Grammar reference
● In addition, the names of specific organisations: Apple, the
Unit 1: State verbs
1 State verbs:
●
referring to emotions, attitudes and preferences: *agree,
appreciate, attract, *desire, *doubt, expect, hate, hope, like,
love, *prefer, regret
●
referring to mental states: anticipate, assume, *believe,
consider, expect, feel, find, imagine, *know, realise, think,
understand
●
referring to senses and perceptions: ache, hear, *notice, see,
*smell, sound, *taste
● others: appear, *belong to, *consist of, *constitute, *contain,
cost, *differ from, fit, have, look, *mean, measure, *own,
*possess, *resemble, *seem, weigh
(The state verbs marked * are rarely used with continuous
tenses, but may be if they refer to actions rather than states.)
2 Verbs with both ‘state’ and ‘action’ meanings:
anticipate, appear, cost, expect, feel, fit, have, imagine, measure,
see, think, weigh
3 Verbs that describe what we are doing as we
speak:
acknowledge, admit, concede, contend, deny, guarantee, predict,
promise, suggest, swear
Unit 2: Future in the past
The future seen from the past:
As it was such a lovely morning, Emma thought she would walk
to work.
I had no idea what was going to happen next.
I couldn’t go to the meeting because I was leaving for Paris later
that day.
Greg rang to tell me when he would be arriving.
Seeing there was to be no more entertainment, the crowd began
to disperse.
It was announced that two new nuclear power stations were to
be built by the end of the decade.
I was about to start my lecture when the fire alarm went off.
Unit 5: Subject noun–verb agreement
1 Nouns with a singular form that can be used
with either a singular or plural verb (collective
nouns):
army, association, audience, club, college, committee, community,
company, crowd, electorate, enemy, family, generation,
government, group, jury, opposition, orchestra, population, press,
public, school, university
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Bank of England, the BBC, Greenpeace, IBM, Sony®, the United
Nations
2 Nouns that usually have a plural form (and take
a plural verb):
belongings, earnings, goods, jeans, outskirts, particulars
(= information), premises (= building), pyjamas, riches, savings,
shoes, stairs, surroundings, thanks
● The nouns police and people always take a plural verb, and
the noun staff usually does.
Unit 5: Countable and uncountable
nouns
1 Nouns that are usually uncountable:
advice, applause, assistance, camping, cash, chaos, clothing,
conduct, employment, equipment, evidence, furniture, health,
homework, information, leisure, luggage, machinery, money,
music, parking, pollution, research, scenery, shopping, sightseeing,
transport
2 Nouns used uncountably when talking about
the whole substance or idea, but countably when
talking about units or different kinds:
beer, coffee, tea; fruit, shampoo, toothpaste, washing powder;
business, cake, land, paint, stone; abuse, conversation, (dis)
agreement, difficulty, improvement, language, pain, pleasure,
protest, sound, space, thought, war
● The following nouns are only used countably in the singular:
education, importance, knowledge, resistance
3 Nouns with a different meaning when used
countably and uncountably:
accommodation, competition, glass, grammar, jam, lace, paper,
property, room, sight, speech, time, tin, traffic, work
Unit 6: Subject–verb agreement
with determiners, quantifiers and
number expressions
1 We use a singular verb with:
● any of, none of, the majority of, a lot of, plenty of, all (of),
some (of) + an uncountable noun:
None of the information is very helpful.
All the money has now been spent.
● everyone, everybody, everything (and similar words beginning
any-, some- and no-):
Everyone agrees with me.
If anybody phones, tell them I’ll be back later.
1
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 ● every or each + a singular noun:
Every attempt to rescue them has failed.
Each chapter consists of three sections.
However, when each follows the noun or pronoun it refers to,
the noun / pronoun and verb are plural:
We each pay a small fee.
● one of + a plural noun / pronoun:
One of my brothers lives in Alaska.
There are three main characters in the book. One of them
comes from Thailand.
2 We use a plural verb with a/the majority of, a
number of, a lot of, plenty of, all (of), or some (of) +
a plural noun / pronoun:
A majority of the people questioned think that the government is
doing a good job.
A lot of changes are planned for this part of the city.
3 We can use a singular or plural verb with any of,
each of, either of, neither of, none of + a plural noun
/ pronoun:
Do you think any of his colleagues support his decision? or … any
of his colleagues supports …
Neither of my parents are particularly musical. or Neither of my
parents is …
However, a singular verb is preferred in formal contexts.
Unit 7: Adjectives
1 Adjectives that can be used before or after a
noun with a different meaning:
The medicine was supposed to help me sleep, but it had the
opposite effect. (= completely different)
Who owns the house opposite? (= facing; on the other side of
the road)
He plans to spend a year travelling around Australia doing
temporary work, before coming back to Scotland to get a proper
job. (= real)
Before the meeting proper, I’d like to get your views on the
appointment of a new personnel manager. (= the main part of)
● And also: concerned, involved, responsible
2 Adjectives which have both gradable (G) and
non-gradable (NG) uses with different meanings:
My music teacher was critical of my piano playing. (G = not
pleased with it)
Investing in sources of renewable energy is absolutely critical to
the survival of our planet. (NG = very important.)
It seemed an extremely odd thing to say in an interview. (G =
strange)
I noticed he was wearing odd socks. (NG = not matching)
I like their music, even though it’s not very original. (G = different)
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Our house is 100 years old and has still got some original features.
(NG = from the beginning)
● And also: civil, clean, false, old, particular
3 Adjectives which have both gradable (G)
and non-gradable (NG) uses with only small
differences in meaning between them:
She didn’t go to university – she’s never been very academic.
(G = good at learning things by studying)
We were all impressed with his academic achievements.
(NG = achievements in studying at college or university)
The house has a very private garden at the back.
(G = it can’t be seen by many people)
We had to hire a private plane to get to the island.
(NG = used only by a particular group of people)
● And also: adult, average, diplomatic, foreign, genuine, guilty,
human, individual, innocent, mobile, professional, public,
scientific, technical, true, wild
Unit 7: Patterns after adjectives
When an adjective comes after a linking verb, we can use a
number of patterns after the adjective:
1 + to-infinitive:
Are you ready to go now?
I was keen to hear more about his trip.
● And also: (un)able, careful, easy, free, inclined, interested,
(un)likely, (im)possible, prepared, quick, slow, welcome,
(un)willing
2 + -ing:
He was busy cooking when I called him.
I felt awful making her walk all the way.
● And also (usually after the verb feel): awkward, bad,
comfortable, fantastic, stupid, terrible
3 + to-infinitive or -ing:
It was really good to see her again. or … good seeing her again.
● And also: crazy, difficult, foolish, (un)happy, mad, nice, safe
● And usually after verbs other than feel: awful, awkward,
fantastic, stupid, terrible
4 + that clause:
I was aware that I needed new ideas.
They were angry that I was late.
● And also: afraid, alarmed, amazed, annoyed, ashamed,
astonished, certain, concerned, confident, disappointed, glad,
(un)happy, pleased, positive, shocked, sorry, sure, thankful,
upset, worried
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 5 + to-infinitive or that clause:
I was greatly relieved that my subsequent book sold well. or
… relieved to find that my subsequent book sold well.
● And also the adjectives in 4, above, except: aware, confident,
positive
6 + -ing or that clause:
I felt bad leaving the children. or … bad that I was leaving the
children.
● And also usually after the verb feel: awful, awkward, bad,
good, guilty, terrible
Unit 9: (In)transitive verbs, verb +
two objects; verb + each other / one
another
● Common transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and verbs with
two objects:
1 Verbs usually transitive (verb + object):
arrest, avoid, copy, describe, do, enjoy, find, force, get, grab, hit,
like, pull, report, see, shock, take, tell, touch, want, warn
2 Verbs usually intransitive (verb + no object):
appear, arrive, come, cough, faint, fall, go, happen, hesitate,
interact, matter, occur, remain, sleep, sneeze, swim, wait
3 Verb + indirect object + direct object:
allow, ask, bet, cost, deny, envy, fetch, fine, forgive, give, guarantee,
permit, refuse
4 Verb + direct object + for + indirect object:
(i) book, collect, fix, mend, repair
(ii) build, buy, catch, choose, cook, cut, fetch, find, get, make, order,
pour, save (can also be used in verb + indirect object + direct
object)
5 Verb + direct object + to + indirect object:
(i) admit, announce, confess, demonstrate, describe, explain,
introduce, mention, point out, prove, report, say, suggest
(ii) award, give, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, show, teach, tell, throw
(can also be used in verb + indirect object + direct object)
6 Verb + direct object + for/to + indirect object:
bring, leave, pay, play, post, read, send, sing, take, write (can also
be used in verb + indirect object + direct object)
7 Verb + object + adjective:
assume, believe, consider, declare, find, hold, judge, pronounce,
prove, report, think
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8 Verb + reflexive pronoun + preposition:
acclimatise … to, avail … of, brace … for, busy … with, console …
with, content … with, distance … from, establish … as, familiarise
… with, impose … on, occupy … with, organise … into, pride … on,
tear … away from
● Verbs commonly used in the following patterns with each
other and one another:
1 Verb + each other / one another:
attract, avoid, blame, call, complement, face, fight, help, hit, hold,
hug, know, (dis)like, love, meet, miss, resemble, respect, see, trust,
understand
2 Verb + with + each other / one another:
(dis)agree, argue, coincide, compete, cooperate, get along/on, live,
play, work
Unit 10: Verb + to-infinitive / -ing /
bare infinitive
1 Verb + to-infinitive:
agree, aim, ask, consent, decide, decline, demand, fail, guarantee,
hesitate, hope, hurry, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, refuse, threaten,
volunteer, wait, wish
2 Verb + -ing:
avoid, delay, deny, detest, envisage, feel like, imagine, miss, recall,
resent, risk
3 Verb + bare infinitive:
modal verbs (e.g. will, could, may); dare, help, need
4 Verb + object + to-infinitive:
advise, allow, believe, cause, command, enable, encourage, entitle,
force, invite, order, persuade, remind, teach, tell, urge, warn
5 Verb + object + -ing:
catch, feel, find, hear, notice, observe, photograph, prevent, show,
watch
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 Unit 10: Verbs with different
meanings followed by to-infinitive
or -ing
+ to-infinitive
Unit 16: Noun clauses
1 Verb + the fact that:
change, discuss, disguise, face, hide, highlight, ignore, overlook,
+ -ing reflect, welcome

forget / I’d forgotten to bring I don’t remember 2 Noun + of + wh-noun clause:

remember my passport. putting my camera account, description, discussion, example, idea, issue, knowledge,
I remembered to on the table. problem, question, reminder, understanding
apply for a visa. I’ll never forget
(= to talk about visiting Lombok. 3 Verb + object + wh-noun clause:
actions that are (= to mean that the advise, ask, assure, convince, inform, instruct, persuade, remind,
necessary and action comes before show, teach, tell, warn
whether actions are the remembering or NB: ask and show don’t always have an object before a wh-
done or not) forgetting) clause:
It shows (us) how little we know about wildlife in the area.
go on We went on to drive I went on watching Can I ask (you) why the Marsh was left to the NWT?
towards Mt Rinjani. the sunset until it
(= to mean that started to feel cold. 4 Verb + how-noun clause:
something is done (= to continue) ask, consider, decide, describe, discover, explain, know, remember,
after something else reveal, show, tell, understand, wonder
is finished)

mean I meant to take my But it meant flying Unit 17: Common conjunctions and
camera with me. to Bali. sentence connectors
(= to say that we (= to say what a
intend(ed) to do particular attitude 1 Conjunctions
something) or action involves or
implies) ● time: after, as, as long as, before, hardly, no sooner, once, since,
when, while (more formally whilst), until (less formally till),
regret We regret to I regretted not whenever
announce that flight speaking Bahasa ● condition: assuming (that), considering (that), even if, given
XZ345 to Bali has Indonesian.
that, if, provided that, providing, unless
been cancelled. (= to say we are sorry
● concession/contrast: although/though, even though, no
(= to say that we that we did or did
are about to do not do something) matter (what/who/which/how), while (more formally, whilst),
something we are not whereas, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, whoever,
happy about) however, yet
● exception: except (that), only
stop We stopped there to We stopped talking
● purpose: in order (not) to, in order that, so as (not) to, so
admire the amazing immediately.
(that), to
sunset behind the (= to say what it is
● reason: as, because, for, in case, in that, insofar as, seeing that,
mountain. that we stop doing)
(= to say why we stop since
doing something) ● result: so that, such that, in such a way that
try I tried to get on a I tried using the 2 Sentence connectors
later flight. camera in my mobile
● time: after, afterward(s), before, earlier, later, meanwhile, in
(= to say that we phone.
the meantime, previously, simultaneously, subsequently
attempt to do (= to say we test
● condition: if not, if so, otherwise
something) something to see if it
improves a situation) ● concession/contrast: all the same, alternatively, anyway
(less commonly anyhow; both used mainly in informal
speech), by/in contrast, conversely, even so, however, in any
case, instead, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the
other hand, still, though

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 ● result: as a result, because of this, consequently / in
consequence, hence, therefore, thus
● adding above all, in addition, after all, also, as well, besides,
further, furthermore, indeed, likewise, moreover, similarly, too,
what is more
● giving examples for example, for instance
● rewording in other words, namely, that is, that is to say
● listing first(ly), first of all, to start/begin with, last(ly), finally,
next, then
● ending (all) in all, in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up
A few words can be either a conjunction or sentence connector.
Compare:
● After/afterwards
I usually go for a run after I’ve finished work.
Let’s try to finish the meeting by 12.00. After/Afterwards,
we can go out and have some lunch. (after as a sentence
connector is mainly used in spoken English.)
●
Before
I’ll write the number down before I forget it.
She’s become much more confident since she went to
university. Before, she was really shy.
● Though
I don’t often see Margaret, though she only lives in the next
road.
