wo rd “
tu d e T h e s pi r i t o f t h e o rd er is ex pres sed
O rde r Un i ted S on s of A m eri ca ; th e A m er
,
.

uni o n u n i o n o f t h e g o o d ag a i n s t
-

i can Protestan t Associ ati on ; an d th e n ative t h e ev il ; u n i o n o f t h e j u s t ag ai ns t t h e u n j u s t ;

A m erican soci ety best k n o w n as the Kno w , u n i o n o f l i g ht l o v e and pu ri ty agai ns t dark nes s
, , , ,

No thi ng party (S ee O rde r of U n i ted

.
h at e and c o rru pti o n u n i o n o f freedo m in d efenc e
,

o f th ei r c o u n t r
A m e ri ca n Me c h a n i cs ) .
y agai n s t t yran t s B el iev .

ing th at t h e A m er i c an U n i o n is a pall ad iu m o f l ib
‘

B r o t h e r h o o d o f t h e U n i o n — Fol lo w .

in g th e orga n i z ati on of th e patri oti c nati ve

ert y t o t h e
peo pl e t h e g u a ran t ee o f th ei r r i g ht s
, ,

a nd t h e b o n d o f th ei r
perpetu it y t h e B ro th erh o o d
A m e ri c an secre t soci e ties th e O rd er o f ,
h as v o wed t o m ai n t ai n th at u n i o n agai ns t enem i es
,

Uni ted A m e ri c an Mech ani cs an d the Patri , w ith o ut and agai ns t t ra it o rs w ithi n and t h e s a ,

oti c O rd er of U ni ted S on s of A m e ri c a at , c red nes s o f th at v o w h as b een a tt es t ed b

y t h e ri c h
Phil adel ph i a i n 1 84 5 and 1 84 7 respe cti v ely b l o o d o f m an y a b ro th er a nd b y t h e c r u s h ed and
, ,

ca m e t h e B rotherh oo d of A m e ri ca at th e ,
sc att ered r ui ns o f m any a C i rc l e .

sa m e ci ty i n 1 85 0 with si m il ar p urpo ses an d

, Wi th o the rs n a m ed i t b ro ugh t antagon i s m ,

to u n ion of ch u rc h an d state m ai n ten an c e

“
'

ch arac te ri sti cs T h e l at t er w i th t h e S e ni or
.
, ,

an d Jun ior O rd ers of Un i te d A m eri can of t h e p ubl i c s c h ool syste m A m eric a ,

Mech an i cs an d th e Patri otic O rder S on s

, ,
for A m eri can s an d rest ri cted i m m i grati o n
,

of A m e ri ca con st it ute t he fou r e xi s t i ng

,
do wn t o a pe ri o d foll o wi n g th e C i v i l W ar ,

patri oti c secret so c i etie s wh i ch su rv i ved th e wh e n th ey we re appare n tly desti n e d to be

”
fate of th e S on s of 7 6 o r O rde r of th e ex pl oi te d agai n i n and o u t of th e cou n cil s
, ,

S t ar S pan gled B anne r be t ter k n own as ,

of th ese an d of oth er an d n e we r p atrio ti c
t h e Kn ow Not hi n g part y an d l ate r th e , ,
se c re t orders Th e gove rn m en t of t h e
.

n on secret A m e ri c an party whi c h wen t to

-

,
B rotherh ood i s si m il ar to th at of th e Patri
pie c es on t h e pol iti cal ro c k s i n t h e stor m y oti c O r d er S on s of A m e ri ca wi th s ub o rdi
, ,

ca m pai gn of 1 85 6 60 The B ro the rh ood

“ n ate an d S tate Ci rcl es i n stead of C a m ps
-

.
, ,

was o rgani zed wi th the m ot to T ru t h an d a S upre m e C i rcle I t al so h as b en efic i

”
.
, ,

H o pe an d Lov e by George Li ppard for

, , ,
ary feat ures A si n gul ar cu sto m i s th at o f
.

wh ose tea c h i ngs an d w ri tin gs the so c iety calli ng i ts th ree ch i ef offi c ers re specti v ely , ,

professe s a re veren c e M r Li ppard was . . Wash in gton Jeffe rson an d F rankli n an d

, , ,

born n ear Yello w S prings Blai r C oun ty , ,

th u s i n the S up re m e C i rcle th ey are ad
Pa .
,
Apri l 1 0 1 82 2 He studie d l a w i n
,
. d re sse d as S up re m e Wash ington S upre m e
.

t h e o tfi c e of O vi d F Joh n ston Attorney .

,
Je ffe rson an d S upre m e F rankl in
,
Total .

“
G ene ral an d i n 1 84 1 beca m e c on tri b u to r to m e m be rsh ip i n t h e B roth erh ood i s abou t
”
,

th e S pi ri t of th e T i m es A ll ib o ne s .
’
i ts greatest stren gth bei ng i n Penn
Di c ti on ary gi v es a li st of ele v e n w ork s f ro m syl v an i a . There i s al so an au xili ary o r

“ bran ch of t h e soci e ty k n o wn as th e H o m e
’
h i s pen an d D ra k e s D i cti on ary add s eigh t
,

m o re . D rak e says of h im : Hi s work s C o m m u n i on t o w h i ch m em bers of t h e

,

e vi nce vi gor an d po wer b ut h a ve li ttl e else B ro th e rh ood and wo m an rel ati ve s are
to co m m e nd th e m
” H e die d i n Ph i la .
,

eli gi ble . S ubo rdi n ate bod ies are cal l e d

de l ph ia February 9 1 85 4
,
Th e foll owi n g ,
. H o m e s an d go v e rni n g S tate bodi es G ran d
, , ,

q uo tati on s are ta k e n fro m pu b l i sh ed papers H o m es . Th e lat ter sen d delegates of t h e

of t h e organi zati on S u pre m e C i rcl e of t h e B rotherh ood T he .
 J UN I O R A ME R IC A N P R O T E C T IV E A S S O C IA T IO N

It exe rci se d a n o t e wo rthy i n fl ue n c e o n th e s t an t iall y th ose of th e soci e ty fro m whi ch

el ect io ns of 1 89 4 an d 1 895 particul arl y in , i t sprun g
E sse x and Passai c C o un ti es in Ne w J ersev m a i nt a i n
T pro m o t e t h e i nt eres t o f A m er i
an d
.
o

Free m ason s K D I ll t S of Py t h ias and Elk s

,
O
'

, , c ans , a nd s hi el d th em fro m t h e de ress i n

p g eff ec t s o f
i n addi ti o n to m e m be rs of th e I m pro v ed fo rei g n t iti o n ; t o as s i s t A m eric ans in o b ta i n
c o m pe

O rd e r of Red Me n were a m ong th e o r ing em pl o y m ent ; t o enc o u rag e A m er i c an s in b u s i

,

I t s m axi m u m m e m be rsh ip was ness ; t o est ab l i s h a s i c k and fu n eral f u nd ; t o

gan iz ers .

m a in t ai n t h e pu b li c sc h o o l s v s t em o f t h e U n i ted
abou t C on gress m an Ja m es F S te w .

S t at es o f A m eri c a t o prev en t sec t ar i a n in t erfer

,

art P aterson
,
N J was p ro m in en t am on g
, . .
, en c e th erew i th and u h o l d t h e rea d i n
p , g o f t h e Ho l y
th ose wh o m ade i t prosperou s . B i b l e th ere i n .

J u n i o r A m e r ic a n P r o t e c t i v e A s s o
Thu s far t he p arallel i s al m ost exact
c ia t i o n — A n au xil i ary of t h e A m e ri c an
. .

A n y wh i t e n a t i v e A m eri c a n m en only
Pro t ecti ve Asso ci ati on fo r bo y s an d gi rls .
, ,

professing a bel ief i n a S up re m e B ei n g an d

bet ween the ages of fou rteen an d twen ty ,

opposed to u n i on of ch u r c h and state i s

one (S ee A m erican Protecti v e Associa
.
,

elig ibl e for m e m bersh ip prov ided h e i s no t

t i on ) .
,

en gage d i n th e l i qu or t ra ffic When b e

J u n i o r A m e r i c a n P r o t e s t an t A s s o
.

t ween si xteen and fi ft y y ea rs of age can di

c i a t i o n — O ri gin all y organi ze d t o train ,
.

dates are eli gible to ben efi ciar y m e m bersh ip ;

yo uth s for m e m bersh ip i n th e A m e rican
i f o v e r fi ft y y ears t o h on orary m e m ber
Protes t an t Associ ati on an an ti Ro m an ,
-
,

sh i p only I n le aflets ci r c ul ated to recrui t

C ath oli c se c ret societ y I t declared i ts in
.

m e m bers th e foll o wi n g decl ar ati on appears

.

d epen den ce ia 1 8 90 an d reo rgan i z e d wi t h ,

,

s im ilar purposes un der th e ti t le L o y al I m m i g rati o n m u s t b e res t ri c t ed : pro t ec ti o n t o

A m er i c ans A m er i c an i ns tituti o n s a nd pro m ulgw
K nigh t s o f A m erica (S ee A m erican Prot
, ,
.

ti o n o f A m eri c a n pr i nc i pl es :a flag o n every pu b l i c

es t ant Associati on )
s c h o o l in t h e l a n d t h e H o l y B i b l e w ithi n and l o ve
.

. .

J u n io r O rd e r U n it e d A m e r ic a n o f c o u nt r y i ns till ed i n t o t h e h ear t o f ev er
y c hil d ;
,

M e c h a n i c s — E s t abli sh e d at Phil adel ph i a pri n c i pl e param o u n t t o parti s an aflil iat io n ; and

i n 1 85 3 a j u ni o r bran c h of the O rd er o f o u r c o u n t ry r i g h t o r w ro ng— t o h el p i t ri g ht w h en
.
,

U n i t ed A m e ri c an Mech an ics m e m bersh ip wro ng ; t o h el p i t o n w h en r i g h t .

.

i n wh ich was t o prepare y oun g A m erican s E lsewh ere t he O rd er p ubli c ly an n oun ces
to be c o m e m e m be rs of the p aren t orde r
We a po l iti c al o rgan iz ati o n i nas m u c h as w e
.

are
The Ju ni or O rder beca m e an i n depen den t t eac h pat r i o ti sm l o ve o f c o u nt ry and d ev o ti o n t o o ur,

se c ret n ati ve A m eri c an pa t ri oti c b en efi

, , , c o u nt ry s fl ag
’
W e are no n parti s an as w e edu c at e
.
-

c iary organ iz at ion i n J un e 1 885 si n c e a l l t o th i n k fo r th em s el v es th at t h e ex erc i se o f t h e

,

wh ich t im e i t has retained Un i te d A m e ri r i g ht o f franc hi s e will b e an u n b i as sed res ul t o f nu

d i vid ed c o nv i c ti o ns an d preferen c es
c an Mech an ic ch aracteri s t i cs both as to .

fo r m of govern m e nt an d u se of e m ble m s ,
Si c k and fu neral ben efi t s are pai d as
bu t i t i s n o l onger a fee de r to th e l at subo rdinate co un c il s m av deter m i ne Th e .

t er society Th e Ju n iors of 1 8 85 were ad

. ri tu al an d i n i tia t or y cere m ony are descri be d
v ised an d assi sted i n securing legi slati on as A m eri can in t hei r t each ings O ne of
"
.

from the Nati onal C o un ci l l ook in g t o th e th e grou ps of e m ble m s di splays on a sh iel d

se parati o n of th e two orde rs by Rel ia nce ,
the h and an d arm of l abor bearin g aloft
C ou n c i l No 4 0 O U A M G e r m an town
, .
, . . . .
, ,
th e ha m m er of in dus t rv be t wee n t h e sq uare
Ph il adelph i a The wo rd J uni or i n the
.
,
an d o utstretched c o m passes of t he O rde r
titl e has th erefore n o presen t referen c e
, ,

to th e ages of t h e m e m be rs an d th e word
,
“
of Un i t ed A m eri can Mech ani c s abo v e
wh i c h i s the l ittl e red scho ol h o use an d
,

”
,

M e c h an i cs n one t o t h ei r o c c upati on s over al l an ope n Bi ble the wh ole d raped w i th

'

.
,

Th e obj e c t s of the J u ni or O rd er are su b A m eri c an flags Th e Ju n i or O rder h as m o re

.
 K NI G H T S O F R E C I PR O C IT Y 3 03

th an m e m bers scattered th rough fl c iarv secret societies wh i ch h av e h ad a

, ,

ne arly all th e S t a t e s wh ic h i s d o uble th e con tin uo us e xi sten ce for m ore th an h al f a

,

m e m bershi p of th e O rde r of Un i ted A m eri c en t urv M ore th an ei th er of th e oth ers .

c an M e c h an i cs an d has e ve r bee n c o nspic u

,
i s i t responsi ble for th e de vel op m en t of s en
o u sl
y ali ve to all i t represen t s As on e of t im en t fav ori n g th e m ai nten an ce of th e
.

th e reser v oi rs of yo u th ful nat ive A m eri can exi sti n g syste m of free p ubli c sch ool s for ,

sen ti m en t du ri n g an d afte r t h e C i vil War i t p l ac i n g th e fl ag o n the sch ool h ouses for

-

, ,

gave agai n of wh at i t h ad recei ve d t wenty res t ri ctin g i m m igration and fo r ant ago niz
years befo re an d h elpe d t o re vi v e th e U n ited i n g
,
u ni o n of ch u rc h an d state ”
(S ee
“ ,

O rde r S on s of A m eri ca i n 1 8 74
, It s m em O rde r U ni ted A m erican Mecha n i cs an d
.
.

bers i n th e S eni o r O rde r of Mech an i cs S on s of Li be rty ) .

j oi ne d wi th th e B roth e rh ood of the Uni on i n J u n i o r S o n s o f A m e r i c a — A bran c h of .

1 8 73 i n o rgan i z ing th e O rde r of t h e A m e ri

,
th e pat ri otic ben eficia ry n a t i v e A m e ri can , ,

can U n i on o r U n i ted O rde r of D epu ti es secre t soci ety Patri oti c O rde r of Un i ted
, , ,

an d in recen t y ears i ts m e m bers i n t h e A m e ri can s

A m eri can Pro tecti ve Asso c i ati o n o r “

fo un de d at Ph iladelph i a in
A 1 84 7 (S ee Pa t ri oti c O rder S on s of A m e r
,

”
. .
,

P A
. . h a ve bee n con spi c uou s an d acti ve ic a ) . .

Th e pri n c i p al d i ffe ren c e b et wee n t h e pu b K n i g h t s o f R e c i p ro c it y D u rin g t he .

lic ly professed obj e c ts of the Ju n io r O r wi n te r of 1 8 90 th i s sec ret pol i ti cal order

“
d er of Un i t e d A m eri can Me c h a ni cs an d was o rgan i zed i n Garden C i ty Kansas by
”
th ose of th e A P A appe ars to be the t h e H on Jesse Tayl o r H on D M F rost
. . . .
,
.
,

. .
,

latte r s ad m issi on t o it s rank s of o t h e rs th an o f th a t ci t y S R Pete rs an d othe r Repu b

’
, . .
,

nati ve A m e rican s A G ran d Master of the l ic ans I t earl y at t racted a t t e n t i on th ro u h

. .
c

Gran d Lod ge of th e Un ited S tates L o y al ou t Kan sas i n Mi ssou ri an d i n m any o t h e r

, , ,

O ran ge I n sti t ution th en ch i ef e xe c uti v e S tates

,
I t sough t to se c u re th e pe rpe tui t y .

“
of th e A m e ri c an Pro t e c ti ve Associ ati on of th e Un i on j u st an d l i be ral pen si ons to
w rote of th e J un i o r O rde r as foll o ws : I h on orably di sch arge d sol d iers a n d sai l o rs of
, ,

take great pleasure i n end orsi n g t h e Ju n i or th e Republ ic pro tec t i on of A m eri c an i n ,

O rd e r U ni ted A m eri can Me c h ani c s a s o n e d us t ries fai r an d equ i table reci pro c it y be
'

, ,

of t h e gran dest pa t ri oti c orde rs i n t h e t ween al l th e n ati on s o n t h e A m e rican con

Uni te d S t a t es Thei r posi ti on i n defence t inent an in telli gen t b all o t h on estly cast
.
.
,

of the li ttle red s c h oolh ou se and i n fa v or an d cou nted an d fav ored t h e dis fran c h is ,

of restric t io n of i m m igrati o n an d ad v an c i ng of e ve r y c i tiz en w h o offe rs or accep t s a

i n g t ru e A m eri ca n i s m entitles the m t o th e b ribe t o i n flu ence a ball o t
-
Its obj ect i s .

co rdi al suppo rt an d c o operati on of every fu r t he r d e c l ared to b e t o teac h th e dut ies of

”
A m e ri can ci ti z en .

Th e i n t i m acy bet ween the A P A ” “

ci tizen shi p to di scu ss an d study pol i ti cal
h is t o rv an d econ o m i c questi on s th at v ote rs
. . .
,

an d t h e J uni o r O rder Un i ted A m eri can Me m ay e ast in telli ge n t bal l ots Th e in spi ra .

c h anic s i s i n di c ate d b y th e con tro v e rsy at t ion of th e K n igh ts of Re c ipro c i t y was

t he Nati on al C ou n cil of th e l at ter in 1 89 5 a desi re to c ou n te rac t th e i n fl u ence i n ru ral
,

w he re th ere was a con test be t ween what co m m un iti e s of wh at w as regarded as a

“
“
was des c ri b ed i n p ress an d oth e r repo rts of ’
D e m ocra t ic Un i on Labor F ar m ers Alli
th e m eeti n g as th e A P A e l e m en t ance ”co m bi nation i n poli ti c s
-

‘
. .
’
Th e S u .

an d t h e co nser v at i v e wi ng of th e O rde r pre m e L od ge of the K nigh ts of Re c i pro c i ty

o v e r the ch aracte r of an i m m i grati on bi ll stated i n o ne of i ts ci rculars p ubl i she d in ,

t o be i n t rod u c ed in C on gress The Ju ni or 1 89 1 .

O rd e r re m ai n s fi rst i n im portan ce an d in fl u T h e o n l y w ay fo r t h e far m ers t o m eet t h e Al l i

ence a m ong th ree p at ri oti c fratern al be n e anc e s ec ret po l iti c a l s o c iet v is with a s ec ret s o c iet v
, ,
3 04 K NO W NO T HI NG PA R T Y

t he j t
o b ec wh i c h s h all no t b e t o n o m i nate m en
of refe rre d to i n recen t years b y su r v i vin g e x
fo r o fii c e b ut t o ass i s t in ed u c ati ng t h e peo pl e and
,
m e m bers or b y oth e rs fa m i liar wi th th e
,
m a ki ng th em th o ro u g hl y ac qu ai nt ed wi th t h e wan t s
pol i ti cal ca m pai gn s bet we en 1 85 0 an d 1 8 5 6
o f al l t h e peo pl e and t h e fa ll ac i es o f t h e all i anc e
,

c al am it v b o wl ers w h o are t raveli ng fro m S t at e

,
as th e re al or secret n am e of th e K n o w
,

t o S t at e c o u n t y t o c o u nt y t o wn t o t o wn t o wn
, , .
Noth i ng pa rty .

s hi p t o t o wns h i p s c h o o lh o u se t o s c h o o l h o u s e n o t
, , Th i s socie t y w as organi ze d at Ne w York

“
fo r t h e g o o d o f t h e peo pl e b ut fo r t h e m o n ey t h ev ci t y i n 1 85 1 — as re c alle d b y He n ry B al d wi n
”
,
,
m ak e an d in h o pes of po l i ti c a l pro m o ti o n T he .

of the Li brar y A m e ri can a New H a v en

r
, ,
peo pl e s h o ul d o rg an i z e at o n c e in o ppo s iti o n t o thi s
C on n —b y a m an na m e d Taylor or Tail or
g i ganti c s c h em e
.
, ,
.

n ot acti vel y assoc iated wi t h any of t h e poli t

I t i s dou btful wh ethe r th e Kn i gh ts of i cal p arties of t h e ti m e H e began t h e w ork .

