3rd year/ Grammar/morning

classes:2020-2021
Nouns:
 Nouns are words that name people,
animals, places, things, and ideas.

Main types of nouns:

1.Nouns are classified into
a small number of classes
which differ in meaning and
grammatical behavior;there
are different classifications:

Nouns can be classified into

different classes as shown below:
1.Nouns= common & proper nouns
2.Common nouns=countable &
uncountable
3.Concrete & abstract nouns:
4.Packagenouns={collective,unit,
quantif ying,and species nouns}
-------------------------------

Explanation of all the types

of nouns:
1.Common nouns:
They are classified into
countable and uncountable
nouns:
Common nouns=countable
&uncountable

=Countable nouns:
=they are entities that can
be counted , they have both
singular and plural
forms:e.x. remark=remarks,
finger=fingers, cow=cows
=In the plural form there is
a contrast between
indefinite and
definite{shown by articles}:
Indef.article= a +Sing.noun
Def.article+sing/pl. noun
Zero+plural noun
=Uncountable nouns:refer
to something which can't be
counted
=They don't have singular
and plural forms:
Milk=*milks
=They don't occur with
indefinite article{a},but it
can occur with definite
article {the}
Milk,the milk = correct
A milk=incorrect
Q. Choose the correct answer Count
&noncount:

4.A.I was in a hurry this

morning.I didn’t have
time/a time for breakfast.
4.b.Did you enjoy your
holiday? Yes,we had
wonderful time/a
wonderful time.
5.Sue was very helpful.She
gave us some very useful
advice/advices.
6.We had very good
weather/a very good
weather while we were on
holiday.
7.we were very
unfortunate. we had bad
luck/a bad luck.
8.It's very difficult to find a
work/job at the moment.
14.Nobody was hurt in the
accident but the
damage/the damages to the
car was/were quite bad.
13.Your hair is/your hair are
too long.You should have
it/them cut.
---------------------------
2.Abstract &Concrete

Abstract Nouns
 
 
What are Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are words that name
things that are not concrete. Your five
physical senses cannot detect an
abstract noun – you can’t see it, smell it,
taste it, hear it, or touch it. In essence,
an abstract noun is a quality, a concept,
an idea, or maybe even an event.
Abstract nouns and concrete nouns are
usually defined in terms of one another.
Something that is abstract exists only in
the mind, while something that is
concrete can be interacted with in a
physical way. Qualities, relationships,
theories, conditions, and states of being
are some examples of the types of
things abstract nouns define.
------------------------------------------------
Types of Abstract Nouns
It’s not always easy to determine if a
noun is abstract or concrete. Many
grammar experts argue over whether
certain terms, making things even
worse. The line separating abstract
nouns from concrete nouns is often
quite blurry. For example, many
abstract noun lists include the word
laughter, but others leave it out, as it’s
something that can be heard, seen, and
physically felt.
 Abstract Noun Examples
The following lists contain different types of abstract nouns.
Certain abstract nouns, especially the ones describing feelings
and emotions, easily fit into multiple categories, as they can be
used in different ways. Get to know them, and it’ll be easier for
you to spot an abstract noun when you see one.