I’ve got your mobile number. I don’t know your email address,
though.
● Otherwise
Take a warm coat, otherwise you’ll get cold.
I knew you were busy. Otherwise I’d have come earlier.
3 Except (for) is usually used as a preposition,
but except (that) can be used as a conjunction
meaning ‘not including’.
Compare: Everyone was wearing fancy dress except (for) Nickie.
Hugh didn’t say much in his letter except (that) he’s going on
holiday to Spain next month.
4 Hence can be used as a sentence connector,
but it is more often followed by a phrase giving
the result of an action in the previous clause or
sentence.
Compare: The south of the country is much more industrialised.
Hence, income levels are higher.
You’ve broken a small bone in your foot – hence the pain.
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Unit 18: Passive verb forms
1 The most common passive verb forms are:
● Present simple: All this land is owned by Mr Harris.
● Past simple: The cakes were made by Janet.
● Present perfect: The conference has been arranged by the
university.
● Past perfect: The exam time had been changed by our
teacher.
● Present continuous: I am always being asked for money by
James.
● Past continuous: The lecture was being given by Dr Goodman.
● Future simple: You will be met at the airport by Miss Turner.
● Future perfect: The work will have been finished by the
builders before the weekend.
2 State verbs not usually made passive:
be, become, belong, exist, have (= own), lack, resemble, seem
3 State verbs that can be made passive:
believe, intend, know, like, love, need, own, understand, want
4 Verb + to-infinitive + object (active) / verb +
to be + past participle (passive):
(i) appear, begin, come, continue, seem, start, tend
With these verbs, active and passive have corresponding
meanings:
He began to annoy me corresponds to I began to be annoyed.
(ii) agree, aim, arrange, attempt, hope, refuse, want
With these verbs, active and passive do not have corresponding
meanings:
I refused to help him does not correspond to He refused to be
helped.
5 Verb + -ing + object (active) / verb + being + past
participle (passive):
avoid, deny, describe, dislike, enjoy, face, hate, (not) imagine, like,
love, remember, report, resent, start
6 Verb + object + bare infinitive (active) / be +
past participle + to-infinitive (passive):
feel, hear, help, make, observe, see (help can also be followed by
object + to-infinitive in the active; let can be followed by object
+ bare infinitive in the active, but is never passive.)
7 Verb + object + -ing (active) / be + past
participle + -ing (passive):
bring, catch, hear, find, keep, notice, observe, see, send, show
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 8 Verb + object + to-infinitive (active) / be + past
participle + to-infinitive (passive):
advise, allow, ask, believe, consider, expect, feel, instruct, invite,
mean, order, require, sing, tell, understand
9 Verb + object + to-infinitive (active) / no passive:
(can’t) bear, hate, like, love, need, prefer, want, wish
10 Verb + object + complement (active) / be +
past participle + complement (passive):
● Verbs to do with giving someone a particular position:
appoint, declare, make, nominate, vote
● Verbs to do with ‘naming’: call, name, title
Unit 19: Reporting verbs
Reporting verbs followed by the pattern shown. Some verbs can
be followed by more than one pattern.
1 Verb + that clause (usually reporting
statements):
add, agree, announce, answer, argue, comment, confirm, deny,
emphasise, grumble, guarantee, insist, note, object, observe, point
out, predict, protest, remark, repeat, reply, state, swear, think
She agreed that the rule was unfair.
2 Verb + object + that clause:
assure, convince, inform, notify, persuade, reassure, remind, tell
He reminded me that it’s Hannah’s birthday next week.
3 Verb + (object) + that clause (with these verbs
an object is usual, but not always necessary):
advise, promise, show, teach, warn
They warned (us) that swimming there was dangerous.
4 Verb + that clause or verb + object + to-infinitive
(the to-infinitive is often to be):
acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, expect, feel,
find, presume, suppose, think, understand
They expected that the concert would be cancelled. or
They expected the concert to be cancelled.
5 Verb + that clause or verb + to/with + object +
that-clause:
(i) Verb + that clause or verb + to + object + that clause:
admit, announce, complain, confess, explain, indicate, mention,
propose, recommend, report, reveal, say, suggest, whisper
They complained that my lectures were boring. or
They complained to me that my lectures were boring.
(ii) Verb + that clause or verb + with + object + that clause:
agree, argue, check, commiserate, confirm, disagree, joke
She joked that she had lost their presents. or She joked with the
children that she had lost their presents.
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6 Verb + to-infinitive:
apply, offer, refuse, swear, volunteer
He offered to give us a lift to the airport.
7 Verb + object + to-infinitive:
advise, allow, ask, call on, command, encourage, forbid, force,
instruct, invite, order, persuade, recommend, remind, request,
teach, tell, urge, warn
She told me to phone her at any time.
8 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + object + to-
infinitive:
ask, beg, expect
I asked to wait. (= I asked if I could wait) or I asked her to wait.
9 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + that clause:
agree, claim, decide, demand, expect, guarantee, hope, promise,
propose, request, swear, threaten, vow
He decided to go to Greece. or He decided that he would go to
Greece.
10 Verb + object + to-infinitive or verb + object +
that clause:
advise, order
He advised me to travel by train because it would be cheaper. or
He advised me that it would be cheaper to travel by train.
11 Verb + -ing or verb + that clause:
admit, advise, deny, mention, propose, recommend, regret, report,
suggest
She regretted starting the course. or She regretted that she had
started the course.
12 Verb + that clause with should or the present
subjunctive:
advise, ask, beg, command, demand, direct, insist, instruct, intend,
order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, stipulate,
suggest, urge, warn
They proposed that Sociology (should) be taught as an
undergraduate subject at the university.
We can also use a that clause with should or the present
subjunctive after nouns related to these verbs: advice, command,
demand, direction, insistence, instruction, proposal
They put forward the proposal that Sociology (should) be taught
as an undergraduate subject at the university.
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Unit 20: Substitution
1 Verbs followed by so / not followed by so:
(i) Verbs commonly followed by so (substituting for a clause):
be afraid (= expressing regret), appear / seem (after it), assume,
believe, expect, guess, hope, imagine, presume, say, suppose,
suspect, tell (with an indirect object), think
(ii) Verbs not followed by so (substituting for a clause): accept,
admit, agree, be certain, doubt, hear, know, promise, suggest,
be sure
2 Verbs, nouns and adjectives after which we can
leave out to:
● Verbs: agree, ask, begin, forget, promise, refuse, start, try
● Nouns: chance, idea, opportunity, promise, suggestion
● Adjectives: afraid, delighted, determined, frightened, willing
A: Do you think Paul will come?
B: He promised (to).
3 Verbs after which we can’t leave out to:
advise, afford, be able, choose, deserve, expect, hate, hope, intend,
love, mean, need, prefer
A: Would you like to be a fire officer?
B: I’d hate to. (not I’d hate.)
These verbs must have a complement; that is, a word or phrase
that completes their meaning:
I can’t afford a car (a car is the complement) not I can’t afford.
4 Common omissions and changes to verbs in
order to avoid repeating words in a previous
clause or sentence:
● auxiliary + main verb ➝ auxiliary:
He says he has finished, but I don’t think he has. (not … he
has finished.)
● auxiliary + auxiliary + main verb ➝ auxiliary (+ auxiliary):
I hadn’t been invited, but my sister had. or … my sister had
been. (but not … my sister had been invited.)
● auxiliary + auxiliary + auxiliary + main verb ➝ auxiliary
(+ auxiliary) + (auxiliary):
A: We could have been arrested.
B: Yes, we could or Yes, we could have or Yes, we could have
been. (but not … Yes, we could have been arrested.)
● (do) + main verb ➝ do:
David goes running every morning, and I do, too.
A: I didn’t take her bike.
B: Nobody said you did.
● be (= auxiliary / main verb) ➝ be or modal + be:
A: The cat’s asleep in the kitchen.
B: It usually is.
A: Ann’s late again.
B: She said she might be. (or informally … she might.)
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A: Are Tom and Mel staying overnight?
B: Yes, I think they are/will be. (or informally … they will.)
Unit 23: It and there
1 Verbs used in the following patterns with
introductory it as subject:
● it + verb + to-infinitive clause: not do, help, hurt, pay
● it + verb + object + to-infinitive clause: amaze, annoy,
frighten, hurt, scare, shock, surprise, upset, worry
We can use it + take + object + to-infinitive clause when we say
what is or was needed in a particular activity:
It took (them) a week to mend our roof.
● it + verb + that clause: appear, come about, emerge, follow,
seem, transpire, turn out
Alternatives with the that clause in initial position are not
possible:
It turned out that I was wrong. (not That I was wrong turned out.)
● it + verb + object + that clause: dawn on, hit, strike (all
meaning ‘occur to’); and also the verbs listed above for the
pattern it + verb + object + to-infinitive clause.
2 Verbs used in the following reporting patterns
with introductory it as subject:
● it + passive verb + that clause: agree, allege, announce,
assume, believe, calculate, claim, consider, decide, demonstrate,
discover, establish, estimate, expect, feel, find, hope, intend,
know, mention, plan, propose, recommend, reveal, say, show,
suggest, suppose, think, understand (but not: encourage,
inform, persuade, reassure, remind, tell, warn)
● it + passive verb + wh-clause: discover, establish, explain, find,
know, reveal, show, understand
These verbs can also be used in the pattern it + passive verb +
that clause.
3 Verbs used in the following patterns with
introductory it as object:
● verb + it + that, if or wh-clause: can’t bear, can’t stand, hate,
like, love, resent
● verb + it + if or wh-clause: dislike, enjoy, prefer, understand
● verb + (it) + that clause: accept, admit, deny, guarantee,
mention
● verb + it + adjective + that, wh- or to-infinitive clause: believe,
consider, feel, find (= discover from experience), make, think
● verb + it + as + adjective + that, if or when-clause: accept,
regard, see, take (= interpret something in a particular way),
view
Many other verbs that can be followed by a that, wh-, if, or
to-infinitive clause are not used with introductory it as object:
argue, discover, emphasise, notice, predict, recall, remember.
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 Unit 24: Complex prepositions
1 Two-word prepositions:
● ending in for: as for, but for, except for, save for
● ending in from: apart from, as from, away from
● ending in of: ahead of, as of, because of, devoid of, instead of,
irrespective of, out of, outside of, regardless of, upwards of
●
ending in to: according to, as to, close to, contrary to, due to,
near to, next to, owing to, prior to, relative to, subsequent to,
thanks to, up to
● ending in with: along with, together with
● others: such as, as against, as regards, depending on, all over,
rather than, in between
2 Three-word prepositions:
● ending in as: as far as, as well as
● ending in for: in exchange for, in return for
● ending in from: as distinct from, with effect from
● ending in of: by means of, by virtue of, by way of, for lack of,
for want of, in aid of, in case of, in charge of, in danger of, in
favour of, in front of, in lieu of, in light of, in need of, in place of,
in respect of, at risk of, in search of, in spite of, in terms of, in
view of, on account of, on behalf of, on grounds of, on top of
● ending in to: as opposed to, by reference to, in addition to, in
contrast to, in reference to, in regard to, in relation to, with
regard to, with reference to, with respect to
● ending in with: at variance with, in accordance with, in
comparison with, in compliance with, in conformity with, in
contact with, in line with, in touch with
3 Four-word prepositions (ending in of):
as a result of, for the sake of, in the case of, in the event of, on the
part of, with the exception of, on the strength of
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Unit 24: Verb + preposition –
common patterns
● Some verbs can be used in more than one pattern.
1 Verb + object + prepositional phrase:
protect/insure … against, dismiss/condemn … as, (re)schedule/
exchange … for, isolate/protect … from, implicate/interest … in,
translate … into, rob/deprive … of, force/feed … on, explain … to,
associate/confuse/discuss … with
I grabbed the boy by the hand.
● With a few verbs we change preposition if we change the
word order:
Our tutor issued us with a reading list. or Our tutor issued a
reading list to us.
● Other verbs like this: present … with/to, entrust … with/to,
supply … with/to (or for), trust … with/to, blame … for/on
2 Verb + preposition + object + preposition +
object:
(dis)agree/argue/quarrel with … about/over …, count/depend/
rely on … for …, complain / boast to … about …, refer to … as
…, apologise/appeal/apply to … for, react/respond to … with,
compete/contend with … for
They collaborated with Russian scientists on the research.
3 Verb + preposition + -ing:
inquire/worry about, end/start by, apologise/vote for, benefit/
refrain from, persist/succeed in, rush into, disapprove/dream of,
concentrate/insist on, admit/confess to, go ahead with, help with
When he failed his driving test he reacted by kicking the car.
4 Verb + object + preposition + -ing:
advise … against, blame/prosecute/thank/praise … for,
discourage/prevent … from, talk/trick … into, suspect … of,
congratulate … on
She accused me of copying her work.
