https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.

1088/1757-899X/1011/1/012013/pdf#:~:text=Based%20on%20the
%20results%20of%20the%20study%2C%20carbonized%20rice%20husk,bacterial%20between
%2090%2D96%25.

The rapid development of physical infrastructure and infrastructure activities in several metropolitans in
Indonesia, followed by industrial, transportation, construction, trade, and office canters, have had an
impact on the environment. Such facilities cause a reduction in a green open space. The existence of
high rainfall causes uncontrolled stormwater run-off. As a result of the massive floods that frequently
happen. The problem that often found that stormwater run-off tends to result in high turbidity and
pollution of Coli bacteria, so processing of the treatment is necessary. One of the methods of
maintaining the quality of water can use rain gardens that can be made in a run-off water source, by
using carbonized rice husk filters. This research method was carried out with the technique of literature
review, such as national and international journals, books, websites, and other documents related to the
topic of study. Based on the results of the study, carbonized rice husks were able to decrease turbidity
and Coli bacteria with decent removal efficiency approaching 90%. The carbonized rice husk becomes an
alternative for the media filter rain garden to decrease the value of turbidity and the number of Coli
bacteria, as it has large pores and has a content of high Silica (Si).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
305688958_Using_Rice_Husks_in_Water_Purification_in_Brazil

The rice husks are carbonized and used as a substrate in beds or recipients in the germination of
seeds and formation of cuttings from higher vegetables, permitting the penetration and exchange
of air at the base of the roots; and being sufficiently firm and dense to fix the seed or stake; it
has a dark coloration, being opaque to the light at the base of the stake; it is light and porous ,
permitting good aeration and drainage; it has a constant volume whether dry or humid; it is free of
weeds, nematodes and pathogens; it does not need chemical treatment for sterilization, the
reason being that it has been sterilized by the carbonization. The substrate of carbonized rice
husk presents the following physical and chemical characteristics: dry density 150g/L, capacity for
water retention of 53.9%, capacity for exchange of cations of 5.5 meq/dL, pH in water of 7.4, level of
soluble salts of 0.7 g/L, 0.7% of nitrogen, 0.2% of phosphorus and 0.32% potassium [10]. The
calorific power of rice husk is approximately 16,720 kJ/kg. The physical and chemical properties of
the carbonized rice husk vary with the increase in temperature; for example, on raising the
temperature of the process, it becomes more friable and less hygroscopic [4]. Carbonization is a
thermal decomposition which occurs at a temperature above 500ºC and which eliminates non-
carbon species, producing a fixed and porous mass of carbon, generally in an inert atmosphere
(with the presence of nitrogen and the absence of oxygen) [9]. Activated carbon is that which is
treated with oxygen to open thousands of tiny pores between the carbon atoms. “The use of
special techniques of fabrication results in highly porous carbons with areas of from 300 to 2,000
m2 of surface per gram. These so-called active or activated carbons are widely used to adsorb
odiferous or colored substances in gases or liquids”. In adsorption, the molecules of one substance are
fixed to the surface of another substance. The enormous surface area of activated carbon gives it
various places for bonds. When certain chemical substances pass near to the carbon surface, they
are united to this surface and imprisoned. The activated carbon is good in imprisoning other
impurities, which have carbon as a base (chemical organic substances), as well as substances such
as chlorine. Many other chemical substances are not attracted by carbon (sodium, nitrates, etc.),
passing directly by it. This means that a filter of active carbon will remove certain impurities, but
ignore others. Another manner of approaching this description is as made by [5, 6], in quoting that
the activated carbon produced is known to be a porous material of high specific superficial area,
representing one of the most important groups of adsorbents from the industrial point of view.
This type of material possesses attractive adsorbent qualities which have been utilized for the
purification and elimination of toxic components in the liquid and gaseous states, as well as used in
reactions of catalysis. Rice husk is a biomass material formed of polymers identical to those of wood,
whose abrasive hardness is a typical characteristic of materials with a higher quantity of lignin.
This material possesses a quantity of inorganic material, around 15-20% of the material´s mass,
where SiO2 is responsible for around 95% of this total. Some oxides are also present in lesser
quantities than 1% of the mass, such as Al2O3, CaO, AgO, K2O, MnO, Na2O and P2O5 [2, 11]. Black rice
husk ash (BRHA) was used as an Adsorbent for Purification of Water Basins Polluted with Diesel
Fuel [1]. It also has been used for the Purification of Oil-polluted Sea Water [12].