Feelings States Emotions Qualities Concepts Ideas

Anxiety Being Anger Beauty Charity Beliefs

Confusion Chaos Despair Beauty Comfort Commu

n

Fear Freedom Happiness Brilliance Culture Curiosit

Pain Liberty Hate Courage Deceit Democr

Pleasure Luxury Indifference Dedication Energy Friendsh

Satisfaction Misery Joy Determination Failure Interest

Sensitivity Nervousnes Grief Generosity Faith Knowle
s

Stress Openness Love Honesty Motivation Thought

Sympathy Peace Sadness Patience Opportunity Sacrifice

Warmth Pessimism Sorrow Trust Perseveranc Wisdom

e

More Examples
Although you may not realize it, you experience abstract nouns
every day and in many different types of situations. Once you’ve
read these abstract noun examples, you’ll probably find it very
easy to come up with some abstract nouns of your own.
• Love, fear, anger, joy, excitement, and other emotions are
abstract nouns.
• Courage, bravery, cowardice, and other such states are
abstract nouns.
• Desire, creativity, uncertainty, and other innate feelings are
abstract nouns.
These are just a few examples of non-concrete words that are
sensed. The following sentences contain abstract noun examples
which have been italicized for easy identification. Notice that
although the ideas expressed are real, they are things you can’t
see, touch, taste, smell, or hear.
• I want to see justice  served.
• I’d like the freedom  to travel all over the world.
• Joe felt a nagging sense of doom.
• Love is a kind of irresistible desire; it’s hard to define.
• When Sarah jumped into the lake to rescue a drowning cat,
her bravery  astonished onlookers.
 

Abstract Nouns Exercises

Many abstract nouns are formed from adjectives, though some
are formed from verbs or nouns. You’ll find one of these words in
parenthesis at the end of each sentence. Use it to form an
abstract noun to fill in the blank.

1. _______________ is something almost everyone appreciates.

(kind)
2. The wrestlers exhibited immense ___________________.
(strong)
3. As the sun dipped below the horizon, _______________ came
over the city. (dark)
4. It is my _______________ to welcome the mayor. (please)
5. Our ________________ will last forever. (friend)

Answer Key: 1 – Kindness 2 – Strongness 3 – Darkness 4 –

Pleasure 5 – Friendship

---------------------------------------------
Concrete Nouns:
How to Identify a Concrete Noun:
A concrete noun is simply a person, place or
thing that is experienced through one or more
of your five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste,
and touch;{So You can tell if something is a
concrete noun if you experience it through one
of your five senses}
If you cannot see, hear, taste, touch, or smell
it, it’s not a concrete noun. Think of a concrete
noun as being set in stone.
Take a look around you and you'll see that
most nouns are examples of concrete nouns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Concrete Noun vs. Abstract Noun

The distinction between concrete and abstract nouns is purely

semantics. It has no real grammatical role.(57)

If a noun is not concrete, then it's an abstract noun. Abstract nouns refer to ideas and
concepts that cannot be sensed on a physical level, but are sensed on a mental or
emotional level. Understanding the difference between them will help you describe
and explain them appropriately in your writing. Think of an abstract noun like abstract
art, it’s not easy to identify and may mean something different to each person.

The two often work hand in hand, with concrete nouns supporting abstract nouns. For
example, happiness is an abstract noun that can't be seen. You may see signs that tell
you a person is experiencing happiness, but happiness is something you feel
internally. The smile that expresses happiness can be seen with your eyes, so it is
concrete. Concrete and abstract nouns are both real, but one is a physical presence and
the other is not.
Other Types of Nouns
Review some of the different types of nouns.
Any of these types of nouns can also be
concrete nouns.
 proper noun - capitalized and refers to a
specific, named person, place or thing; for
example: Jane, New York, the Bible
 common noun - not capitalized and refers
to general people, places and objects; for
example: woman, city, book
 collective noun - used for a group of
objects that are a collection or unit,
because there can be more than one unit,
they may appear as singular or plural; for
example: one family, two families
 countable noun - functions with or without
a number in front of it for example: one
car, two dogs, a million pieces
 uncountable noun - sometimes referred to
as mass nouns because they have mass but
cannot be counted; for
example: luggage, happiness, money
Examples of Concrete Nouns
To better understand concrete nouns, take a look at the examples below. They are
sorted by the sense you use to experience them.
Sight:

 air (uncountable)
 cat (singular)
 dog (common)
 suitcases (countable)
 Susan (proper)
 team (collective)
 women (plural)

Hearing:

 chirps (plural)
 choir (collective)
 music (uncountable)
 noise (singular)
 sounds (countable)
 Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (proper)
 whistling (common)

Taste:

 bile (singular)
 cakes (plural)
 entree (collective)
 medicine (uncountable)
 peas (countable)
 Reese's Pieces (proper)
 steak (common)