5 Verb + preposition + object + -ing:
worry/think/know about, protest/laugh at/about, arise/come/
follow from, result/end in, speak/(dis)approve of, depend/count/
insist/rely on, lead to, end/start/finish with
My place at university depends on me getting high grades in my
exams. or … depends on my getting high grades
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Unit 24: Phrasal verbs – position of
objects
1 Phrasal verbs that can be used transitively or
intransitively with the same meaning:
answer back, call back, clear away, cover up, help out, take over,
tidy away, wash up
2 Phrasal verbs that can be used transitively or
intransitively with a different meaning:
break in, cut out, hold out, look out, look up, pick up, split up,
turn in, wind up
3 Phrasal verbs whose object can go before or after
the particle:
bring about, check over, clean up, drink up, gather up, get down,
leave out, make up, mess up, shoot down, sort out, throw away,
try out, use up, wake up
4 Phrasal verbs whose object must go after the
particle(s):
account for, act on, approve of, bump into, call on, check into,
flick through, look after, look around, provide for, result from, run
into, stick at, take after, take against; do away with, get away with,
grow out of, look out over, make up for, send away for
5 Phrasal verbs whose object must go before the
particle (i.e. between the verb and the particle):
hear out, order about, pull to, push to, shut up, stand up, tell
apart
6 Three-word phrasal verbs with two objects, one
after the verb and the other after the particles:
help on/off with, set off against, talk out of, take out of/on, take
up on
Unit 25: Prepositions after nouns
and adjectives
1 Examples of nouns in the following groups:
● nouns usually followed by the same prepositions as their
related verb or adjective (after to be): to accuse – accusation
of, to (dis)agree – (dis)agreement with/about/on, to amaze
– amazement at, to annoy – annoyance about/at/with,
to be anxious – anxiety about, to apologise – apology for,
to associate – association with, to be aware – awareness
of, to believe – belief in, to be bored – boredom with, to
complain – complaint about, to contribute – contribution to,
to depart – departure from, to be grateful – gratitude for, to
insist – insistence on, to insure – insurance against, to object
– objection to, to be satisfied – satisfaction with, to succeed –
success in, to worry – worry about
Grammar and Vocabulary for Advanced © Cambridge University Press 2015 Photocopiable
G&V_ADV_grammar reference.indd 9
● nouns usually followed by different prepositions from their
related adjective (after to be): to be fond of – fondness for, to
be proud of – pride in, to be ashamed of – shame about/at
● nouns which take a preposition where their related verb does
not: to admire – admiration for, to answer – answer to, to
attack – attack on, to ban – ban on, to damage – damage to,
to decrease – decrease of/in/by, to delay – delay in, to demand
– demand for, to discuss – discussion about, to fear – a fear of,
to ignore – ignorance of, to improve – improvement in/on, to
influence – influence on, to interview – interview with, to lack
– lack of, to prove – proof of, to question – question about/
of, to reduce – reduction in, to solve – solution to, to support
– support for
2 Examples of nouns in the patterns shown:
● noun + preposition + noun or noun + preposition + -ing:
approval for, change from, focus on, interest in, opposition to,
protest about, sign of
● noun + preposition + noun: damage to, decrease in, demand
for, factor behind, increase in
3 Examples of nouns in the patterns shown:
● noun + of + -ing or noun + to-infinitive with a similar
meaning (usually after the): aim, idea, opportunity, option,
plan
● noun + of + -ing or noun + to-infinitive with a different
meaning: chance, sense, way
● noun + of + -ing: cost, difficulty, effect, fear, likelihood,
possibility, probability, problem, prospect, risk, sign
● noun + to-infinitive: ability, attempt, concern, decision, desire,
determination, failure, inability, permission, proposal, reason,
refusal, reluctance, (un)willingness, wish
Many of these nouns can be used with other prepositions + -ing
(attempt at + -ing, reason for + -ing)
4 Adjective + preposition: expressing feelings and
opinions:
amazed at/by, ashamed of, bored with, confident of, content
with, crazy about, critical of, enthusiastic about, envious of, fed
up with, impressed by/with, indifferent to, interested in, intolerant
of, jealous of, keen on, nervous about/of, proud of, satisfied with,
scared of, shocked at/by, surprised at/by, tired of, upset about,
wary of, worried about
5 Adjective + preposition: different meanings:
afraid of/for; angry/annoyed/furious about/with; answerable for/
to; anxious about/for; bad/good at/for; concerned about/with/for;
disappointed with/at/about/in; frightened of/ for; good about/
to/with; glad for/of; pleased about/at/with; right about/for; sorry
about/for; unfair of/on; wrong about/of
9
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 Wordlist for vocabulary section
Unit 26 Cities
NOUNS
area /ˈeə.ri.ə/
belief /bɪˈliːf/
benefits /ˈben.ɪfɪts/
commuter /kəˈmjuː.tə/
construction
/kənˈstrʌk.ʃən/
consequences
/ˈkɒn.sɪ.kwənsɪz/
costs /kɒsts/
criminology
/ˌkrɪm.ɪˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/
demolition /ˌdem.əˈlɪʃ.ən/
developer /dɪˈvel.ə.pər/
development
/dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/
downside /ˈdaʊn.saɪd/
environment
/ɪnˈvaɪ.rən.mənt/
environmentalist
/ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈmen.təl.ɪst/
estate /ɪˈsteɪt/
exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/
fumes /fjuːmz/
impact /ˈɪm.pækt/
installation /ˌɪn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/
metropolis /məˈtrɒp.əl.ɪs/
neighbourhood
/ˈneɪ.bə.hʊd/
outskirts /ˈaʊt.skɜːts/
pollution /pəˈluː.ʃən/
pollutant /pəˈluː.tənt/
psychology /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/
resident /ˈrez.ɪ.dənt/
residence /ˈrez.ɪ.dəns/
rush hour /ˈrʌʃ.aʊər/
sprawl /sprɔːl/
suburb /ˈsʌb.ɜːb/
surveillance /səˈveɪ.ləns/
system /ˈsɪs.təm/
VERBS
combat /ˈkɒm.bæt/
demolish /dɪˈmɒl.ɪʃ/
develop /dɪˈvel.əp/
explode /ɪkˈspləʊd/
include /ɪnˈkluːd/
install /ɪnˈstɔːl/
pollute /pəˈluːt/
prioritise /praɪˈɒr.ɪ.taɪz/
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reside /rɪˈzaɪd/
signify /ˈsɪg.nɪ.faɪ/
sprawl /sprɔːl/
survey /ˈsɜː.veɪ/
ADJECTIVES
accessible /əkˈses.ə.bl/
affluent /ˈæf.lu.ənt/
affordable /əˈfɔː.də.bl/
bike-friendly /baɪk ˈfrend.li/
car-mad /kɑː mæd/
commercial /kəˈmɜː.ʃəl/
convenient /kənˈviː.ni.ənt/
crime-free /kraɪmˈfriː/
cultural /ˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/
demolished /dɪˈmɒl.ɪʃt/
developed /dɪˈvel.əpt/
environmental
/ɪnˌvaɪ.rən.ˈmen.təl/
explosive /ɪkˈspləʊ.sɪv/
gridlocked /ˈɡrɪd.lɒkt/
inclusive /ɪnˈkluː.sɪv/
incredible /ɪnˈkred.ɪ.bl/
integral /ˈɪn.tɪ.grəl/
major /ˈmeɪ.dʒər/
pet-friendly /ˌpetˈfrend.li/
polluted /pəˈluːtɪd/
psychological
/ˌsaɪ.kəlˈɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
remote /rɪˈməʊt/
residential /ˌrez.ɪˈden.ʃəl/
rural /ˈrʊə.rəl/
run-down /rʌnˈdaʊn/
significant /sɪgˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/
sprawling /ˈsprɔː.lɪŋ/
undeveloped
/ˌʌn.dɪˈvel.əpt/
urban /ˈɜː.bən/
vibrant /ˈvaɪ.brənt/
work-mad /wɜːkˈmæd/
ADVERBS
densely /ˈdens.li/
obsessively /əbˈses.ɪvli/
seriously /ˈsɪə.ri.əs.li/
socially /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl.i/
surprisingly /səˈpraɪ.zɪŋ.li/
NOUN PHRASES
a significant drop in
air pollution
an incredible range of
an integral part of
commuter belt
crime levels
crime rate
exhaust fumes
give and take
hustle and bustle
local residents
negative consequences
open spaces
peace and quiet
pedestrian area
public transport system
pros and cons
psychological benefits
rush-hour traffic
surveillance system
the cost of living
tourist attraction
traffic congestion
traffic jam
ups and downs
urban sprawl
VERB PHRASES
be densely populated
be obsessed with sth
be steeped in history
be socially inclusive
come into contact with sb/sth
conduct a study
have little impact on
hop on (a bus/train)
Unit 27 Personal
history
NOUNS
accumulation
/əˌkjuː.mjʊˈleɪ.ʃən/
accuracy /ˈæk.jʊ.rə.si/
ancestor /ˈæn.ses.tər/
ancestry /ˈæn.ses.tri/
appointment
/əˈpɔɪnt.mənt/
archive /ˈɑː.kaɪv/
autobiography
/ˌɔː.tə.baɪˈɒg.rə.fi/
branch /brɑːntʃ/
descendant /dɪˈsen.dənt/
descent /dɪˈsent/
embellishment
/ɪmˈbel.ɪʃ.mənt/
entry /ˈen.tri/
fact /fækt/
fragment /ˈfræg.mənt/
hurdle /ˈhɜː.dl/
multitude /ˈmʌl.tɪ.tjuːd/
mystery /ˈmɪs.tər.i/
myth /mɪθ/
note /nəʊt/
process /ˈprəʊ.ses/
record /rɪˈkɔːd/
reminiscence
/ˌrem.ɪˈnɪs.əns/
roots /ruːts/
scrap /skræp/
source /sɔːs/
trace /treɪs/
verification
/ˌver.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
verifier /ˈver.ɪfaɪ.ə/
VERBS
accumulate
/əˈkjuː.mjʊ.leɪt/
conduct /kənˈdʌkt/
confront /kənˈfrʌnt/
consider /kənˈsɪd.ər/
dig /dɪg/
disclose /dɪˈskləʊz/
document /ˈdɒk.jʊ.mənt/
embellish /ɪmˈbel.ɪʃ/
expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/
formulate /ˈfɔː.mjʊ.leɪt/
hoard /hɔːd/
originate /əˈrɪdʒ.ɪ.neɪt/
overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/
reminisce /ˌrem.ɪˈnɪs/
unlock /ʌnˈlɒk/
verify /ˈver.ɪ.faɪ/
weigh /weɪ/
ADJECTIVES
accumulated
/əˈkjuː.mjəleɪ.tɪd/
accurate /ˈæk.jʊ.rət/
ancestral /ænˈses.trəl/
blank /blæŋk/
countless /ˈkaʊnt.ləs/
embellished /ɪmˈbel.ɪʃt/
genealogical
/ˌdʒiː.ni.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/
huge /hjuːdʒ/
inaccurate /ɪˈnæk.jʊ.rət/
numerous /ˈnjuː.mə.rəs/
precious /ˈpreʃ.əs/
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 reminiscent /ˌrem.ɪˈnɪs.ənt/
valuable /ˈvæl.jʊ.bl/
verified /ˈver.ɪfaɪd/
verifiable /ˈver.ɪ.faɪ.ə.bl/
ADVERBS
eerily /ˈɪə.rɪ.li/
wildly /ˈwaɪld.li/
NOUN PHRASES
a multitude of
branch of your roots
criminal record