https://www.longdom.org/open-access/oilpolluted-sea-water-purification-by-carbonized-rice-hull-
39583.html

China is the largest developing country and has a huge quantity of oil production and consumption in
the world. However, the problem of oil pollution is even more serious due to the lagging productive
conditions and environmental technology and low public awareness of environment protection. Of the
harm of marine oil pollution, there is not room to fully speak. It affects the growth of marine life,
reduces the use value of coastline areas, damages coastal infrastructure and even destructs the self-
purification ability of the ocean, thus destroying the marine ecosystem [3].

It is an urgent task to control and manage marine oil pollution efficiently. Some general methods are
used for oil polluted sea water treatment as follows [4,5]: Physical methods including fence treatment,
skimmers and oil adsorption materials such as straw, sawdust, etc; Chemical methods including
dispersing agent, oil condensation agent and other chemical products; New treatment methods such as
bioremediation technology and combustion method, etc.

Marine pollution may get more seriously since the reagents from chemical methods are potential
sources of secondary pollution. Only oil film on the sea surface can be removed by adsorption felt, while
the removal effects of dissolved and emulsion oil are not so ideal, and the material cost is higher.
Bacteria used in bio-remediation require carrier, it is impossible to keep better effect when used in a
large area.
Many researches have been done works deeply in the field of preparation and adsorption performance
of carbonized rice hull (CRH). Acid-treated rice hull was used as raw material by Junqing Qian to
investigate the activation process of rice hull adsorbent, which presents evident adsorption effects to
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic dyes in water [3]. Rice hull adsorbent was also
used by Malik to treat acid dye wastewater and the optimal adsorption conditions were confirmed,
furthermore, its adsorption isotherms meet Languir and Freundlich equations [6].

The open-air firing CRH was used as adsorbent in this experiment in order to find effective methods to
clean up oil residuals off the contaminated coast and purify oil-polluted sea water.

https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/handmade-eco-friendly-filter-using-rice-husk

Water, one of the most abundant resources, is one of the necessities to sustain life. Clean, safe and
pure drinking water is an absolute necessity for the well-being of human beings. Many countries,
including India, are facing a scarcity of pure drinking water. Purification of Water gains much
importance in Kerala after the 2018 flood. Even though there are many purification methods, Keralites
are looking for low-cost filters. Also, the Periyar river, the second largest river in Kerala, has been
polluted due to human activities like the discharge of domestic, natural, industry and agricultural waste,
pesticides by farmers, leakage of radioactive materials, etc. Recent reports show that using an eco-
friendly and low-cost filter in every house is essential. The project investigates the use of rice husks in
the purification of Water. In Kerala, rice husk is considered waste with a high level of silica. It is difficult
to reuse due to its negative characteristics like abrasiveness, resistance to degradation etc. [1].

Among the various sources of silica, rice husk is considered valuable agricultural biomass material and a
cost-effective resource that can provide biogenic silica for biomedical applications [2]. Rice husk is a
biomass of polymers with abrasive hardness and higher adsorbing capacities. They contain a higher
quantity of lignin and 95% SiO2, responsible for their adsorbing capacities. It can be used for water
filtration since it has a high external surface area and can trap up to 95% turbidity and bacteria in Water
[3]. The significant advantage of this project is that it is a novel water purification method and is simple,
efficient and economically viable. This method makes the purification of Water possible by following a
green path. Turbidity, chemical contents, chlorine content, presence of metals etc., are analyzed before
and after Filtration. Rice husk is a potential source of amorphous silica, which has a variety of
applications in material science, production of Portland cement etc. [4] Because of the high specific
surface area and presence of activated carbon, they are good in imprisoning other impurities as well as
substances such as Chlorine. This method can also be used for the purification and elimination of toxic
components in the liquid and gaseous state and reactions of catalysis [5].

The carbonized rice husk's physical and chemical properties vary with the temperature increase. When
we increase the temperature, it becomes more friable and less hygroscopic [6]. Carbonization is a
thermal decomposition that occurs at a temperature above 500? and eliminates non-carbon species,
creating a fixed and porous mass of carbon in an inert atmosphere. Activated carbons are widely used
to adsorb coloured substances in gases or liquids [7]. Here, the principle involved is adsorption, which
can be defined as fixing one molecule on the surface of another molecule. Since there is an enormous
surface area, carbon gives it various places for bonds. Activated carbon can trap impurities, carbon as a
base, and substances like Chlorine.