Smell:

 aromas (plural)
 flower (common)
 Heinz Ketchup (proper)
 herd (collective)
 horse (singular)
 perfume (countable)
 seaspray (uncountable)

Touch:

 baggage (uncountable)
 chair (singular)
 Merino wool (proper)
 pennies (countable)
 puppies (plural)
 skin (common)
  troupe (collective)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Concrete and Abstract Noun Practice

Practice identifying concrete nouns and

abstract nouns with a quick noun quiz to
ensure you understand the topic. Can you tell
which of the nouns below are concrete and
which are abstract?
1. cobbler
2. sadness
3. liberty
4. butter
5. intelligence

Concrete and Abstract Noun Practice Answers

1. Concrete - You can see, smell, touch and taste a cobbler.

2. Abstract - Sadness is an emotion. You can usually tell when someone is sad
by looking at them, but it’s because you’re seeing tears or a frown.
3. Abstract - Liberty is an idea or concept. You can’t identify it with our senses
alone.
4. Concrete - You can touch, taste, see and smell butter.
5. Abstract - Intelligence is a concept. You can’t identify it with your senses
alone.

-------------------------------------------
Q.Identify the underlined word in
each sentence as either concrete or
abstract.
1.Despesite the bad news, Mother
still had hope that the house would
be built.
2.Father had a new idea about how
to raise money for the project.
3.He usually scratched his head
when thinking about something
important.
4.If enough people wanted the
prize,the raffle would create great
excitement.
5.They bought scores of tickets,at
ten dollars apiece.
6.We had enough money to build
the house, which became a source
of pride for us.
Q.3.Fill in the blanks with
appropriate nouns.Use the woeds in
brackets
……….is something almost everyone
appreciate.(kind)
2.The wrestlers exhibited
immense…………..(strong)
3.As the sun dipped below the
horizon……..came over the city.
(dark)
4.It is my………to welcome the
mayor.(please)
----------------------------------
------------------------------------
Package nouns:
1.Four special classes of package
nouns:{1.collective,2. unit,
3.quantifying ,4. species nouns}

2.They are countable common

nouns
3. They have the function of
packaging together a range of
entities.
4. They are followed by of-phrases
5.Some package nouns can be used
in two different
categories:E.X.bunch {collective/ a
quantity of
Type:1.Collective nouns:
1.collective noun is a word which we
 

use to define a group or collection of

people, animals or things.
In the phrase a pack of wolves, the
word pack is a collective noun.

People: board,choir,committee,….
Animals: flock,herd,pod………
Things: bunch,collection,fleet,…….
The following table include
examples of collective nou
Things: bunch,collection,fleet,…….
The following table include
examples of collective nouns:
-2.Behave like ordinary countable
nouns
-the team, a team, the teams, teams

3.Proper nouns naming official

bodies or organizations are
considered type of collective nouns
-the USAF, BBC, Congress,……

4.Certain types of collective nouns

come before of-phrase+ plural
nouns {used to describe the
members of the group}:
Bunch of+{idiots, thieves}
Crowd of+{demonstrators, fans,
spectators}
gangof+{bandits,hecklers,thugs,….
There is a small crowd of people
around.

5.Singular &plural verbs

-When all the members of a
collective noun are performing an
action as a unit, use a singular verb
1.The chamber orchestra often
plays at the Art Centre.
-The cast is celebrating the success
of the play with a partly after the
performance.
-The cast have been practicing
their lines.
-When the members of a collective
noun are performing an action as
individuals, use a plural verb.
{in this case all the individuals are
doing something independently of
the other members}
-The orchestra are tuning their
instruments.
-The cast have been practicing their
lines.
6.Some collective nouns have
special collocation after of-
phrase,but they can be extended to
other nouns:
e.x.Flock of birds
Flock of children
7.Some collective nouns have
negative effect:
-A swarm of panicked men,most
with rifles, approached the blinding
erupting generator.
8.semantically:Three classes:
1.Specific refrence:army,clon
2.Generic:The aristocracy,the
bourgeoise,the clergy.
3.Unique: The Arab League, the
Kremlin, the papacy.