grain of truth
half-price entry
huge amounts of information
line of descent
long-buried secret
skeleton in the cupboard
world record
VERB PHRASES
accumulate information
be eerily reminiscent of sth
be wildly inaccurate
conduct an investigation
cover your tracks
dictate the course of
dig up dirt on sb
document facts
draw the line
expose secrets
gain entry
keep sb in the dark
muddy the waters
put together (from)
(say sth) off the record
sweep sth under the carpet
unlock a mystery
verify facts
weigh up (a decision)
work backwards
Unit 28 The art
NOUNS
audition /ɔːˈdɪʃ.ən/
artefact /ˈɑː.tɪ.fækt/
audience /ˈɔː.di.əns/
back-catalogue
/bæk ˈkæt.əl.ɒg/
blockbuster /ˈblɒkˌbʌs.tər/
capacity /kəˈpæs.ə.ti/
cast /kɑːst/
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celebrity /sɪˈleb.rɪ.ti/
chaos /ˈkeɪ.ɒs/
character /ˈkær.ɪk.tə/
comedy /ˈkɒm.ə.di/
comic /ˈkɒm.ɪk/
beat /biːt/
euphoria /juːˈfɔː.ri.ə/
exhibition /ˌek.sɪˈbɪʃ.ən/
exhilaration
/ɪgˌzɪl.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
festival /ˈfes.tɪ.vəl/
genius /ˈdʒiː.ni.əs/
gig /gɪg/
installation /ˌɪn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/
intimacy /ˈɪn.tɪ.mə.si/
irony /ˈaɪ.rə.ni/
lines /laɪnz/
jewellery /ˈdʒuː.əl.ri/
melancholy /ˈmel.əŋ.kɒl.i/
melody /ˈmel.ə.di/
multiplex /ˈmʌl.tɪ.pleks/
narrative /ˈnær.ə.tɪv/
novelist /ˈnɒv.əl.ɪst/
orchestra /ˈɔː.kɪ.strə/
part /pɑːt/
portrait /ˈpɔː.trət/
premiere /ˈprem.i.eə/
replica /ˈrep.lɪ.kə/
review /rɪˈvjuː/
routine /ruːˈtiːn/
sculptor /ˈskʌlp.tə/
sculpture /ˈskʌlp.tʃə/
soloist /ˈsəʊ.ləʊ.ɪst/
stand-up /ˈstænd.ʌp/
stitches /stɪtʃɪz/
venue /ˈven.juː/
vocals /ˈvəʊkəlz/
VERBS
attend /əˈtend/
appreciate /əˈpriː.ʃi.eɪt/
book /bʊk/
compose /kəmˈpəʊz/
conduct /kənˈdʌkt/
exhibit /ɪgˈzɪb.ɪt/
headline /ˈhed.laɪn/
perform /pəˈfɔːm/
review /rɪˈvjuː/
tour /tʊə/
ADJECTIVES
abrasive /əˈbreɪ.sɪv/
academic /ˌæk.əˈdem.ɪk/
bizarre /bɪˈzɑː/
bland /blænd/
boisterous /ˈbɔɪ.stər.əs/
challenging /ˈtʃæl.ɪn.dʒɪŋ/
chaotic /keɪˈɒt.ɪk/
classic /ˈklæs.ɪk/
classical /ˈklæs.ɪ.kəl/
contemporary
/kənˈtem.pər.ər.i/
cramped /kræmpt/
dated /ˈdeɪ.tɪd/
devoted /dɪˈvəʊ.tɪd/
eclectic /ɪˈklek.tɪk/
edgy /ˈedʒ.i/
emotional /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən.əl/
euphoric /juːˈfɒr.ɪk/
exhilarating /ɪgˈzɪl.ə.reɪ.tɪŋ/
historic /hɪˈstɒr.ɪk/
historical /hɪˈstɒr.ɪ.kəl/
insistent /ɪnˈsɪs.tənt/
intimate /ˈɪn.tɪ.mət/
legendary /ˈledʒ.ən.dri/
melancholic /ˌmel.əŋˈkɒl.ɪk/
melodic /məˈlɒd.ɪk/
melodramatic
/ˌmel.ə.drəˈmæt.ɪk/
memorable /ˈmem.ər.ə.bl/
outdoor /ˈaʊtˌdɔː/
prestigious /presˈtɪdʒ.əs/
provincial /prəˈvɪn.ʃəl/
raucous /ˈrɔː.kəs/
repetitive /rɪˈpet.ə.tɪv/
scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪf.ɪk/
star-studded /ˈstɑːˌstʌd.ɪd/
subtle /ˈsʌt.əl/
surgical /ˈsɜː.dʒɪ.kəl/
syrupy /ˈsɪr.əp.i/
televised /ˈtel.ɪ.vaɪzd/
understated
/ˌʌn.dəˈsteɪ.tɪd/
unimpressive
/ˌʌn.ɪmˈpres.ɪv/
weak /wiːk/
NOUN PHRASES
a devoted following
a hint of irony
academic performance
ballet company
capacity audience
concert hall
comedy club
great fan of
live music event
medical instrument
multiplex cinema
open-air stadium
provincial theatre
public art gallery
scientific instrument
surgical instrument
VERB PHRASES
appear on stage
appreciate art
be the right word
book a venue
conduct an orchestra
fill a venue
go on stage
have sb in stitches
headline a venue
lead an orchestra
learn by rote
produce a film
shoot a film
take to the stage
write music
Unit 29 Migration
NOUNS
expatriate /ekˈspæt.ri.ət/
homesickness
/ˈhəʊm.sɪknɪs/
illegality /ˌɪl.iːˈgæl.ɪ.ti/
immigrant /ˈɪm.ɪ.grənt/
legality /liːˈgæl.ə.ti/
legalisation
/ˌliː.ɡəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
migrant /ˈmaɪ.grənt/
pastures /ˈpɑːs.tʃəz/
persecution
/ˌpɜː.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/
persecutor /ˈpɜː.sɪ.kjuː.tə/
settler /ˈset.lə/
smuggler /ˈsmʌg.lə/
smuggling /ˈsmʌɡlɪŋ/
specialism /ˈspeʃ.əl.ɪ.zəm/
specialisation
/ˌspeʃ.əl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
specialist /ˈspeʃ.əl.ɪst/
surroundings /səˈraʊn.dɪŋz/
VERBS
embed /ɪmˈbed/
embitter /ɪmˈbɪt.ə/
embody /ɪmˈbɒd.i/
empower /ɪmˈpaʊə/
enable /ɪˈneɪ.bl/
encase /ɪnˈkeɪs/
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 encircle /ɪnˈsɜː.kl/
enclose /ɪnˈkləʊz/
endanger /ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒər/
engulf /ɪnˈgʌlf/
enlarge /ɪnˈlɑːdʒ/
enliven /ɪnˈlaɪ.vən/
enrich /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/
grieve /griːv/
legalise /ˈliː.ɡəl.aɪz/
migrate /maɪˈgreɪt/
overstay /ˌəʊ.vəˈsteɪ/
persecute /ˈpɜː.sɪ.kjuːt/
pine /paɪn/
settle /ˈset.l/
smuggle /ˈsmʌg.l/
specialise /ˈspeʃ.əl.aɪz/
ADJECTIVES
beaten /ˈbiː.tən/
close-knit /ˌkləʊsˈnɪt/
desperate /ˈdes.pər.ət/
endangered /ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒəd/
familiar /fəˈmɪl.i.ə/
homesick /ˈhəʊm.sɪk/
illegal /ɪˈliː.gəl/
insecure /ˌɪn.sɪˈkjʊə/
legal /ˈliː.gəl/
multicoloured
/ˌmʌl.tiˈkʌl.əd/
multicultural
/ˌmʌl.tiˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/
multifunctional
/ˌmʌl.tiˈfʌŋk.ʃən.əl/
multilingual
/ˌmʌl.tiˈlɪŋ.gwəl/
multinational
/ˌmʌl.tiˈnæʃ.ən.əl/
persecuted /ˈpɜː.sɪkjuː.tɪd/
smuggled /ˈsmʌɡəld/
specialised /ˈspeʃ.əl.aɪzd/
specialist /ˈspeʃ.əl.ɪst/
NOUN PHRASES
asylum seeker
contract worker
illegal immigrant
multinational corporation
seasonal employee
sense of belonging
sense of duty
sense of humour
sense of loss
sense of responsibility
sense of urgency
Grammar and Vocabulary for Advanced © Cambridge University Press 2015 Photocopiable 3
G&V_ADV_wordlist.indd 3
VERB PHRASES
be off the menu
do sth like a shot
dream of pastures new
find your feet
go off the beaten track
pine for sth/sb
pull a rug out from under sb
things are looking up
your heart is in (a place)
Unit 30 Risking it
NOUNS
adolescence /ˌæd.əˈles.əns/
adolescent /ˌæd.əˈles.ənt/
bungee /ˈbʌn.dʒi/
buzz /bʌz/
characteristic
/ˌkær.ɪk.təˈrɪs.tɪk/
consequences
/ˈkɒnt.sɪ.kwəntsɪz/
exertion /ɪgˈzɜː.ʃən/
expert /ˈek.spɜːt/
hazard /ˈhæz.əd/
hype /haɪp/
individual /ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪd.ju.əl/
kick /kɪk/
level /ˈlev.əl/
measures /ˈmeʒəz/
onset /ˈɒn.set/
outcome /ˈaʊt.kʌm/
participant /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.pənt/
precautions /prɪˈkɔː.ʃənz/
reaction /riˈæk.ʃən/
representative
/ˌrep.rɪˈzen.tə.tɪv/
response /rɪˈspɒns/
results /rɪˈzʌlts/
risk /rɪsk/
sample /ˈsɑːm.pl/
scuba /ˈskuː.bə/
teen /tiːn/
thrill /θrɪl/
youth /juːθ/
VERBS
analyse /ˈæn.əl.aɪz/
anticipate /ænˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/
avoid /əˈvɔɪd/
determine /dɪˈtɜː.mɪn/
display /dɪˈspleɪ/
engage /ɪnˈgeɪdʒ/
evaluate /ɪˈvæl.ju.eɪt/
foresee /fəˈsiː/ have a lucky escape
induce /ɪnˈdjuːs/ make a choice
release /rɪˈliːs/ make a decision
predict /prɪˈdɪkt/ make a difference
slip /slɪp/ make an effort
stumble /ˈstʌm.bl/ make progress
trip /trɪp/ make sure
make use of
ADJECTIVES take action
associated /əˈsəʊ.si.eɪ.tɪd/ take advice
content /kənˈtent/ take care
competent /ˈkɒm.pɪ.tənt/ take a chance
exaggerated
take a decision
/ɪɡˈzædʒ.əreɪ.tɪd/ take effect
frustrated /frʌsˈtreɪ.tɪd/ take exercise
harmful /ˈhɑːm.fəl/ take part in sth
hazardous /ˈhæz.ə.dəs/ take precautions
physical /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kəl/ take responsibility
reasonable /ˈriː.zən.ə.bl/ take risks
recreational take steps to do sth
/ˌrek.riˈeɪ.ʃən.əl/
responsible /rɪˈspɒn.sɪ.bl/
risky /ˈrɪs.ki/
Unit 31 Gender
issues
serious /ˈsɪə.ri.əs/
satisfied /ˈsæt.ɪs.faɪd/ NOUNS
tentative /ˈten.tə.tɪv/ aggression /əˈgreʃ.ən/
arrogance /ˈær.ə.gəns/
ADVERBS attractiveness
potentially /pəˈten.ʃəl.i/ /əˈtræk.tɪvnɪs/
attraction /əˈtræk.ʃən/
NOUN PHRASES
attendant /əˈten.dənt/
bungee jumping bias /ˈbaɪ.əs/
control measure capability /ˌkeɪ.pəˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
dangerous driving category /ˈkæt.ə.gri/
hang-gliding colleague /ˈkɒl.iːg/
ice climbing comedian /kəˈmiː.di.ən/
individual sport comedienne /kəˌmiː.diˈen/
lucky escape competitiveness
marketing hype /kəmˈpetɪtɪvnəs/
physical exertion competition
potholing /ˌkɒm.pəˈtɪʃ.ən/
reasonable precautions connotations
recreational activity /ˌkɒn.əʊˈteɪ.ʃənz/
safety expert contribution
scuba diving /ˌkɒn.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/
skydiving contributor
tentative link /kənˈtrɪb.jʊ.tə/
white-water rafting disadvantage
windsurfing /ˌdɪs.ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/
discrimination
VERB PHRASES
/dɪˌskrɪm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
do further research drive /draɪv/
engage in sth equality /ɪˈkwɒl.ɪ.ti/
evaluate outcomes evidence /ˈev.ɪ.dəns/
live forever flexibility /ˌflek.sɪˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
12/02/2015 08:52
 forefathers /ˈfɔːˌfɑː.ðəz/
gender /ˈdʒen.dər/
gift /gɪft/
gracefulness /ˈɡreɪs.fəlnɪs/
grace /greɪs/
humanity /hjuːˈmæn.ə.ti/
humankind
/ˌhjuː.mənˈkaɪnd/
involvement /ɪnˈvɒlv.mənt/
leadership /ˈliː.də.ʃɪp/
mankind /mænˈkaɪnd/
midwife /ˈmɪd.waɪf/
partner /ˈpɑːt.nər/
passivity /pæsˈɪv.ɪ.ti/
perpetuation
/pəˌpetʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən/
power /paʊər/
purity /ˈpjʊə.rɪ.ti/
predecessor /ˈpriː.dɪˌses.ər/
responsibility
/rɪˌspɒn.sɪˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
sibling /ˈsɪb.lɪŋ/
spouse /spaʊs/
stereotype /ˈster.i.ə.taɪp/
stewardess /ˈstjuː.ə.dɪs/
subconscious /ˌsʌbˈkɒn.ʃəs/
submissiveness
/səbˈmɪs.ɪvnɪs/
submission /səbˈmɪʃ.ən/
synthetic /sɪnˈθet.ɪk/
VERBS
categorise /ˈkæt.ə.ɡər.aɪz/
clarify /ˈklær.ɪ.faɪ/
complete /kəmˈpliːt/
consider /kənˈsɪd.ə/
contribute /kənˈtrɪb.juːt/
deem /diːm/
discriminate
/dɪˈskrɪm.ɪ.neɪt/
involve /ɪnˈvɒlv/
marginalise
/ˈmɑː.dʒɪ.nəl.aɪz/
overt /əʊˈvɜːt/
participate /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/
perpetuate /pəˈpetʃ.u.eɪt/
pursue /pəˈsjuː/
specify /ˈspes.ɪ.faɪ/
strengthen /ˈstreŋ.θən/
ADJECTIVES
adequate /ˈæd.ə.kwət/
aggressive /əˈgres.ɪv/
arrogant /ˈær.ə.gənt/
attractive /əˈtræk.tɪv/