Re c iproci ty e v er equalle d th e Far m ers Al li ’

of recrui tin g m e m bers a m on g hi s fri en d s but ,

an ce i n m e m bersh i p Th e for m e r clai m ed . m et w ith i n di fferen t su c cess I n 1 85 2 so m e .

1 2 6 00 0 m e m bers i n 1 895 an d has n ot ex , of t he m e m be rs of the Ne w York c ity o r

c eed ed that t otal I ts l od ges sprea d fro m
.
gan izat io n th e O rde r of Un i t ed A m e ri c an s
, ,

K ansas to Mi ssou ri I o wa O hi o Ar k an sas , , , ,

too k an i n terest in t he proj ect an d fou n d
Lou i si ana M i ssissippi Ten nessee North
, , ,
m uch suggest i ve of poli ti cal possi bil i ties .

an d S outh Caroli na i n al l of wh i c h S tates ,

I t c ost n oth i n g t o acqu i re o r h ol d m e m be r
the Alli an ce i s al so stron g Fou n ders o f t h e . sh i p there were n o benefi ci ar y feat u res n o ,

Knights of Reciproci ty we r e m e m bers of st ated m eetings an d n o pro vi si on was

,

the M asoni c Fratern i ty t h e O dd Fellows , ,

nee de d fo r roo m re n t No dues were .

and Kni gh ts of Pyt h ias Th e re is a be ne . ch arged becau se v olu ntary con t ri bu ti on s

,

fi c iary bran c h of th e ord er m e m bershi p i n ,

we re rel ied on fo r su pport Th e soci ety was .

w hi ch is n ot restri cted as t o se x T h e . called t oge th e r whe n o c casion requi red at a

ri tual is base d on t h e Golden Rule as m i gh t , pri vate h ouse or i n so m e l o dge roo m afte r
be su pposed an d teache s equali t y fai r deal
, ,
th e l odge h ad adj ou rned and at ea ch m eet ,
-

i ng an d the desirabili ty of re c ipro c al trade in g a colle c ti on was t a k en t o de fray e x

.

“
relati on s both at h o m e and abroad pen ses Mee t in gs of th e new O rd er were
” P a r t y — A secre t
. .

K n ow N ot h ing h el d al m ost e ver y e ven in g an d con stan t

'

.
,

o ath boun d
-
organ i za t i on wh i c h played a addi t i on s w e re m ade t o th e m e m bersh ip .

pro m i n e n t part i n A m eri c an pol i t i c s fro m I n fo ur m onth s abou t pe rson s were

1 8 5 1 t o 1 8 5 6 wh en i t dropped i t s sec ret
,
en roll ed It be c a m e necessar y to h av e a
.

ch aracter an d beca m e kn o wn as t h e A m e ri place for gener al asse m bl ages an d a large ,

.

c an par t y I t was defeate d i n th e presi d en t ial

. h all on B road way was h ired wh ere wee k l y
ca m paign of 1 85 6 and fi n al l y d i sappeared ,
m eetings we re h eld and fro m 6 00 to 800
m ost of i t s re m ai n i ng m e m be rs fi n di n g m e m bers atten ded Th e co n stit uti on was
.

te m porary refu ge i n th e C o nsti tu ti onal revised and a n a t i onal s y ste m wi th S t ate

,
.

Un ion party of 1 8 60 Its real ti t l e h as . an d su bordinate C ou n cil s was organi zed .

al wa y s been a subj e c t of con t roversy th e ,

C oun c ils we re fo r m e d i n al l th e wa rds of
n a m e of th e societ y h a vi ng l o n g been j eal the c it y and th e n i n the i n te ri o r of t h e
o usl y guard ed as o n e of i t s secret s Judg . S ta t e afte r w h ich th e y we re o rgan i ze d i n
,

ing fro m data o btain e d fro m w id el v di fferen t th e adj oi ni ng S t ates B y S eptem be r 1 8 5 5

.
,

sou rce s i t woul d see m that its n a m e i n

, ,
th e O rde r w as placed i n e v e ry S t at e an d
wh ole or i n part or at vari ou s ti m es m u st
, ,
Te rritory th rou gh ou t th e Uni on Nati ve .

h a ve been the S upre m e O rder of th e S on s A m e ri c an i s m and ant i Ro m an Cath oli c is m-

o f S e venty si x the S on s of S even t y si x or

-

,
-
we re i ts di sti n gui sh i n g ch aracte ri sti cs .

the S tar S pan gl ed B an ne r or t h e O rder of , Th e po t a t o rot i n Irel an d i n 1 84 7 and

Un c le S am Each of these ti tles has been
. th e re v ol u tionary m o v e m en t i n c ontinen tal
3 06 L A DI E S O F A B R A HA M L IN C O L N

I t n o m in ate d ex Presid en t M ill ard Fi l l -

poli ti cal pu rposes Th e i n fl uen ce of t h e .

m ore o f N ew York fo r Presid ent an d , Loyal O ran ge A ssoci ati on was sho wn in i t .

An d re w J D onald son of Ten ne ssee for

'

. I ts m e m bershi p an d bran ch es were n e v e r

Vi c e Pre si dent afte r del egate s fro m Ne w
-

,
n u m e rou s an d i t i s n o w dor m an t i f n ot ,

E nglan d an d O h i o an d part of those fro m ,

practically e x t i n ct .

Pen n syl v an i a Il li n oi s an d Io wa h ad wi t h, ,
L a d y T r u e B l u e s — Na m e by wh i ch
’
d ra w n bec au se o f t h e defeat of a declara th e wo m en s auxili ary of th e L oyal O ran ge
ti on fav o ri ng th e e xcl usion of sl a v e ry fro m A sso c iat io n in Can ad a is kn own (S ee th e .

te rri tory n orth of l ati tu de 3 6 Th e °

l atte r )
.

se c edi n g delegates n o m inated Jo h n C P re . L ad y T ru e B l u es o f th e W o rl d .

— A se

m on t of C ali fo rn i a fo r Presi den t an d fo ur cret soci ety of wo m e n h avi n g obj e c ts m u ch

, ,

m onth s later t he n o m i n ati on was en d orse d the sa m e as th ose of t h e Loyal W o m e n of

by th e Re pu bli c an s * . A m e ri c an Li be rty I t h ad q ui te a v ogue .

Fro m th e ti m e of th e d efeat o f Fill m ore am on g wo m en sy m pa t hi ze rs w it h t he pa

n a t i v is m as a factor declin e d an d w as t rio t ic Pro t estan t se c ret and n on sec re t
,
-

fi n ally s w al l owe d up at the call t o ar m s i n o rd ers wh i ch were est abli sh e d i n th e t wo

defen c e o f t h e Un ion Re m ain i n g m e m be rs decad es foll owin g th e Ci v i l War (S ee Loyal
. .

d ri fted i n t o th e C on sti tuti onal Un i on party Wo m en of A m eri can Li berty ; Ladies o f

in 1 86 0 t h e last appearance of t h e K n o w
,
Abrah a m Li n coln an d Pat ri otic Leagu e o f ,

N o t h in g part y as a separate poli tical party the Re v ol ution ) . .

(S ee O rde r Uni ted A m eri can Mechanics ; L o y a l K n ig h t s o f A m e ri c a —Fo und e d .

O rder of Un ite d A m e ri can s Patri otic O r at Wi lkesbarre P a i n 1 89 0 by th e se ,

.
, ,

der S on s of A m erica B roth erh oo d of th e

,
cessio n of th e J un io r A m eri can Prote stan t
Uni on ;an d Ju ni or O rder Unit ed A m e rican Associ ati on fro m th e A m erican Protestan t
,

Mech an ics . Associ ati on I t i s l i k e th e paren t o rgan .

,

L a d ie s o f A b r a h a m L i n c o l n — A pa izat io n a stron gly an ti Ro m an C at h oli c .

,
-

t rio t ic Pro t estan t secre t socie ty of wo m en

,
secre t so cie ty bu t h as a co m parati v ely s m al l ,

o rgan ized for social and to so m e e xte n t for m e m be rsh i p (S ee A m e ri can Pro testan t
’

Associ ati o n ) .

rem o v i ng A m eri c ans and c o ns ervati ves in pr i nc i ’

L o y a l M e n o f A m e r i c a n L ib e r t y
,

ple fro m o ffi c e a nd pl ac i ng fo rei g n ers a nd ult ra

, , Fou n de d at B oston i n 1 89 0 wi th fi fty , ,

is t s in th ei r pl ac es — ] bid .
m e m bers .
I ts obj ec t s m ay be in ferre d fro m .

In t h e el ec ti o n F ill m o re rec ei ved vo tes i t s ti t l e It i s presu m e d to h ave bee n i n .

.

o m a red w ith fo r F rem o nt R epu b l i

p
c an a nd fo r B u c h a nan D em oc rat H is
sy m path y wi th t h e spi ri t of A m e ri can i s m
,

, , .

v o t e was in N ew Y o rk in P en ns yl wh i ch h as been pro m inen t i n party poli ti c s

,
.

van i a , in K entu c k y in Tennes s ee sin ce it s bi rth No th ing i s kn o wn of i ts ,

.

in Vi rg i n i a in M i s so u r i , in caree r or whethe r i t s ti ll e xi sts ,

, .

M aryl a n d and s m all e r in o th er S ta t es

, E v e ry L o y a l O r a n g e I n s t it u t i o n — A B ritish
.

S ta t e in t h e Un i o n gave h im so m e v o tes In N ew
politi c al secret so c iety to wh ich only Pro t .

,
E ng l a nd i t w as c o m para ti v el y s m all t h e Repu b l i
est an t s are eligible organized i n to l odge s
,

c a n wav e i n th a t s ec ti n v i r tu a ll y swee i n
p g K no w
,
o

N o thi n g i s m o ut o f ex i s t e nc e Rel ati vel y t p pul at A r m agh I relan d i n 1 7 9 5 j ust afte r th e

. o o a , , ,

ti o n t h e greater part o f h is s t reng th was in t h e ba t t le of th e D ia m ond one h u nd red and

S o uth w h ere h e g o t a l arge po r ti o n o f t h e v o t e o f five years afte r Willi a m III
, Prin ce of .
,

t h e def u n c t W h i g par t y H e s ec u red o nl y ei g h t O range led Eu ropean Protestantis m again s t

.

,
el ec t o ral v o t es h o wever th o s e o f M ar l an d F ill Ja m es I I at th e battl e o f Boyne The o h
, y , .

“
. .

m o re s po pul a r v o t e w as t h e l arges t ev er po ll ed b y
'
’

j ec t s of th e society are n o t only to ch a m pion

a th i r d part y c an d i d at e ex c ept b y Ja m es B . .

W eav e r in 1 892 w h o s e t o t al th at y ear w as,

th e rel igi ous i ssu es wh i c h Willia m Pri nce ,

-
I bid . of O range rep resen ted bu t to e n c ou rage , ,
 L O YA L O R A N GE A S S O C IA T I O N 3 07

loyal ty to the occup ant of th e B ri ti sh th rone doi ng . O

July 1 2 1 8 7 1 p arad i ng O range
n , ,

so lo ng as he or sh e sh all re m ain of the m en in Ne w York ci ty we re attac k e d by

Protestant fai th ; to s u pport an d d efend th e Iri sh Ro m an C ath ol i c s an d the ri o t w h i c h
,

B ri tish Go v ern m e nt an d to m ain tai n the in resul ted was supp ressed by t h e m il itary only
t egrity of t h e Un ite d Ki ngd o m of G reat afte r t h e loss of si xty l i ve s .

B ritai n and I reland I n the Un ite d S tates

.
, A s the fi rst c e rti ficates of m e m be rsh ip i n
th e o nly co un try oth er th an the B ri tish E m the origi nal A rm agh O range Lodge were
pi re i n wh i c h the organ izatio n has an e xist signed by J am es S loan i t i s bel ie ved th at was
,

e n c e its obj ects are to pro m ote ci v i l and re

, the na m e of th e first Maste r of th e Lodge as
ligio us l iberty an d loyal ty to th e U ni ted well as of on e of the fou nders of th e se c ret
S tates .In so m e re spe c ts th e Associ ation i n fo rm of th e Associ ation A n O range Gran d .

the U n i te d S ta t e s parallel s o r is paralleled Master i n th e D o m i n i on of Can ada writes

by a n u m be r of th e m ore con spi c uou s patri th at a fe w of th e origi nal m e m bers of the
o ti c o rde rs of wh i ch th e A m e ri can P ro t ec Associ a t ion o n e h u n d red years ago m ay h ave
bel onged to th e M asoni c O rde r ”but he
,

ti v e Associati o n th e Ju n i or O rde r of Un ite d

, ,

A m e ri c an Mech an i c s and th e Patri o ti c O r

, de c lare s i t was organ ize d w ith o ut assistan ce
de r S on s of A m eri c a are ill ustrati ons (S ee
, . fro m any oth e r socie ty It is also related .
,

th e lat ter ) The battle of th e D ia m on d i n

. b ut wi th h o w m u ch au tho ri ty i s n o t k no wn ,

1 7 9 5 was an ou t c o m e of th e co n stan t war th at th e society was fou n de d by Th o m as

fare betwee n th e Ro m an Cathol i c Ribbon Wilson a cl andesti n e M ason
, i n Dyon , ,

m en a nd th e Protestan t Peep o D ay B oys

’
- -

, Co un ty of Tyrone o n the estate of Lo rd

,

wh ich h ad raged for years Th e Protestan t . C allado n As th e organ izati o n of t h e Asso

.

and Ro m an Cath ol i c peasan try we re fre c iat io n pre c ede d th e for m ation o f lo dges ,

q ue ntly e m broiled long p rior to 1 7 9 5 an d , i t i s probabl e th at both ac c ou nts are true ,

i t i s d oub tful w he th er the c rystallizatio n of an d t h at S l oan was a foll ower of Wilson .

th e I ri sh Pro testan t m o ve m en t i n to a poli ti Th e pe ri od at wh ich O range l odges were

cal secre t so c iety te nde d to ren de r c onflicts foun ded was th at i n wh i ch the O dd Fellows ,

be twee n th e two parties less frequ en t . Foresters D ru i d s S heph e rd s Gard eners

, , , ,

Blood was she d at a fi gh t be t ween th e an d o the r secre t bene v olen t an d ch ari table
, ,

O range an d Catholi c Associ ati on s i n the frater ni ties were i n terdi c t ed by th e aut h o ri
n orth of Irel an d in 1 82 8 and o n July 1 2 , ,
ties in the fear o f con spi racies an d possible
,

1 82 9 the an ni v ersar y of th e battle of B oyne

, ,
ad vo c ac y of treason be hi nd l odge roo m -

th e m il itary w as called ou t to suppress d oors (S ee E ngli sh O rders of O d d Fel

.

a si m il ar d istu rban c e A Parl iam en tary

. l ow s ; Royal an d A ncien t O rders of Fores ~

i n vestigation re vealed n u m erou s O range ters ; Kn igh ts of S t Joh n and Mal ta and .
,

Lodges attac h ed to Irish regi m en ts i n 1 83 6 ,

th e An c ie n t an d I ll ustriou s O rder Kn igh ts ,

wh ereupo n th e I m peri al Gran d Master ,

of Malta ) Th e Free m ason s alone were ex
.

D u ke of C u m berlan d fel t c o m pelle d to d is

, c ept ed fro m th e B ritish proh i b itio n o f m ee t

sol v e th e Associ ation i n I relan d bu t i t was ,

i ngs of secre t societie s and i t i s a m atter of
,

re v i v ed n i ne years l ate r Wh e n the Pri nc e

. reco rd th at m e m bers of O range lodges m et ,

of Wale s v isited th e Canadian D o m i nion i n i n so m e i nstan c es u nder th e c o v er of bor

,

1 860 w he re the Loyal O range In sti t u ti o n

,
rowe d Masoni c warran ts Many I rish Free .

h ad bee n establi sh e d si nce 1 82 9 h e was ,

m ason s were O range m e n an d i n i nstances , , ,

greeted by the m e nth u si astical ly and se v aided i n carrying th e ne wly fou nded secre t -

eral efi o rt s were m ade to in du ce h im to pas s associatio n th rough th e trou blou s pol i ti c al

u n de r ar c h e s de c orated with O range em pe riod in whi c h i t was born Free m ason s .

hl em s wh ich a ch roni cler says H i s Royal

, , , wh o are O range m e n easily rec ogni ze the
H igh ness diplo m atically refrai ned fro m m ark s of Masoni c crafts m en i n th e O range
3 08 L O YA L O R A N GE A S S O C IA T IO N

Associati on as sh own by titles of offi c ers

, ,
i n flue nce I n the Un i t ed Ki ngdo m th e
.

m ethods of recogn i tion the arrange m e nt ,

I n stitu ti o n h as e xe rcise d v ast poli tical in
an d sources of so m e O ran ge degrees an d ,
flu e n c e d u rin g th e past fifty ye ars and i n ,

oth er i m portant partic ulars . the D o m i nio n of Canada i t h as al so been

The O range lodge organi zed at Ar m agh i n i de n tifie d wi th pol i tics a recen t ill u st rati on
,

1 7 9 5 de v el oped a n u m be r of o ffsh oots w i th i n of wh i c h was i ts attitu de on the M an itoba

the next few years an d i n 1 7 9 8 a G ran d
,
sch ool question I n the Uni ted S tates
.
,

Lodge for I reland was for m e d wi th Th o m as where it has h ad an acti v e e xi ste nce for
Verner as Gran d Maste r Fro m I rel and th e . m ore than qu arte r of a c e ntury i t h as c o ,

Asso c iation spread to E nglan d S cotl and , ,

operated w ith a n u m ber of the l ead i ng
an d Wales to the D o m in io n of C an ad a i n
, secret patrio ti c orders and o n D ece m be r ,

1 8 2 9 and subsequen tly t o othe r B ritish col

, 1 2 1 89 5 i ts represen tati v es m et wi t h those
, ,

o uies A n O range l odge was i nsti tuted i n

. . of th e A m e rican Protec t i v e Associ ati on th e ,

the Un i ted S tates i n 1 8 6 7 an d a Grand , Ju ni o r O rder o f Uni ted A m erican Me c h an

Lodge of th e Loyal O range I n sti tuti o n for i cs and o the r si m ilar bod ies in ge ne ral
, ,

the Un ited S tates was o rgan ized in 1 8 70 . c on v e ntio n at Wash i ngton D C whe re a , . .
,