There is a fleet of ships in the

ocean.
-There is a galaxy of stars in the
sky.
Exercises on {collective nouns}:
Put each of the following collective nouns in its
correct place in the sentence bellow, making it
plural if neccesary. Some nouns must be used
more than once.
flock       herd      bundle        
mob        suite      flight         
audience         swarm      
shoal         clump  bunch      crew      
set              crowd             gang
fleet                 congregation             
pack        stack

1. The   of the British Royal Navy was very strong

in the nineteenth century.

2. Disease reduced the farmer's   from 90 to 65

cows.

3. She was attacked by a  of wasps.

4. A   of shouting people overturned cars, set the

fire to shops and attacked the police station.

5. The Prime Minister occupied a   of rooms at the

hotel.

6. Some spectators in the   disagreed with the

referee's decision.

7. He bought a large   of bananas.

8. The priest was very sad to see his   getting

smaller week by week.
9. Fishing boats use modern  equipment to locate

the   of fish.

10. She lost her balance and fell down a   of

steps.He was the leader of a well-known   of

criminals.

11. We sat down in the shade of a   of trees.

12. In
spring    of birds arrive back in Britain after
spending the winter in Africa.

13. Our picnic was completely ruined by a   of ants.

14. He gave her a   of flowers.

15. British Airways has a   of 26 Boeing 747s.

16. Shegave a   of old clothes to a charity

organization.

17. The   applauded the new play enthusiastically.

18. Has
anyone seen a   of keys? I left them
somewhere.

19. Golfis an expensive game. You ´ll need a   of

clubs.

20. The books were arranged in  a   one on the top

of the other.

21. They´vebought a leather three-piece   - a sofa

and two armchairs.

22. Let's play a game. Who's got a   of cards?

 23. That cruise ship carries 150 passengers and a   of
85.

24. The   of sheep was controlled by a shepherd and

two dogs.

25. For their wedding I gave them a   of cutlery ( 6

knives, 6 spoons, 6 forks, etc.)

Q.2 Choose the best answer for each of the following.

 
1  a   of elephants 

2  a   of cattle 

3  a   of sheep 

4  a   of bees 

5  a   of fish 

6  a   of playing cards 

7  a   of grapes 

8  a   of islands 

9  a   of events 

10  a   of wolves 

11  a   of keys 

12  a   of thieves 

       
Unit nouns:
Notes:
1.Allow us to cut up a generalized
mass noun or substance into
individual units or pieces. Examples

2.They are countable nouns but

they are usually followed by an of-
phrase containing an uncountable
noun.
3. Each unit has a specific meaning,
which show up in the different
collocations in favors.E.X
-A bit of+{cake,wood,fun,luk}
-A chunk of+ {chocolate, concrete,
gold}

4.unit nouns vary in their

range{i.e.types of nouns that occur
with}.E,x. loaf of bread & rasher of
bacon favor only one
collocation{noun},but {bit & piece}
can be used very generally.
5.One uncountable noun can also
combine with a variety of nouns
depending on the meaning
required.E,x.Paper can follow{ball
of,bit of,fragment of,heap of,length
of,mound of,piece of,pile of,roll of,
scrap of,sheet of,wad of,etc.
Quantifying nouns:
1.Are used to refer to
quantities,which are usually
specified in a following of-phrase
containing either a plural noun or
an uncountable noun:
-A pile of bricks{count} ,a pile of
rubbish{non-count}
-A kilo of potatoes, a kilo of flour
2. This type is classified into groups
as shown below:
1.Nouns for denoting type of
container:e.x
2.nouns for denoting shape:
-Heap of+
{ashes,blankets,bones,leaves,rubble
}
3.Measur nouns:
-Foot,inch+ of+{cloth,concrete}
-pint,gallon+of+{blood, gas, milk,
oil}
-ton+of+ aluminum, bricks, sewage}
4.plural numeral nouns:
Hundred,thousand,million,dozen+of
+noun
5.nouns for large quantity:
A load of+fuel,junk,money