4 Grammar and Vocabulary for Advanced © Cambridge University Press 2015 Photocopiable
G&V_ADV_wordlist.indd 4
biased /ˈbaɪ.əst/
competitive /kəmˈpet.ɪ.tɪv/
concerned /kənˈsɜːnd/
contributory
/kənˈtrɪb.jʊ.tər.i/
derogatory /dɪˈrɒg.ə.tər.i/
discriminatory
/dɪˈskrɪm.ɪ.nə.tər.i/
dominated /ˈdɒm.ɪneɪ.tɪd/
driven /ˈdrɪv.ən/
equal /ˈiː.kwəl/
flexible /ˈflek.sɪ.bl/
fundamental
/ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.təl/
gifted /ˈgɪf.tɪd/
graceful /ˈgreɪs.fəl/
historical /hɪˈstɒr.ɪ.kəl/
inadequate /ɪˈnæd.ɪ.kwət/
inclusive /ɪnˈkluː.sɪv/
involved /ɪnˈvɒlvd/
man-made /ˌmænˈmeɪd/
marginal /ˈmɑː.dʒɪ.nəl/
muscular /ˈmʌs.kjʊ.lər/
neutral /ˈnjuː.trəl/
passive /ˈpæs.ɪv/
perpetual /pəˈpetʃ.u.əl/
powerful /ˈpaʊə.fəl/
pure /pjʊə/
rooted /ruːtɪd/
sexist /ˈsek.sɪst/
shocking /ˈʃɒk.ɪŋ/
submissive /səbˈmɪs.ɪv/
underpaid /ˌʌndəˈpeɪd/
voluntary /ˈvɒl.ən.tər.i/
ADVERBS
involuntarily
/ɪnˈvɒl.ən.tərɪ.li/
mainly /ˈmeɪn.li/
predominantly
/prɪˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt.li/
subconsciously
/sʌbˈkɒn.tʃəs.li/
NOUN PHRASES
flight attendant
fundamental beliefs
future life chances
historical disadvantage
mature adult
VERB PHRASES
be concerned about sth
be deeply rooted in the
subconscious
be treated as
contribute to
do sth in a derogatory way
have an enormous impact
on sth
impose restrictions on sth
make inroads
pay attention to
stand by
stand for
stand in for sb
stand out
stand up for
take responsibility for yourself
Unit 32 Education
NOUNS
academy /əˈkæd.ə.mi/
apprenticeship
/əˈpren.tɪs.ʃɪp/
boarding /ˈbɔː.dɪŋ/
capability /ˌkeɪ.pəˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
capacity /kəˈpæs.ə.ti/
charity /ˈtʃær.ɪ.ti/
educator /ˈed.jʊ.keɪ.tə/
establishment
/ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ.mənt/
faith /feɪθ/
funds /fʌndz/
graduation
/ˌgrædʒ.uˈeɪ.ʃən/
graduate /ˈgrædʒ.u.ət/
induction /ɪnˈdʌk.ʃən/
influence /ˈɪn.flu.əns/
innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/
innovator /ˈɪnəveɪtə/
insight /ˈɪn.saɪt/
lecture /ˈlek.tʃə/
method /ˈmeθ.əd/
motivation
/ˌməʊ.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən/
motivator /ˈməʊtɪveɪtə/
nursery /ˈnɜː.sər.i/
objective /əbˈdʒek.tɪv/
opportunity
/ˌɒp.əˈtjuː.nə.ti/
pre-school /ˈpriː.skuːl/
pioneer /ˌpaɪəˈnɪə/
position /pəˈzɪʃ.ən/
potential /pəˈten.ʃəl/
release /rɪˈliːs/
realisation /ˌrɪə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
researcher /rɪˈsɜːtʃ.ə/
special needs
/ˈspeʃ.əl niːdz/
team building
/tiːm ˈbɪl.dɪŋ/
technical /ˈtek.nɪ.kəl/
workshop /ˈwɜːk.ʃɒp/
VERBS
achieve /əˈtʃiːv/
educate /ˈed.jʊ.keɪt/
enable /ɪˈneɪ.bl/
establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/
foster /ˈfɒs.tə/
graduate /ˈgrædʒ.u.ət/
influence /ˈɪn.flu.əns/
innovate /ˈɪn.ə.veɪt/
motivate /ˈməʊ.tɪ.veɪt/
raise /reɪz/
ADJECTIVES
child-centred
/ˈtʃaɪldˌsen.təd/
disadvantaged
/ˌdɪs.ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒd/
educated /ˈed.jʊ.keɪ.tɪd/
educational
/ˌed.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃən.əl/
electrical /ɪˈlek.trɪ.kəl/
established /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃt/
fundamental
/ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.təl/
hands-on /ˌhænd.ˈzɒn/
holistic /həˈlɪs.tɪk/
innovative /ˈɪn.ə.və.tɪv/
influential /ˌɪn.fluˈen.ʃəl/
interactive /ˌɪn.təˈræk.tɪv/
mainstream /ˈmeɪn.striːm/
motivated /ˈməʊ.tɪˌveɪ.tɪd/
motivational
/ˌməʊ.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən.əl/
motivating /ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪŋ/
practical /ˈpræk.tɪ.kəl/
self-motivated
/self ˈməʊ.tɪˌveɪ.tɪd/
technical /ˈtek.nɪ.kəl/
traditional /trəˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/
ADVERBS
firmly /ˈfɜːm.li/
highly /ˈhaɪ.li/
increasingly /ɪnˈkriː.sɪŋ.li/
newly /ˈnjuː.li/
politically /pəˈlɪt.ɪ.kli/
poorly /ˈpɔː.li/
strongly /ˈstrɒŋ.li/
12/02/2015 08:52
 NOUN PHRASES
children with special needs
boarding school
day release
development opportunity
distance-learning course
early years
faith school
fee-paying school
further education
hands-on experience
higher education
local state school
independent school
primary school
secondary school
special needs
teaching method
team-building day
technical college
training plans
VERB PHRASES
apply for a course
be firmly established
be fundamental to sth
be highly educated
be highly influential
be increasingly influential
be newly established
be politically motivated
be poorly educated
be strongly motivated
graduate from university
give insight into sth
have a (good) influence on sb
have a love of sth
have a positive image of
yourself
learn by doing sth
raise funds for charity
Unit 33 Health
NOUNS
appetite /ˈæp.ɪ.taɪt/
calories /ˈkæl.ər.iz/
cancer /ˈkæn.sə/
catastrophe /kəˈtæs.trə.fi/
dementia /dɪˈmen.ʃə/
depression /dɪˈpreʃ.ən/
disease /dɪˈziːz/
epidemic /ˌep.ɪˈdem.ɪk/
Grammar and Vocabulary for Advanced © Cambridge University Press 2015 Photocopiable 5
G&V_ADV_wordlist.indd 5
fluid /ˈfluː.ɪd/
healthcare /ˈhelθ.keə/
hygiene /ˈhaɪ.dʒiːn/
immunisation
/ˌɪm.jə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
immunity /ɪˈmjuː.nɪ.ti/
influenza /ˌɪn.fluˈen.zə/
infection /ɪnˈfek.ʃən/
injury /ˈɪn.dʒər.i/
intake /ˈɪn.teɪk/
malnutrition
/ˌmæl.njuːˈtrɪ.ʃən/
medication /ˌmed.ɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
medicine /ˈmed.ɪ.sən/
metabolism
/məˈtæb.əl.ɪ.zəm/
misconduct
/ˌmɪsˈkɒn.dʌkt/
misdiagnosis
/ˌmɪs.daɪ.əɡˈnəʊ.sɪs/
misfortune /ˌmɪsˈfɔː.tʃuːn/
misinformation
/ˌmɪs.ɪn.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən/
mismanagement
/ˌmɪsˈmænɪdʒmənt/
misrepresentation
/ˌmɪs.rep.rɪ.zenˈteɪ.ʃən/
obesity /əʊˈbiː.sə.ti/
pandemic /pænˈdem.ɪk/
prevention /prɪˈven.ʃən/
suppressant /səˈpres.ənt/
starvation /stɑːˈveɪ.ʃən/
toll /təʊl/
treatment /ˈtriːt.mənt/
VERBS
cope /kəʊp/
contract /ˈkɒn.trækt/
detoxify /diːˈtɒk.sɪ.faɪ/
immunise /ˈɪm.jə.naɪz/
infect /ɪnˈfekt/
medicate /ˈmed.ɪ.keɪt/
prevent /prɪˈvent/
spread /spred/
transmit /trænzˈmɪt/
treat /triːt/
ADJECTIVES
acute /əˈkjuːt/
contagious /kənˈteɪ.dʒəs/
critical /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl/
dehydrated
/ˌdiː.haɪˈdreɪ.tɪd/
elderly /ˈel.dəl.i/
essential /ɪˈsen.ʃəl/
immune /ɪˈmjuːn/
infectious /ɪnˈfek.ʃəs/
infected /ɪnˈfek.tɪd/
insufficient /ˌɪn.səˈfɪʃ.ənt/
medical /ˈmed.ɪ.kəl/
medicated /ˈmed.ɪ.keɪ.tɪd/
metabolic /ˌmet.əˈbɒl.ɪk/
preventable /prɪˈven.tə.bl/
preventative
/prɪˈven.tə.tɪv/
prone /prəʊn/
treatable /ˈtriː.tə.bəl/
untreated /ʌnˈtriː.tɪd/
vital /ˈvaɪ.təl/
waterborne /ˈwɔː.tə.bɔːn/
ADVERBS
substantially
/səbˈstæn.ʃəl.i/
NOUN PHRASES
a balanced diet
access to healthcare
appetite suppressant
death toll
energy intake
heart disease
medical advance
metabolic rate
professional misconduct
rate at which you do sth
regular exercise
respiratory system
the elderly
waterborne disease
VERB PHRASES
be a vital part of sth
be essential to sth
be on a diet
be prone to
be run down
burn calories
lose weight
play an important role
sweep the globe
Getting
Unit 34 about
NOUNS
altitude /ˈæl.tɪ.tjuːd/
authority /ɔːˈθɒr.ɪ.ti/
awareness /əˈweə.nəs/
cabin /ˈkæb.ɪn/
comeback /ˈkʌm.bæk/
dinghy /ˈdɪŋ.gi/
fraction /ˈfræk.ʃən/
income /ˈɪn.kʌm/
increase /ɪnˈkriːs/
journey /ˈdʒɜː.ni/
network /ˈnet.wɜːk/
pavement /ˈpeɪv.mənt/
rent /rent/
runway /ˈrʌn.weɪ/
theft /θeft/
vehicle /ˈviː.ɪ.kl/
VERBS
hail /heɪl/
opt /ɒpt/
pedal /ˈped.əl/
rent /rent/
relinquish /rɪˈlɪŋ.kwɪʃ/
row /rəʊ/
ADJECTIVES
conventional
/kənˈven.ʃən.əl/
confined /kənˈfaɪnd/
costly /ˈkɒst.li/
clean-running /kliːn ˈrʌn.ɪŋ/
dramatic /drəˈmæt.ɪk/
eco-friendly
/ˈiː.kəʊˌfrend.li/
extensive /ɪkˈsten.sɪv/
finite /ˈfaɪ.naɪt/
incompatible
/ˌɪn.kəmˈpæt.ɪ.bl/
inflatable /ɪnˈfleɪ.tə.bl/
leaky /ˈliː.ki/
miniature /ˈmɪn.ɪ.tʃə/
packed /pækt/
potential /pəˈten.ʃəl/
preposterous
/prɪˈpɒs.tər.əs/
realistic /ˌrɪəˈlɪs.tɪk/
timetabled /ˈtaɪmˌteɪ.bəld/
unrealistic /ˌʌn.rɪəˈlɪs.tɪk/
NOUN PHRASES
a dramatic increase
a fraction of
a heavy fine
a means of
a realistic prospect
black cab
carbon emissions
commuter train
cargo ship
12/02/2015 08:52
 energy consumption fury /ˈfjʊə.ri/
finite resource misery /ˈmɪz.ər.i/
folding bicycle optimism /ˈɒp.tɪ.mɪ.zəm/
fossil fuel optimist /ˈɒp.tɪ.mɪst/
inflatable dinghy patience /ˈpeɪ.ʃəns/
key advantage positivity /ˌpɒz.ə.ˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/
local authority relaxation /ˌriː.lækˈseɪ.ʃən/
pedestrian zone sieve /sɪv/
private car
returnable deposit VERBS
roll-on, roll-off ferry confront /kənˈfrʌnt/
row a dinghy frown /fraʊn/
sightseeing bus groan /grəʊn/
speed awareness honour /ˈɒn.ə/
top speed infuriate /ɪnˈfjʊə.ri.eɪt/
traffic lane narrow /ˈnær.əʊ/
trigger /ˈtrɪg.ər/
VERB PHRASES recall /rɪˈkɔːl/
be a costly business repress /rɪˈpres/
be an alternative to retain /rɪˈteɪn/
be confined to relive /ˌriːˈlɪv/
be fitted with sail /seɪl/
be incompatible with stammer /ˈstæm.ə/
be on a low income tremble /ˈtrem.bl/
board a train twist /twɪst/
book a cabin wrinkle /ˈrɪŋ.kl/
drive / travel at speeds of
(up to) ADJECTIVES
get around apprehensive
get away with doing sth /ˌæp.rɪˈhen.sɪv/
get by anxious /ˈæŋk.ʃəs/
get out of doing sth astonishing /əˈstɒn.ɪ.ʃɪŋ/
get round to doing sth calm /kɑːm/
hail a cab confrontational
make a comeback /ˌkɒn.frʌnˈteɪ.ʃən.əl/
pop out to (a place) contented /kənˈten.tɪd/
undergo training in sth dejected /dɪˈdʒek.tɪd/
devastated /ˈdev.ə.steɪ.tɪd/
devastating /ˈdev.ə.steɪ.tɪŋ/
Unit 35 Moods excruciating
/ɪkˈskruː.ʃi.eɪ.tɪŋ/
NOUNS fascinating /ˈfæs.ɪ.neɪ.tɪŋ/
anger /ˈæŋ.gə/ furious /ˈfjʊə.ri.əs/
anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.ə.ti/ hideous /ˈhɪd.i.əs/
apprehension laid-back /ˌleɪdˈbæk/
/ˌæp.rɪˈhen.ʃən/ ludicrous /ˈluː.dɪ.krəs/
attitude /ˈæt.ɪ.tjuːd/ memorable /ˈmem.ər.ə.bl/
authority /ɔːˈθɒr.ɪ.ti/ miserable /ˈmɪz.ər.ə.bl/
bully /ˈbʊl.i/ nervous /ˈnɜː.vəs/
confrontation optimistic /ˌɒp.tɪˈmɪs.tɪk/
/ˌkɒn.frʌnˈteɪ.ʃən/ patient /ˈpeɪ.ʃənt/
calm /kɑːm/ petrifying /ˈpet.rɪfaɪ.ɪŋ/
contentment positive /ˈpɒz.ə.tɪv/