I n Great B ri tai n th ree or m o re lodges are pl atfor m was adopted an d n otice gi v e n m em

go v e rned di re c tly by a D istri c t l odge an d bers of both h ou ses of C on gress as well as
D istri c t l od ges by C ou n ty G ran d lodges , th e rep resentati ves of th e great poli tical
wh i c h are subordi nate to Nation al or Pro parties that restricte d i m m igrati on an d leg
,

v inc ial Gran d Lod ges th ese i n t urn bein g

, ,
s ubordinate to the I m pe ri al G ran d L odge
the I m perial Gran d Maste r of wh ich h old s
offi ce d u ri ng life wi th u n u sual po yvers and
pre rogati v es Fi ve d egrees are conferred
.
, isl at io n agai nst allege d tenden c ies of the
,
Ro m an C ath olic ch urch we re regarded as
esse ntial to t h e welfare o f th e U nite d S tates
by t he th ousand s of A m erican s wh o m th ose
, organ ization s represen ted .

th e fi rst being k now n as O range m an an d the O range lodges both h ere an d abroad h a v e
fift h as t h e S carle t degree o fficers bein g , arran ge d i n so m e i nstan c es to pay si c k a nd
ch ose n fro m a m ong m e m bers of the fifth de death be nefits b u t th is featu re i s no t con
,

gree I n 1 7 95 th e re was only one degree

.
,
s pic uo us Foll o wi ng in th e foo tsteps of m a ny
.

th at of O range m an to wh i c h the P urple

,
c h ari tabl e and be ne vole nt se c re t so c ie t ies ,

d egree was adde d i n 1 7 9 6 an d later Mar k ,

au xiliary organ izations c o m p osed of wo m e n
m an . Th ese were supple m en te d w i th th e relati v es of m e m be rs of O range l odge s h ave
He roi ne of Jeri c h o for m erly confe rred i n
,

t he Uni te d S tates as a sid e degree for ”“ bee n fo r m e d i n th e Un ited Kin gd o m t h e

B ri tish c olo nies an d i n t h e Uni ted S tates
,
,

Royal Arch Mason s an d thei r wi ves b ut , I n th e D o m in i on of C anada m e m bers of

since an n ulled ; an d the fifth o r S c arlet these siste rh ood s are kn ow n as Lady True
degree . Bl ues a nd i n the U ni t ed S tates the au xil
,
~

The re is a col lateral organizatio n wh i c h iary wh i c h was fou nd ed i n 1 8 7 6 i s e ntitl ed

, ,

m eets i n C hapters or Preceptories u n de r , th e Lad ies Loyal O range Association

’
.

the ti tle Royal Blac k K n ights of the Ca m p There are m ore th an m e m bers of
of Israel to wh ich o nly m e m be rs of the
,
the latter an d Mrs Margare t Th o m pson a
, .
,

S c arle t degree are eligible The paraph er . Past S upre m e Mistress of th e S ociety is ,

n alia and ri tual of th is bran c h are el aborate ,

credi ted wi th h a v i ng fou n ded i t A G rand .

and h ad thei r origi n o r i nspi ration i n so
c al led h igher Masoni c d egrees The gov
ern m en t of C h apte rs of Black Kni gh ts par
allels th at of th e Lodges an d c on st itutes a
wheel wi t hi n a w h eel th e gove rni ng O range
,
Master of one of the C anadian pro v in ces
. plac es the total m e m bersh ip of O range
l odges th rough ou t th e worl d i n 1 8 9 6 at the
su rprisin gly l arge total of wh i c h
on e th i rd i s c red i ted to North A m erica an d
-

,
3 10 M IN UT E ME N o r 1 3 90

M in u t e M en of rde r of di vide d i nto regi m ents and c o m panies T h e

1 89 0 — S ee O .

t h e A m e ri c an Un ion . n ati on al body hel d a c onve ntio n of t h e S n

M i n u t e M e n o f 9 6 — Fou nded at Wash ’
. pre m e I nside C i rcle a t S t Lou i s in Feb .

ingt o n D C ,
i n 1 89 6 by M J B i sh op ruary 1 88 7 an d agai n i n 1 88 9 At th e
. .
, , . .
, , ,
.

General Wor t h y Fore m an of the K nigh ts of first se v e n S tates were represen ted and at , ,

Labor of A m eri c a an d A E Redstone as a th e se c on d th irteen wi t h p rogress reporte d

, . .
, , ,

se c ret oa t h bou n d so c iety of i n dustrial an d fro m fi ve m ore The m e m bersh ip i n April

,
-
.
,

other e m ployés to resi st th e i nti m id a 1 888 w as sai d to h ave been bu t ,

tion an d c oerc ion of c orporation s i n th e w h i le i t was v ery large i t was u n dou btedly
”
,

m atte r of voti ng B ish op w as Gene ral m uch s m aller th an t hat

. The A m eri c an .

Co m m ander of th e M i nu te Men and B ed Protec ti ve A ssociation fou n ded i n 1 88 7 , ,

stone Adj utant Ge neral Th e m ove m en t wh i c h appeared to sweep i nto i ts rank s al

.

was de c l ared to be th e ou tco m e of an e ffort m ost all ac t i ve na t i v e A m eri c an and an ti

by th e m anage rs of th e B ryan presid e n tial Ro m an C ath oli c sen ti m en t be tween 1 888
cam paign to c ontrol th e l abor vote I t was an d 1 89 7 i s evi den t ly responsible for t he .
,

sh ort l i v ed . sudden di sappearan c e of th e Nation al O rde r

N at io n a l A s s e m b l y P a t r i o t i c L e a g u e of Videttes It was l ast heard of i n K au . .

— O rgan ized in February 1 89 5 by se c edi ng sas b ut i s no w belie v ed to be pra c ti c ally e x

, , ,

Il li noi s m e m bers of and i n oppositio n to tin c t I ts brief an d al m ost m eteori c c areer .

th e A m e ri c an Protecti ve Asso c iation (S ee was base d on the e xploi tati on of se nti m e nts
.

the l atter ) . wh i c h ani m ate th e Patron s of H usband ry ,

N a t i o n a l O r d e r o f V i d e t t e s — Th i s s o th e Grange and v ari ou s A m eri c an patrio ti c

.
,

c iet y
“
was so m eti m es c alled th e O rder of so c ieties i n t h e face of th e h eavy i m m igra
Th irteen It h ad Equ al i ty Liber t y an d tion be tween 1 880 an d 1 885 and th e p ro m i
.
, ,
,

Fratern i ty for i ts m o tto I t was organi ze d nenc e th en gi v en to th e questi o n of d i v i si o n

.

by Texas farm ers du ri ng th e su m m e r of of publ i c s c h ool f unds .

1 886 and spread rapidly

,
George W Pike N a t i v e S o n s o f A m e r ic a
. A patri oti c
. .

was sen t on an organi zi ng tou r th rough se c ret organi zation wh i c h e nj oyed a bri ef
oth er S tates By D e c e m be r i t h ad been es e xisten c e betwee n 1 85 0 and 1 8 5 6 It was a
. .

t ab lish ed i n I nd iana O h i o Kan sas Mi s resu l t of th e ou t bu rst of n ativ is m wh i c h

, , ,

sou ri Iowa and Illi noi s i n add i tion to Te xas gave rise to the K now Noth in g party wi th i n
, ,
.
,

Its de c l aration of pri n c iples was as follows : wh i c h i t i s suppose d to h ave d isappeared .

T o m a i n t a i n t h e D ec l arati o n o f I nd epen d enc e as O r d e r o f A m e r ic a n F r e e m e n O r .

t h e fo u nd a ti o n o f o ur pr i nc i pl es t h e preserv ati o n
gan iz ed i n Pe nn syl vani a i n 1 884 by m e m bers
,

o f o u r c o u n t r y fro m fo r ei g n i n fl u en c e in o ur m o ne of thi rteen se c edin g l odges of the A m e ri

t ary and l and s ys t em s n o m em b ers h i p w ith th o se can Protestan t Asso c iati on A se c re t so c ie ty .

w h o h o l d a ll eg i a n c e t o any fo re i g n po wer w h il e

c l a i m i ng c iti z en s h i p O ppo s iti o n t o c o nt rac t pa u per

of stron gly an t i Ro m an Cath oli c te n den c ies -

i m m i g rati o n ; o ur o w n i nd u s t ri es fi rst l as t a nd si m ilar to th e Lo y al O range Associati on

, , ,
.

al w ays ; o ur pu b l i c s c h o o l s ys t em s h a ll b e m a i n (S ee A m e ri c an Protestan t Asso c iati on ) .

t ained a nd i m pr v ed ; no sec t ar i an i nt erferen c e

o
O rd e r of N a t iv e A m e ri c a n s — A n .

fro m an y so u rc e no d i v i s i o n o f t h e pu b l i c f u nd s
A m eri c an patrioti c se c re t so c iety o rgan ized
fo r s ec t ar i an s c h o o l s n o s ec i al
p pri v il eg es fo r anv at S an José Cal so m e y ears after th e c l ose
c l as s h ut j u t a nd equ it ab l e l aws fo r all t h e o w n er
,
,
s

s h i p o f h o mes ; h o m es fo r t h e h m el ess l a nd fo r of the C i vil

o
W ar by W ,
J D H a m bly ,
. . .
,

t h e l a nd l es s ; a c o m pl et e a nd perfec t u n i o n ne w h o prepared i ts ritual I t was h i s d esign

o .

g o v ern m en t a nd o ne fl ag ; equ al r i g ht s fo r a ll ; to presen t i n pi c tu re sque d egree w or k , ,

eq ualii v fra t er n it y — t h e c l i m ax o f o ur h pes

.
A m e ri c a i n th ree decades : Fi rst befo re
o .

The O rd e r was organ ized on a m il itary th e Rev ol u tion ary stru ggle ; se c on d at ,

basis S tate organ izati o ns bei ng brigades so m e pe riod betwee n t h e Re vol utionary an d
, ,
 O R D E R O F U NI T E D A ME R IC A N M E C HA NI C S 311

C i vil Wars an d th i rd du rin g an d si nce the

, , , St . Ta m in a an d th e S ociety of Red Men
,

C i vi l War The l esson s c h arges ad dresse s

.
, , , wi l l e xplai n h o w th e O rde r of United A m e ri
an d al l the se c ret work i ncl u din g the signs , , can Me c h an i c s be c am e t h e resi d uary legatee
sal u tes passwords et c were designe d to
, ,
.
, of th ese patrioti c A m eri c an se c ret so c ieties .

teach lesson s of A m eri c an h i story B oth . Th e S on s of Liberty 1 7 64—83 was fi rst , , , ,

m en and wo m e n were ad m itted to m em be r a p ro test agai nst B ritish pol i c y i n the

sh ip and th e society had the rep ut ation
,
A m eri c a n col on ies an d afte rwards stoo d ,

of bein g m ade u p l argely of those wh o c alle d for i ndepen den c e Th e S on s of S t Ta m i na

. .
,

the m sel ves ag nostics It i s n o t k no wn . 1 7 7 1 —1 8 1 0 e m bod ie d the sen ti m e nts wh i c h

,

wh e th e r i t su r v ives . m ade the Re voluti on p ossible an d later b e ,

O r d e r o f U n c l e S a m — S ee K n ow Noth . c a m e th e con ser vator of popular patriotis m ,

i n g Party . antago niz i n g the t h reate ned d o m i nan c e of

O r d e r o f U n it e d A m e r i c a n M e c h a n t h e m ilitary ove r c i vil i an s the plan to c ,

ic s . A patrioti c soci al fraternal and b e , , , ate a di c tatorsh ip o r a presi den c y for l ife ,

nev o l en t se c ret associ ati on of w h i te m ale a nd th e pro m i ne n c e of an aristo c racy fo ,

n ati ve ci tizen s fou n de d at Ph il adel p h ia

, ,
sh adowe d in the ac ti vi t y of the Tor y ele m en t
Pa . J uly 8 1 84 5 O nly th ose born i n
, ,
. an d i n th e S o c iety of th e C in c i nn ati with
the Un i ted S tates of A m erica or u nder its its he red i tary m e m be rsh ip an d alleged un
flag an d eigh tee n o r m o re years of age are ,
repu bl i c an ten de ncies Ta m ina o r T am .
,

el igi bl e to m e m bersh ip I t stand s fo r the . ma ny so c ie ties also si ded agai n st th e for

,

publ i c s c h ool wi th th e A m erican flag over eig n i n fl uen c es i n do m esti c politi c s which ,

i t and again st the u n io n of c h u rc h an d resulte d fro m i ncreasing i m m i gratio n toward

”
,

s tate I ts professe d obj e c ts are to assist

. th e close of t h e l ast c en tu ry and prod u c ed
m e m bers i n business an d i n obtai n i ng em the al ie n and sedi tion l aws of 1 7 98 ; an d
ploy m e nt to ai d w id ows and orph an s of
,
t hey were ac ti ve in co m bating w h at th e y
de c ease d m e m bers to rel ieve th e w an ts of ,
belie v ed to be t h e attack o n tru e rel igio n i n
m e m be rs wh o m ay be i ncapabl e of foll o w th e teac h ings of Pai ne Rousseau and Vol , ,

ing thei r u su al v o c ations to d efen d i ts ad tai re In th i s m ay be foun d th e ge r m s o f

” ”
.
, _

h eren t s fro m i n j u ri ou s c o m peti tio n

i m m igrants an d th e gove rn m en t
of
fro m “ A m e ri c a fo r A m e ri c ans and defen c e of
a Protestan t C h ri stia n faith wh i c h i n v ari
,

thei r corru pti n g in fluen c e N o t w ith s t an d . ous for m s h ave c harac te rized A m e rican po
in g th i s noth in g of a pol i tical o r sectarian l it ic al or patri otic sec re t societies in the last
”
,

ch aracte r i s allo we d at i ts c o n vocation s

“ . h al f c en tu ry T he S o c iet y of R ed Men
.
,

I t denie s a desi re
eig ner ” “
to p rosc ribe the for
an d e xte nd s h im a c ord ial w e]
1 81 3 32
ism an d
c arri e d
,
“
forward A m erican
”
defen c e of the c ou ntry for
”
,

c o m e bu t de m and s th at th e i m m igran t
,
ni netee n y ears whe n th e d o m i nan ce of
,

sh all keep hi s h an d s o ff o u r righ ts and pri v c on vi vi al i ty a m ong i ts m e m bers anti —se ,

il eges u ntil l egally en ti tle d to th e m * . c ret so c iety sen ti m e nt d ue to th e an ti Ma -

Reference to ac c o u n ts of the I m proved O r so ni c agi t atio n and o th e r i n fl uences cause d

”

der of Red Men S o ns of Liberty S on s of , ,

i ts death Th e I m proved O rder of Re d
.

A sym path i z er w ith t h e so c i et y adds It d o es M en wh i c h follo we d e xists t o th i s d ay

,
It , .

n o t fo rg e t th at o ur l an d s h o ul d b e an a s ylu m fo r was and i s a se c re t c h ari table and be ne , ,

t h e o ppres s ed o f al l n ati o n s b u t c l ai m s th at w h en , fi c iary organizatio n w ith ou t poli tical fea

th ey seek it as an asy lu m th ey s h o ul d c o nfo rm ,
tu res It in heri ted t rad i tion s and c erem o
.

t o o ur c u s t o m s an d i n s tituti o n s an d o b e o ur l aws y ,
ni al s u se d by th e so c i eties n am ed th rough
and n o t es t ab l i s h d i s ti n c t n ati o n ali ti es o r s eek t o
m e m be rs of so m e of the m wh o w e re a m on g
,

e ng raft any o f t h e c u s t o m s a nd l aws o f t h e d o w n

'

t ro d den c o u nt r i es o f t h e o ld wo rl d and th ereb y ,

the origin al R ed Me n i n 1 83 4 B ut wh ile .

b ec o m e a s tu m b l i n g b l o c k t o o ur nati o nal pro g res s

-
. n earl y al l poli tical Red Me n h ad d isappeare d
3 12 O R DE R O F U NI T E D A ME R I C A N ME C HA NI C S

in sen t i m en t w hi c h they c reated i tself i n the app earance at Ne w York city

1 83 4 , t h e
w as s t ill acti ve a m ong su rvi vi n g m e m bers of a n on secret na t i ve A m erican pol itic al -

i n Pen ns y l van ia M aryl and D elaware and party an d i n 1 83 7 th ere was a si milar m an i
, , ,

New O ne v ear late r th is sh owed t estati o n at Philadelph ia bot h of wh i c h ,

N ati v i sti c feeli ng b eg an t o revea l it sel f very o verth rew t h e F edera l par t y in 1 800 a nd th at ,

ea rl y in t h e c areer o f t h e U n it ed S t at es as a n a ti o n . o rgan i zati o n never w o n ano th er n ati o na l b attl e .

In t h e l arge c i ti es l ik e P h il ad el phi a an d N ew Y o rk . T h es e ev en t s d et er m i ned t h e par ti s an l ean i ngs o f

in w h i c h t h e al i en el em en t ea rl b ec am e ac ti ve and v t h e a l i ens T h ey s wo re et ernal en m it t o t h e
. y

o werf ul d em o ns t rat i o i s agai n s t i t b y n a ti ve— b o rn F ederal part y and et ernal fealt y t o t h e Repu b li c an
p ,
y .

c iti z ens were par ti c ul ar l y frequ en t A c o n s i d er . F ro m th at ti m e o nward al m o s t t o o ur d ay t h e , ,

ab l e pa rt o f t h e i m m i g ran t s t o th i s c o u n t ry in t h e g reat b ulk o f t h e fo rei gn ers h a v e b een agai n s t t h e

d o z en years s u c c eed i ng t h e c l o s e o f t h e A m er i c an F ed eral i s t s and th ei r s u c c es s o rs t h e N ati o nal R e ,

w ar fo r i n d epen d enc e were ref u g ees fro m the pu b l i c an s W h i gs an d Repu b lic an s an d h av e b een
, ,

B r iti s h i s l and s and F ran c e W ith a n atu ral h o s o n t h e s i d e o f t h e D em o c rati c R e u b l i c ans and
p

“
-
.

t il it y t o t h e t y ranny fro m w hi c h th ey fl ed b o th ,
th e i r pro geny t h e D em o c rat s T h e ex c ept io n s t o
,
.

c l as ses o f i m m i g r a n t s t o o k t h e s i d e o f t h e re o lu v th i s rul e h av e b een am o ng t h e Germ ans of t h e

t io n ary reg im e o f F ranc e w h i c h o v er th rew t h e es t in t h e pas t thi rd o f a c en tu r y an d t h e S c an
'

B o u rb o ns a nd in t h e w ar b et ween th at rég i m e and

, dina v ians in t h e sam e s ec ti o n w h o h av e b een a
E ng l a nd th ey were ag a i n s t E ng l and Th ey s o u g ht . l at er add iti o n t o t h e c o u nt ry s po pul ati o n O f .

t o fo rc e t h e E n it ed S t at es i n t o t h e w a r o n t h e s i d e eac h o f th es e el em en t s a m aj o r it y in th e Wes t ern

o f F ran c e b ut Pres i d en t W as hi ng t o n w i sel y de

, S tat es h av e a l way s b een R epu b li c an s .

c i d ed o n a c o u rse o f r i g i d n eu t ral it y b etween t h e B y u s u all y th ro w i ng th ei r wei g h t o u t h e sam e

dec i d ed el ec t io ns c o m m an d ed “
c o m b at an t s a nd es t ab li s h ed t h e
pr i n c i pl e w h i c h s i de o f t h e s c al e t h e D em o c r ati c s i d e t h e ali ens
rec o g ni ti o n ”and
, .
,

h as b een c o ns i s t en tl y ad h ered t o b y t h e c o u nt ry ,

ever s i n c e o f n o n — i nt erferenc e in t h e o l d wo rl d s sec u red i m po rt an t c fli c es A s th ey were as a

’
.
, ,

qu arrel s W as hi ngt o n th o u gh not a rab i d par

.
, c l as s t h e m o s t i gno ran t tu rb ul en t an d c o rru pt
, , ,
'

ti s an w as a F ed eral i s t in h is c o nv i c ti o ns and s y m
, el em en t o f t h e po pul ati o n t h ey b ro ug h t m i sg o v er n ,

ath i c s an d h e w as b ac k ed b y th at r t y — th e m en t sc and a l an d g ener al po l iti c al d em o raliz a

p , p a ,

part y o f Ham ilt o n A dam s P i k er i ng a nd t h e ti o n T h en t h e n ati ve b o rn c iti z ens c h i efl y in t h e

'

, ,
c , .
-
.