6.Nouns ending in {ful}

bowful,earful,spoonful, pocketful,
etc.
7-Pair and Couple:
To know the difference between the
two{pair & coupl} look first at the
following pictures:
1.These are two nouns referring to
two people or things, but they are
quite different in the way they
collocate with other nouns:
Pair of is followed by + arms,
eyes,glasses, gloves,pilers
Couple of is followed by+
days,babies, balloons, examples
2.The noun pair is used to refer to
those nouns that consist of two
equal parts occurring together{ it
can go with plural uncountable
nouns}:
E.X.
{binoculars,pincers,scales,tweezers,
braces,knickers,pants,flannels,suspe
nders,shorts}
10-That's a nice pair of jeans.
11.I need some new glasses.
12.I need a new pair of glasses.
13.Her trousers are too long.
3.Add semantically they are
different……….
Couple is used to refer to a very
small number; it is similar to afew.It
can be considered a pural
quantifier.{it is used more in
conversation}
4.Species nouns:
1.They refer to another class of
package nouns
2.They are: kind of, type, class, sort,
make, species of, etc.}
3.They are used to refer to the type
rather than the quantity of sth.
E.X.Mathew is the sort of character
Dicken liked to create.
-I was a floater',really.I did all kinds
of things.
There are two types of bond energy
4. They are followed by countable
and uncountable nouns:
1.Sing.+of+ Sing=
Any make of machine
2.Sing+ of+ Pl.=What sort of things
3.Pl.+of+ Sing.=certain types of car
4.Pl.+ of+Pl.=these kinds of
questions

Q.Put in an appropriate package

noun:
1. Be careful! There are splinters   of glass everywhere! I've
dropped a bottle of milk!

2. I usually keep the bread crumbs   for the birds. They love

eating that!
3. They're building a new house in the neighbourhood and there
are blocks   lumps of earth all around!

4. We'll need a few bars   of soap for the holidays, there are no
shops where we're going!

5. The forensic scientists have found the piece   of evidence we

were hoping for.

6. Would you like another slab   slice of cake?

7. I couldn't see anything! I had grains   specks of dust in my

eyes!

8. You've had a chunk   bit of luck, don't you think? You might
have killed you!

9. I managed to find hunks   beams of wood to build a new

toolshed.

10. People used to carry and sell slabs   blocks of ice when there
was no fridge.

11. I've just heard an amazing crumb   piece of news! would you

like me to tell you?

12. The pitch is in a very bad state! there are

blocks   clods of earth everywhere and I wonder whether they'll
be able to play.

13. When I see all the sticks   sheets of paper that are thrown
away and not recycled, I'm angry!

14. If you add a squeeze   of vinegar, your French dressing will be
absolutely perfect!

15. Sculptors usually start working on big chunks   of stone.

16. It is a tradition to throw grains   of rice to the bride and the

groom at their wedding.

17. I have nothing else but this lump   piece of luggage and my

handbag.
18. Take a look at that! I bought this chunk   of cheese when I
was in Auvergne. Would you like some?

19. I wonder how many blocks   bars of gold there are in Fort

Knox.

20. Doing this lesson was quite a bar   bit of work!

Choose the correct measure word for each sentence:

1. I always carry a ______________ of water in my bag.

 drop   bottle   glass

2. There's a new ______________ of toilet paper in the bathroom cupboard.

 piece   bag   roll

3. Can you get a one-litre ______________ of orange juice, please?

 carton   jar   cup

4. Let's open this ______________ of tuna and make tuna sandwiches.

 can   box   tube

5. How many ______________ of wine did we have with dinner?

 spoonfuls   bowls   glasses

6. There's a ______________ of strawberry jam in the fridge.

 slice   jar   bar

7. Squeeze the ______________ of toothpaste gently or too much comes out.

 box   tube   bag

8. I wonder how many ______________ of sand there are on this beach.

 grains   items   drops

9. I'll have a ______________ of cereal and some toast, please.

 tablespoon   piece   bowl

10. How many ______________ of salt did you put in the soup?

 teaspoons   grains   boxes

Answers:
Bottle,roll,carton,can, glasses, jar,tube ,grains, bowl,
teaspoons

--------------------------------------------

Proper nouns:{2019}
1.Proper nouns refer to the specific
names of the following types of
nouns:
-Personal names:{Ann, Tom,
William}
-Place names: {Australia, Karachi,
Africa}
-Organization names:{Congress,
Mitsubishi}
-Time names:{ Saturday, July,
Christmas}
2.Grammatically, Proper nouns do
not have a contrast of number
between singular and plural or
definiteness; i.e. they need no
articles {a, an, the} because they
only name an individual; a specific
person or place :
-number means that proper nouns
have singular form. You cannot
make them plural
E.x: John is a proper noun, it has no
plural form *Johns {it is wrong} :
-Definite means that the proper
nouns do not occur with definite
and indefinite articles
i.e. they need no articles {a, an, the}
because they only name an
individual; a specific person or place
:E.x. John as a proper noun can not
occur with definite and indefinite
articles, so a John and the John are
wrong.
3. Proper nouns generally used in
situations where the speaker and
addressee know which individual is
meant: E.X:
4. Proper nouns can sometimes be
preceded by modifiers like common
nouns. They can also be preceded
by a possessive determiner {my,
your, his, her, its, our, their}:
-The court heard that
little{modifier} Harry's death could
have been prevented if social
workers had not overruled
detectives.
2.I'm gonna have to phone our Bill.
3.Oh did I tell you our John's coming
over?...{our is a possessive
determiner}
Note: in the above two examples,
the item our signals/shows that Bill
and John are members of the
speaker's family.
5.They can also be used as common
nouns(57)

6.In spelling, proper nouns are

marked by an initial capital letter.
Canada, Tokyo, Kleenex, Ramadan,
Friday, Heaven,

7. Exceptions:
A-Many proper names {which
consist of two parts: i.e.
combinations of common nouns
and other words with a definite
article}:
-The White House, the Horn of
Africa, the British Library.
B. Special types of Proper nouns can
be preceded by the definite article
{the} ;These nouns are:(Quirk:80)
-Plural names:{the Netherlands, the
Midlands,the Himalayas,the Alps…..
-Geographical names: such as:
1.Rivers: the Avon,the Danube, the
Euphrates, the Amazon,….
2.Seas: the Pacific(Ocean), the
Batlic, the Mediterranean
3.Canals: The Panama(Canal),the
Eric Canal
4.Mountain ranges, deserts: the
Pyrenees, the Andes, the Sahara,
the Gobi Desert.
-Public institutions, facilities, Hotels
and restaurants….:the Grand
(Hotel),the Hilton.
-Theatres and cinemas,clubs: the
Mermaid(theatre)
-Museums, libraries,the Tate, the
British Museum,
-Newspapers: the Economist, the
New York Times, the Observer
Note {after genitive and possessives
the article is dropped}
-e.x. today's New York Times
Q.Choose the correct answer:
1. We met at McDonalds at noon. The word "McDonalds" is a ______ noun.

 proper
 common

2. There are 12 months in a year. The word "months" is a _____ noun.

 proper
 common

3. My favourite movie is Grease with John Travolta. The word "Grease" is a _____

noun.

 proper
 common

4. Lisa works as a programmer at Microsoft. The word "Microsoft" is a _____ noun.

 proper
 common

5. I live in a small town in England. The word "town" is a _____ noun.

  proper
 common

6. My cousin lives in _____ .

 the USA
 USA

7. I want to visit _____ when I finish school.

 the Asia
 Asia

8. Call me when you arrive at _____ .

 hotel
 the hotel

9. I have a check-up with _____ on Friday.

 the Dr. Smith

 Dr. Smith

10. We saw whales in _____ Ocean.

 Pacific
 the Pacific

Your score is: 

Correct answers:
1.proper
common
proper
proper

5.common
6. the usa

7.Asia

8.The hotel
9.Dr.Smith
10.the pacific