Another attraction of this work is that we are reducing waste by effectively utilizing it. So, in this way,
we can protect our environment. After the 2018 flood in Kerala, the demand for filters has increased.
Many filters are causing severe hazards to the environment. In this situation, this eco-friendly filter will
make purification possible in a green way. Utilizing waste materials like rice husks will also decrease the
negative impacts on the environment. Recent studies have shown that carbonized rice husks are
efficient adsorbing material because of their large surface area [8]. This strategy achieves a
comprehensive utilization of rice husks, exhibiting tremendous economic and environmental benefits
[9].

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535212000962

The presence of heavy metals in the environment is a major problem due to their toxicity to many life
forms. The treatment of metals using precipitation is not always able to meet the metal discharge
standards. Technologies such as reverse osmosis, while able to meet the standards, are expensive. What
needed are the innovative technologies that are cost-effective and are able to reduce heavy metal
concentration to low levels (Abdo, 2002). Rice husk, an undesirable agriculture mass residue in Egypt, is
a by product of the rice milling industry. It is one of the most important agricultural residues in quantity.
It represents about 20% of the whole rice produced, on weight basis of the whole rice (Daifullah et al.,
2003). The estimated annual rice production of 500 million tones in developing countries, approximately
100 million tones of rice husk are available annually for utilization in these countries alone. Traditionally,
rice husks have been used in manufacturing block employed in civil construction as panels and was used
by the rice industry itself as a source of energy for boilers (El-Nemr et al., 2005). However, the amounts
of rice husk available are so far in excess of any local uses and have posed disposal problems. The main
purpose for chosen rice husk is due to its granular structure, chemical stability and its local availability at
very low cost (El-Nemr et al., 2005). The rice husk compositions (Daifullah et al., 2003, Rhman et al.,
1997) are: 32.24% cellulose, 21.34% hemicellulose, 21.44% lignin, 1.82% extractives, 8.11% water and
15.05% mineral ash. The mineral ash is 94.5–96.34% SiO2.

In this study, some applications were done for the removal of some heavy metals of the effluents
discharged from El-Umum drain to the Alexandria coast, Egypt, especially at El-Mex region using
modified rice husk and activated carbon as adsorbents.

Rice husk was obtained from local rice mills and was washed several times with bi-distilled water
followed by filtration. In the first step, (carbonization), a 25 g of rice husk was heated gradually at the
temperature rate (50 °C/15 min), in a stainless steel pipe (furnace tube) up to 500 °C. In the second step
(activation), the temperature of the furnace tube was raised suddenly to 900 °C for 1 h. At this
temperature the carbon dioxide was supplied from a gas cylinder at a constant flow rate. The product
was cooled giving the desired pure adsorbent.
https://h2oglobalnews.com/rice-hulls-as-the-future-for-eco-friendly-water-filtration/

Rice hulls are one of the most abundant agricultural waste products on the planet. They create disposal
issues for the farmers and frequently end up being burned in the fields, a terribly environmentally
damaging practice which causes harmful air pollution and accelerates climate change. By reusing the
rice hulls, previously thought of as a waste product, Glanris is enabling communities to become more
sustainable in their practices, as well as promoting environmental awareness.

But it is not just the fact that they are an abundant waste product which makes rice hulls a great media
for water filtration. Their unique thinness and high surface area to volume ratio endows them with fast
kinetics, allowing them to adsorb the organic contaminants efficiently. Glanris 901x filters the water
faster than conventional methods.

Environmentally, using rice hulls as a filtration media can help to make a positive difference in the water
industry. It is a sustainable practice which offers a safe option for long term use without negatively
impacting the environment. The media is made by repurposing a waste product, whilst at the same time
reducing air pollution by preventing mass scale burning and sequestering carbon out of the atmosphere.
Carbon sequestrations is one of the most effective tools for pulling greenhouse gases out of the carbon
cycle. It is a long-term solution because it removes the carbon from the atmosphere for thousands of
years. In addition, it is non-toxic and biodegradable ensuring that its end-of-life disposal is easy and
environmentally harmless.

https://www.scribd.com/presentation/648546546/Carbonized-Rice-Hull-as-Water-Purifier