P inc k ney s — ia th i s po l i c y as in all o th ers o f h is , l arge c iti es in w h i c h t h e a l i ens ky ere m o s t n u m er

,

ad m i n i st rati o n T h e o ppo s i ng o rgan i z a ti o n w hi c h

.
,
o us and ac ti v e s t ar t ed t o c o m b i n e ag a i n s t th em
, ,

w as fi rs t c al l ed a nti F ederali s t wh i c h J eflfers o n

-

, an d n a ti v i sti c d em o nst rati o ns b egan In 1 823 .

desi red t o b e t er m ed Repu b l i c an w h i c h w as o fli , t al es o f dark des i gns b Ro m an C at h o li c E u ro pean y

c ia ll y d es i g nat ed D em o c rati c R epu b l i c an fro m 1 7 93 -

n ati o n s o n t h e po l iti c al and rel i g i o u s li b ert y o f t h e

t o 1 828 w h i c h h as b een k no w nas D em o c rati c ev er

, U n it ed S t at es b egan to b e h eard in th i s c o u n t ry an d
s i nc e an d w hi c h a t th a t per i o d h ad fo r it s l ead ers
, fo u nd read y c red en c e in s o m e qu ar t ers Th en t h e .

J efferso n M ad i s o n and E d m u nd R an d o l ph fa
, , , a n ti ali e n sen ti m en t t o o k o n an an ti C ath o l i c ph as e
- -

v o red i n t erferenc e b y t h e U n it ed S t at es in b eh al f o f a nd thi s it h as l argel y r et ai ned t o t h e pres en t d ay .

— N at iv is 1n in P o li ti c s b
F ranc e T h e D em o c rati c R epu b l i c ans c al l ed t h e y C h arl es M Harvey in
“
-
. .
, .
,

F ed eral i s t s m o narc hi st s and th ese ret o rt ed b y , t h e S t L o u i s G l o b e D em o c rat

. F eb ru ary 24 1 895
-

, , .

s t ig i n a l iz ing t h e o th ers as J ac o b i n s B alk ed in . M r Henry B al d win c u s t o di an o f t h e L i b rary

.
,

th ei r pu rpo se t o i nvo l v e thi s c o u nt ry in a w ar Am eri c ana N ew Hav en w r ites , In 1 83 4 t h e ,

g a i ns t E ng l and t h e refu g ees v i o l en tl y assail ed Lett ers o f B r utu s w ere pu b li s h ed in t h e N ew

‘ ’
a ,

t h e A d m i n i s t rati o n an d t h e F ed era l i s t s r et ali at ed -

Y o rk O b s erver ‘
Th ey pu rpo rt ed t o g i ve an
’

"
. . .

b y pas s i n g t h e ali en and s ed iti o n l aws in 1 7 98 in x s iti a c o n s pi rac y t o des t ro y t h e I nit ed

'

,
e po o n o f
\ d a m s s t er m in t h e Pres i d enc y T h e al i en l aws S t at es ac ti ng th ro u g h a n o rg ani z ati o n at V i enn a
'

.
, ,

l eng th ened t h e peri d o f res i denc e fo r n atu ral i z a

o Au s t ri a c all ed t h e S t Leo po l d s F o u nd ati o n
,
‘
. .
’

ti o n fro m fi v e t o fo u rteen y ears and ar m ed t h e whi c h h ad t h e E m pero r F erd i nan d V as it s pat ro n .

Pres i den t w ith po wer t o send any al i en deem ed h is Pr i m e M i n i s t er Pr i nc e M ett er n i c h as it s pres i

, ,

da ngero u s t o t h e pu b l i c peac e o ut o f t h e c o u nt r y ,
d ent and B i s h o p F enwi c k o f C i n c i nna ti as it s
,

w hil e t h e s ed i t i o n ac t i m po s ed h ea v y pena lti es fo r A m er i c an ag en t D o u b tl ess t h e pu b l i c ati o n o f

'

m y sc a ndal u s attac k s wr itt en o r pr i n ted o n C o n

o , ,
th es e l etters led t o t h e o rgan i z ati o n o f t h e nati ve
gres s o r t h e Pres i dent T h e D em o c rati c Repu b .
-
A m er i c an part y in t h e fo ll o w i ng y ear t h e ant ag ,

c h i s m o f t h e R o m an C ath o l i c Ir i s h a nd in t erfer
i

l ic a ns fi erc c l at t ac k ed t li is l c g isl at i n an d ai d ed
v o , ,

b y t h e qu arrel s o f A d a m s an d H a m i lt o n t h ey ,
e nc e at pu b l i c m eeti ng s o f A m er i c ans w hi c h fi nall y .
3 14 O R D E R O F U NI T E D A ME R I C A N M E C H A NI C S

ti on was for m ed at th at ti m e bu t i n th is , m e m bershi p and popularity By S epte m ber .

m ove m en t i s fou nd the beginn i ng of th at 2 appl ication was recei ved to for m a ne w
wh i c h afterward led to the for m ati on of the C oun c il to be call e d E nterp ri se No 2 Th is , . .

patrioti c frate rnal and be ne v olen t secret

, , , was gran ted and strange to say on S ep
, , ,

O rder of Un i ted A m e ri c an Me c h an i c s . te m ber 9 th e m other C ou n c il o v er wh i c h ,

These m en and othe rs asso c i ated wi th th e m Lu the r C h api n t h e foun de r p re sided de , ,

s aw the ad vantages to be de ri ve d fro m o r c lared i ts n a m e to be E nte rp rise No 1 A ,

. .

gan iz at io n an d obtai ne d per m ission to m eet c h arter was granted to for m Pe rse v eran ce

over t h e ri fle factory of Ed ward K Tr y on .

, Cou ncil No 3 on O c tober 2 1 when i t was
,
.
, ,

No 1 3 4 No rth S e c ond S treet o n J uly 4

.
, , also arranged to establi sh a syste m of si c k
1 84 5 The confe rence resul te d i n a sub
. an d oth er benefits al on g li nes followed an d ,

s c ription wi th wh i c h to ren t Jefferson T em n o d oubt suggested b y t h e Indepe nden t O r

peranc e Hall for a m ee ti ng to be h el d July der of O d d Fell ows th e I m p rove d O rde r of ,

8 to organ ize a prote c ti v e se c ret so c i et y

, R ed Men and th e Un ited O rde r of D ru ids .

a m ong A m eri c an m ech anics The re were . A S t ate C ou n c il was for m e d Nove m ber 1 3 ,

abou t si xty person s presen t at th e m eeti ng ,

1 84 5 afte r wh ich the ch arterin g of sub
,

bu t aft er Lu th er C hapi n th e presi ding , ordi na t e C ou n c ils was m o re rapid Lu the r .

o ffi c er had state d i ts obj e c t th e m aj orit y

, Ch apin was t h e first p resid i ng offi c er of th e
"
‘
re ti red n ot being fa v orable to secret s o Penn syl van ia S tate C ou n c il an d as wel l of
c iet ies Th ose re m ai ning were Lu th er
. th e Natio nal C ou n c il organi zed July 3 , ,

Ch ap in Ri c h ard Ho well (a Free m ason )

, ,
1 84 6 wh e n th e so c iety was o n e year old
,
'

George Tuc k e r E th an B riggs Joh n S m u ll , , A m ong th e earl ie r proceedi ngs th e foll ow

ing (a F ree m aso n ) Ja m es Lane Willia m , , i ng from th e re c ord s of th e S tate Co un cil
C u m m ings J S S anso m J H Ha c ke r
,
. .
, . .
, of Penn syl vani a No v e m ber 1 6 1 84 9 i s , , ,

W H Wh i te Wi llia m S te ve n s Joh n A
. .
, ,
. wo rthy of a pl ace he re :
C u rr y (a Free m ason ) George S tiles J M
W h ereas T rder o f O dd F ell o ws and S o ns o f
. .
, ,
he O

“
,

M u rray Jac ob G Baker Le m uel C rosby

,
.
, , T em peran c e are ab o ut t o c o n t r i b ut e a b l o c k o f
S a m uel T H ay s Joh n C H ugh es Ch arl es
.
,
.
, m arb l e t o ward s t h e erec ti o n o f t h e Was h i n g t o n
N C ro c ke tt Wi ll iam S i m m ons (a Free
.
,
M o n u m ent at as hi ngt o n and
.
'

m ason ) E H D ee m er Garrett M itc h ner

,
. .
, ,
W h ereas T h e O rd er o f Un i ted Am er i c an M e
,

c h an ic s b ei n g o f a m o re n ati o n al c h arac t er th an
Joseph Wh itak e r Joh n Meld ru m an d , ,
,

eith er o f t h e ab o v e n a m ed i t b ec o m es th ei r es ec i a l
p
Ja m es T urner At a m ee ti n g h el d July .

d ut y a s it m ay w ell b e th ei r pr i d e t o c o n t r i b ut e
,

, ,

1 5 resol uti on s we re adopte d d e c l aring th e

, th ei r m it e in t h e erec ti o n o f a t es ti m o n i al o f es t eem
obj e c ts of th e n ew secret trades u nion to be t o t h e F ath er o f t h ei r C o u nt ry ;

th ose substanti ally as set forth at the begin Th erefo re b e i t Reso l ved Th at a c o mm itt ee o f
. ,

n ing of th i s article an d the society w as ,

th ree b e appo i nt ed t o so l i c it c o nt ri b uti o n s fro m
s u b o rd i n at e C o u n c il s an d t o pr o c u re a s ui t ab l e
n am ed The A m eri c an Me c h an i c s Uni on ’ .

b l o c k o f m arb l e w ith t h e e m b l em o f t h e o rd er
.

,
O n July 2 2 th e na m e was c h anged to th e s c ul ptu red th ereo n .

O rder of Un ited A m e ri c an Me c h an i c s of t h e
Un ited S tates a nd o n July 2 9 a c o nst it u
,
Th e soci e ty soo n spread t o N e w Je rse y
tio n was ad opted At a m ee ti ng Aug ust 4 .
, ,
an d D elawa re It h as al ways been strong i n
.

1 84 5 one m onth after th e prel i m i nary c o n

,
Penn sylvan ia O rigin ally i n ten ded fo r an d
.

feren c e look ing to th e for m ation of th e s o m ade u p e xcl us iv ely of ope rati v e m e c h an
c iet y a ri tual an d an in i ti atory c ere m ony
,
ic s an d wor k i n g m en general i nte rest i n its ,

were adop t ed and arrange m e nts we re m ade pri n ci ples an d pu rpose s resul te d i n a rad i
to i ssue an add ress to m e c hani c s an d wor k cal ch ange soon afte r i t was for m ed an d it ,

ingm en Mee tin gs we re h eld at sh ort in

. h as si nce been an order of n ative born -

t erv al s and th e societ y grew rapidly i n A m e ri c an s fro m eve ry professi on and calli n g ,
 O R DE R O F U NI T E D A M E R I C A N M E C H A NI C S 31 5

w i th no t rades un i on affil i ati on s or de U ni ted A m erican Mechan ics of the B roth ,

sire to i n te rfere i n d isp utes be t w een c api erh o o d of the U ni o n and of t he Uni t ed ,

O rd er S on s of A m e ri ca a ffili a t e d w i th the
’
tal an d l abo r Th e soci e ty s C ou n c ils are
. ,

fou n d i n t wen t y one S t ate s an d i t n u m bers

-
Kno w Nothi ng party bu t the S on s of A m er ,

m ore t han m e m bers . ica was fai rly a b sorbe d by i t an d the refore
Th e square an d co m passes a m on g i ts em l ost i ts id enti t y i n 1 660—6 1 wh en th e w ar ,

b l e m s wh ic h al so i ncl ud e th e A m eri can

,
d re w at t e nti on away fro m q uesti on s w h i c h
flag an d t he h an d an d arm of l abo r w ield h ad d o mi n ate d t h e c a m paign s of 1 85 2 an d
i ng a h a m m er suggest Maso ni c i n fl ue n c e
,
. 1 85 6 .

A m on g t h e t we nty fi v e ge n tle m en w h o as -
Af te r th e w ar m e m be rs of the O rders
,

si ste d at th e fou ndi ng of the orde r o n July ,

o f Me c h an i cs t he B ro t h erh oo d of t he
,

8 1 84 5 fo ur as no t ed S m a llin g C u m m in gs
, , . , ,
Un ion and o t h ers re vi ved th e S on s of
, ,

S i m m on s an d C u rry were Free m asons

, ,
. A m e ri c a an d i t is to the m as con se rv ato rs ,

H ugh es beca m e a m e m be r of th e frate rn ity of n ati v i s m defen de rs of t he p ubli c sch ool

,

i n 1 84 9 H ay i n 1 850 H o well i n 1 85 1 an d
, ,
syste m a s i t i s an d as o ppon en ts of possi ble
, .

S tiles i n 1 853 fo r wh i c h i n for m atio n th e

,
atte m p t s a t u ni on be tween ch urc h an d state ,

wri te r i s i nd ebte d to th e co u rtes y of t h e S ec t h at the d o m esti c patri oti c sec re t so c ieti es

ret ar
y of the G rand Lod ge of An c ien t Free of th e past t wenty years d i re c tly o r i nd i ,

an d Ac c epted Maso n s of Pe nns y l vani a Yet . rec t l

y o we th e i r e xi sten ce
, .

i t was q ui te n at ural to u tiliz e represen tati on s A m on g th e latter patte rned m ore o r l ess
,

o f th e squ are an d co m passe s i n t h e origin al after th e fou r wh ich ha v e co m e do wn to

organiz a t io n w h ich was on e of m ech ani cs
,
u s th ro u gh t he l as t h alf cent ury are th e ,

an d w o rk in g m en Th e Anc ien t O rde r of

. O rder of the A m e rican Un i on for m ed ,

Un i te d Work m en a pu rel y be nefi c i ary se ,

i n 1 8 73 ; the Te m plars of L iber t y 1 88 1 ; ,

cret socie ty for m e d i n 1 8 64 also p resents t h e t h e Patrio ti c League of th e Re v olu ti on

’

, ,

square an d co m passe s a m ong i t s e m ble m s

and can n ot ple ad coin ciden ce wi th equ al
, 1 8 8 2 ; t h e A m eri can Prote c t i v e Associ a
t ion be t te r k no wn as th e
,
A P “ . .

propri ety as t h at fratern i ty was t he creati on

,
1 887 the A m e rican Patri ot Leagu e 1 888 ,

of o ne m an an d h e a Free m aso n an d i t the L o y a l Wo m e n of A m e ri c an Li b e r t y ,

ne v e r was co m pose d e xcl u si v el y o f m echan 1 8 88 t h e Protestan t K ni gh ts of A m eri ca ,

i cs or l abo ri n g m en . 1 89 5 ; an d the O rde r of the Li t tle Re d

T he pat ri oti c A m e ri can sec ret socie tie s , S ch o ol H ou se 1 8 9 5 , .

the Un i ted O rder S on s of A m erica for m e d, ,

’
Wo m e n s o r m en s an d w o m en s au x ' ’

i n Phi ladel ph i a in 1 84 7 ; t h e B ro t h erhoo d iliaries of so m e of t hese associati on s h ave

o f th e Un i on 1 85 0 and t he S o n s of 7 6 been s uc c essfu l in c o operating n o t onl y t o
’

, , , ,
,

o r t he O rde r of th e S t ar S pangle d Bann e r pro paga t e pe c uli a r o r spe c ial v iews h el d ,

(whi ch be c a m e th e secre t nativ e A m erican but i n ren derin g m ore attracti ve th e so

party of 1 85 2—5 4 bette r k n own as t he Kn o w
, c ial si de o f t h e o rgan i za t i ons Pro m i n ent .

Noth in g party ) all fi n d a d i rec t or an

, a m on g s uch are t he D augh ters of L iber t y ,

i nd irec t origi n or i n spi ra ti o n i n th e O rde r au xil iar y to i t an d th e J u n io r O rder of

of Uni t ed A m eri can M echani cs an d all e x Un ited A m erican Mech an i cs D augh ters of
cep t t he K no w No th i ng p arty are al i v e t o A m eri c a also affili ate d w i t h t he J un i or O r
,

day . M e m bers o f the l ast n a m e d foun d de r ; t h e Wo m en s H i s t ori c al S oc ie t y w i t h

’

refuge afte r i t s d efeat i n so m e of t h e othe rs th e A m e ri can Protecti ve Asso c iati on an d ,

an d i n th e C on stit ution al U ni on n o n secre t ,

-

,
th e D augh ters of C ol u m bi a conne cted wit h ,

poli t ical party wh i ch was born an d d ie d

, th e A m e ri c an Pa t ri o t Le ague In o rder to .

j u st pri or to th e ou tbreak of t he C i vil War . brin g th e ge nealogical t ree of t h e fa m i ly of

Nearly all t h e m e m be rs of th e O rde r of A m eri can pa t ri oti c se c ret socie t ies dow n to
316 O R DE R O F U NI T E D A M E R I C A N M E C H A NI C S

d a t e i t i s n ecessary to ad d the n am es of r k no wn as th e Da ugh te rs of Li berty origi ,

so m e of th e m ore i m portan t wh i c h wh e ther ,

nat e d wi th C ol um bia C o un ci l at M eri den ,

pat rioti c m e rel y o r patri otic an d pol i ti cal

, ,
C on n i n Jan uary 1 8 75 It was desi gn ed
.
, , .

or wh e ther ha v i ng a par t isan poli ti c al rea ,

m e rel y to assist C ol um bi a C o u n c il i n i ts
son fo r existen c e are n ev erth eless th e o ff
.
, ,
work bu t i ts usefu lness w as such t h at i n a
,

spri ng di rectl y or i ndi re ctly of t h e fo u r sh ort ti m e C ou n c i ls of D aughters of L ib

wh i ch ha v e c o m e down fro m t he m i ddle of ert y were i nsti t u t ed at B ri d geport an d N ew

the c e n tu ry and wh i c h th rou gh earli e r ,

H aven C o n n w h enc e t h ey spread t o N ew
,. .
,
‘

s im il ar so c i e t i es da te back to t h e decade
,
Jersey Ne w York Massach u setts an d a
, ,

p ri or t o th e War of t h e Re vol uti on C on . d oze n o t h e r S tates Al l m e m bers of C ou n

.

spic uo u s a m on g th e m we re t he n o w e xti n ct cils of th e O r der of U n ite d A m eri can Me

“
Kni gh t s of th e Gol den C i rcle wi th i ts revo , c h an ic s i n goo d stan di ng an d an y n ati v e ,

l u t io nary desi gn s pri or t o an d du ri ng t h e born A m e ri can wh i te wo m an of si x teen year s

Ci vi l T ar ; the K u Kl u x K l a n whi ch fol - -

,
o f age or o v er are el igible to m e m be rshi p
, .

l o we d th e C i vil War ; th e S ou t h ern pol i ti Th ere are m ore t han m e m bers of

cal agri c ultu ral secre t associ ati on k n ow n
,
C o un cils of D augh ters of Liber t y Th e o h .

as th e Wh eel wh i ch ga v e bi rth ih 1 8 6 7 to
, j ec t s of th e au xilia ry soci e t y are t o pro m o te
’
th e Grange an d i t i n 1 880 t o th e Far m ers
, , ,
so cial in t e rco urse seek m u tu al i m prove
,

Alli ance after wh ich m ay be n a m e d th e

,
m en t t o v i si t th e si c k an d d istre ssed
, ,

Kn igh ts of Re c ipro c it y 1 890 ; the (m o d ,

ern ) S on s of Libe rty wh i c h i s e xti n ct ;
th e In dian Republi can League 1 89 3 ;
perpetu ate A m eri can p rin c iples i n con
, j unctio n wi th th e O rder o f Un ite d A m e ri c an
Me c h ani c s an d t o p rom ote th e h appi ness an d
”
, ,

A m e ri ca n Kni gh t s of Prote cti on 1 8 94 ; , pro sperit v of t he O rder i n gene ral .