/kənˈtent.mənt/ ravenous /ˈræv.ən.əs/
dreamer /ˈdriː.mə/ relaxed /rɪˈlækst/
6 Grammar and Vocabulary for Advanced © Cambridge University Press 2015 Photocopiable
G&V_ADV_wordlist.indd 6
superb /suːˈpɜːb/
tearful /ˈtɪə.fəl/
terrific /təˈrɪf.ɪk/
tragic /ˈtrædʒ.ɪk/
traumatic /trɔːˈmæt.ɪk/
treasured /ˈtreʒəd/
upbeat /ʌpˈbiːt/
upset /ʌpˈset/
uptight /ˌʌpˈtaɪt/
vague /veɪg/
ADVERBS
absolutely /ˌæb.səˈluːt.li/
bitterly /ˈbɪt.ə.li/
completely /kəmˈpliːt.li/
endlessly /ˈend.ləsli/
extraordinarily
/ɪkˈstrɔː.dɪn.ər.əl.i/
faintly /ˈfeɪnt.li/
hopelessly /ˈhəʊp.ləs.li/
incredibly /ɪnˈkred.ɪ.bli/
indefinitely /ɪnˈdef.ɪ.nət.li/
literally /ˈlɪt.ər.əl.i/
mildly /ˈmaɪld.li/
obviously /ˈɒb.vi.əs.li/
outwardly /ˈaʊtwədli/
particularly /pəˈtɪk.jʊ.lə.li/
thoroughly /ˈθʌr.ə.li/
totally /ˈtəʊ.təl.i/
utterly /ˈʌt.əl.i/
NOUN PHRASES
a bitter memory
a childhood memory
an early memory
long-term memory
a photographic memory
a mind like a sieve
short-term memory
a traumatic memory
a treasured memory
VERB PHRASES
be bitterly disappointing/
disappointed
be endlessly fascinating
be faintly ludicrous
be hopelessly optimistic
be in a mood
be mildly painful
be particularly good
be put off by sth
be thoroughly miserable
be up and down
bite your nails
bring back a memory
calm down
deal with bullies
demand an apology
fly off the handle
frown deeply
go in one ear and out the
other
go wrong
have a can-do attitude
have a (good) memory for
have an attitude problem
have mood swings
have sth on your mind
have your head in the clouds
honour the memory of sb
jog sb’s memory
lighten up
look outwardly calm
narrow your eyes
not be in the mood
not feel like doing sth
not have a care in the world
repress a memory
relive a memory
sail through life
Unit 36 Fame and
fortune
NOUNS
academia /ˌæk.əˈdiː.mi.ə/
accomplishment
/əˈkʌm.plɪʃ.mənt/
addict /ˈæd.ɪkt/
addiction /əˈdɪk.ʃən/
attention /əˈten.ʃən/
benefit /ˈben.ɪ.fɪt/
celebrity /sɪˈleb.rɪ.ti/
compensation
/ˌkɒm.penˈseɪ.ʃən/
consultancy /kənˈsʌl.tən.si/
coverage /ˈkʌv.ər.ɪdʒ/
credibility /ˌkred.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
devotion /dɪˈvəʊ.ʃən/
drama /ˈdrɑː.mə/
dramatist /ˈdræm.ə.tɪst/
embarrassment
/ɪmˈbær.əs.mənt/
empire /ˈem.paɪə/
endorsements
/ɪnˈdɔːsmənts/
genre /ˈʒɑ̃ː.rə/
entitlement /ɪnˈtaɪ.tl.mənt/
envy /ˈen.vi/
12/02/2015 08:52
 esteem /ɪˈstiːm/
exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə/
fame /feɪm/
fantasist /ˈfæn.tə.sɪst/
fantasy /ˈfæn.tə.si/
fee /fiː/
gift /gɪft/
gossip /ˈgɒs.ɪp/
dramatisation
/ˌdræm.ə.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
infatuation
/ɪnˌfæt.juˈeɪ.ʃən/
jealousy /ˈdʒel.ə.si/
legend /ˈledʒ.ənd/
lifestyle /ˈlaɪf.staɪl/
manipulation
/məˌnɪp.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/
manipulator
/məˈnɪp.jʊ.leɪ.tə/
media /ˈmiː.di.ə/
non-believer /ˌnɒn.bɪˈliː.və/
non-fiction /ˌnɒnˈfɪk.ʃən/
non-smoker /ˌnɒnˈsməʊ.kə/
non-starter /ˌnɒnˈstɑː.tə/
non-swimmer
/ˌnɒnˈswɪm.ə/
novel /ˈnɒv.əl/
obsession /əbˈseʃ.ən/
paparazzi /ˌpæp.ərˈæt.si/
perk /pɜːk/
personality
/ˌpɜː.sənˈæl.ə.ti/
popularity /ˌpɒp.jʊˈlær.ə.ti/
programme /ˈprəʊ.græm/
prosperity /prɒsˈper.ɪ.ti/
reality /riˈæl.ɪ.ti/
recognition /ˌrek.əgˈnɪʃ.ən/
respect /rɪˈspekt/
reward /rɪˈwɔːd/
royalty /ˈrɔɪ.əl.ti/
sector /ˈsek.tə/
showbiz /ˈʃəʊ.bɪz/
skill /skɪl/
stardom /ˈstɑː.dəm/
talent /ˈtæl.ənt/
value /ˈvæl.juː/
VERBS
achieve /əˈtʃiːv/
addict /ˈæd.ɪkt/
attain /əˈteɪn/
dramatise /ˈdræm.ə.taɪz/
envy /ˈen.vi/
fantasise /ˈfæn.tə.saɪz/
manipulate /məˈnɪp.jʊ.leɪt/
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monitor /ˈmɒn.ɪ.tə/
recommend /ˌrek.əˈmend/
stalk /stɔːk/
unwind /ʌnˈwaɪnd/
ADJECTIVES
addicted /əˈdɪk.tɪd/
addictive /əˈdɪk.tɪv/
compulsive /kəmˈpʌl.sɪv/
dramatic /drəˈmæt.ɪk/
everyday /ˈev.ri.deɪ/
fantastical /fænˈtæs.tɪkəl/
humorous /ˈhjuː.mə.rəs/
immense /ɪˈmens/
lucrative /ˈluː.krə.tɪv/
manipulative
/məˈnɪp.jʊ.lə.tɪv/
manufactured
/ˌmæn.jəˈfæk.tʃəd/
non-addictive
/ˌnɒn.əˈdik.tɪv/
non-disposable
/nɒn dɪˈspəʊ.zə.bl/
non-essential
/ˌnɒn.ɪˈsen.tʃəl/
non-judgemental
/ˌnɒn.dʒʌdʒˈmen.təl/
non-political
/nɒn pəˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl/
non-profit-making
/ˌnɒnˈprɒf.ɪtˌmeɪ.kɪŋ/
non-specific
/ˌnɒn.spəˈsɪf.ɪk/
non-standard
/ˌnɒnˈstæn.dəd/
ordinary /ˈɔː.dɪ.nə.ri/
sought-after /ˈsɔːtˌɑːf.tər/
talented /ˈtæl.ən.tɪd/
trashy /ˈtræʃ.i/
unscripted /ʌnˈskrɪp.tɪd/
weird /wɪəd/
world-famous
/ˌwɜːldˈfeɪ.məs/
ADVERBS
highly /ˈhaɪ.li/
rarely /ˈreə.li/
readily /ˈred.ɪ.li/
NOUN PHRASES
a big name
celebrity endorsements
celebrity gossip
celebrity lifestyle
complete rubbish
compulsive viewing
everyday life
group dynamics
mass media
media attention
media coverage
media empire
ordinary people
public appearance
reality television
sporting legend
story line
television genre
television personality
trashy novel
VERB PHRASES
be in the public eye
be highly sought-after
be readily available
find common ground
not be everyone’s cup of tea
Unit 37Relationships
NOUNS
advice /ədˈvaɪs/
advisor /ədˈvaɪ.zə/
breakdown /ˈbreɪk.daʊn/
break-up /ˈbreɪk.ʌp/
conflict /ˈkɒn.flɪkt/
dispute /dɪˈspjuːt/
failure /ˈfeɪ.ljər/
globalisation
/ˌɡləʊbəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/
intake /ˈɪn.teɪk/
judge /dʒʌdʒ/
letdown /ˈlet.daʊn/
listener /ˈlɪs.ən.ə/
loggerheads /ˈlɒg.ə.hedz/
mediator /ˈmiː.di.eɪ.tə/
outbreak /ˈaʊt.breɪk/
partnership /ˈpɑːt.nə.ʃɪp/
phenomenon
/fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/
sake /seɪk/
stability /stəˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
upbringing /ˈʌpˌbrɪŋ.ɪŋ/
VERBS
appease /əˈpiːz/
appreciate /əˈpriː.ʃi.eɪt/
contribute /kənˈtrɪb.juːt/
doubt /daʊt/
drift /drɪft/
endanger /ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒə/
erode /ɪˈrəʊd/
impart /ɪmˈpɑːt/
inform /ɪnˈfɔːm/
instil /ɪnˈstɪl/
overlook /ˌəʊ.vəˈlʊk/
question /ˈkwes.tʃən/
recognise /ˈrek.əɡ.naɪz/
ruin /ˈruː.ɪn/
soothe /suːð/
tolerate /ˈtɒl.ər.eɪt/
weaken /ˈwiː.kən/
ADJECTIVES
cherished /ˈtʃer.ɪʃt/
close-knit /ˌkləʊsˈnɪt/
committed /kəˈmɪt.ɪd/
comprehensive
/ˌkɒm.prɪˈhen.sɪv/
concerned /kənˈsɜːnd/
dependable /dɪˈpen.də.bl/
distraught /dɪˈstrɔːt/
dysfunctional
/dɪsˈfʌŋk.ʃən.əl/
fragile /ˈfrædʒ.aɪl/
impartial /ɪmˈpɑː.ʃəl/
idyllic /ɪˈdɪl.ɪk/
loving /ˈlʌv.ɪŋ/
middle-class /ˌmɪd.lˈklɑːs/
privileged /ˈprɪv.əl.ɪdʒd/
pushy /ˈpʊʃ.i/
sheltered /ˈʃel.təd/
solid /ˈsɒl.ɪd/
stable /ˈsteɪ.bl/
supportive /səˈpɔː.tɪv/
tough /tʌf/
traumatic /trɔːˈmæt.ɪk/
tricky /ˈtrɪk.i/
troubled /ˈtrʌb.ld/
turbulent /ˈtɜː.bjʊ.lənt/
uneasy /ʌnˈiː.zi/
ADVERBS
constantly /ˈkɒn.stənt.li/
NOUN PHRASES
anxious parents
close-knit family
comfortable upbringing
committed relationship
concerned parents
difficult childhood
distraught parents
dysfunctional family
12/02/2015 08:52
 idyllic childhood exercise /ˈek.sə.saɪz/ ADVERBS ring off
legal document favour /ˈfeɪ.və/ drastically /ˈdræs.tɪk.li/ set off
loving family fee /fiː/ start off
middle-class upbringing gossip /ˈgɒs.ɪp/ NOUN PHRASES switch sth off
privileged upbringing pastime /ˈpɑːs.taɪm/ adventure holiday trigger off sth
pushy parents pro /prəʊ/ aerobics class wear off
secure relationship resort /rɪˈzɔːt/ aerobics routine
sheltered upbringing scenery /ˈsiː.nər.i/ aerobics workout Unit 39 Media
social circle spectator /spekˈteɪ.tə/ beach holiday
solid relationship view /vjuː/ cycling accident
supportive family NOUNS
VERBS cycling enthusiast
stable relationship accountability
cycling helmet
strong family encourage /ɪnˈkʌr.ɪdʒ/ /əˌkaʊn.təˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
dance partner
tough upbringing honeymoon /ˈhʌn.i.muːn/ analysis /əˈnæl.ə.sɪs/
dance move
traumatic childhood include /ɪnˈkluːd/ analyst /ˈæn.ə.lɪst/
dance step
troubled childhood pack /pæk/ channel /ˈtʃæn.əl/
family holiday
turbulent childhood reassure /ˌriː.əˈʃɔː/ consumer /kənˈsjuː.mə/
football pitch
uneasy relationship sacrifice /ˈsæk.rɪ.faɪs/ consumption
football tournament
worried parents /kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/
ADJECTIVES holiday destination
device /dɪˈvaɪs/
VERB PHRASES holiday insurance
all-inclusive dominance /ˈdɒm.ɪ.nəns/
holiday resort
be up against a brick wall /ˌɔːl.ɪnˈkluː.sɪv/ domination
holiday season
be at loggerheads artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/ /ˌdɒm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
international flight
be there for sb authentic /ɔːˈθen.tɪk/ emergence /ɪˈmɜː.dʒəns/
martial arts instructor
be thoroughly dependable discouraged /dɪˈskʌr.ɪdʒd/ expense /ɪkˈspens/
martial arts fighter
break down distracting /dɪˈstræktɪŋ/ explosion /ɪkˈspləʊ.ʒən/
martial arts expert
break out enjoyable /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ.ə.bl/ explosive /ɪkˈspləʊ.sɪv/
package holiday
break up excessive /ekˈses.ɪv/ expression /ɪkˈspreʃ.ən/
tennis lesson
bridge a gap exhausting /ɪgˈzɔː.stɪŋ/ freedom /ˈfriː.dəm/
tennis coach
do/say sth behind sb’s back exhilarating libel /ˈlaɪ.bəl/
tennis court
do sth for the sake of (profit) /ɪgˈzɪl.ə.reɪ.tɪŋ/ material /məˈtɪə.ri.əl/
two-week break
drift apart exorbitant /ɪgˈzɔː.bɪ.tənt/ navigation /ˌnæv.ɪˈgeɪ.ʃən/
two-week holiday
fall for exotic /ɪgˈzɒt.ɪk/ privacy /ˈprɪv.ə.si/
swimming goggles
fall out extortionate /ɪkˈstɔː.ʃən.ət/ proposal /prəˈpəʊ.zəl/
walking tour
get sb interested extravagant rival /ˈraɪ.vəl/
walking boots
go into business /ɪkˈstræv.ə.gənt/ sanction /ˈsæŋk.ʃən/
walking pace
have a fall out far-flung /ˌfɑːˈflʌŋ/ storage /ˈstɔː.rɪdʒ/
have a wealth of foreign /ˈfɒr.ən/ VERB PHRASES subscriber /səbˈskraɪ.bə/
have high expectations genuine /ˈdʒen.ju.ɪn/ activate muscles subscription /səbˈskrɪp.ʃən/
let sb down incredible /ɪnˈkred.ɪ.bl/ be good for you analyse /ˈæn.əl.aɪz/
mess up international be low on sth
not be speaking to each /ˌɪn.təˈnæʃ.ən.əl/ VERBS
book a holiday
other isolated /ˈaɪ.sə.leɪ.tɪd/ block /blɒk/
burn off calories
perform a balancing act local /ˈləʊ.kəl/ bypass /ˈbaɪ.pɑːs/
call sth off
