Bulan, Michael John O.

AENG 428-6B

Beams
a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its mode of
deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the
beam's support points.

TYPES OF BEAMS:

Cantilever Beam

A beam which is fixed at one of its end and the other end is free is called a cantilever beam. A
cantilever beam with one end rigidly fixed and the other end free. The distance between fixed and
free ends is called the length of the beam.

Simply Supported Beam

Types of beams A beam which is freely supported at both ends is called a simply supported beam.
The term 'freely supported' implies that the end supports exerts only the forces upon the bar but not
the moments. Therefore there is no restraint offered to the angular rotation of the ends of the bar at
the supports as the bar deflects under the loads.

Overhanging Beam

The beam freely supported at any two points and having one or both ends projected beyond these
supports is called an overhanging beam.

Fixed Beams

A beam, whose both ends are fixed or built-in walls, is known as fixed beam. A fixed beam is also
known as a built-in or enacted beam.

Continuous Beam

A beam which is provided more than two supports is known as continuous beam
Shear
Is a force acting in a direction that's parallel to (over the top of) a surface or cross
section of a body, like the pressure of air flow over an airplane wing. The word
shear in the term is a reference to the fact that such a force can cut, or shear,
through the surface or object under strain.

Bending Moments
Is a measure of the bending effect that can occur when an external force (or
moment) is applied to a structural elements. This concept is important in
structural engineering as it is can be used to calculate where, and how much
bending may occur when forces are applied.

Relation Between Loads, Shear and Moment.

Let us consider a simply supported beam subjected to a varying load as shown. To know the
relation between Load, SF and BM, a small section CD of length \Delta xΔx is taken and FBD
is drawn as below:

The positive senses of SF and BM are shown and changes from VV and MM at face CC’
to V+\Delta VV+ΔV and M+\Delta MM+ΔM respectively at face DD’. The section of the beam
is under static equilibrium under the action of the forces shown in FBD hence, must satisfy
the equations of equilibrium.
 \sum F_x=0∑Fx=0 not applicable as there is no force along x-axis
\sum F_y=0∑Fy=0 gives, (assuming downward positive for equation of equilibrium)
V+w(\Delta x)-V-\Delta V=0V+w(Δx)−V−ΔV=0

w(\Delta x)-\Delta V=0w(Δx)−ΔV=0

\frac{\Delta V}{\Delta x}=wΔxΔV=w

It implies that the loading rate is obtained between any two sections by obtaining the slope
of loading diagram between the two sections.

\frac{V_D-V_C}{x_D-x_C}=wxD−xCVD−VC=w

or,\space \space V_D=V_C+w(x_D-x_C)or, VD=VC+w(xD−xC)

V_D=V_C+area\space under\space loading\space diagram\space between \space C\space

and\space DVD=VC+area under loading diagram between C and D

\sum M_D=0∑MD=0 gives, (assuming clockwise positive for equation of equilibrium)

M-M-\Delta M-V\Delta x-w\Delta x\bigg(\frac{\Delta
x}{2}\bigg)=0M−M−ΔM−VΔx−wΔx(2Δx)=0

Neglecting the product of smaller quantities, we get

-\Delta M-V\Delta x=0−ΔM−VΔx=0

\frac{\Delta M}{\Delta x}=-VΔxΔM=−V

It implies that the shear force is obtained between any two sections by obtaining the slope
of shear force diagram between the two sections.

\frac{M_D-M_C}{x_D-x_C}=-VxD−xCMD−MC=−V

or, \space \space M_D=M_C-V(x_D-x_C)or, MD=MC−V(xD−xC)

M_D=M_C+area\space under\space loading\space diagram\space between \space C\space

and\space DMD=MC+area under loading diagram between C and D
GENERAL POINTS FOR SFD AND BMD
 The point load is represented by horizontal line on SFD and a linear curve on BMD.

 The UDL is represented by linear curve on SFD and parabolic on BMD.

 The linear load (triangular/trapezium) is represented by parabolic curve on SFD and cubic
on BMD.

 The bending moment is maximum where shear force is zero or changes its direction.

 The point where bending moment changes its sign is known as point of contraflexure or
point of inflection.

 The bending moment at two ends of a simply supported beam is zero unless there exists
external moment at the ends.

 The algebraic sum of areas of SFD must be zero for a simply supported beam if it is not
subjected to any external moment. The difference between the positive and negative SFD
areas gives the sum of the external moment (couple) acting on the beam. The maximum
bending moment on a beam is minimum if the areas of positive (sagging) and negative
(hogging) bending moment diagram are equal.