Protestan t Kn i gh ts of A m eri c a 1 8 9 5 ; t h e , T he fun eral ben efi t depart m ent of t h e

Nati o n al Asse m bly Patri o t i c League a
sc hi s m atic b ran c h of the A P A ; 1 8 9 5
,
“ . . .
, paren t o rd e r i s i n th e h and s of i n di v i d ual
C ou n c i ls I t pro vi de s fo r th e pay m ent b y
.
,

th e Pat ri o t s of A m eri c a 1 8 95 an d th e , ,
m e an s of assess m en t s of $3 0 0 a t th e death s
,

S i lve r K ni gh ts of A m eri ca 1 8 9 6 organ , ,

of t ho se en ti t led to th e sa m e Th e re is .

iz ed to carry on a free co in age o f sil ver - - -

also an i n su ran ce d epart m en t con trolle d ,

propagan da and fi n all y the S il v e r L adies

, , ,
by the Nation al C oun ci l an d an A d visory
of A m e ri c a for m e d in 1 8 9 6
,
. Board pro v i d i ng for pay m e n t s of
, to
Th e J u ni or O rde r of Un ited A m eri can legal rep rese n tati v e s of deceas ed m e m bers .

Mech ani cs was organi zed i n 1 85 3 as a The ben efi t fu n d i s pro v ide d for by assess
j uven ile bran ch of the paren t Mech ani c s ,
m en ts on t h ose wh o ch oose to tak e ad
t o ad m i t you th s an d t rai n th e m t o beco m e van tage of th i s featu re of the w ork of t h e
m e m bers o f th e lat t er on arri v ing a t th e
-

O rder .

re qui re d age B u t b y 1 8 85 the J u ni o r o r

. Th e L oyal Legi o n of Uni t e d A m eri can
der b ec am e so s t ron g an d i ts m e m bershi p so Mech an i cs i s i t s u n ifor m e d di vi si on I t .

large th a t it te r m in ate d i t s de pe nden t rel a

,
was establ i sh e d by t h e Natio n al C ou n c i l i n
t io nsh ip an d be c a m e wh a t i t h as si nce re 1 88 6,
an d i n add i t i on t o handso m e uni
m a ined an i nd e penden t patrioti c frater
, , ,
for m s a n el aborate d rill an d sword m an ual
, ,

nal secret soci e t y wi th n a m e e m ble m s

, , , ,
i t h as an o rgan i z a t ion of i ts own w i th ,

obj e c ts an d prin ci ples l ik e th ose of t h e ri tual an d c ere m oni al s n ot e nti rely disasso
O rder of Uni te d A m erican Me c h an i cs I ts . c iat ed fro m l ik e appen dages to the I n d epen

m e m be rshi p i s n early
.
m uch m ore den t O rde r o f O dd Fel lo ws th e Kni gh ts of ,

than t wi c e th at of th e paren t o rgani zati on . Pythi as and th e Foresters of A m e ri c a al l ,

Th e m en and wo m en s au xil ia ry to the ’

of wh i c h h ave been i n part th e ou t co m e of
O rde r of Uni t ed A m eri can M e c han ics a sp i rit of e m ul ation of Mason i c K ni gh ts
.
3 18 O R DE R O F T HE LI T T LE R E D S C HO O L H O US E

secre t or gan i z ati on s wh i c h sp r un g in to e x en gine (S ee K n o w Noth ing party ; al s o

.

is t en c e i n the decade follo wi ng t he ele c tion O rde r Uni te d A m erican Mechan ics ) .

of Ja m es Harper as m ayor of Ne w York city O r d e r o f U n i t e d A m e r i c a n s — A re .

o n a n ati ve A m eric an ti cket i n 1 8 4 3 It . c en t l y for m ed patri oti c and be n e fi ci ary s o

was fou n de d at N ew York ci t y i n 1 8 4 4 by c iet y fo r m en an d wo m e n The fi rst an n u al .

Russell C Root an d th i rtee n associ ates wh o

.
,
con ven ti o n of i ts G ran d Te m pl e was h el d
establi she d Alph a C h apter No 1 of th e , .
,
a t Ph i l ad el ph i a i n 1 8 9 7 at whi c h delegates ,

A m e ri can B roth e rh o o d as t h e soci ety was ,

were presen t fro m v ariou s po in ts i n Pen n
t hen called Pi oneer C hapter No 1 of
.
, .
,
syl van i a an d Ne w Jersey .

N ew Jersey was organi zed i n 1 84 8 bu t ,

P a t r i o t ic D a u g h t e r s o f A m er i c a
H an coc k Ch apter No 1 of Massa c h u setts
,
. A patri oti c soc ial se c ret soci ety for m ed i n
, ,

w as at work as earl y as 1 84 5 Th e o ri gi nal Ph il ad elph ia i n 1 885 a wo m en s bra n c h of ’

.
,

ch apte r i n C onn e c tic ut was Roger S h er m an , or adj un ct to th e Patri o t i c O rder S o n s of ,

N o 1 an d th at in Pen nsyl vania Keystone

.
, , ,
A m eri c a I n 1 889 t h i s d egree or bran ch of
.

No 1 The strength of the m o v e m en t m ay

. . th e Pat ri oti c O rd er S on s of A m erica was ,

be i nfe rre d fro m the pl an ti ng of E u re k a d ropped an d th e Patri oti c O rder of T rue

Ch apte r i n C al ifo rn i a as early as 1 8 5 0 I n . A m eri can s was fo r m e d to take i ts place to ,

1 85 1 an d 1 852 th e O rd e r was p op ul ar an d wh i ch both m en an d wo m en are ad m i tte d .

gre w i n m e m be rshi p rapi dly I t pu bli sh e d .

(S ee Patri otic O rd er S o n s of A m eri ca ) , .

a m agazi ne d u ri n g th e years n a m ed w h ich ,

P at r io t ic L e ag u e o f t h e R ev o l u t i o n .

i n D ece m ber 1 85 2 repo rted si xty t wo c h ap - — O rgani zed i n 1 882 by Vi rgi ni a Ch andle r
, , ,

ters of t h e O rde rof Un i t ed A m e ri can s i n New T itco m b at B rookl y n N Y I ts m e m ber

, ,
. .

Yo r k S tate fou rteen in Ne w Je rsey fi ve i n

, , sh i p was ori gi nally co m po sed e xcl u si v ely of
C onne cti cu t and on e i n Massach u se tts I ts
, . wo m en bu t m en are eligi ble an d m any h a v e
,

syste m of n a m ing ch apters wou l d suggest j oi ne d Its o fiic ers declare i t i n so m e re

.

t he presence of c ollege fraterni ty m en a m on g s pec t s a secre t soci et y to whi ch patri oti c

th e gen tl e m en w h o at t he resi de nce of M r
,
. Prot estan t A m eri can s al one are el igible .

Root on S econ d Aven ue N ew Yo rk D e , , Professe d obj ects are th e stud y o f poli t i cal
c em b er 2 1 , establ i sh ed Alph a Ch ap questi on s i n th ei r h i stori cal relat i on an d _

ter No 1 B u t it i s e v e n m ore li kel y th at

, . . th e col lecti on an d preser v ation of rel ics of
l eaders i n the O rde r had been m e m bers of th e Re volu ti on an d o th e r e v ents i n A m eri can
the pol i ti cal soci ety of Re d Men wh i ch d i e d h i stor y an d o f peopl e i den tifi ed wi th th e
a d ozen years befo re ; o r of Ta m m an y Hall ,
progress and gro wth of th e cou n try .

Ne w York ci ty an outgro wth fro m th e,

P a t r i o t ic O rd e r J un io r S ons ,of

sam e organi zati on s wh i c h p rod u c ed th e A m e ri c a A n ati ve A m eric an patrioti c

.

S o c i ety of Re d Men T h e O rde r of Un i te d

. se c ret so ciet y foun ded at Ph i l ad el ph i a
, ,

A m e rican s as i t soo n ca m e to be kn o wn i s
, ,
Dece m ber 1 0 1 84 7 o ri gi n ally establi she d
, ,

practi c ally e x t i n c t bu t u n til qui t e recently

, , as an au x ili ary t o th e Un i te d S on s of A m er
m e m be rs of Washi n gton C hapte r Ne w , i ca I t surv i ve d th e l atter an d i n 1 8 6 8 or
.
,

York ci ty of wh i c h Ch arle s E Gilder

, . 1 8 7 0 h elped rev i ve th e p aren t so c i ety u n de r
slee v e i s or was S ach e m m et regu larl y t o , t he t i t le Patri o ti c O rde r S on s of A m e ri c a , .

’
celebrate Wash i n gton s bi rthd ay an d rene w P a t r i o t ic O r d e r S o n s o f A J n e r i c a
, .

old frie n dshi ps Me m bers of the O rder

. A patri oti c benefi ci ary se c re t society ,

we re early t o di sco v e r th e poli tical possi bil i foun de d at Phi ladel ph i a prio r to 1 84 7 as , ,

t ies o f a n e w poli tical secre t society th at .

,
th e Un i ted S on s of A m eri ca by B en n el ,

wh ich ul ti m ately be c a m e kn own as th e C oates E Z O J u d son

,
. . Ne d
.

Kn o w Noth in g p arty an d took a pro m i nen t , and o thers so m e of wh o m were m e m bers

,

part i n bu il d in g u p t h at m ar v ellou s poli tical of th e O rde r of Uni ted A m e rican Mech ani cs ,
 P A TRI O TIC O R DE R , S O NS O F A ME R I C A 319

a si m i lar socie t y organi z e d at Phi l adel phi a as one of the fou r e xi stin g p atrioti c secre t
t wo years p re v i o u sly all of th e m sy m pa , socie tie s b orn of th e n ati ve A m e ri can m o v e -

t h iz ers wi th the t he n rap idly gro wi n g n ati v e m ent abou t th e m iddle of the cen tur y which ,

A m e ri can poli ti cal sen ti m en t * .

are line al desce n d an ts of Am e ri can poli ti c al
T he paren t socie ty for m e d an au xili ary secret so c i e t ies an d wh i c h for m a p ra c ti c ally
,

D e c e m be r 1 0 1 84 7 u nde r th e ti t le J un i or
, , con ti n u ou s c hai n bac k to a peri od ten years
S on s o f Am eri c a to wh ic h y ou th s between , pri or to t h e o utbreak o f th e w ar of th e
si x tee n an d t wenty on e years of age were Rev ol uti on (S ee S on s of Li be r t y S on s of
-

.
,

ad m i tted O n beco m i n g of age th e J un i o rs

.
S t Ta m i na S o c ie t y of Red Men O rder
.
, ,

beca m e S en i ors or m e m bers of t h e U n i te d , Un i te d A m e ri c an M echani cs an d Kn o w ,

S on s o f A m e ri ca Th e h eat of th e pol iti .

Noth i n g Party ) Li ke th e tw o orde rs of .

cal ca m pai gn o f in wh i c h t h e S o n s Un i te d A m e ri can Mech ani cs an d the Bro

’
of 7 6 o r O rde r o f t h e S tar S pan gle d Ban
, t h erh o o d of th e U n i on i t pays si ck an d ,

n e r (th e Kn o w No t h ing party ) a se c ret , , d eath bene fit s by m e an s of assess m en ts A n .

oath bo u n d n a t i ve A m eri can poli t ical o r

-

, i n su ran c e of acco m pani es a n o p

ganizat io n took par t e v i den tl y fu se d th e , t io nal m e m bersh i p of th ose i n th e O rde r
Uni t ed S on s of A m eri c a wi th th e S on s of u nde r fi fty years of age i n t h e m o rtuary
7 6 fo r th e for m e r disappeared wit h th e
’
, benefi t fu nd an d t otal si ck an d death
,

deat h of th e K n o w No th in g o rgani z ati on ben efi t s pai d si nce reo rgani z ati on i n 1 8 6 6

an d i t s su c cessor th e A m e ri can party at th e , , a m ou n t to m ore th an
ou tbreak of th e C i vi l War I n 1 80 8 so m e .
O n D e ce m be r 2 3 1 88 5 M i ss Agath a Bea , ,

C a m ps o f J unio r S on s of A m e rica ai de d , m er an d an el der broth e r organi zed i n Ph il a

by m e m bers of th e O rde r of U n i t ed A m e r delphi a the Patr i o t i c D augh ters of A m e ri c a
i can Mech an i cs re v ived th e soci e ty as th e , as an adj un c t t o the Patri oti c O rd er S on s .

Pat ri oti c O rder S on s of A m eri ca an d th e , , of A m e ric a In May 1 88 7 th e S t ate

.
, ,

J u ni or S ons of A m eri ca di sappeared S i n ce .

Ca m p of Pen n syl van i a of th is subord i n ate
th at ti m e th e gro wth of t h e re vi v ed ord e r society was i n sti tu ted an d on i ts seco n d ,

h as been rapi d partic ularly i n Pen n syl v an i a

wh e re i t h as
, , ann i v e rsary el even C a m ps we re in ful l work
m e m bers The total .
i ng o rde r O n Jan uary 1 1 88 9 th rou gh
.
, ,

m e m bersh i p i s n early an d i t rank s th e acti o n of t h e Nat ion al C a m p of the

’

paren t so c iet v the w o m en s branch or d egree

,
i s pro bab l e t h e o rd er w as fo u nded o n a l o c al
It
was dropped The D augh ters th e n for m al ly
.

P hil adel phi a so c i et y b y t h e sam e nam e fo r in an ,

ac c o u n t o f t h e l ay i n g o f t h e c o rn er s t o n e o f t h e n e w
re o rgan i z ed as a separate and i n depe n den t
nati ve A m eri c an h all in t h e S ec o nd ward o f th at
-
o rgan i zati o n w it h th e ti tl e of Patri oti c
’

c it y i t i s s t at ed th at am o n g t h e ar ti c l es pl ac ed in O rde r of T rue A m e ri can s T hi s i s n ot .

t h e c o rn er s t o n e w as a c o py o f t h e c o ns tituti o n an d co m pose d ex cl usi vely of wo m en I t h as a .

b v l aws o f t h e S o ns o f A m er i c a N o 1 o f t h e c it y
-

, .
,
doubl e set of o ffi cers th e fi rst of m en an d ,
and c o u n t y o f P hil ad el phi a i ns titut ed D ec em b er ,
th e se c on d of wo m e n 5 o r th e ord er m ay be
1 8 1 844
,
In t h e b o o k (12 1 pages) t h e pu rpo s e o f
.

t h e s o c i et y is s t a t ed t o b e t h e u n iti ng in frat erna l

t he re v erse Th i s branch i s said n ot to
.

b o nd s al l pers o ns ad v o c ati ng an ex t en s i o n o f t h e e xi st o ut of Pe nn syl v ani a Th e obj ects of .

pro b a ti o n o f fo rei g ners t o t wen t y o ne years at l eas t t h e Patri oti c O rder S on s of A m eri ca c losely
-

, ,

and em pl o yi ng A m er i c an m en fo r A m er i c a n o ffi c es ;
parallel th ose of th e O rder of Un ite d A m er
t o defen d t h e s ys t em o f g en eral ed u c ati o n b y m eans
i can Mech ani cs an d th e Juni or O rder of
o f c o m m o n sc h o o l s as wel l as t o
pro t ec t freedo m
o f s peec h
,

l i b ert y o f t h e press and t h e pu ri t y o f th e sa m e to w i t,

” T h e o rder c el eb rated t h e 6 t h o f
, ,

t h e b all o t b o x . T o inc ul c at e pu re Am er i c an pr i n c i pl es t eac h ,

M ay t h e an n i versary o f t h e att ac k o n t h e A m er i c an
,
l oyalt y t o A m er i c an i n stituti o n s c ulti vate frater nal ,

m eeti n g b y Ir i s h i m m i g ran t s at K ens i n g to n in 1 844 ,

aff ec ti o n o ppo se f o r ei g n i n t erf eren c e in S t at e o r
,

and a l s o t h e 2 2 d o f F ebr u ary . nati o n al affai rs o ppo se all appro pr i ati o ns o f pu b li c

,
3 20 PA T R I O T I C O R DE R O F T R UE A ME R IC A NS

m o n eys fo r sec t ar i an pu rpo ses preserve t h e C o n

, The Patri o t i c O rder J uniorS o ns of A m er ,

s t it ut io n o f t h e Un it ed S t at es an d t o d efen d and
,
ica (Patri oti c O rder w as ad de d to th e title
m ai n t ai n t h e A m er i c an s ys t em o f pu b l i c s c h o o l s .

abo ut th e ye ar 1 85 0 ) was n o t a strong o r

A ny m a l e pers o n is en titl ed t o m em b ers hi p i f o f
gan iz at io n in i ts early years Th e Ju n i or
g o o d m o ra l c h arac t er s i x t een years o f ag e a b e
.