provide stability regional /ˈriː.dʒən.əl/ consume /kənˈsjuːm/
cancel a holiday
take sides remote /rɪˈməʊt/ dominate /ˈdɒm.ɪ.neɪt/
catch up with gossip
self-catering emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
close sth off
/ˌselfˈkeɪ.tər.ɪŋ/ explode /ɪkˈspləʊd/
Unit 38 Time off spectacular
creep along
renew /rɪˈnjuː/
cut sth off
/spekˈtæk.jʊ.lə/ reveal /rɪˈviːl/
NOUNS do sb a favour
tropical /ˈtrɒp.ɪ.kəl/ prohibit /prəˈhɪb.ɪt/
get out and about
adjustment /əˈdʒʌst.mənt/ unheard-of /ʌnˈhɜːd.ɒv/ prove /pruːv/
hang back (from doing sth)
calorie /ˈkæl.ər.i/ wasteful /ˈweɪst.fəl/ publish /ˈpʌb.lɪʃ/
include sb in your plans
cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/ subscribe /səbˈskraɪb/
make minor adjustments
destination /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ sue /suː/
put sb off sth

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 ADJECTIVES mobile device hospitality /ˌhɒs.pɪˈtæl.ə.ti/ ADJECTIVES
analytic /ˌæn.əlˈɪt.ɪk/ navigation device import /ɪmˈpɔːt/ corporate /ˈkɔː.pər.ət/
analytical /ˌæn.əˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl/ news coverage influx /ˈɪn.flʌks/ freelance /ˈfriː.lɑːns/
consumable nuclear device jobseeker /ˈdʒɒbˌsiː.kə/ industrial /ɪnˈdʌs.tri.əl/
/kənˈsjuː.mə.bəl/
portable device insurance /ɪnˈʃɔː.rəns/ non-existent
digital /ˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.təl/ press freedom labour /ˈleɪ.bə/ /ˌnɒn.ɪgˈzɪs.tənt/
dominant /ˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt/ public interest labourer /ˈleɪ.bər.ə/
electronic /ɪˌlekˈtrɒn.ɪk/ storage device loyalty /ˈlɔɪ.əl.ti/ ADVERBS
emergent /ɪˈmɜː.dʒənt/ targeted information manufacture virtually /ˈvɜː.tju.ə.li/
television channel /ˌmæn.jʊˈfæk.tʃə/
emerging /ɪˈmɜː.dʒɪŋ/
market /ˈmɑː.kɪt/ NOUN PHRASES
expert /ˈek.spɜːt/ VERB PHRASES
explosive /ɪkˈspləʊ.sɪv/ migrant /ˈmaɪ.grənt/ call centre
be free from accountability mineral /ˈmɪn.ər.əl/ child labour
handheld /ˌhændˈheld/
be given priority mining /ˈmaɪ.nɪŋ/ customer services
in-depth /ˈɪn.depθ/
be politically sensitive offer /ˈɒf.ə/ doom and gloom
innovative /ˈɪn.ə.və.tɪv/
do sth at sb’s expense opportunity equal opportunities
investigative
do sth without fear of /ˌɒp.əˈtjuː.nə.ti/ freelance work
/ɪnˈves.tɪ.gə.tɪv/
sanction payout /ˈpeɪ.aʊt/ general office skills
labour-saving
fight for dominance/ pesticide /ˈpes.tɪ.saɪd/ head office
/ˈleɪ.bəˌseɪ.vɪŋ/
domination pit /pɪt/ industrial action
mechanical /məˈkæn.ɪ.kəl/
have access to sth policy /ˈpɒl.ə.si/ job description
mobile /ˈməʊ.baɪl/
renew a subscription premium /ˈpriː.mi.əm/ job market
oversubscribed
reveal sources produce /prəˈdjuːs/ job offer
/ˌəʊ.və.səbˈskraɪbd/
revise a law promotion /prəˈməʊ.ʃən/ job opportunity
sensitive /ˈsen.sɪ.tɪv/
shop around prospect /ˈprɒs.pekt/ job satisfaction
targeted /ˈtɑːɡɪtɪd/
stay up-to-date queue /kjuː/ job security
undersubscribed
subscribe to redundancy /rɪˈdʌn.dən.si/ labour market
/ˌʌndəsəbˈskraɪbd/
tune in retail /ˈriː.teɪl/ migrant labour
unfiltered /ʌnˈfɪl.təd/
satisfaction minimum wage
ADVERBS The world /ˌsæt.ɪsˈfæk.ʃən/
Unit 40 of work public services
directly /daɪˈrekt.li/ security /sɪˈkjʊə.rɪ.ti/ retirement age
fundamentally site /saɪt/ work clothes
NOUNS
/ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.təl.i/ technology /tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/ work colleague
agriculture /ˈæg.rɪ.kʌl.tʃə/ tractor /ˈtræk.tə/
honestly /ˈɒn.ɪst.li/ work environment
balance /ˈbæl.əns/ unemployment
politically /pəˈlɪt.ɪ.kli/ work ethic
bill /bɪl/ /ˌʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/
thoroughly /ˈθʌr.ə.li/ work experience
construction venue /ˈven.juː/
undoubtedly /ʌnˈdaʊtɪdli/ work-life balance
/kənˈstrʌk.ʃən/ wholesale /ˈhəʊl.seɪl/
wholeheartedly work permit
contractor /kənˈtræk.tə/ workforce /ˈwɜːk.fɔːs/
/ˌhəʊlˈhɑː.tɪd.li/ work space
coverage /ˈkʌv.ər.ɪdʒ/ workload /ˈwɜːk.ləʊd/ youth unemployment
NOUN PHRASES description /dɪˈskrɪp.ʃən/ youth /juːθ/
communication device
drill /drɪl/ VERB PHRASES
education /ˌed.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/ VERBS be fired
diplomatic channels
enquiry /ɪnˈkwaɪə.ri/ acquire /əˈkwaɪə/ be made redundant
electronic device
entertainment bother /ˈbɒð.ə/ be out of work
explosive device
/en.təˈteɪn.mənt/ churn /tʃɜːn/ be passionate about sth
human rights
estate /ɪˈsteɪt/ dictate /dɪkˈteɪt/ be sacked
freedom of expression
ethic /ˈeθ.ɪk/ dismiss /dɪˈsmɪs/ be virtually non-existent
handheld device
executive /ɪgˈzek.jʊ.tɪv/ disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/ climb the corporate ladder
in-depth news analysis
expectations fire /faɪə/ churn out sth
internet blog
/ˌek.spekˈteɪ.ʃənz/ regret /rɪˈgret/ cover costs
investigative journalism
extraction /ɪkˈstræk.ʃən/ resign /rɪˈzaɪn/ fill a gap
labour-saving device
festival /ˈfes.tɪ.vəl/ retire /rɪˈtaɪə/ have prospects
mechanical device
harvest /ˈhɑː.vɪst/ sack /sæk/ lay sb off
media channel
high street /ˈhaɪ.striːt/ thrive /θraɪv/

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 not bother sb much succeed /səkˈsiːd/ set up a business lizard /ˈlɪz.əd/
pick up survey /ˈsɜː.veɪ/ seek out mackerel /ˈmæk.rəl/
spring up tumble /ˈtʌm.bl/ shoot up mammal /ˈmæm.əl/
take over from sb weaken /ˈwiː.kən/ material /məˈtɪə.ri.əl/
try in vain worsen /ˈwɜː.sən/ The living medicine /ˈmed.ɪ.sən/
Unit 42 world
newt /njuːt/
Economics ADJECTIVES owl /aʊl/
Unit 41 and bussines alarming /əˈlɑː.mɪŋ/ NOUNS pack /pæk/
bust /bʌst/ aloe /ˈæl.əʊ/ paw /pɔː/
NOUNS disconcerting amphibian /æmˈfɪb.i.ən/ pod /pɒd/
crash /kræʃ/ /ˌdɪskənˈsɜːtɪŋ/ ant /ænt/ pollen /ˈpɒl.ən/
crisis /ˈkraɪ.sɪs/ disturbing /dɪˈstɜː.bɪŋ/ antennae /ænˈteniː/ pollination /ˌpɒl.əˈneɪ.ʃən/
debt /det/ jumpy /ˈdʒʌm.pi/ bark /bɑːk/ proportion /prəˈpɔː.ʃən/
downturn /ˈdaʊn.tɜːn/ overall /ˌəʊ.vəˈrɔːl/ basis /ˈbeɪ.sɪs/ pup /pʌp/
expenditure productive /prəˈdʌk.tɪv/ beak /biːk/ reptile /ˈrep.taɪl/
/ɪkˈspen.dɪ.tʃə/ troubling /ˈtrʌb.lɪŋ/ bud /bʌd/ roots /ruːts/
free fall /ˈfriː.fɔːl/ worldwide /ˌwɜːldˈwaɪd/ burrow /ˈbʌr.əʊ/ salmon /ˈsæm.ən/
income /ˈɪn.kʌm/ bush /bʊʃ/ scales /skeɪlz/
inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/ ADVERBS calf /kɑːf/ seed /siːd/
investment /ɪnˈvest.mənt/ dramatically chick /tʃɪk/ shark /ʃɑːk/
investor /ɪnˈves.tə/ /drəˈmæt.ɪ.kəl.i/ claw /klɔː/ shelter /ˈʃel.tə/
logo /ˈləʊ.gəʊ/ uncontrollably climate /ˈklaɪ.mət/ shoal /ʃəʊl/
non-essentials /ˌʌn.kənˈtrəʊ.lə.bli/ coal /kəʊl/ snake /sneɪk/
/ˌnɒn.ɪˈsen.tʃəlz/ tightly /ˈtaɪt.li/ colony /ˈkɒl.ə.ni/ soap /səʊp/
partner /ˈpɑːt.nə/ construction species /ˈspiː.ʃiːz/
NOUN PHRASES
partnership /ˈpɑːt.nə.ʃɪp/ /kənˈstrʌk.ʃən/ sting /stɪŋ/
pension /ˈpen.ʃən/ a double-edged sword cosmetic /kɒzˈmet.ɪk/ swallow /ˈswɒl.əʊ/
profit /ˈprɒf.ɪt/ an alarming rate cricket /ˈkrɪk.ɪt/ swarm /swɔːm/
rate /reɪt/ cost of living crocodile /ˈkrɒk.ə.daɪl/ theorist /ˈθɪə.rɪst/
recession /rɪˈseʃ.ən/ credit crunch crop /krɒp/ theory /ˈθɪə.ri/
retailer /ˈriː.teɪ.lə/ economic decline cub /kʌb/ timber /ˈtɪm.bə/
slump /slʌmp/ interest rate den /den/ toad /təʊd/
spending /ˈspen.dɪŋ/ pension fund ecosystem /ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm/ trunk /trʌŋk/
stock /stɒk/ stock market electricity /ɪˌlekˈtrɪs.ɪ.ti/ vertebrate /ˈvɜː.tɪ.brət/
sword /sɔːd/ VERB PHRASES enclosure /ɪnˈkləʊ.ʒə/ vulture /ˈvʌl.tʃə/
existence /ɪgˈzɪs.təns/ whale /weɪl/
VERBS be out of the woods extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋk.ʃən/ willow /ˈwɪl.əʊ/
climb /klaɪm/ be in a mess fang /fæŋ/ wolf /wʊlf/
cut /kʌt/ be in free fall feather /ˈfeð.ə/ yew /juː/
eke /iːk/ build a relationship foal /fəʊl/
establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ cut sth to the bone fossil /ˈfɒs.əl/ VERBS
finance /ˈfaɪ.næns/ eke out frog /frɒg/ breed /briːd/
flourish /ˈflʌr.ɪʃ/ establish a business glue /gluː/ buzz /bʌz/
inch /ɪntʃ/ establish a relationship gills /ɡɪlz/ clone /kləʊn/
invest /ɪnˈvest/ focus on sth globe /gləʊb/ groom /gruːm/
launch /lɔːntʃ/ get jumpy grain /greɪn/ growl /graʊl/
lower /ˈləʊ.ə/ go bust grub /grʌb/ hatch /hætʃ/
maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ have advantages over sb/sth habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/ hibernate /ˈhaɪ.bə.neɪt/
produce /prəˈdjuːs/ hit hard herd /hɜːd/ hiss /hɪs/
prosper /ˈprɒs.pə/ inch up hive /haɪv/ hoot /huːt/
rate /reɪt/ keep up payments honey /ˈhʌn.i/ howl /haʊl/
reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ keep a check on ingredient /ɪnˈgriː.di.ənt/ lay /leɪ/
rocket /ˈrɒk.ɪt/ maintain a relationship kennel /ˈken.əl/ mate /meɪt/
slash /slæʃ/ make ends meet kitten /ˈkɪt.ən/ migrate /maɪˈgreɪt/
soar /sɔː/ pay off (debts) leaf /liːf/ nest /nest/

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 poach /pəʊtʃ/ exotic plant poison /ˈpɔɪ.zən/ informal greeting
pollinate /ˈpɒl.ə.neɪt/ exotic animal profile /ˈprəʊ.faɪl/ letter of condolence
prey /preɪ/ flowering plant proliferation letter of resignation
purify /ˈpjʊə.rɪ.faɪ/ fresh air /prəˌlɪf.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/ long distances
rattle /ˈræt.l/ food web recipient /rɪˈsɪp.i.ənt/ multiple recipients
rear /rɪə/ fossil fuel relationship /rɪˈleɪ.ʃən.ʃɪp/ mutual friend
scramble /ˈskræm.bl/ furry animal reputation /ˌrep.jʊˈteɪ.ʃən/ personal friend
shed /ʃed/ harsh climate resignation /ˌrez.ɪgˈneɪ.ʃən/ poison-pen letter
slaughter /ˈslɔː.tə/ humid air text message
snarl /snɑːl/ humid climate VERBS true friend
theorise /ˈθɪə.raɪz/ marine animal befriend /bɪˈfrend/ social networking site
vaccinate /ˈvæk.sɪ.neɪt/ medicinal plant convey /kənˈveɪ/
mild climate create /kriˈeɪt/ VERB PHRASES
ADJECTIVES prescribed drugs express /ɪkˈspres/ be a lost art
aquatic /əˈkwæt.ɪk/ temperate climate reconnect /ˌriːkəˈnekt/ be a pleasure to be around
arid /ˈær.ɪd/ thin air share /ʃeə/ be on the move
