Conceptual Literature

The following literature shows specific concepts which are significant to the

current study. It contains related discussions about the properties of wastewater like

color, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, coliform bacteria, turbidity, and total suspended solids.

Color. Water itself has a hint of blue hue which is a result of its behavior and

molecular structure. Different factors affect people’s perception of the color of water.

Particles in water can absorb and reflect light. Color may also be influenced by the

suspended and dissolved particles due to natural causes and/or human activities.

Wastewater comes from different environments that may contain a variety of elements. It

may also be the result of inorganic materials (e.g., clay particles, etc.) from storm-water

runoff or shoreline erosion.

People generally misinterpret color in water as an indication of pollution. Based on

the study conducted by Florida Lakewatch (2004), dissolved organic matter from soil like

decaying plant matter can produce a yellow or brown color. Some organisms like algae

and dinoflagellates produce reddish or deep yellow waters. Color may also be the result

of inorganic materials (e.g., clay particles, etc.) from storm-water runoff or shoreline

erosion. Water rich in phytoplankton and other organisms appears green. Soil runoff

makes yellow, red, brown, or gray colors.

https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/docs/cwt/guidance/3159.

pdf
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FA/FA10500.pdf

pH.

Turbidity.

Alkalinity.

Coliform Bacteria.

Total Suspended Solids.

Related Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-
depth search done by the proponents. This includes literature and studies from both local
and foreign sources. Those that were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing
information that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Foreign

According to the research study of Satyawali & Balakrishnan (2008) entitled

"Wastewater Treatment in Molasses-based Alcohol Distilleries for COD and Color

Removal”, water from molasses-based distilleries can be treated though it belongs to the

industries that produce the most polluted wastewater. Various methods have been tested

in laboratory studies to reduce the residual color of wastewater. The objective of the
research paper being conducted by the proponents is to lower the level and/or fully

eliminate the colorization present in the initial wastewater and make it into a potable

water using different layers of raw materials or a method called membrane filtration.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17293023

Three methods were compared by (Grimau, Vilaseca, & Bouzan, 2014) with the

study entitled “Comparison of Different Wastewater Treatments for Colour Removal of

Reactive Dye Baths”, a.) electrochemical treatment, b.) use of Moringa oleifera and c.)

enzymatic treatment with laccase. Enzymatic treatment is an environmental friendly

technique which uses natural fibers found on plants such as coconut husk. Also, there are

at least 22 laccase genes found in rice which is an oxidizing agent and is improved by

burning the husk making it carbonized. This method was proven 92-93% effective to

remove the colorization of wastewater.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2015.1031185

According to Steve H. (2018), author of “Wastewater Lagoon Troubleshooting:

An Operator’s Guide”, the health state of a lagoon can be identified through the color of

wastewater. Changes of season in a lagoon has an effect in the microbial populations and

chemistry of the organisms which results in the colorization. To treat and improve the

condition of water, the method of aeration in large quantities of water such as in a lagoon

is tested by the study. Coconut husk contains fibers that filters dissolved metals such as
iron, hydrogen sulfide, and volatile organic chemicals which in turn oxidizes the water

and maintains its oxygen saturation level.

http://www.triplepointwater.com/wastewater-lagoon-color/#.XYnQyygzbIU

According to Kaur H. (2018) The sedimentation process can be quickened by

adding coagulants to the water. Chemical coagulants are commonly used in community

drinking water treatment systems. The main chemicals used for coagulation are

aluminium sulphate (alum), polyaluminium chloride (also known as PAC or liquid alum),

alum potash, and iron salts (ferric sulphate or ferric chloride). Lime (Ca(OH2)), lime soda

ash (Na2CO3) and caustic soda (NaOH). Sand contains components of salts from the

environment it came from.

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-ways-of-removing-color-in-waste-water

Activated carbon filters are commonly used for household water filtration as well

as larger-scale uses. The carbon works like a sponge, absorbing rust, chlorine, sediment

and organic matter as well as offensive tastes, odors and colors. (Hill, D 2005) One

alternative that has an equivalent effectivity which is used in the study is carbonized rice

husk.

https://www.hunker.com/13720742/dorm-room-refresh-7-decor-trends-were-taking-

notes-on
Local

The decolorization of synthetic melanoidin was studied using activated carbon

from cane fiber obtained from the Philippines. Bagasse, another by-product in the sugar

industry, is a cheap material suitable for the preparation of activated carbon. An

alternative with an easy access and availability is carbonized rice husk which both

oxidizes wastewater. Results showed that the activated carbons have high adsorptive

capacities. (Bernardoa E.C. Egashiraa R. Kawasakib J., 1997)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000862239700105X

The possibility of using volcanic ash soils as a low-cost and natural adsorbent is

investigated in this study for the removal of Chromium from synthetic wastewater. The

adsorption of Chromium on to VAS from Mt. Isarog and Mandalagan (B-Horizon),

Philippines, was carried out at ambient temperature. The effects of different parameters

were investigated. The results showed that the VAS Based on the results, the use of VAS

from Isarog appears to be economical and an alternative to commercially available

adsorbents for the removal of Cr from contaminated wastewater. (Babel S. & Opiso E.,

2007)

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Removal-of-Cr-from-synthetic-wastewater-by-sorption-Babel-

Opiso/e9a3960d50ef35bef40a267b453125ff5c9add3f
 Wastewater was collected from Sirloin Foods Industries Corporation at

Novaliches, Quezon City. Anaerobic digestion in highrate reactors such as anaerobic

sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) can be applied for meat processing wastewater for its

high amount of organic material and it provides high chemical oxygen demand (COD)

and suspended solid removal. The ASBR treatment method is relatively simple to

operate, economical, with flexible control, required limited manpower, generates low

quantity of sludge, and produce alternative energy in the form of methane. (Tansengco

M., 2015)

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1019.5912&rep=rep1&type=pdf

The study “Improvement of the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Calamba

Slaughterhouse” focused on the design of sewage treatment plant that complies with

effluent standard parameters for Calamba slaughterhouse so that a better quality effluent

could be discharged to the receiving environment, especially the Laguna Lake. (Urzo

M.S., 2015)

https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=11177

The Manual on Effluent Quality Monitoring (EQM) addresses the requirements of

the Philippine Clean Water Act (CWA) of 2004 or RA 9275. This Manual was developed

primarily to guide the EMB-DENR/LLDA inspectors in monitoring the quality of

effluent from industries and other establishments whose wastewater discharges are

regulated by the government. It also serves as reference for other users, such as the
industries undertaking self-monitoring to ensure that their discharges meet the effluent

quality standards. (2008) https://water.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Water-Quality-

Monitoring-Manual-Vol.-2-effluent_15aug08.pdf