, .

l i ever in t h e ex i s tenc e o f a S u prem e B ei ng as Ca m ps i n th ose days were probabl y lit tl e

C reat o r and Pres erv er o f t h e Un i v ers e b o rn o n t h e ,
m ore th an e arnest debati n g socie ti es in ,

s o i l o r u n de r t h e j u r i sd i c ti o n o f t h e Un it ed S tat es wh i ch pol itic al to pics of the day were d is ,

o f A m er i c a in fav o r o f free ed u c ati o n o ppo s ed t o

, , cussed an d p ubli c an d pri v ate m orali ty was
an y u n i o n of c h u r c h a nd s t at e an d t o t h e i n t er
,
i n c u l c a ted wi th t h e other v i rtues essen ti al
ferenc e o f any fo rei g n po wer d i rec tl y o r ind i rec tl y
, ,
,

w ith t h e go vernm en t .
to a proper e xe rci se of the ri gh ts of c itize n
sh ip . A m on u m en t t o the wo rk of t he
T he o rgan i z ati on of th e O rde r con sists of O rder i n Pe nn syl v ani a is i ts re susci tati o n
a S upre m e B ody t h e Nati on al C am p w ith
, , of Wash i n gto n s headquarters at Valley
’

S tate C a m ps an d subo rdi n ate C a m ps . F orge w h ere t h e patri ots of th e Re v ol uti on

,

S ubo rdi nate C a m ps are u nde r th e j uris dic su ffere d d u ri n g th at m e m or abl e w in te r of

ti on o f the Nati on al C a m p unti l th e n um 1 7 7 7—7 8 It i s d ue to th e O rde r th at th e
.

ber of C a m ps i n t he S tate w arran ts thei r property i s secu rely establi sh ed as a per

bein g gran t e d separate l ocal m an age m en t , m anen t pu bli c park T he m e m bersh i p o f
.

w hen a S tate C a m p i s ch artere d an d th e O rde r wh i ch e xten d s to al m o st e v ery

,

a ssu m es c ontrol o f all C a m ps i n th e S t ate . S t ate i n t h e Un i o n in c l u des m en o f all ,

T h e Nati o n al C a m p con si sts o f representa h on orabl e trades occup ati on s an d pro i es

, ,

ti y e s fro m e ac h S t ate C am p and fro m each si on s i nclu di n g m an y w h o o ccu py i m por

,

subord inate j uri sdi ctio n u n der Nati on al

. tan t posi ti on s i n nati on al S tate and m a , ,

C a m p m an age m en t S tate C a m ps con sist

.
nic ipal cou n cil s D i scussi on o f parti san
.

of delegates fro m eac h subord i n ate C am p politics i n C am ps of th e O rder i s proh ibi ted
“ ,

i n th e j u risd icti on S ubordin ate C a m ps

are ch artere d by th e Nation al or S tate
. and th e i dea ad v ance d is A m erican s for
A m eri ca ” rathe r th an A m e ri ca for “
C a m ps h a v in g j u ri sd i c ti o n an d are al l , A m e ri c ans .

n a m ed i n h o n or of Wash i ngton bei n g n um , P a t r io t ic O rd e r o f T ru e A m eric a n s .

be red separately in each S tate o r Terri tory .

— O rgan ize d in 1 8 89 by th e Patri o ti c O rde r ,

Th e i n i tiat o ry an d o the r se c ret ce re m oni es S ons of A m e ric a to t ake the place of th e

'

a re sai d to be in stru cti v e an d b eau ti ful . Patri oti c D augh ters of A m e ri c a to whi ch ,

T he regali a con si sts of a sash of red wh i te ,

w o m e n on l y h ad bee n ad m i tted Th e n e w .

a n d bl ue stu dded wi th stars Th e re is

, . adj u nc t or aux ili ary to th e Patri oti c O rde r ,

al so conne c ted w ith th e O rde r a uni for m ed S on s of A m eri ca ad m i t s both m en an d

rank en titled th e C o m m ande ry Gen eral ,
wo m en to m e m be rsh i p (S ee Patri o tic .

S on s of A m e ri ca It i s con trolle d by a
. O rde r S on s of A m eri c a )
,
.

code of l a ws prepared for i ts o wn govern P a t ri o t ic O rd er U n it e d S o ns of ,

m ent . Me m bers of C o m m an de ries wear A m e r i c a — A sec ret soci ety of t h e general

.

c h ape au x an d regali a an d are ar m e d wi th ch aracte r i n d i cated by i ts title f oun ded at

“
,

s words A n y m e m ber i n good stan di n g i s Ph iladel phi a pri or t o 1 84 7 as th e U n i t ed

el igible to j oi n th e C o m m andery General . S ons of A m e rica I t was ori gi n ally o f local
.

Prior to 1 8 7 0 th e fi rst degree was style d i n terest o nly bu t grad ually gre w in im
,

t h e S ubordi n ate Ca m p the secon d was ,

portan ce an d m e m bersh ip an d was fi n ally ,

k now n as th e Pas t degree an d the thi rd as ,

abso rbe d by th e S on s of 7 6 or O rder of ’

t he C o m m and ery In 1 87 0 th e degree

. t h e S ta r S p angl ed B anne r popul arly kn o wn ,

ti tl es Red Wh i te an d B l ue respecti v ely

, , , ,
as the K n ow Noth i n g party in 1 85 2 —5 4 ,
.

we re ad opted . T he Patri oti c O rde r Un i te d S on s of A m eri c a

,
322 PR O T E ST A NT K NI GH T S O F A ME R I C A

pat ri oti c n ati v e A m erican benefi c i ary so

, ,
R o yal B l a c k K n ig h t s o fth e C am p o f
c iet y t he A m eri can Patri ot League
, (S ee . I s ra e l . B ri ti sh po lit ic al secre t so c ie ty
-
A
th e l a t te r ) . t o whi ch onl y m e m be rs of th e h i gh est or
P r o t e s t a n t K n ig h t s o f A m e r ic a . S carle t degree of t he Loy al O ran ge Asso ci
O rgan i ze d at S t Louis M o e arl y i n 1 8 95 .
, .
, . ati on are el igi b le (S ee th e l atter ) . .

A fraternal benefi ci ary society desi gned to

be am ong Pro t estan ts wh at the Cath oli c
,
S i l v e r K n ig h t s o f A m e r i c a — A secre t
soci e ty e stabli sh e d to secu re i n a legal “ .

K nigh ts of C ol u m bu s an d o the r si m il ar way th e free c oin age o f si l v er i n th e U n i ted

Ro m an C ath ol ic se m i secre t or ders are -
S tates an d to m a k e sil ve r a l egal te nd e r fo r
a m ong C ath ol i cs It was i n c orpo rated w ith . al l de bts and to c olle c t an d spen d m o ney
a S upre m e and G rand or S tate C o u nci ls
, , for th at p u rpose I t was fo un ded early i n
.

con sti tuti on b y l aws an d a r itual ,

-
It ,
. 1 89 5 an d i ts go v erni ng bo dy th e S upre m e
, ,

ca m e i n to e xi sten c e on t h e wa v e of pa t ri Te m pl e S il v e r Kni gh ts of A m e ri ca wa s
, ,

o t i c and poli tical se c re t society ascen d i n corpo rated as a stock co m pan y w ith
en c y wh ich was con spi cu o u s i n 1 8 9 5 an d c api tal S en ato r W M S tewar t . . .

1 896 . of C arson C i t y Ne v was presid e n t ; Ja m e s

, .
,

R ed , W n e w an d
h it e , an d B l ue — A L Pai t v ice presiden t ; O l i v e r C S abi ne
.
,
-
.
,

m ore m ode rn varie ty of n ati ve A m erican se c re tary J a m es A B Ri ch ard t reasu re r

'

. .
, ,

pa t rioti c soci e t i es o rgani zed at Rocheste r , , an d S S Yo der d i re c to r ge neral T h e

. .
, .

N Y
. by S yl v este r M D ougl as
.
,
It is . . gene ral o ffi ces we re at Wash in gton D C ,
. .
,

descri bed as bei n g very se c re t only one pe r , wh i le th ose of t h e H arvey si l v e r sec ret s o
son bei n g per m i tted t o ha v e hi s n a m e kn o w n c iet y w ere at C h ic ago (S ee Patri o ts o f .

in conne c t i on wi th the in sti t uti on Not . A m e rica ) Ma ny well k nown m en were

.
-

o n ly the m e m bersh i p but th e pl ace s of , leaders a m o n g th e S il ve r K n i gh t s part ic u ,

m eeti ngs are secret It is sai d t o c onfer . l arly m e m be rs an d for m er m e m bers o f t h e

t h ree degrees on candi d ates for it s m yst e H o use of Repre sen tati v es A li terary b u .

ries : th e Red degree i n wh i c h protect io n , rea u was establ ish ed at Wash i n gton wh i c h
of th e Pro t estan t reli gi on again st C at h o l i di d h ard w ork i n th e in te re st of th ose wh o
c ism an d i nfid el i ty i s tau gh t ; th e Wh ite de fa v o red free c oi n age of sil ver Th e organ .

gree wh ich i nc ul cates p u ri t y i n al l th i n gs

, ,
iz at io n of t h e S i l v e r Kni gh t s of A m e ri c a
“
a m on g others the ballot an d th e B l ue or , ,
was pu sh e d si m ultaneou sl y i n Ken t uc k y ,

h igh est d egree wh i ch i s stri ctl y A m e rican

,
. Ill i noi s M isso u ri a nd Ar k an sas af t er wh ich
, , ,

I t ch arges t h at n on e sh al l be ad m i t t e d th e leade rs i n v ad ed oth e r S tates gen e rall y ,

wh ose grand paren ts an d paren t s are n o t

A m eri c a n s ; th a t n o foreign bl ood c an “ th ose regarde d as safe for th e D e m o c ra c y
o r only th ose dist ricts i n w h i ch the De m o
,

t i n c t u re th e v ein s o f th ose i n th e Bl ue crati c party d o m in ate d Th e n ew o rgan i z a

”
.

Ci rcle .Needless to ad d th at t h e B l ue
C i rc le or degree fu rni sh es the offi cers of
ti on h ad a ri t u al gri ps password s an d
a b u rial ser v ice i n fac t all the para
, ,

“ ,

”
, , , ,

t h e Red an d th e Wh i te an d t h at n on e b ut , ph ern al ia of a sec ret soci e ty T here w as .

a Pro testan t i s eli gi b l e to ad m i ssi on i n to a l so a wo m an s bran c h k n ow n as th e S i l ver

’

t h e soci ety M e m bers of th e Red and of t h e

. Ladi es of A m e ri c a an d i t w as i n tende d to ,

W h i te C irc les are u n kn o wn to ea c h o t h e r ou t strongly d e vel op the soci al featu re i n th at

o f t hei r C i rcl es u nless th ey are m e m bers of organi z ation Wi th t h e defe at of th e free
.

th e Bl ue Th e d egree of popul ari t y o r

. sil v e r m ove m en t i n pol i ti c s i n No v e m ber ,

strength a c h ie ved b y thi s fratern ity i s un 1 8 9 6 th e S il ve r Kn igh ts of A m e ri c a d ropped

,

k n o wn It for m s an i n teresti n g v a riation

. o ut of sigh t I ts m e m be rsh i p early i n th at
.

t o t h e plai n e ve ry day n ati ve A m e rican

,
-
year w as ve ry l arge i n c e n tr al Weste rn and
so c ieties of th e pas t qu art er of a ce n tu ry . Mi ssou ri ri v e r v alley S tates (S ee Patri ots .
 S O NS O F LIB E R T Y 323

of A m eri ca an d F reem en s Protecti ve S il ve r S o n s of Li berty beca m e pro m i nen t i n op pos

,
’

Fede rati on ) .
i ng an d e ven defy i ng w h at w as regarded as
—
S i l v e r L a d i e s o f A m e r i c a (S ee S il un warran t ed parlia m en tary a c ti on with ref
.

ver Kn i gh ts of A m e rica ) e ren ce t o th e A m eri c an c ol on ies Th i s was

'

. .

S o c ie t y o f R e d M e w — Fo u n de d by con spi c uo u s a t B al ti m ore an d elsewh e re i n

m e m be rs of S t Ta m m an y soci eties m em . Mar y lan d an d loyal col on i sts u nd ertoo k to
, ,

bers o f a m il itary c o m pany sta t ione d at m ake a c o un te r de m on s t ra t i on by th e for

Fort M ifii in o n th e D el aware Ri ver bel o w m at ion of S t Ge orge s S t And re w s and
, , .
’
, .
’
,

Ph il adel ph ia i n 1 81 3 It e m bod ie d relief S t D a vid s soci e ti es Th e re w as al so a S t

,
. .
’
. .

“
’
i n si c k n ess an d di stress as w ell as adh er Ni c h olas S o c iet y a t Ne w Yor k i n wh i c h
, ,

en ce t o e ach o the r i n defen ce of o u r c oun t h e D u tc h and H u gu en ots foun d co m m o n

”
try s cau se was secret i n ch aracte r an d grou n d Th e u n d e rlyi n g sen ti m e nt of t h e
’
, ,
.

u tili ze d t h e I n dian ce re m oni al s at m ee tings l atter so c iet ies be in g l oyal ty to t h e C ro wn ,

and i n i ti ati o n of m e m be rs h an de d d o wn t h e S on s of Li be rt y unde rtook t o ri di cul e

fro m t h e S on s of Li be rt y 1 7 6 4 —83 and th e t he m by clai m i n g th e
,
,

,
patron age of an “
S on s of S t Ta m i n a 1 77 2 1 8 1 0
.
, (S ee Ini un d ou b t ed A m eri c an an I nd i an ch ief or
-
.
, ,

proved O rde r o f Re d Men and th e S on s of k ing n am ed T a m i n a o r Ta m an en d wh ose

, , .
’

Li be rty ) I t d isappeare d abou t 1 830—32

. li fe an d e xpl oi ts th e y professed to tr .

S o n s o f L ib e r t y Th i s sec ret o rgan iz a fro m h i s own d es c enda n ts A f uller ao

. .

“
t i o n ap pe are d i n M aryl an d i n 1 7 64 —6 5 as cou n t m ay be fo u nd i n th e ske t ch of th e ,

scu t ati o n ” th e
,
sta m p act t h e “
a protest agai n st taxati on wi t h ou t repre I m pro v ed O rd er of Red M en Th e c aree r
” “
qu ar of th e S on s of L ibe r t y i n Massach u se tts
,
.

teri ng ac t an d oth er B riti sh l egi sl a t i on 1 7 6 5 —74 w ill e ve r re m ai n fa m i li ar by reaso n

, ,

a ffecti ng the A m eri can col on i es wh i c h w as of th e boardi ng of En gli sh v e ssel s i n B os t on

”
,

regarde d as un j ust an d opp ressi ve Th e h arbo r by fo rt y o r fift y Moh aw k I n d ians .

,

na m e ,
S ons of Li berty w as fi rst appl ied wh o e m p t ie d th e c argo o f tea in to th e wate r
;

to th i s origin ally only se m i rev ol u t ion ary as a protest agai nst th e tax on tea I t i s of
-
.

o rgani zati on by C olon el I saa c Barre wh o m o re th an passi n g i m port to ad d th at records

, , ,

” “
wi th a fe w o th ers i n th e B ri ti sh Parlia m ent of a M ason i c Lod ge a t B osto n sh o w th at the ,

opposed th e passage of t h e sta m p ac t Lo dge h ad been closed as m ost of th e m em

I t was i m m edi ately ad op ted b v th ose to be rs were to ta k e pa rt in a tea party ”
.

“ .

wh om i t A s e a rly as 1 7 6 6 —6 7 the Paul Re ve re afte rw ard s G ran d Maste r of ,

Free m ason s of Massa c h usetts carried th e ,

*
M r Henry B al d w i n c u s t o d i an o f A m er i c an
n e w s of th e tea p art y t o N ew York an d
.
,

H i st o ry L i b rary Am er i c ana wr it es : A t t h e
, ,

r i o d o f Zenger s t r i al 1 7 3 5
’
t h e r ad i c a l o
Phil ad elph ia Pro m ptly afte r th e S o n s of .

p e pp o ,

neut s o f t h e ro al g o vern o rs were c al l ed S o ns o f L ib ert v h ad i n vent ed th e sto r y of th e patron

”
v

L i b erty ; b ut t h e na m e w as no t o ft en h eard u ntil age o f an A m e ri c an kin g th e In d ian c h i ef ,

aft er t h e m em o rab l e s peec h in t h e H o u s e o f C o m Ta m i na p ubli c de m on s t rati on s were m ark ed ,

m o ns 1 7 6 5 o f C o l o nel B arre ag a i n s t t a x ati o n o f
, ,
by di sgui se s as I n d ians an d i t is relate d ,
t h e A m er i c ans I n repl y t o C h ar l es To wns h en d s
’

that th e 1 2 t h of M ay was de sign a t e d as S t

.

asserti o n th at t h e c o l o n i es h ad b een c ared fo r and ’

.

no u r i s h ed b y t h e i nd ul g enc e o f t h e B r iti s h Go v ern T am in a s d ay an d freque n tl y ush ered i n ,

m ent B arre s c o rnf ul l y d en i ed it s ay i ng th a t c are

, ,

w as ex erc i s ed in send i n g u n fit pers o ns as go v erno rs t o b e t h e i nti m i d a ti o n o f s t am p d i st r i b ut o rs an d t o

t o r ul e o v er th em m en w h o se b e h av i o r o n m a n y o po s e t h e ac t in ev er y w a y ; b ut
p s prea d i ng w i d el y ,

o c c as i o n s h as c a u s ed t h e b l o o d o f th o se S o ns o f o v er t h e c o l o n i es fro m M as s ac hu sett s t o G eo r i a
g ,

L i b er ty t o rec o i l w i th i n th em T h e ass o c i at ed th ey b ec a m e t h e m o s t ra d i c al l ead ers in t h e q u arrel

.
’

pat r i o t s in A m er i c a as s u m ed thi s n am e T h ey w ith Great B rit ai n and pro m o t ers o f t h e W ar o f

.

were c h i efl y yo u ng m en w h o l o v ed ex c it em ent b ut I nd epend enc e in wh i c h m an o f th em bec am e d is y

T h ei r fi rs t b u s i nes s s eem ed t ing uis h ed l ead ers in t h e C o u n c il an d in t h e fi el d ”

, ,

w ere t rul y pat r i o ti c . .

32 4 S O N S or L I B E R TY

w ith a m ilitary sal ute an d In di an war d an ces . B ro th ers Labor troubles at Phi ladel ph ia
.

