PHANEROZOIC EON:

CENOZOIC ERA

Everything in Earth's system can be placed into one of four major subsystems: land, water, living things,
or air.

These four subsystems are called "spheres." Specifically, they are the "lithosphere" (land),
"hydrosphere" (water), "biosphere" (living things), and "atmosphere" (air).

The Lithosphere contains all of the cold, hard solid land of the planet's crust (surface), the semi-solid
land underneath the crust, and the liquid land near the center of the planet.

The Hydrosphere contains all the solid, liquid, and gaseous water of the planet. It ranges from 10 to 20
kilometers in thickness. The hydrosphere extends from Earth's surface downward several kilometers
into the lithosphere and upward about 12 kilometers into the atmosphere. A small portion of the water
in the hydrosphere is fresh (non-salty). This water flows as precipitation from the atmosphere down to
Earth's surface, as rivers and streams along Earth's surface, and as groundwater beneath Earth's surface.
Most of Earth's freshwater, however, is frozen.

The Biosphere contains all the planet's living things. This sphere includes all of the microorganisms,
plants, and animals of Earth. Within the biosphere, living things form ecological communities based on
the physical surroundings of an area. These communities are referred to as biomes. Deserts, grasslands,
and tropical rainforests are three of the many types of biomes that exist within the biosphere.

The Atmosphere contains all the air in Earth's system. It extends from less than 1 m below the planet's
surface to more than 10,000 km above the planet's surface. The upper portion of the atmosphere
protects the organisms of the biosphere from the sun's ultraviolet radiation.
The Cenozoic Era, which began about 65 million years ago and continues into the present, is the third
documented era in the history of Earth. The current locations of the continents and their modern-day
inhabitants, including humans, can be traced to this period. The era began on a big down note, catching
the tail end of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event at the close of the Cretaceous Period that
wiped out the remaining non-avian dinosaurs. The term Cenozoic, first spelled "Kainozoic," was
originally used in an 1840 entry in the Penny Cyclopedia encyclopedia in an article written by British
geologist John Phillips. The name is derived from the Greek phrase meaning “recent life.

● (65-23 million years ago), which consists of the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene
epochs);

● (23-2.6 million years ago), which includes the Miocene and Pliocene epochs);
● (2.6 million years ago to the present), consisting of the Pleistocene and
Holocene epochs). While it is widely accepted that we are still in the Holocene Epoch, some scientists
argue that we have entered the Anthropocene Epoch. In a 2010 article in the scientific journal
Environmental Science & Technology, scientists made the case for a new epoch, blaming humans for
causing a drastic shift in conditions.

During the Paleogene Period, creating vast stretches of oceans. This had a significant impact on the
climate and marine life surrounding each continent. During the Pleistocene Epoch, glaciers covered
central North America, extending as far east as New York, south to Kansas and Nebraska and west to the
northern West Coast. The Great Lakes were formed as the glaciers receded. Several of the world’s
foremost mountain ranges, including the Alps, Himalayas and the Rocky Mountains, were formed during
the Cenozoic Era.

Landmasses floated separated that changed the landscape of the world. Whereas amid the Cenozoic
era, several of the world’s most know mountain ranges such as the Alps, Himalayas, and
the Rough Mountains were formed.

In spite of the fact that the termination of monster mammals happened amid this period, it gave chance
for smaller species to live and survive. This time was an interesting one for the biosphere,
from creatures to human life. During the Paleogene period, warm blooded animals that survived from
the past period strived. The appearance of rodents and little steeds, such as Hyracotherium,
rhinoceroses, and elephants. Mutts acts, and pigs become common as this period
was approximately to conclusion. Large flightless fowls too flourished for survival. During the Neogene
period, different species walked on soil such as people, sheep, cattle, goats, and others. While amid the
quaternary period cave lions, saber-toothed cats, cave bears, and others prevailed. As the
dinosaurs now not existed, it gave plants an opportunity to live long. Consumable plants for human
life ruled the arrive. Marine life also strived difficult since of a greater sea to live on.

A hotter environment can be felt amid an early parcel of the Cenozoic Time. “The most significant period
of worldwide warming, known as the Paleocene–Eocene Warm Greatest, took put 55.8 million a long
time back. It was taken after by a long cool, dry period. The current worldwide warming occasion has
been set off essentially by human activity.”

Each period of this period experienced different climates. A tropical climate can be felt amid the
Paleogene period. A extreme cooling was observed during the Neogene Period and proceeded until the
Pleistocene Age of the quaternary period. Plate tectonics moved amid this era that caused
a greater sea and landmasses to drift apart from each other.
The difference is that in the first condition the nature is completely not destroyed and it is
very peaceful and the animals are doing good with their habitat but in today’s condition is
bad because there’s pollution, the trees has been destroyed by the government or to
other people and the animals they been killed, and abandoned.

The earth turned out because of humans, humans can’t live without nature, but nature
can live without humans because humans are the only ones or mostly who kill nature.

In case individuals proceed these exercises that annihilate our earth, I really don’t
know on the off chance that Earth still exists after a million a long time from presently. Or
maybe, Earth still exists but it is way more smoking, the ocean level will rise
dramatically, continents vanish, and biodiversity can scarcely survive. But on the off
chance that individuals will unite, begin doing their obligations,
and really care around Earth, maybe the Soil can still survive. We, people, got
to take activity as early as now because the ones who will endure are the end of
the eras and other species who are fairly trying to survive this hell on Earth.