carnivorous /kɑːˈnɪv.ər.əs/ the water cycle socialise /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl.aɪz/ brighten up
declining /dɪˈklaɪnɪŋ/ wild plant usurp /juːˈsɜːp/ cannot be bothered
domestic /dəˈmes.tɪk/ wild animal come across as
economic /iː.kəˈnɒm.ɪk/ ADJECTIVES create a new identity
exotic /ɪgˈzɒt.ɪk/ VERB PHRASES articulate /ɑːˈtɪk.jʊ.lət/ create an illusion
extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ beat about the bush automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/ create an impression
fluffy /ˈflʌf.i/ breed crops casual /ˈkæʒ.ju.əl/ dominate the conversation
forked /fɔːkt/ do sth single-handed dependable /dɪˈpen.də.bl/ do sth in person
furry /ˈfɜː.ri/ go to seed face-to-face /ˌfeɪs.təˈfeɪs/ end a friendship
harsh /hɑːʃ/ nip sth in the bud former /ˈfɔː.mə/ establish your credentials
humid /ˈhjuː.mɪd/ provide (sb with) sth frustrating /frʌsˈtreɪ.tɪŋ/ establish a network
medicinal /məˈdɪs.ɪ.nəl/ take sth for granted handwritten /ˌhændˈrɪt.ən/ establish a reputation
mild /maɪld/ turn over a new leaf heartfelt /ˈhɑːt.felt/ express feelings
nocturnal /nɒkˈtɜː.nəl/ heartrending /ˈhɑːtˌren.dɪŋ/ get in touch with your
omnivorous /ɒmˈnɪv.ər.əs/ Personal informal /ɪnˈfɔː.məl/ emotions
Unit 43 contact loyal /ˈlɔɪ.əl/
pollinated /ˈpɒl.əneɪ.tɪd/ get in touch with reality
prescribed /prɪˈskraɪbd/ multiple /ˈmʌl.tɪ.pl/ require concentration
protected /prəˈtektɪd/ NOUNS mutual /ˈmjuː.tʃu.əl/ organise a social event
scaly /ˈskeɪ.li/ aspect /ˈæs.pekt/ permanent /ˈpɜː.mə.nənt/ pick up a skill
sharp /ʃɑːp/ buddy /ˈbʌd.i/ scathing /ˈskeɪ.ðɪŋ/ pick up an illness
temperate /ˈtem.pər.ət/ chore /tʃɔː/ scribbled /ˈskrɪb.əld/ pick up the phone
theoretical /θɪəˈret.ɪ.kəl/ chum /tʃʌm/ social /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl/ pick sb up
venomous /ˈven.ə.məs/ component /kəmˈpəʊ.nənt/ soppy /ˈsɒp.i/ share your thoughts
vital /ˈvaɪ.təl/ concentration supportive /səˈpɔː.tɪv/ share a passion
/ˌkɒn.sənˈtreɪ.ʃən/ tedious /ˈtiː.di.əs/ share your view
ADVERBS condolence /kənˈdəʊ.ləns/ thoughtful /ˈθɔːt.fəl/ socialise with sb
commonly /ˈkɒm.ən.li/ contact /ˈkɒn.tækt/ take sb/sth seriously
credential /krɪˈden.ʃəl/ ADVERBS
ramble on for hours
NOUN PHRASES ease /iːz/ hastily /ˈheɪ.stɪ.li/
animal rights feature /ˈfiː.tʃə/ The
aquatic plant forum /ˈfɔː.rəm/
NOUN PHRASES Unit 44 environment
aquatic animal illusion /ɪˈluː.ʒən/ automatic response
arid climate invoice /ˈɪn.vɔɪs/ casual friendship NOUNS
clean air mate /meɪt/ childhood friend agriculture /ˈæg.rɪ.kʌl.tʃə/
cold air member /ˈmem.bə/ ease of use biodiversity
cold climate network /ˈnet.wɜːk/ fair-weather friend /ˌbaɪ.əʊ.daɪˈvɜː.sɪ.ti/
domestic animal pal /pæl/ former friend coastline /ˈkəʊst.laɪn/
endangered animal petition /pəˈtɪʃ.ən/ greeting card conservation
food production pleasure /ˈpleʒ.ə/ hastily scribbled (note) /ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən/

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 cultivation /ˌkʌl.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən/
defoliation
/ˌdiː.fəʊ.liˈeɪ.ʃən/
deforestation
/diːˌfɒr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən/
density /ˈden.sɪ.ti/
ecosystem /ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm/
erosion /ɪˈrəʊ.ʒən/
estuary /ˈes.tjʊə.ri/
extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋk.ʃən/
fishery /ˈfɪʃ.ər.i/
formation /fɔːˈmeɪ.ʃən/
habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/
identification
/aɪˌden.tɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
identity /aɪˈden.tɪ.ti/
intensification
/ɪnˌten.sɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
intensity /ɪnˈten.sɪ.ti/
landfill /ˈlænd.fɪl/
modification
/ˌmɒd.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
organism /ˈɔː.gən.ɪ.zəm/
overfishing /ˌəʊ.və.ˈfɪʃ.ɪŋ/
overgrazing /ˈəʊ.vər. ɡreɪzɪŋ/
overpopulation
/ˌəʊ.vəˌpɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
population /ˌpɒp.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/
purification
/ˌpjʊə.rɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
reforestation
/ˌriː.fɒr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən/
regeneration
/rɪˌdʒen.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/
salinity /səˈlɪn.ɪ.ti/
simplification
/ˌsɪm.plɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
soil /sɔɪl/
solidification
/səˌlɪd.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
symbol /ˈsɪm.bəl/
threaten /ˈθret.ən/
weed /wiːd/
VERBS
erode /ɪˈrəʊd/
install /ɪnˈstɔːl/
intensify /ɪnˈten.sɪ.faɪ/
modify /ˈmɒd.ɪ.faɪ/
overpopulate
/ˌəʊ.vəˈpɒp.jə.leɪt/
populate /ˈpɒp.jʊ.leɪt/
purify /ˈpjʊə.rɪ.faɪ/
refresh /rɪˈfreʃ/
regenerate /rɪˈdʒen.ər.eɪt/
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renew /rɪˈnjuː/
replace /rɪˈpleɪs/
restore /rɪˈstɔː/
simplify /ˈsɪm.plɪ.faɪ/
solidify /səˈlɪd.ɪ.faɪ/
ADJECTIVES
abstract /ˈæb.strækt/
agricultural
/ˌæg.rɪˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/
biodegradable
/ˌbaɪ.əʊ.dɪˈgreɪ.dɪ.bl/
costly /ˈkɒst.li/
dense /dens/
eroded /ɪˈrəʊdɪd/
erosive /ɪˈrəʊ.sɪv/
fertile /ˈfɜː.taɪl/
inland /ˈɪn.lənd/
intense /ɪnˈtens/
intensive /ɪnˈten.sɪv/
introduced /ˌɪn.trəˈdʒuːst/
invasive /ɪnˈveɪ.sɪv/
modified /ˈmɒdɪfaɪd/
native /ˈneɪ.tɪv/
nuclear /ˈnjuː.klɪə/
overpopulated
/ˌəʊ.vəˈpɒp.jʊ.leɪ.tɪd/
populated /ˈpɒp.jəleɪ.tɪd/
recyclable /ˌriːˈsaɪ.klə.bl/
renewable /rɪˈnjuː.ə.bl/
regenerated
/rɪˈdʒen.əreɪ.tɪd/
unwanted /ʌnˈwɒn.tɪd/
urban /ˈɜː.bən/
wasteful /ˈweɪst.fəl/
NOUN PHRASES
agricultural land
coastal erosion
commercial agriculture
habitat modification
green living
intensive agriculture
invasive species
local farmer
marine population
native species
nuclear accident
oil spill
programme of regeneration
renewable resource
river mouth
soil erosion
urban development
waste treatment
VERB PHRASES intelligence /ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒəns/
be threatened with invention /ɪnˈven.ʃən/
joint /dʒɔɪnt/
extinction
be wasteful of (energy) magma /ˈmæg.mə/
memory /ˈmem.ər.i/
save the planet
wear sth away meteorology
/ˌmiː.ti.ərˈɒl.ə.dʒi/
wipe out species
microchip /ˈmaɪ.krəʊ.tʃɪp/
Science and mind /maɪnd/
Unit 45 tecnology mutation /mjuːˈteɪ.ʃən/
nebular /ˈneb.jə.lə/
NOUNS obstacle /ˈɒb.stɪ.kl/
advance /ədˈvɑːns/ orbit /ˈɔː.bɪt/
aftershock /ˈɑːf.tə.ʃɒk/ organ /ˈɔː.gən/
anatomy /əˈnæt.ə.mi/ outcome /ˈaʊt.kʌm/
ancestor /ˈæn.ses.tə/ penicillin /ˌpen.əˈsɪl.ɪn/
anthropology petrol /ˈpet.rəl/
/ˌæn.θrəˈpɒl.ə.dʒi/ phenomenon
antibiotic /ˌæn.ti.baɪˈɒt.ɪk/ /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/
archaeology /ˌɑː.kiˈɒl.ə.dʒi/ prediction /prɪˈdɪk.ʃən/
asteroid /ˈæs.tər.ɔɪd/ pressure /ˈpreʃ.ə/
astronomy /əˈstrɒn.ə.mi/ prey /preɪ/
atmosphere /ˈæt.mə.sfɪə/ psychology /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/
battery /ˈbæt.ər.i/ range /reɪndʒ/
behaviour /bɪˈheɪ.vjə/ reaction /riˈæk.ʃən/
bone /bəʊn/ remains /rɪˈmeɪnz/
sanitation /ˌsæn.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/
breakthrough /ˈbreɪk.θruː/
carnivore /ˈkɑː.nɪ.vɔː/ seismology /saɪzˈmɒl.ə.dʒi/
characteristic settlement /ˈset.l.mənt/
/ˌkær.ɪk.təˈrɪs.tɪk/ shortage /ˈʃɔː.tɪdʒ/
chemical /ˈkem.ɪ.kəl/ spine /spaɪn/
taboo /təˈbuː/
chromosome
/ˈkrəʊ.mə.səʊm/ technology /tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/
comet /ˈkɒm.ɪt/ tremor /ˈtrem.ə/
conclusion /kənˈkluː.ʒən/ tribe /traɪb/
custom /ˈkʌs.təm/ variation /ˌveə.riˈeɪ.ʃən/
dig /dɪg/ vein /veɪn/
venom /ˈvenəm/
disappearance
volcano /vɒlˈkeɪ.nəʊ/
/ˌdɪs.əˈpɪə.rəns/
warfare /ˈwɔː.feə/
disease /dɪˈziːz/
zoology /zuːˈɒl.ə.dʒi/
discovery /dɪˈskʌv.ər.i/
drawback /ˈdrɔː.bæk/ VERBS
earthquake /ˈɜːθ.kweɪk/
ascertain /ˌæs.əˈteɪn/
ecology /ɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/
cause /kɔːz/
emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/
conduct /kənˈdʌkt/
expectancy /ɪkˈspek.tən.si/
contradict /ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪkt/
finding /ˈfaɪn.dɪŋ/
demonstrate
funding /ˈfʌn.dɪŋ/
/ˈdem.ən.streɪt/
galaxy /ˈgæl.ək.si/
determine /dɪˈtɜː.mɪn/
genetics /dʒəˈnet.ɪks/
disprove /dɪˈspruːv/
heredity /həˈred.ə.ti/
erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/
humidity /hjuːˈmɪd.ɪ.ti/
hypothesise
hurricane /ˈhʌr.ɪ.kən/
/haɪˈpɒθ.ə.saɪz/
instinct /ˈɪn.stɪŋkt/
maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/
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 observe /əbˈzɜːv/ VERB PHRASES
overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/ be vulnerable to disease
predict /prɪˈdɪkt/ carry out research
prove /pruːv/ cause a chemical reaction
review /rɪˈvjuː/ conduct research
speculate /ˈspek.jʊ.leɪt/ overcome a problem
suggest /səˈdʒest/ set off a chemical reaction
trigger /ˈtrɪg.ə/ take in (what sb says)
undertake /ˌʌn.dəˈteɪk/ take off (commercially)
ADJECTIVES take sb off (medication)
take on (staff)
catastrophic
take over (a business)
/ˌkæt.əˈstrɒf.ɪk/
take sb through (a
clinical /ˈklɪn.ɪ.kəl/
procedure)
effective /ɪˈfek.tɪv/
take sb up (on an offer)
nervous /ˈnɜː.vəs/
take sth up (as a career)
nuclear /ˈnjuː.klɪə/
trigger a chemical reaction
scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪf.ɪk/
undertake research
significant /sɪgˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/
unexpected
/ˌʌn.ɪkˈspek.tɪd/
vulnerable /ˈvʌl.nər.ə.bl/
NOUN PHRASES
birth control
branch of science
cause and effect
chemical reaction
climate change
clinical trial
common characteristic
countless lives
digital device
electric lighting
family car
food production
gas emissions
healthcare
laser surgery
life expectancy
major obstacle
medical advances
modern life
nervous system
nuclear energy
petrol tank
scientific breakthrough
significant advance
significant breakthrough
significant development
significant discovery
significant drawback
space shuttle
space station
unexpected finding

Grammar and Vocabulary for Advanced © Cambridge University Press 2015 Photocopiable 13

G&V_ADV_wordlist.indd 13 12/02/2015 08:52