S ecre c y an d disgui ses were n atu ral ae c o m an d Ne w York we re pro m in en t i n the ne x t

panim en t s of an o rgan i zati on for m ed t o fe w ye ars du e to a h ea v y i n c rease of im
,

resist o r o vertu rn t h e law . m igrati on and i n 1 84 5 th ere was for m ed

,

In 1 77 1 a soci ety of S on s o f Liberty a t at Ph ilad elph ia wh at m ay be calle d a n ati v e

An napol i s M d took the na m e o f S on s o f
,
.
,
A m eri c an t rade s un i on to resist t h e en
S t Ta m in a th e ch ange bei n g practi c ally
.
,
c ro ac h m en t of forei gn pau per l abor u n de r ,

on e of n am e on ly w h ich cou rse was fol ,

t h e n a m e th e Un ite d A m eri can Mech an ics
, .

l owe d b y othe r soci eti e s o f S o n s of Li berty ,

Nati ve A m e rican sen t im e n t croppe d o ut
an d at the cl ose of th e Wa r of t h e R ev o l u repeate dly i n th e de cade fol lowi n g the cl ose
ti on t h e S on s of Li be rty as su c h b ad prac , ,
of t h e War of th e Re v ol u ti on an d b u rs t i nto ,

ti c ally c ease d t o e xi st Many of t h e patri ots . a fla m e i n th e ali e n an d sedi ti on l aws of

of an te revol u tionary days an d du ri ng t h e
-
1 7 9 8 th e sen ti m en t ba c k o f wh i ch h ad been
,

war of 1 7 7 6—83 we re S on s of Li berty i n n u rtu re d by S t Ta m i n a societies . Th i s .

n am e as wel l as i n fact bu t as in all such , ,

feeli ng w as agai n apparen t d u ring and
secre t soci e ti es i t was only on partic ul ar
,

occasion s th e i denti ty of any of th e m w as

after t h e War of 1 8 1 2 b ut die d dow n d u r
ing th e poli ti cal era of good feelin g “ ”
,

m ade kn own A s poi n te d ou t el se wh ere i n

. Bu t societies o f Re d Me n h ad su c c eeded th e
the ou tline of th e ori gi n of th e m odern S on s of S t Ta m m any an d sti ll k ept th e
.

ch ari table an d ben ev olen t secret so c i ety ,

sen ti m e n t ali v e u n ti l 1 83 0—3 2 It was o n ly a .

t h e I m pro ved O rd e r of Red Men i t w as , few years l ate r w h e n n ati v is m again beca m e
t h e S on s of Liberty wh ic h ga v e ri se t o th e
S on s of S t Ta m in a (afterw ard s
. T am “ a factor i n po l it ic s Th e n ati v e A m eri c an
trades u n i on o f 1 84 5 soon droppe d i ts n o n
.

an d m e m be rs of the l a t ter wh i ch secret ch aracte r an d as th e O rde r of Un ite d ,

o rgani zed t h e S ociety of Re d Men n ear , A m eri c an M e c h an i cs beca m e a ge n eral se ,

Phi l adelph i a in 1 8 1 3 i n wh i c h pol iti cal

, , cre t society of n at i ve A m eri can s wh i c h ,

bias was a m ai nsp ri n g The S ocie ty of . w hi le n ot partisan w as ye t pol i tical i n that ,

Re d Men died ou t between 1 82 7 an d 1 83 2 ,

i ts obj e c ts we re an d are to m ai n tai n th e
, ,

w hen so m e of i t s m ore act i v e m e m be rs ,

ri gh t s of n ati v e A m ericans and p rese rve
ai ded by represen tati ves of a few re m ai n ou r form of go v ern m en t again st in road s by
i ng branch es of th e S t Ta m m any S o cie ty .
,
th ose wh o see k asyl u m h ere Th i s organ i .

for m e d i n 1 83 4 th e I m prov ed O rder of R ed

, ,
z at io n still ex i sts a li neal descen dan t of t h e
,

Me n a pu rely ch ari table an d be nefi c iary

, S on s of Li berty of 1 7 6 4 — 83 an d h as gi v en ,

secret organi zati o n wh ich c on tin ue s a pros , bi rth di re c tly and i ndi rectly i n fact or by ,

pero ns caree r to th i s d ay Bu t th e po l i ti c al . i n spi rati on to m any poli ti c al sec ret so c i e

,

sal t of th e earl ier S on s of Liberty e v en afte r ,

ti es A m o ug these are th e J uni or O rd er
.
,

passi n g th rou gh th e su c c e edin g poli ti c al Un i ted A m eri c an Mech an i c s 1 8 5 3 th e ,

organi zati on s S ons of S t Ta m i n a an d th e

, . Patri oti c O rder Uni t ed S on s of A m e ri ca
, ,

S o c iety o f Re d M en 1 8 1 3 — 1 83 2 h ad n o t e ven
, , 1 84 7 ; B rothe rh oo d of th e U n i on 1 85 0 ; ,

th en l os t i ts sav o r I n 1 8 3 5 Ne w Yo rk c it v S on s o f 7 6 o r th e S tar S pan gle d B an

’

”
.
,

w i tnessed a n ati v e A m eri c an n o n sec ret ,

-

, n er afte rwards t h e se c re t nati v e A m eri c an

,

poli ti c al u pri sin g an d i n 1 83 7 th e re was

, party popul arly k n o wn as th e Kn o w Noth ‘

an o th e r at Ph il ad e l ph i a bo th of th e m ,
i n g par t y 1 8 5 2 ; O rder of t h e A m e rican
,

sh o rt li ved I n 1 84 3 th e m o v e m en t ap
.
,
Un i on o r th e U ni te d O rder of D eputi es
, ,

peared agai n at Ne w York an d resul te d i n 1 8 73 ; Te m plars of Li berty 1 8 8 1 ; Patri ,

t h e elec t ion of a n ative A m e ri c an c andi d ate o ti c League of t h e Re v ol u ti on 1 8 82 A m e ri ,

for m ayor Ja m es H arper foun de r of th e

well k n o wn
-
,

fi rm of p ubl i sh ers H arpe r

,

, as the A P “
c an Prote c t i ve Asso c i ati on better k n o wn
. 1 88 7 ; th e A m eri ca n
.
,
32 6 S O NS O F
‘
76 , O R O R DE R O F T HE S T A R S PA N G L E D BA NN E R

Me n . An othe r T am m an y society o r C o , as k ed q uestion s con c e rn ing the new an d

l um b ian O rder was founded at B al ti m ore
. se c re t poli ti c al e ngi n e By 1 8 5 6 i t h ad bee n .

i n 1 80 5 as a pu rely pol i ti cal secret socie t y

,

a n d i t i s sai d t h at i t h ad a c hara c teri sti c “ , re c onstru c ted i n t o a n on —se c ret n ati on al

pol itical organi zatio n u nder th e t itle Nati v e
, ,

word wi th wh i c h to gai n ad m issi on t o i ts A m eri c an part v and n o m in ate d Fi ll m o re

m eeti n gs .I t di d n o t li ve lon g bu t th at at , and D on elson as i ts c an didates fo r Presi
An n apol is for m e d i n 1 7 7 2 w as ac tiv e u ntil
, ,
d e nt an d Vi c e Pres i dent Al th ough c astin g
-
.

1 810 . Th e Ne w Yo r k organi zati on i s th e n early votes i t c arried only o ne ,

onl y one wh i ch prese rves an un broken S tate Maryl an d

, I t h ad occasi o n al bu t
.

e xi stence to th i s day an d e ven i t has ,

wan i ng pol i tical su c c esses i n th e few years
d rop ped i ts partisan poli t ic al c l oak o n pri or to th e o u tbreak of the C ivil War when ,

t h e sh oulde rs of th e su bo rdi n ate n on secret -

m ost of i ts re m ain i ng m e m bersh i p i n cl u d ,

pol i ti c al o rgan iz a t i on Ta m m an y H all , . i ng nearly al l of t h e Patrio tic O rde r S on s ,

All of t h e ori gi n al o r earl i e r Tam m any of A m e ri c a wh i c h i t h ad p ra c tically ah

,

societies we re pol i tical at fi rst b u t so m e sorbed u ni te d i n 1 8 6 0 w ith the C o ns t it u

,
'

u l ti m ate l y be c o m e rathe r so c ial an d oc c a ,

t io n al Un i on par ty w h ic h w as pol i t i c a l ly
,

s io n al l y bene volen t i n th ei r pu rposes B ut . sti ll born

-

(S ee K no w Noth i n g Party
.
,

fro m 1 7 90 t o 1 8 1 0 t h e pol iti c al featu res O rde r Un i ted A m eri c an Me c h an ics an d ,

we re again pro m i n en t an d m any pol i , S on s of Liberty ) .

t ic ians of that day we re en rolled a m on g S o n s o f t h e S o i l — O n e of t h e m any n a .

t h ei r m e m bers The p oli t i c al secret S o

. ti ve A m e rican se cret socie ties of th e period ‘

c iet
y of Red M en for m ed n ear P h il ad el ,
1 85 0 to 1 85 6 I t was o rg an ized a t on e of
.

ph i a i n 1 8 1 3 b y m e m bers or e x m e m bers of -
th e H u d son Ri ve r tow n s and lik e s o m any , ,

Ta m m any so c i e t ies c arri ed forward I n di an ,

oth ers was final ly carried bodily i nto th e
,

ce re m on ial s an d cu sto m s as adj u nc ts t o a K now Noth in g party bet wee n 1 8 5 4 an d

p oli tical sec ret fraterni ty to late r days as ,
1 85 6 .

e e o s "1 6 — ee
exp l ai ned a t l en gth i n t h e accou nts of th e S u pre m O r d r S n o f S , .

S o n s of Li be rty an d of th e I m pro ve d O rder Kn o w No t hin g Party .

of Re d Men . T a m m a n y S o c i e t y o r C o l u m b ia n O r ,

S on s o f 76 o r O rd e r o f t h e S t a r
’
,
d e r — Es t abli sh ed at Ne w Yo rk c i ty M ay
.
,

S p a n g l e d B a n n e r — O rigi nal ti tle of the . 12 ,

1 78 9 by Will ia m Mooney an I rish
, ,

pol iti c al se c re t so c ie ty whi c h appeare d i n A m eri c an an d by repre sentati ves of Pen n

,

1 85 1 as the suc c essor to t h e non —se c ret n a syl van ia Maryl and an d D el aware S on s of
,

ti ve A m e ri c an pol iti c al parties of 1 83 5 — 4 5 ,

S t Ta m in a and S t Ta m m any so c ieties t h e
. .
,

i n w h i c h we re m any m e m be rs of t h e pa latte r being th e d ire c t d es cend an ts as o r ,

t rio t ic se c re t organ iz ations O rd e r of Un i ted , gan iz at io ns of the S on s of Libe rty w h i c h

, ,

A m e ri c an Me c hani c s 1 84 5 Patri oti c O rd e r

.
.
an ted ate d t h e War of th e Re v ol u tion I t .

of U ni te d S on s of A m e ri c a 1 84 7 an d the ,
h as sin c e give n i ts poli ti c al fu ncti on s ove r
B roth erh ood of th e Un i on establish ed i n to a subsi d iary n on se c re t c l ub k now n as
“
-

1 85 0 . The S on s of 7 6 foun d t h e ti m e ’
Ta m m any H all It s obj e c t was to . cc

apparen tly ri pe for a nati ve A m eri c an m e n t i n in d issol uble bond s of friend shi p
propagand a favoring restri c t e d i m m igra A m e ri c an bre th ren o f k now n attac h m en t to
ti on and an tagon i sm to u n ion between the pol iti c al righ ts of h u m an n atu re and
,

c h u r c h an d state fo r the so c ie ty wo n a th e l ibe rtie s of th e cou ntry ” Th e fi rst .

,

surp rising pol iti c al v i c tory i n 1 85 2 I t h ad .

publi c c elebration of t h e S ociety was h el d
th en beco m e popularl y k n o wn as the Kn ow on the ba n k s of th e North Ri ve r on May 2 1 ,

Noth in g party owi ng to m e m be rs replyi ng

,
1 7 89 I t flou rish ed on l y m ode rately d u ring
.

th a t t h ey k ne w n o th in g abou t i t wh e n
r
Wash i ngton s ad m in i stration bu t wi th that
’
,
 V VO ME N S ‘
L O YA L O R A NGE A S S O C IA T I O N 3 27

of Jeffe rson i t be c am e a strong acti v e po , , daugh ters of m e m bers are el igi b le to be ne

l it ic al organ i zation as i t i s fou n d to day .
-
. fi c iary m e m bersh ip Th e h i ghest d eath .

It was i ncorporated i n 1 80 5 and i n 1 81 1 , benefit pai d i s an d benefits are m et

‘

bu il t the o rigin al Ta m m any H al l on the by assess m e nts grade d acco rd i ng to age at

c o rne r of Fran kfort S treet an d Park R o w . ente ri ng The ri tu al of th e society i s
.

A se c ond Tam m any S ociety o r C olu m bian , found ed o n s c enes an d i nci de n ts of th e

O rd e r fro m si m il ar so ur c es appeared at
, ,
Reform ation .

B al ti m o re i n 1 80 5 I t was o f d i stin c tly po . T e m p l a r s O r d e r o f t h e A m e r ic a n

lit ic al ch ara c ter bu t di d n o t li v e l ong (S ee,
. S t a r F r e e a n d A c c e pt e d A 1 n eric a n s
, .

I m prove d O rde r of Re d Men an d S on s of , O rgani ze d at Ne w York c ity abou t 1 8 5 3 — 5 4

S t Ta m i n a )
. . as a n ati ve A m e rican patrioti c se c ret so , ,

T e m p l a r s o f L ib e r t y — O rgan i zed at c iety by Wi ll i a m Patton

, I ts fi rst m eetin g .

Ne wark N J i n 1 88 1 by Ge orge W
,
. .
, ,
. was h el d in a stable an d th e secon d in C on ,

Pal m e r an d Ch arles Ken nedy of B rooklyn ,

v en t io n H all i n Wooste r S treet
, Pat to n .

N Y and J A F l am m er of Ne wark as a
. .
,
. .
,
was i ts fi rst presiden t I n May 1 85 5 th ere .
, ,

patri o ti c anti Ro m an C atholi c assess m en t

,
-

,
we re fi ft y n i ne Te m ples i n Ne w York an d
-

bene fi c i ary organ ization It was in c o rpo . i n K i ngs C ou nty Its o rigi n al na m e was .

rate d in 1 8 83 and h as grow n slowly bu t A m e ri c an B re th ren an d i t was afte rward ,

stead ily i n N ew York S tate Ne w Je rsey , , k n ow n as t h e Wid e Awakes a n am e ,

and Pen n syl v ania whe re m ost of its Te m ples ,

l ater appl ie d to Republi can pol itical pro
are l ocated n u m be rin g abou t ,
m em cessi on s i n n ati onal cam pai gns i n 1 8 60 an d
be rs I t i s bu ilt upon si m il ar prin c iples to
. i n 1 8 64 The l atter porti on of i ts rath e r
.

th ose u n derlyin g th e A m e ri c an Protestant elaborate ti tl e as given abo v e i s s ugges

, ,
'

Association t h e O rd e r of the A m e ri can

,
ti v e as to oth er se c re t soc ie ty affi li ations of
Uni on an d t h e A m e ri can Patri ot Leagu e de , so m e of i ts l eade rs The O rd er is not .

m andi ng an e d u c ati on al test for ad m issio n to k n ow n to h a v e su rvi v e d th e Kn o w Nothi ng

c itizen sh ip u n se c tarian free sch ools a free
, , m ovem e n t .

press an d l iberty of con science and i t de , T h e Z o d i a c — A n i nner ci rcle to wh ich

.

n o unc es d ictation fro m p ope p riest o r o nly leaders of th e A m erican Prote c ti v e As

”
, ,

bish op I t i s worthy of n ote th at t h e

. sociati on belong an d wh i c h i s c redi ted wi th,

fo un ders are decl ared n ot to h a v e been be i ng th e d i re c ti ng infl uen ce of th e O rder

m e m bers o f any oth e r patri oti c ord ers i n (S ee A m eri c an Protecti ve Association ) .

1 88 1 and 1 88 3 Mr F l am m er alone bein g , . T r u e B r e t h r e n — S ee Te m plars O rder

des c ribed as a m e m ber of any oth e r secret of the A m eri c an S tar
soci ety th e I ndepen de nt O rde r of O dd Fel
, U n it e d O r d e r o f D e p u t i es — S ee O rde r
l ow s Th e e m b l e m o i th e society i s th e God
. of th e A m eri c an Un ion .

d ess of Libe rty seate d wi th i n th e Te m ple of W i d e A w a k e s — S ee Te m pl ars O rde r of .

L ib ert v the do m e of w h i c h i s su pported by

,
th e A m erican S tar .

si x col u m n s At he r righ t stand s an Ind ian

. W o m e n s H i s t o r i c a l A s s o c i at i o n
’
.

and a d eer opposite a farm er with sheaf of

,
An au xil iary of th e A m e ri c an Protecti ve
wh eat an d a h orse T h e te m ple is sur . Asso c iati o n (S ee t h e l at ter )
. .

m oun te d by an A m e rican eagle The be ne . W o m e n s L o y a l O ra n g e A s s o c i a t i o n

’
.

fi c iary featu res are si m ple ye t in ad v ance of — T i tle of th e wo m e n s bran c h of th e Loyal ’

th ose of so m e l arger an d better k no w n o r O range Asso c iation i n the Uni te d S tates .

ganizat io ns Mothers w i v es siste rs an d

.
, , , (S ee the latte r ) .
3 28 C O LL E GE FR A T E R NI T I E S

G R EE K L E TT E R O R C O LL E G E F RA T E R N IT IE S
-

C o l l eg e F ecret l iterary
rat e rn it ies — S .
, , record A m eri can coll ege life w il l be fou n d
,

and so c ial organization s of stu den ts at to h a v e gi ve n bi rth t o al m ost one h u n d red .

A m erican colleges and u n iversi ties ; so m e secre t societies of th i s parti c ular an d un iqu e
ti m es c alled Greek lette r so c ie ti es be c au se -

, type .

t h e n am es of n earl y all of th e m are m ade -

Th e for m of go v ern m e n t pri o r to 1 870 w as
up of t wo o r th ree G reek l etters whi c h are , weak c on sistin g of general superv ision by a
,

pre su m ed to refe r to m ystic al wo rds or to G rand u su ally t h e paren t C h apte r or by

, ,

m ottoes k no wn only to m e m bers It i s as . on e c h apter afte r anothe r i n tu rn wh i c h ,

“
if t h e O d d Fell ows calle d th e m sel v es th e
”
F L T Frate rni ty referrin g t o th ei r
. . .
,
m ade laws an d regulation s as i t pleased
c o m m un icated th e fa c t to th e oth e r ch ap
,

wel l k nown wat c h words Frien d ship Love

~
te rs an d left i t to th ei r op ti on t o obey th e m
”
, , , .

an d T ru t h C ollege f rate rni ti es m ay be

. Bu t w i th i n th e last qu arte r of a c e n tury
c lassifi e d as general local professi on al , , , c on ven ti on s m ad e u p of delegates fro m
and wo m e n s The re are twen ty si x fra
’
.
-

c hapters w ith ad m i nistrati ve bo d i es o r

,

t ernit ies i n th e first grou p wh i c h h a v e , coun c ils c o m posed of alu m n i m e m bers hav e
, ,

c h apte rs or bran c h es i n fro m fou r to si x t y h ad a general supervi sion o v er a nd m an

fou r of the h igh e r i nsti tu ti on s of learni ng agem en t of a ff ai rs an d in l eadin g i n s t an c e s
,
'

i n the Un ite d S tates Me m bership i s con . h a v e tak en the pl ac e of an i m pe ri al fo r m o f

fi ne d ih al m ost all i nstan c es to s t u dents gove rn m en t An nu al c on v en ti on s are held
.

studyin g t h e classi c s or those i n th e li ter wi th u n d ergrad u ate c h apters i n turn whe n , .

ary and s c ie nti fi c d epart m en ts ; m e m b ershi p u ndergrad u ate delegate s ac t i n th e c apac i ty

origi nally was and i n a fe w i nstance s to
, of legi sl at ors leav i ng th e d u ti es of an e x
,

d ay i s rest ri c t ed to u pper c lass m en Th is -

. ec u t iv e to th e c oun c il of al u m ni Th es e .

h as resul ted i n th e for m ation of si m ilar soci
et ies a m ong stude nts i n p rofession al s c h ool s
of whi c h fou r h ave ach ie v ed pro m i ne nce
and a c onsi derable m e m bersh i p Wi t h th e
reu n ion s generally en d with a banquet an d
, for m al publi c exe rc i ses at wh i ch d i sti n
guish ed m e m bers d eli ve r add resses of wel
. co m e poe m s an d orati ons i n the presence
, ,

i ncrease of i nsti tu ti on s fo r t h e hi gh er ed u of delegates an d othe r u nd e rgrad u ate m em

c a t ion o f wo m en the re h ave appeared n earl v
, bers thei r rel ati ves an d friend s
,
T hese .

a d oze n G reek an d Ro m an l ette r secre t s o e xe rc ises are ren dere d the m ore attrac ti v e
c ie t ies for wo m en u nderg rad uates half a ,
becau se of th e l o n g l ist of alu m n i pro m ine n t
d ozen of wh i c h m ade the m sel v es k nown i n the v ari ou s wal k s of l i fe wh o m ay b e ,

b evo n d the wall s of th e colleges wh ere th ey called on to discou rse el oq uently touch i n g
h ave an acti v e e xi stence There are m any . th e fraterni ty and wh at i t m ean s to th ose
college secre t so c ieties c lassed as l ocal th at ,
wh o en j oy i ts pri vi leges or on li te rary an d ,

i s e xi stin g o nly at c ollege s whe re fou nded

, ,
econo m i c topi c s .

so m e wi th G reek letter and so m e wi th -

Me m be rsh ip i n college fraterni t ies in
o ther t i tles a m ong th e better k nown of
,
elu des acti ve al u m ni an d h onorary ; bu t, ,

wh i c h are t h e th ree se ni o r c lass so c i eties at the latte r wi th a fe w e xception s i s n o longe r

, ,

Yale If to the fo regoing th e re be added

. per m i tted to i ncrease i ni ti ation s bein g c o n
.
,

th ose whi c h h a v e l i ved sh one an d left a , ,

fin ed t o u nde rgradu ates At so m e of th e .
33 0 C O LL E G E F R A T E R NI T I E S

N o . or C HA P
T E R S
Y M em b er
'

N am e o f S oc e i ty .
ear
F o u nd d e
s hip . C o 1o rs . F o rm o f B adg e .

1 898
.

A liv e

lh
K appa A p a i
Un o n S c ar e lt W at c h k ey
Phi lu hit
.

i
S g ma i
Un o n B e, W e M o no g ram
Phi i lu hit l
.

D am Un o n B e, W e M a t es e C ro ss
it t nd C t
.

l h lt
A p aD e a it
Ham l o n W h e , Green S ar a res c en
t ld h mb
.

il
P s i U ps o n i
Un o n Garne Go R o .

lt i illi lu ld
,

D e a Ups l o n W am s B e, G o M i g n o c ra

B t T h t Pi Mi mi Pi k B lu gg fit ad l -
si e 0 b lo n8
S hi l d
e a e a. a n , e
e
Pu pl G l d
.

C h i Ps i C n io n r e, o M o no gram .

lt
D e a K appa p tYl a e B lu G l d C im
e, o r so n R h omb
5 11o n
. .
,

t
Z e a P si Uni v N . . W hi t e M o no gram .

lt
D e a P si C lum b i o a Li ght B lu e S t A n th o ny s
‘
C ro ss
B l k W hi t
.

hi l d
.

ht
T e a D e ta l U i n n o ac B lu e, e S e
Phi R y l B lu h
.
,

Gam m a D e a lt W h J as efi o a e R o mb .

lt h t M i m i W hit B lu hi l d
. .

Phi D e a T e a a e, e S e
i Uni v P B l k G ld M lt kull
.

P hi K appa S gma a ac o a e
s e C ro s s , S
R y l P u pl
.

W h At J S hi l d
.
, .

Phi K a pa P s i as etf o a r e e
P i Pi tn
.

l t B lu
.

*C h i r nc e o S c ar e e M o no gram
B l k G ld
. .

ac o C ro ss
i
, .

S gm a
il n
s o
p 3 p a

i
Un i v . A la Pu pl G l d o o o o o o o o
r e, o R h o mb .

Pu pl G l d W hit Fo ur s i ded S hi el d
.

D lta T t
.

e au B e h any r e. o e -
.

l G ld W h t
, .

A l ph T lt
o 1 e
a au O m ega V a M il ,
Ma ese C ro ss
G reen ,
. . . .

4
K ap a A l ph ut v di n l ld S hi l d
(5 3 1th ) i W as ti n lfi e Un l . C ar a , Go e .

K appa S gm a i Un iv Va B luGo , Re. ld ed C res c en t and S ta r.

iv
.

ld t hi l d
n
P i K appa Un . Va Garn e , Go S e an h o mb .

i
S gm a Nu Va M il I t ns B l k W hi t
ac e, Go ld l l S po n
-
i 5 pan~ -

e lled C
. . . ,
ro s

C l im a s to b e a re vi v l a of 3 C h i P hi f rat ern ity f und d

o e at Pi t
r nc e o n in 1 824 . w hi c h is no t kn o wn to hav e b een ac tiv e .

h ave done m uch

to add l ustre to th e pro M r Porter add s this .

fessio nal pol i ti c al an d b usiness life of t he

,
Th
,
es e
“ l ittl e s o c e e
”
i ti s h ave s u ppl i ed fo r ty
Republ ic The n o v i tiate of the college fra
g o v erners t o m o s t o f t h e l arg es t S t at es o f t h e
.

t ernit y soon learns to thi n k of th ese m en Uni o n and h ad in t h e l as t ad m i n i s t rati o n t h e , ,

n ot only as breth ren bu t as m odels Presi Pres i den t o f t h e Un it ed S tat es and t h e m aj o rit y o f
,
.

d ent S eelye of A m h e rst C ollege i n an ad h i s C ab i net O n t h e S u prem e B enc h o f t h e Un ited ,

.

S t at es t h e fra t er ni ti es are n o w (1 888) represen t ed b y

d ress o n Ju n e 2 8 1 88 7 said ,
fi e o f t h e as so c i at e j u sti c es A s um m ar pu b li s h ed v . y ,

in 1 885 s h o wed A l ph a D elt a P h i P s i Ups il o n and

It i s no t ac c i den tal th at t h e fo rem ost m en in c o l , , ,

D elt a K appa E ps il o n t o h av e f u rn i s h ed o f U n i t ed
l ege as a r ul e b el o ng t o so m e o f th ese so c i eti es ,

S tat es s en at o rs 3 9 2 5 a nd 3 6 res pec t i vel y w hil

, , .

e
Th at eac h s o c i et y s h o ul d seek fo r m em b ers hi p t h e .
, , ,

in t h e l as t C o n g ress t h i r t een repres en t ti ves and t w o a

bes t s c h o l ars t h e b es t wr it ers and s peak ers t h e
sena t o rs wer e m em b ers o f t h e l as t n a m ed frat er n it
, ,

bes t men of a c l ass s h o ws wel l w h ere it s st rength i s y

-

a l o ne ; a nd in t h e m em b ers h i o f th es e th ree fra

,

th o u ght t o lie A s tu dent en t er i ng o ne o f th es e p

t ern it ies a re i nc l u ded t w e nt v fo u r b i s h o ps o f t h e
.

so c i eti es fi nd s a h ealth y sti m ul u s in t h e reput e

-

w h i c h his frat ern it y s h al l s h are fro m h i s s u c c essf u l

Pr o t es t an t E pi s c o pal C hu rc h .

wo rk T h e ri v l ry o f i nd i v i d u als l o s es m u c h o f it s
a
I n v iew of th e foregoi ng it i s with a m u se
.

narro wness and al m o s t all o f it s env y w h en t h e

, ,
,

r i z e w h i h t h i nd i v i d u a l s k s i v l u d h i fl m en t rather th an con c ern th at on e re c all s

p c e ee s a e c e y
fo r it s b en efit t o t h e fell o ws h i p t o w hi c h h e b el o ng s t h e a c ti v e O pposition to c ollege se c re t so c i .

D o u b tl es s m em b ers o f th es e s o c i eti es o ft en rem a i n et ies bet w een 1 84 5 an d 1 88 5 b v the fac ul ties

narro w m i nded and l aggard in t h e rac e after all t h e of a few di s t i ngui shed c olleges and offi cers
-
.

i nfl u enc e o f th ei r so c i et y h as b een ex pended u po n of a nu m be r of o t h er in stitu tions of learn

th em b ut t h e i n fl u enc e is a b ro aden i ng and a
,

q ui c k i g o e no tw ith st and i ng Und er it s po wer

en n n
in g Th i s was due i
.
n part to the an ti path y .

t h e s el f c o nc ei t -

f a y o u ng m a n i s m o re l ik el y t o
o
for all se c ret so c ieties e ngendered in the
g i ve w ay t o sel f c o nt ro l th a n o th erw i s e -
m i nds of so m e wh o were close to bu t partly .
 C O L L E G E FR A T E R NI T I E S 33 1

ign oran t of t h e fac ts un derlyi ng th e an ti ett then m e m be r of C ongress was the can
, ,

Mason i c agitati o n of fro m 1 82 7 to 1 84 0 ; didate (su c h i s the i rony of fate ) for the
partly to the warfare waged agai nst secre t Vice Presidency of the C on sti tu tional Un ion
-

asso c iati ons of all k i nd s by one o r two re part y i n 1 860 The l atte r o rgani zation i t
.
,

ligio us de no m i nation s an d to so m e extent , , , w ill be recalled was th e resid uary legatee ,

to ignoran c e of all th at p ertai ns to th ese of th e s o calle d K no w Noth i ng party a

-

so c ie ties o r be c ause an tagoni s ts h ad bee n

, p ros c rip ti v e politi c al secret so c iety wh i c h
, ,

refu se d by or e xpelled fro m m e m be rsh i p i n antagon i zed alie ns an d Ro m an C ath ol i c s

su c h organ i zation s o r for spe c i al reasons
, fro m beh i nd close d doors an d at th e ballot
applyi ng to par ti c ular in stan c es All of . box d u ri ng the early fif t ies (S ee K n o w .

t h is 0 ppo s it io n excep t that a t Pri nceton h as

_ , , Noth i n g Party ) The re were few c h ap t e rs
.

pra c ti c ally disappeared th e oth e r c ollege s , of c ollege secret so c ie ties i n 1 83 1 n o t m o re ,

p roh i bi tin g G reek lette r f ra tern i tie s n ot h av

-

th an a doze n s c atte re d th ro ugh ou t Ne w

i n g ei the r the s t anding as i n sti t utions of Engl an d Ne w York an d N ew Jersey an d
, , ,

l earn i ng o r the person nel a m on g thei r s tu ~

co m m un icatio n betwee n the m eith er by m ail
d e nts w h i ch w oul d suggest th e proprie ty o r i n perso n was i nfreque nt The re was n o .

o f establ ish in g c h apters o f th ese societies . o t h er e ffe c t of th e effo rt by Ada m s S t ory , ,

The earl i est warfare of thi s c h arac te r w as an d E verett u n til i n 1 83 4 wh en a non ,

at H arvard C ollege i n 1 8 3 1 whe n Joh n , secre t Greek le tter so c iety D el ta Upsilon *

-

, ,

Q u in c y A dam s and othe rs n o tabl y Joseph , was form e d at Will ia m s C oll ege I t e xists .

S tory and Ed ward Eve rett i nd u c ed t h e par , to th is d ay wi th ch apte rs in twe n t y si x col

,
-

e n t G ree k lette r socie ty Ph i Beta Kappa

-

, ,
leges and h as m an y of the ou tward pecul i
,

to m ak e p ubl i c its so c alle d secrets and b e -

arit ies of th e se c re t G ree k le t t e r frate rn ities -

co m e an open h on orary o rgan izati on I t

, . I t reveal s v e ry l ittle m ore of wh at i t doe s
is w o rth re c al ling th at i n 1 83 1 M r Ada m s . th an the l atter an d c all s i tsel f priv ate in
,

was ele c ted an anti Maso ni c and Whi g c an -

stead o f se c re t E le ve n years l ate r 1 84 5

.
, ,

d id at e fo r C ongress and that h e h ad bee n th e facul ty of th e Un i v ersi ty of Mich igan

defeate d fo r re ele c ti on to th e Presiden c y de m anded the d isband m en t of c h apt ers of
th ree years before by And re w Jac k son a ,
Alpha D el ta Ph i C h i Psi an d Beta Theta , ,

Free m ason at a ti m e wh e n publ ic feel i ng

, Pi u nd e r pe nalty of expul si on of m e m bers
ran h igh agai nst th e Mason i c Frate rni ty ,
an d re qui re d new studen ts to sign a pledge
owi ng to i ts suppose d re spon sibil ity for the n ot to j oi n su c h societies The figh t b e .

m ysteri ou s di sappearance of o ne Morgan t wee n the fac ulty and th e fe w m e m be rs of

wh o i t was said propose d to re veal i ts
, , the the n far western bran ches of th ose f ra
secre ts M r Ad am s was led t o hate Free t ernit ies laste d fi ve or si x ye ars The m em
”
. . .

m ason ry , n o t fro m any pe rso nal k nowledge bers of Beta The ta Pi tried to evade th e
he h ad of i t b u t becau se of th e atti tud e of
, rul e and k illed th e ch apter i n the atte m pt .

pol iti cian s to ward the i n sti tuti o n wh o e x Alph a D el ta Ph i an d C h i Psi fough t th e
erc ised a great i nflue n c e ove r h im O ne . fac ul ty tooth an d n ail i n th e press th rough ,

result w as a se ries of le tters abusi v e of Free ou t th e S tate b y m ean s of an i nfor m ed an d

,

m asonry wh i c h h e pu bl i she d ih th e n e ws * Th ere i s a n anti s ec ret s o c i et y c al l ed D elt a

-

papers bet ween 1 83 1 an d 1 83 3 an d an othe r , , Ups il o n w h i c h ex i s t s a t a n u m b er o f c o ll eges and

,

e vid e nt l y was h is rescu ing th e c h apte r of

, g rew o ut o f a c o nfed era ti o n o f s o c i eti es h av i n g
Ph i Beta K appa at H ar v ard h i s al m a m ate r , ,
th ei r o ri g i n in o ppo s iti o n t o t h e s ec ret so c i eti es It .

m ak es m o re o r l es s po i n t o f t h e a ll eg ed i m m o ra l it y
fro m the depth s of i n i qui ty to which h e ev i
o f t h e s ec rec y o f t h e fra t ern i ti es an d it s c h apt er s
d en t l y th ough t i ts secre c y was lead ing i t .

wo rk with o r agai ns t t h e frat ern iti es as m ay seem

Associ ate Justi ce S tory was professo r of l aw t o th em ex ped i en t — B a i rd s A m er i c an C o l l ege F ra
’

at H ar v ard at th e ti m e an d Edward E ve r , t ernit ies N ew Y o rk

, .
33 2 C O LL E G E F R A T E R N IT IE S

h eal thy public senti m en t an d w i t h th e aid ,

fraterni ty l aws h av e been repeale d or ign ored
of F ree m aso ns and O dd Fell ows u n til the ,
by H arvard as well as Van derbi l t and by ,

rule was res c i nded T wo professors were . the Un ive rsi ties of No rth Carol ina Georgi a , ,

e xpelled fro m th e facul ty by the Board of Iowa Mi sso u ri an d Alabam a The sec re c y
, .

Rege nts and one was allowe d to resign A . of th ese societies i s con fi ned to so little b e
n ew preside nt of th e un iv ers it v was ap si des pri v ac y of m eeti ngs that i t h ardly call s
poi nted sh ortly afte r and th e re was n o for co m m ent Wh ile l argel y soci al th ei r
.
,

fu r t her trouble Thi s an ti frat ernit v war

.
-

,
ai m s are h igh and i d eal s l of ty Ad vantage s .

al m ost on e of e xte rm in ation w as an other , secured and frie ndsh ips gai ned th rough
'

ou tc o m e of an ti se c ret so c i ety se n ti m e nt c re
-
the m are often am o n g the m ost v aluabl e
ated b y th e anti Masoni c agitation a fe w
-
a c quisi t ion s of th e c ollege stu dent .

v ears before O pposi tio n to the G reek let

.
-

O rig in a nd E xt ens io n A m eri can .

ter frate rn itie s con ti n ued to sh ow i tself at G reek le tter c ollege se c ret soci eties began
-

so m e c olleges t h rough fa c ul ty regul ati on s w i th th e for m ati o n of Ph i Be ta Kappa at

p roh i bi ti ng th ei r o rgan ization no t abl y at , the C ollege of W i lliam an d Mary William s ,

t h e Uni versities of Alaba m a No rth Caro lm rg Va

, D e c e m be r 5 1 77
.
, , S e c ret o r
lin a an d Illi noi s ; at O berl i n and oth e rs b y se m i se c ret as w el l as ope n l i terary c oll ege
-

, ,

req ui ri ng stu d e nts to sign a pled ge at m a so c ieties u sually wi th Lati n n am es al ready ,

t ric ulat io n n o t to j oi n su c h so c ieti es wh i c h existe d wh ere debate s a nd an n u al ele c tion s

,

w as the co urse pu rsued at Pri nceton i n 1 85 7 , of offi ce rs were of t en th e fi rst train ing of
at Pu rd ue D enn i son and elsewh ere T h e
, ,
. th e you ng studen t i n p ubl i c speak i ng an d
refu sal of th e U ni ve rsi t y of Cal ifornia i n i n pol iti cs Willi am an d Marv was a suc
.

1 87 9 to per m i t a c h apt er o f one of the se _

c essful and prospe rous c oll ege one h u nd re d

so c ieties to e xi st roused th e press of that an d twen ty one years ago an d the re i t was
-

S tate an d the order was speedi ly res c i nded

,
. th at fi ve you ng m en for m ed a n ew and as ,

At Pu rdue U ni v ersi t y I ndian apoli s th e fac , , t h ev beli e ved m ore effe c ti ve s t uden ts o r
’

ul t y opposed G reek lette r frate rni ti es -

on .
gan iz at io n There was al ready a so c iety
.

th e grou nd th at they exercise d an un du e the re w ith a Lati n na m e an d as on e of the

i nfluen c e to e nlarge th e c lassi c al c ou rse of fi ve studen ts was a good Greek s c h ol ar i t ,

s t u di es at the ex pen se of th e s c ien t i fic A . h as bee n th ough t th at m ay h ave su gge sted

test case was m ade of t h e fa c u lty s refusin g ’
th e p roprie t y of a G reek letter n am e In -
.

to ad m i t to c ollege a m e m ber o f t h e S igm a an y even t the y c h ose a G re e k m o t to of

,

Ch i F rat ern it v wh o was oth e rwi se el igibl e . th ree word s th e i ni tial s of wh i c h are Ph i
,

Th e case was ta k e n to t he S up re m e Co urt B eta Kappa ; de c ided to keep th e society s